Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Negeri Sembilan SPM Trial 2011 Biology (W Ans) PDF
Negeri Sembilan SPM Trial 2011 Biology (W Ans) PDF
Negeri Sembilan SPM Trial 2011 Biology (W Ans) PDF
4551/l
BIOLOGY
Kertas 1
20tt
l%jam
__==_==__
PEPERIKSAAN PERCUBAAN BERSAMA
SIJIL PELAJARAN MALAYSIA 2011
BIOLOGY
Paper I
2. Soalan dalam bahasa Inggeris mendahului soalan yong sepadan dalam bahasq
Melayu.
a
J. Calon dikehendaki membaca maklumat di halaman belaknng kertas soalan ini.
Kertas soalan ini mengandungi 45 halaman bcrcetak dan I halaman tidak bercetak
[Libat sebelah
4551/l O zot t Hak Cipta MrSM Negeri Sembilan SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
ST]LIT 455t/l
which ofthe following structures is found in both animal and plant cells?
Manql(ah antara struktur berilwt yong terdapat pada sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan?
A Plasma membrane I Membran plasma
B Chloroplast I Kloroplas
C Cell wall / Dinding sel
D Kidney / Buah pinggang
A B
455711 @201I Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 3 4s5llt
DiagramllRajahl
What is the structure labelled X?
Apaknh struktur berlqbel R
411lll A2011 Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SI]LIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 455U1
Diagram 2 shows the structure of a plant cell before and after it has been immersed in
solution P,
Raiah 2 menuniukkan struhur sel tumbuhan sebelum dan selepas direndam di dalam
Iarutan P.
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 455lll
Diagram3lRajah3
What are P, Q and R?
Apakah P, QdanR?
P a R
A Nucleotide Phosphate group Deoxyribose sugar
455111 @2011 Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
455u1
Diagram 4 shows the reaction of an enzyme based on 'lock and key' hyphothesis.
Raiah 4 merumiukkan tindakbalas enzim berdasarkan hipotesis 'mangga dan kunci'.
Diagram 4 I Rajah4
455lll @201I Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 7 4s5llt
Diagram5lRaiah|
Diagram6 /Raiah6
A2 B4
C6 D8
4551/1 @201 I Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 455r/t
4551/1 @201I Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 9 4s5ut
A Cell T is a gamete
Sel T qdalah gamet
B Cell S is a gamete
Sel S adalah gamet
C Cell S, U and V have haploid number of chromosomes
SeI S, U dan V mempunyai bilangan lcromosom yang haploid
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
sul,rT 10 455tn
12 The following information shows the results of the food tests carried out on a food
sample.
MaHumat berihtt menunjukkan keputusan ujian makanan ke atas satu sampel makanan.
455111 @201I Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat hataman sebetah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 11 4ssItt
13 The following information shows the content of protein, fat and carbohydrate in 10 g of
Fish
Ikan 1.8 0.004 0.0
D Amino acids and simple sugars I Asid amino dan gula ringkns
455lll @2011 Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SITLIT t2 455111
t4 The following information shows the results of an experiment carried out to determine
Calculate the concentration of vitamin C in the orange juice using the forrnula below:
4551/l @2011 Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilqn [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
ST]LIT 13 45slll
Diagram 8 I RajahS
455lll @2011 Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan pihat halaman sebelah
SI]LIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
t4 455Ur
Diagram 9 I RaJah9
A Oesophagus I Esofagus
B Duodenum I Duodenum
C IleumI lleum
D Stomach I Pentt
455lll @20 I I Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
15 4S5Ul
B
c
Diagram L0 I Rajah I0
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT t6 4s5UI
#-I.'
/ Level3 \
/ Aras3 \
I*vel2
Aras2
I*vel l
Aras I
Diagram ll I Rajah I1
C D
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT l7 4551n
Diagram 12 I Rajah 12
455lll @2011 Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
STiLIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 18 4551/1
Diagram 13 I Rajah 13
X Y
A Carbon dioxideI Karbon diol<sida Light I Cahaya
B Carbon dioxide I Karbon dioksida Chloropyhll I Klorofil
C Water / Air Carbon dioxide I Karbon dioksida
D Hydrogen ions / Ion hidrogen Water I Air
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
ST]LIT 19 455u1
X
C6H12O6 2CzHsOH + ZCOz+ 210kJ
-+
What is / Apaknh R
X?
A Lactase I Lactase B Amylase I Amilase
C Cellulase I Selulase D Zymase I Zimase
Diagram 14 I Rajah 14
455lll @2011 Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SI'LIT 20 4s5Il1
Air
Udara
Diagram 15 I Rajah 15
A Diffrrsion / Resopan
B Osmosis lOsmosis
C Facilitated diffusion / Resapan berbantu
455lll @2011 Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan pihet halemen sebelsh
STTLIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 2t 455lll
Remora fish
Ikan remora
Diagram 16 I Rajah 16
Which of the following is the type of interaction that exists between these two organisms?
Antara yang berikut, manaknh ialah jenis interaksi yang wujud di qntqra dua organisma
tersebut?
A Parasitism I Parasitisme
B Commensalism / Komensalisme
C Mutualism I Mutualisme
D Saprophytism I Saprofitisme
455lll @201I Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan pihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SIILIT 22 45st/t
rb
U V w
DiagramIT I Rajah 17
U V w
A Bruguiera sp. Rhizophora sp. Avicennia sp.
B Rhizophora sp. Bruguiera sp. Avicennia sp.
C Avicennia sp. Rhizophora sp. Bruguiera sp.
D Avicennia sp. Bruguiera sp. Rhizophora sp.
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 23 45sllt
26 Which of the following is the conect order in the classification hierarchy beginning with
the lowest group?
Antara yang berikut, manaksh urutan yang betul dalam pengelasan hierarki bermula
dengan kumpulan terb sw ah?
4551/l A20l I Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 24 455Ut
28 Diagram 18 shows the apparatus used to investigate the level of pollution in water samples
by using 0.1% methylene blue solution.
Rajah IB menunjukkan radas yang digunakan untuk mengkaji tahap pencemaran sampel
air dengan menggunakan larutan metilena biru 0.Io%.
Stopper
Penutup
Syringe Black box
Picagari Kotakhitam
Diagram 18 I Rajah 18
Water sample Colour of water sample afterl Warna sampel air selepas
Sampel air
lhour I jam 2 hours I jan 3 hours i jam 4 hours I jam Shovrs ljam
M Bhte I Biru Blue I Biru Btue I Biru Blue I Biru Clear lJernih
N Blae I Biru Bhrc I Biru Blue / Biru Clear lJernih Clear lJernih
o Blue / Biru Blue I Biru Clear I Jernih Clear lJernih Clear lJernih
P BIue / Biru Clear I Jernih Clear I Jernih Clear lJernih Clear lJernih
Tablel lJaduall
4551/1. @2011 Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan ST]LIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 2s ssur
Which of the following is true ?
Antara berilwt, yang msnakah benar?
A Sample M comes from the most polluted area
455lll @2011 Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SIJLIT 26 455Itl
29 Diagram 19 shows the concentration of antibodies in the blood after two antiserum
injections.
Rajah 19 menunjukkan kepekatan antibodi dalam darah selepas dua suntikan antiserum.
Concentration of
antibodies in the
blood
Kepelratan antibodi Level of immunity
dalam darah Aras lceimunan
Time(Weeks)
Masa (Min4gu)
Diagram 19 lRajah 19
4551/1 @201I Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
27 455u1
Diagram 20 I Rajah 20
4551/1 @2011 Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SIJLIT 455tlt
Diagram 2l I Rajah 21
What is the importance of the thickening of substance X to thc plant tissue?
Apakah kepentingon penebalan bahan X terhadap tisu tersebut ?
4silll A20l I Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 29 4551n
32 Diagram 22 shows an experiment to determine the rate of transpiration under a 60W light
bulb.
Leaf I Daun
Delivery tube
Tiub penghantar
Beaker lBikar
Diagram 22 I Rajah 22
455lll @2011 Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
ST]LIT 455U1
Diagram 23 I Rajah 23
Which are the bones at P, Q and R?
Yang manakah merupaknn tulang pada P, Q dan R?
P a R
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 31 4551n
Diagram 24 I Rajah 24
Which of the following action of P and Q will cause the arm to bend?
Antara tindaknn P dan Q yang berikut, yqng manaknh akan menyebabknn lengan
dibengkakkan?
P a
455lll @2011 Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
ST]LIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 32 455t/1
Diagram 25 I Rajah 25
Which one of the fins A, B, C or D helps the fish to stay on course without yawing in the
water?
455lll @201I Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SIJLIT 33 455ltt
36 A hand is withdrawn when pricked by a sharp needle. The following events take place in
the nervous system.
Tangan ditarik apabila tercucuk jarum tajam. Berihtt adalah peristiwa yang berlalat
A P Q+R+S
B a S-+R-+P
C R+Q S-+P
D Q--R P S
451lll @2011 Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan pihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
STJLIT 34 455ut
Diagram26 I Rajah 26
38 What is the effect on the production of urine if less antidiuretic hormone is secreted?
Apakah kesan kc atas penghasilan air kencing jika latrang hormon antidiuretik
dirembeskan?
455lll @201 I Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 35 455lll
39
After a cross-country run, the skin is flushed.
Selepas larian merentas desa, kulit kelihatan merah.
455lll @2011 Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
ST]LIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
4s5llt
4t Diagram 27 shows the process of sperm formation,
Rajah 27 menunjukkan proses pembentukan sperma.
Diagram 27 I Rajah 27
P a R S
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 37 4551/r
Diagram 28 I Rajah 28
455lll @201I Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 38 455U1
\
O
Diagram 29 I Rajah 29
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
STILIT 39 455ur
Diagram 30 I Rajah 30
4551/1 @2011 Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SIiLIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
45st/t
Diagram 3l I Rajah 3l
455f/1 @201I Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
ST]LIT 4t 455u1
Time (day)
Masa (Hari)
Diagram 32 I Rajah 32
A Frog / Katak
B Earthworm I Cacing tanah
C Cockroach I Lipas
D Butterfly I Roma-rsmq
451lll @2011 Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 42 455U1
48
Human blood can be classified into Rhesus positive (P&+) or Rhesus negative (Rhr.
A married couple has different Rhesus factors. Their first child is Rhesus positive. All the
subsequent pregnancies end with miscarriage.
Darah manusia boleh dikelaskan kepada Rhesus positif (Rh +) atau Rhesus negative( Rh ).
Sepasang suami-isteri mempunyaifahor Rhesus berbeza. Anak pertama mereka adaluh
Determine the Rhesus factors for the parents and the miscarried foetus.
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 43 4ssut
lry{r {
f,r il$rJ($t
6?ES10tt1g
J
]t
ill l* H
13 14 15
]{$r
lf t7
l#
18
{{ lt rt il
ltl fl! It n x r'Y
Diagram 33 I Rajah 33
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 44 4551,11
Diagram 34 / Rajah 34
R and r represent
R dan r mewqkili
A genotype I genotip
B phenotype / fenotip
C alleles I alel
D traits / trait
455.lll @201 I Hak Cipra MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
455U2 SULIT
SULIT
4551t2
Biology
Paper 2
Name:
201 l
Form :
^1.hours
j-
2
BIOLOGY
Paper 2
Two hours and thirfy minutes
I T'uli.s nznra dan kelas anda pada ruang 1,arrg For examiner's use only
dis'ediakan. Section Question Total Marks
Marks Obtained
Kertqs soalan ini adalah dalarn dtvibaha,s'a.
I 13
20
7
B
8 20
9 20
Total
455112 a 201 lltak C,ipta tv.tPSivt Negeri Sembitan [Lihat halaman sebelah
STI'LIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
For examiner's SULIT 455u2
use only
Section A
Bahagian A
160marla)
160 markahl
o oooo
@
@@
Diagram 1.2 I Rajah 1.2
[1 mark lmarkah]
(c) Name the process of movement of substances across the plasma membrane
as shown in Diagam 1.1 and Diagram 1.2.
Namakan proses pergeraknn bahan rnerentasi membran plasma yang
ditunjukkan pada Rajah l.l
dan Rajah 1.2.
[2 marks I markah]
(d) (i) Explain how amino acid molecules are transported across the plasma
membrane by the process shown in Diagram 1.1.
Terangkan bagaimana molekul asid amino diangkut merentasi membran
plasma melalui proses yong ditunjukkan pada Rajah LL
l(dxi)
[2 marks I markah]
455112 @ 201I Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilqn [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
For examiner's STJLIT 455u2
use only
1(dxii)
[3 marks lmarkah]
[3 marks lmarkah)
Total
nucleus
nukleus
Y
Air space
Stoma
Ruang udara
R:
Y
[2 marks / markah]
455112 @ 201 I Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
For examiner's SULIT 455112
use only
(b) On Diagram 2.I, draw and labet three arrows to show the path of raw
materials into Y.
Pada Rajah 2.l, lukis dan label tiga anak panah untuk menunjukkan
laluan bahqn mentah ke Y.
[3 marks / markah]
Lipid globule
Globul lipid
Starch granule
Granul kanji
StructurePlStuhurP:
Structure QlStruktur Q :
2(c)
[3 marks / marknh]
(d) Write down the equation for photosyntesis.
Tul i s kan p er s amaan b a gi t indakb al as fo t o s i nt e s i s.
[1 mark / markah]
(i) State one importance of photosynthesis that rnaintains the balance of nature.
Ny at akan s atu kep e nt in gan fo to s int e s i s y an g dap at menge kalknn 2(e)(i)
keseimbangan alam.
[1 mark / markahl
(ii) Explain how air pollution can reduce the rate of photosynthesis.
Terangkan bagaimana pencemaran udara boleh mengurangkan kadar
fotosintesis,
2(exii)
455112 @ 201 I Hak Cipta MpSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
For examiner's SULIT 455U2
use only
- Blood capillary
Kapilari darah
Body cells
Sel-sel badan
Diagram3lRajah3
fl mark I markahl
[1 mark I markahf
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 4SSll2 For uaminer's
use only
3(aXiii)
[2 marks I markah]
(b) Describe the movement of respiratory gases across structure Y.
Huraiknn pergeraknn gas-gas respirasi merentasi struktur Y.
[2 marks / markah]
[2 marks I marknh]
455112 @ 201 I Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
For eleaminer's SULIT 10 455u2
use only
(d) During vigorous activities, the muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration.
State two differences between anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration.
[2 marks I marlah]
(e) Explain how smoking can harm the respiratory system in human.
Te r angkan b agaimana mer o ko k mer o s akkan s i s t e m r e sp ir a s i m anu s i a.
[2 marks / markah]
Total
Diagram4lRajah4
(ii) Draw a series of arrows to show the flow of oxygenated blood into the heart and
out of the heart.
Lukiskan satu siri anak panah untuk menunjukkan aliran darah berol<sigen masuk
dan keluar dari jontung. a(aXii)
I mark I markah)
(b) (i) State the difference between the walls of left ventricle and right ventricle.
Nyatakan perbezoan entqra dinding ventrikel kanan dan ventrikel kiri.
4(bxi)
[1 mark I markahl
4(bxii)
[2 marks I markahl
455112 A 201 I Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
For exqminer's SIJLIT t2 455u2
use only
(c)
The contractions of the cardiac muscle need not be stimulated by
nerve impulses.
Pengecutan otot knrdium tidak memerlukan ransangan impuls
saraf.
[1 mark / markah)
(d) Explain what willhappen to a person if the pacemaker (sinoatrial node) is impaired.
Terangkan apa akan berlaku sekirarrya perentak elektronik (nodus sinoatrial) tidak
berfungsi.
4(d)
[4 marks / markah]
Total
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
13 455112 For exqminer's
use only
Key / Kekunci
O
zfjlx
Normal female
Perempuan normal
Female carrier
\ixl Perempuan pembswo
E Normal male
Lelaki normal
Diagram5lRajah5
455112 @ 201 I Hak Cipta WSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
For qaminer's SULIT T4 455112
use only
s(aXi)
[1 mark lmarkah]
(ii) Explain how P inherits colour blindness from his parents.
Terangkan bagoimana P mewarisi buta warna daripada ibubapanya.
s(a)(ii)
[3 marks lmarknh]
(b) (D Draw a schematic diagram to show the product of the marriage of couple 2,
Lukis rajah skema untuk menunjukkan hasil pekahwinan pasangan 2.
Parents
Induk
Gametes
Gamet
Offspring genotype
Genotip anak
Offspring phenotype
Fenotip anak
s&xi)
[4 marks I markah]
(c) What is the probability (in %)thaI the children of P and Q are
Apoknh keharongknlian ( dalom %o) anak-anak P dan Q adalah
[2 marks I marknh]
(d) The type of chromosome carrying the gene for albinism is different from the type
carrying the gene for colour blindness. What is the type of chromosome carrying the
gene for albinism? s(d)
Jenis lcromosom yang membqwa gen untuk cirt albino berbeza daripada jenis
lrromosom yong membswa gen untuk buta warna. Apakah jenis lvomosotn yang
membawa gen untuk ciri albino?
[1 mark lmarkah]
Total
4551n @ 201 1 Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT t6 455u2
Section B
Baltagiun B
140 marksl
140 markahl
Diagram 6.1 shows the organelles involved in the synthesis and seoretion of an extracellular
enzyme in an animal cell.
Rajah 6.1 menunjukkan organel-organel yang terlibat dalam sinlesis dan rembesan enzim
luar sel di dalam sel haiwan.
Golgi Apparatus
Jasad Golgi Transport vesicle
Vesikel pengangkut
(a) Based on Diagram 6.1, explain the processes involved in the production of
extracellular enzymes.
al.J
j'lr.
'
irt
Plant cell wall
Dinding sel tumbuhan :..::.
;,.,"
Monomer \rjiri:
Monomer I
Monosaccharide
Monosakarida
Monomer
Monomer
[4 marks I markah]
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 18 455u2
(c) Starch, protein and lipid can be hydrolysed by the enzymes X, y and
Z respectively.
Diagram 5.3 is a graph which shows the effect of pH on the rate of enzyme
activity.
Kanji, protein dan lipid masing-masing dapat dihidrolisis oleh enzim X, y
dan Z.
Raiah 6'3 ialah graf yang menunjukkan kesan pH ke atas kadar aktiviti enzim.
>'
.is
,i< N
EqJ
ok
63C
d'o
F '\e
NT
o.*
+r\
/t
o\
o.:S
U
(dtJ
F1 V
2345
Diagram 6.3 I Rajah 6.3
Based on the Diagram 6.3, name X, y, Z and explain how the changes in pH affects
enzyme activity.
[0 marks I marknh]
7 Diagram 7 shows the assimilation of digested food in the liver and body cell.
Rajah 7 menunjukkan asimilasi hasil pencernaan makanan, di sel hati dan sel badan.
Liver lhuti
Kidneys
ginjal
t
Protein Li pid
Carbohydrates
Protein lit tid
Karbohidrat
DiagramTlRaiahT
455112 @ 2011 Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman scbelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 20 4551t2
Table 1. I Jadual t
(i) Calculate the daily total energy value taken by the girl .
Hitungkan jumlah nilai tenaga harian yang di ambil oleh remaja itu.
[2 marks I markahf
(iii) If she continues to take the menu everyday for a long time, explain the
consequences to her health.
Jika dia terus mengambil menu tersebut setiap hari untuk tempoh yang
lama, terangkan kesan ke atas kesihatannya.
[6 marks lmarknh]
Fallopian tube
Salur Fallopion
a o@
9-o
455112 @ zol t Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembilan [Lihat halaman scbclah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 22 4s5ll2
Mrs.A / Puan.A
Zygote lZigot
Explain the problem faced by Mrs A and how the method shown in diagram 8.3 can be
used to help the couple.
[4 marks I markah]
(b) (i) Type of ear lobe and weight are variations seen in humans. Describe the differences
between these two variations.
Jenis cuping telinga dan berat adalah variasi dalam manusia. Huraikan
perbezaan antara dua variasi ini.
[4 marks I markah)
455112 @ z0t t Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri sembilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 24 45fln
(ii) Explain the causes of variation in the inheritance of type of ear lobe in humans.
Jelasknn punca variasi dalam pewarisan jenis cuping telinga dalam manusia.
[6 marks /marknh]
(c)
Variation can be caused by gene or chromosomal mutation.
Variasi boleh disebabkan oleh mutasi gen atau mutasi
Itomosom
[6marks lmarknh]
BIOLOGY
Paper 3
One hour thirty minutes
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULTT 4551/3
Anslver all questions.
L Diagrarnl shows an cxperiment carried out to determine the levcl of pollution in rvater
samples liom ditt.crent sources in a village.
Syringe
I'icugari
0.1% methylenc blue solution
Larutan me tilena hiru 0.luk
Stoppcr
Rcagcnt bottle
Penutttp
Botol reugen
Water sample
S*rnpel air
DiagramtlRajuhl
Stepl lLcngkahl
Water samples from five diffcrcnt sources were collcctcd in five rcagcnt bottles as follows;
Sartpel air dari lima sumher herbeza dikumpilkan di da[am lirna botol reqgen seperti berikuf ;
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 455113
Step2 I Langkah2
1 ml of 0.1 % methylene blue solution was added to each water sample using a syringe.
I ml larutan metilena biru 0.lok ditambahkan ke dulam setiop sampel air dengan menggunakan
picagari.
Step3 I Langkah3
The reagent bottles were closed and kept in a dark cupboard. The time taken for methylene blue
solution to decolourise was recorded.
Botol reagen ditutup dan diletakkan ke dalam almari gelap. Masa yang diambil unluk lsrutan
melilena biru lunlur direkod.
Diagram2l Rajah2
CSStIS @ 20t I tlak Cipta MPSI'| lttegeri Se ntbilan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 4s51/3
Reagent bottle Stopwatch reading 'l'ime taken for rnethylene blue solution
Bolol reagen Bacaanjant randik to decolourise (hour)
Masa yang diambil unluk lanttan
melilena bint luntur (am)
A 04:00:00
B 00:30:00
C
03:00:{}0
D 02:00:00
E 0l:00:00
TablcllJaduall
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SITLIT 4551/3
(a) Record the time taken for methylene blue solution to decoloruise in the spaces
provided in Table 1. l(a)
Rekod masa yang diambil untukwarna larutan metilena biru luntur dalam ruang yang
disedialran dalam Jadual l,
[3 marks lmarkah]
Observation I I Pemerhatian I :
Observation2 I Pemerhatian2 :
1(bxi)
[3 marks I markah]
[3 marks lmarkah]
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 6 455U3
(c) Complete Table 2 based on this cxperiment"
Lengkapkan Jadual 2 berdasaykan eksperimen ini.
Manipulated variable
hub a h di m an ipul as i kan
P e m b o le
Responding variable
P emb o le hubah h e rgerak b alas
Constant variable
P em h d imal arkan
b o I ehub a
Table 2l ,Iadttal2
[3 marks/ marlwhl
[3 marks / markah]
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 7 455u3
(eXi) Construct a table and record all the data collected in this experiment.
Bina satu jadual dan rekod semua data yang dikumpul dalam eksperimen ini.
Level of water pollution using the scale 1 (least polluted) to 5 (most polluted)
Tahap pencemaran air menggunakan slala l(paling hrang tercemar)
hingga 5 ( paling tercemar)
[3 marks/ marlcah]
Using the data in I (e)(i), draw a bar chart to show the relationship between the
level of water pollution and the source of water samples.
Guna kertas graf yang disedisl(an di halaman I0 untuk menjowab soalan ini.
1(e)(ii)
Menggunaknn data di 1(e) (i), lukis satu carta bar untuk menunjukkan hubungan
antara tahap pencemqran air dengan sumber sampel air.
[3 marks/ marlmh]
4551/3 @ 201 t Hak Cipta MPSM Negeri Sembitan [Lihat halaman sebelah
St]LIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
455u3
(0 Explain the relationship between the time taken for decolourisation of methylene
blue solution with the level of pollution of the water samples.
Teranglcan hubungan antara masa yang diambil untuk larutan metilena biru
luntur dengan tahap pencemaran sampel air.
[3 marks/ markahl
[3 marks lmarlwh]
(h) If the experiment is repeated on a water sample near an animal farm, predict the
time taken for the decolourisation of methylene blue solution. Explain your
prediction.
Jika elrsperimen ini diulangi ke atas sampel air berhampiran ladang ternalcsn
haiwan, ramalkan masa yang diambil untukwarna larutan metilena biru luntur.
Te r angkan r amal an anda.
I (h)
[3 marks /markah]
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
45su3
i) Complete Table 3 based on the material and apparatus in Diagram I and Diagram 2.
Lenglcoplran Jadual 3 berdasarlcan bahan dan radas dalam Rajah I dan Rajah 2.
Materials Apparatus
Bahan Radas
Table 3 lJadual3
[3 marks lmarkah]
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 10 455U3
Bar chart of level of water pollution against the source of water samples
Carta bar tahap pencemaran air melawan sumber sampel air
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
SULIT 1l 455u3
)
Transpiration is the loss of rvater vapour from plants, especially in leaves.
Transpiration occurs mostly through stomata. The amount of lvater lost by a plant
depends on the number of leaves, light intensity, temperature, humidity and wind speed.
Transpirasi iuluh kehilangan vqp ctir clari lumbuhan, tcrutamanya mela[ui daun.
Transpirasi berlaht lentlamnnya uelalui stomalo. Jtmlah air yang hilang dari
Iurnhuhan bergantwtg kepada bilangan ctraun, keamatan cahalta, suhu, kelemhcpun
udara dun kelajuan angin.
tsased on thc inibrmation, plan a laboratory experiment to investigate the sffect of the
number of leaves on thc rate oltranspiration in a hibiscus plant.
Berdasarkan maklurttut ini, rancanqsulu eksperimen dalam mskmal untuk rnengkaji
kcsctn bilangun daun ke atas kador tran,spirnsi suatu pokok bunga rnya.
o Problem staternent
Pernyataan masalah
. Hypothesis
[Iipotesis
r Variables
Pcmbolehuhalt
r Experimentalprocedurc
Prosedwr eksperimen
r Presentation o1'data
Per.sembahan datct [17 marks lmarkah]
4SStlg a 201 I Ilak cipta !t4PSM i\iegcri senfiitan [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
tJ J Jj L j-,
--=.Jtf
rryf, J
(!) *-
=
I ? e
a
n ? Lr =
s F
ts
a
aa
li rt'Jts
n
14 4,2
: z
: **tl a EN 3'l
P-
/16 6q) z>
: ->
^^A';
LLLI+ >t!
\Jlj\J;
?z ?,n
zx
ooal-l JA
JJJ< !^1 Y >,fi zo
ir-
\\\-
g g
*
\/
z6
v
A=
tr
+'tlE
ez >y
t^tLrJLfrE +
ra aF
t*
).!2qj
FZ
tti.)FH
,2
AEtr Z=
';7
r. A,
z >J !l
,a -
E)
v/ }? ?
b"J
rr
tsr
B
a
U-
Fa=
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
I
NNN I ro @ x
r0J NrO @@ N -l- -l-
'l'i-
tr
I
-) o
@ tI]oo o@ r!ou o o n )
'i" 'l' "1" !
I
z
l FJ
o !! oo a o@@ { OT @N IO -l=
oo
l
I
l"
G) o J D >U x lo
() io !o o o>u -tt
"1" "l' 1o
I
d o d
>a
N a
E! lir :-l
- - Pi.
++ '! li-a = dq
?na ,^++4, !1
+- + 7 t;6 9 ta!
@q ! fJ.=: =! c z
+Aa !.
= i{
q q
o
d1
v?
inln o a(t E a
F sq it
I
a
E U-- 44. Fl I
d b - el coo
==ad o E
"-X--ra
^^
3 V- O ^ O
o;'
-H i i. + a Ei I
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
a6^6 + ta - !=?aVA
,. - = ..1 994 I
Fa= o loiI
tki d a ?
o ot o
a n tn.1 E.
-- q to f @
"-,Y=
^= a)
l_ n"n s I 6
a -- - 9.- = +a ?t -
di :l l
5a =J a F2-a o
!r- l o
:oo a =
I o *5 >l
=_ -= - t-
c oa a;. -- I _l!
2. 4 I
<6q 3
+
a2d ;, i)
o;. o + -_? it-r i
7o \o l
-! r I
ol ;1.
==
l
=>' 6
',O =_ ad ;.' 9m
a=
c -!
tt -l I
v _ - o <74
9X ll = a
-,^ ci
:!
=. c? c=...4
67 !-!r -:oi
?c' _-= --. i =a-
s3 a
o ,a'.)
.= -i.
?
r! r,a !!a --a a--
!!tJ : IJ !!IJ --l
>^ - J1>= 5l.j+;;.Y tu'9; aa
9oq - F 6= a
o==-:.o- a c. i\ a - ;.D 1
g
9g a ! a o o -: -h --
=E a
d;;e5.q* ?.
? a? E
; c
==:Na^@ '" a v :?a <6 a g
.l= .) 44..
7' a t dt dP-. a q =+t D. c an
= o ;'9.'1a a r lJ o
o ; a 3 o o
=b ^ o
c..H.9
^
2ie a
= =a = t'a4 =E- ev. o o
:. o a+: ri<
=dt o
=. d a
-; r6 X >=o-!
I /=a7=' _. s=a=_
7-\ I v'c.i
!i I = z
s = :;= a
c 1.=-
gnI " =^t= =X= jc a \+_
d t 9 6!9 6-! = - c
: 7 ,i
z6
B o = o
q !. l: 4.
;' +s 6"d - q a -l
tt,J
a
o qi; aa 3
4. : d,t g o ! 6 c! R ; o
=d
a =
q1 ='n :
?o.-1- G'
E a -,a= ,E ; J
J. <-A c
o @v v_ o a >-. I
=: o a -= a-
d *= RY; a j ,nE j q
ri Z;' ! e 6'
f
9 a
a <oa 5j
aA. g i
ee o 9
od'{}
=-=,
tl j
a-
lo I. oal
o1 o
3il
J
trJ !
a
r
lJp : ; il n It
6,
B'+a c R d 3o a
a= !l! @
P6^ 6i -l
Q t; .,
! a r =o +
-
3= a o
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
o;. <: 3 a = :
oc: \^ - n! a'
:3 = a o
a o- 5 o
o-= o+ =
CO ;1 =l E o
2D = ; i o
a<i a o lil
= :i {o ?- c
o
- =! -.
= L\ a 6l 6' = = 6'
a a
; 3= tri 3.
j =fr 3l
J a
;> R o P = d
A- P a
a ?
i6 a c
=l
9_ ?i
a3
aq a 5i
ba o
t/ d
o*
eo
€3F.: t7
l>
1P
IF
l@
a C
2=
v? z=
oo
o m
; : 4j 6 F ): 0 F >Y > o :. E
3 oq '/'X' =.
f=== E"s='=i= l= I
!
j
g
::l
- " o h f ftE 9-
X ;=; Y =
=;q!. 1:"=
-.q ; =.
o
- =" oI o o
-e1.i 5:A+*= - €
! 9,= o
+d -o
5:; 3. a 9.
<_ do
}:+:= = :A += 2 /,
=r
o
n; - F a a o a .) X
o?li a 3E :l '! l- 7/l q
'E a = xtt/
t c
=XlJr-nl-=- ><
Fil4s 1A =
z -:V a
!-=v o
^ a oLo + -
g9l3l: e:< i. - -t ^*
-Plil; 6d NN
', t4 o a7
f
/lal= ! d > =
<d
=-l!lii A3 J=
z
=
=Qmr
6iG?O
,^ a
=
o tll
+lFP=.=
?lc3<=
6lo
.t lG
el;l=l=
p
6
L oe
ti
?
q
a
-!r €E. Q- ! !d
- x;l>t- t: 3>
ag a
_t,)la ,J
!< a
-='r>L o< - aia !, 5' ts 7-17)a'7
= - =_l F ai'-:a
<6 *q coY-;d
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
9= -! Oo-5;o
la- ;67+ 3. a a 2
== ^,
1-, ;d: aa _. _:r P P 'l
a'.t Y :.6 qao a'jo;=v
;F-
rnl g=
4,"1 -,g3 2.
"') a)=6d(E=
9l< o
_. =- - E ^;@ i-< a
a +- ad va L +19 u',,i- 3 B
d 2 ; a< a6 == Yl=d-ha
!- : o'< ; - :
;'t a cE ;. a
^n, a!. t.- aa a
4- 3c S! i'
- a
N.i
= |--
a t,; I
a.', a: =E _d !- :: .
='rp? a9. 1
(11
D L^'- a
?- ql
-i =.=
a=:
@ .! Ua a6
=+a'
d ;a =
I
-o a
3- !
g
c
='
a 9.
';&.
v7.
=
{J r! :4-h>
I :
Il= 7+ ;o =-'i
=-A -! =l
l;rF l9rE c I i-6 v.
2a' Dqa- "
G?; Oa -d; E
;<:ol +;< d 2
<5-j
"i"; ;= {
-i4^a=
; =(r +5 c
I -u n = a ir=ft= i
'r; c a1 a
I
I .'v,
A L-
'J7'
53
= =
Gf v ^c-.
-
;.2,4= i ?
_ J
)k -
)=-a-v
I ii J1o E.=- ;.'7 i -
l<
.= \= c.! I
d
pc^
av 0
^ =;;4
-= 'ad -- -
,I c- ia I
a'S - 9
=<
-t @hd a
c- Y-=-
a
a s- =
Ih=
JO rc'
=
I
rl ==
"=
OE E!E !TE!
!!rJ- {6bA , - 5u lD p
F)
-
'?J--\v)-J=-JbQ qqaaldr=i
c !a s?
Fr o c +: d a b; = o
= 5 +. X i'Gto
,:!.1===aa+==a ;X-2=69-{q . ?
:? + \ s ; I !Y H- Y..v.l Q :
,J -
: 1c Pa ;) .,=.:adI!j<==,= = = -
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
r =, =.D:(t -
v_
_ a I > a d=
=
?=.?aA;-*i;:2 ac z:.x >=
bo lu= :2:?.-;82 e'
=al\=t.
b b - i F '' c -
.9r1=3*aA6lzF .t
;= o u z.c i o
vJ o - h . ) i ;; = o
= = ^
-=;.'-n=D-=< e ? =-96;i : c
q -'e a - =
= ==? =.4 E;zE*
? nA< = ? o
-2?,;i';=zF'-": - -
i - a tt 3.+1.=d- o
? c 1q i!=
j Lr=,d'-= d Fl
E 5- i =.
i= == Zi :.9a3 n {
! at P
o
ao =7 :< - '-c
.& 2" :a
l.= 9ac
=,
o
=
d
7
v
I
6E
+ A UA r=t
NN_ -> y e ! au
n ! f f .+!: :d
od -a ----F
c4 J LY =;oa<oA
i=7 -!!,^.!=ir
99'o c<?6 i3 -r 3 J o X
! 9a@ a 6 0^ = m -
!;e,Eie E €; i;E I =@ 9 a=^r= t- -:-D
=F .o::;a
2i*?E13?rF.=a 7 --! -=.
::o d;e9
=.6_2;s_e48A2=q: . :=d= -O \i.-6A_
;' ; ; -!' 73: i
= = i << : f=
4 = ,j
Sin=QSj;:ao:g8
=
a " L; c: a: =c =;
aA wl . a
o
:;e;=6: 9nx+ i ! i +< J o o
+.= q e X i - i o - < lJ-r iX- 4
;-=d5Esd-
+= E ;
oe 26 a' o o o
6n6-3d c€ ? o' >= o
- o qo
=l.
= =. q aci 7-4,4, =-a
4
v
i.:=- -
i:a
= ?f, ;3 +
q6a3!.-i- /> E ?J - co m
:==: t a> -. e€ =- n
ri3.- E 93 o= d+
qo sg
o a
o- u^:=l
. ?ol
d @= - +J ieP a
d c- i I Er q{rc i=^ a o
o c' 4l
=
o:l = = a
>-;l =E
I m
<ct =
a
==l c
n3 l
{
n=. 1
=
7.
7 xo
vm
=
vx
o
.o
:
a
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
i,
o
='
a
7
-
!
N 7
d1
ll
l:n
d91
;
a^
)/
6L I
= 5= i6 c
; a-a- \-4,<= E-<=:.--a o
,a!.-6+b
?, ;-ez;= =aro:7a1.! n=;
i dge6 "ftr1,2-c d)--:-:a
a je *.J 2 t : ? a - < \l.t
a
!, <
- != Ya e t--\---.'a
=6 - E = - +'<=
-'=\', 'o;6 -" n. i
E 6: i;o
-=P-';.w o
:i a=aa
I i+dn O<Oa=l !?==.=. ?
oaJO.;.1?
6 3_-:; :
''"; E?=< i
,4 = -=.G 1
=, =,t 6;6
=.2 =. 4ara! =
-.= d= ('.--i.L
'!---c. b
=
=!L. I 5 o-d-= a
--,. i.=.
; i -
q *1 ;=e= a= 'c-a
l9 ,r'd ? P
' =
*li - | w ;'4
- =
==
o! 'i 2.- a
-1,; - ,i=
oq ='-
o
/ J?.
_1 < p
Y
> da= L
c o
;(.=42 3
9 f,. ^z.t;^
=
a
- q= :.
a
)
za P:>
: a 1fr =->
a o a - :;- <ea
E iiq,'E a !
3
=
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
a 3
:-d E =-6
= n a.a
o
,. -- 2 g= a oo9
c
1
9=
=
-. ;
o o ! 9= ==--'
c F
- !
a z l*;
= I;D
=.,:l .i.'=-z
= a
- to= h;c
i3;F!F
=d
i.F
G'o
1-
a= e a
L'-
3. d-3' -ls'^
o 1<=
zl- : -
oo ;
I ;'. F=
-=: 77ltr =_:
l-
tE= =
#tz
clE
ar i6 io
=-
srsE
ai
;-
-= e !!
aa
=C
-= c2=
=t
9-
-a
to
a
:i2o E<@
=.p
t=
d
V
o N o
G
o
!,|.r-o> xXx 2 I t9 5> es q5
o I
o
a ::
o o
io
_{
E tr o
G
Psei2c
x<=.d 3
I /O^
il
a
a N o
O N o vG
c
c
cr> 9. ,-1
i6
zO " !.5
q d49d1 eE-
zo t1 t2
^ai I Oio--=!' f.n
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
6'6 ; €{d.*r E c xrc a
o! o a;6 9TE=14o- o c -- '=.
oY.'6^^ 3 rg -
:: :";;9':
o s;D
o 4 ) t, ,. ;
5 f, =Y 4 ci;+e- =
I
o == ;
i.s. 6 1=. i! =-
+E =,-E+og^t 6 =o
i+ =
I 5
630:-
6
in- E c : r:=.*r' = - b oo' o
\€ oo
r; 6 ;IeE.iE. r =oi
o qtui-rc: o
h do r ! s s:B'qE
-:o r z O 3
@
rd
FE. 9 6dtrciro^<a =ri
d! !.+! c q iD
3d o = ;t 6'P?;h6-
E @6
o olli-ooa : i.id4d 2
I Xr =
F- N i; .i
J =b:
d.x c€.9 d Ed
=
=iA9!! 5' o B Bo o
=-
P= n *; " 5'u1; 3 o : I < ^ o
6.4 Ee= a o
ts oc { --
X SP -O a
J,q =- r q 9Q + =.
^r.
1+ i1
a co! o ! z ?tiq +
qq
P <a^?U4 :I -3 o@ 4
=4 :1 = =- -. =
o\ oi c\ a=e ; o 90
O =
=P: o o- ,: fE --aN
ea t' oE!o
=o
@i. Q 6a^€ a
o o' -N
4gE n_ a.4 :
- 5':hY>
;?
o o = 3
F
r +11 d \<v
o p lo 3-
a 9 o TH
a o oo<
g o = H{P I -_OOQ
o - o<a-r d N
c iE-sil
3. afo
=.
E
??o
7
po 3
Esi;esE?g+iAl+i
fr=-iis-1==:=7.:2i
3: 3:i3 7,"; +
lZ => - -it tr =
t\- ci ?. e
Ef,oa
=;.-6 = =
c
z na+J
g=z? 5 q= -l -r -
i z. F Atu .:
I
o ij == .-
=*
v6 ?a":
,, aA
: d
--
X:.a=
a=. -F+-
.; 'c;
o^i i
Fs =;.
s; a =
==-=
==ql
o=
dc"
c= \.!
3:1 =4.e
.Fz
@
=.
Pq c=6.
+e
q:- 6. i'
.-
c=. =
F
o a
U
t PZ
g< eI - A
!
llllil =
-\), =,
o
==2 -
o =_ or
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
a -
o
IJ a-
3
2 ?> l? q,>
lz l3 lq
t- .. : 6 lo l=g
a JJ IJ _E i .. 6
oo h =
lai- tr to t:- oo
-u -<= + =a-a a
co{ 5' i P: +: 4 t:a +) i aa2 =---P laf<ep] 3
koa-; =' = a '- I -
r 6 ! -- a-g;-i i G =! P 1:! a
=i - =
=-6'!
t-{
; o o h.J=Yt :
=f
l:f v'o ; e166"
=-"t Q -3
': o ^
0a 7.6d :
aa E l4 'rd j j q,a =
=o g.o
o ==
e. 72 6
- )-= ;: !
o a-
16 ! ln-F;
6:=..i=
oll o q =a
ii ,i jala
- ?3 = +6
,) t= -o ==!-a
5^O - oi= q? o o 'r:o:
iA o r.- !:a 2 !?e
oo ;:16v,) -d o -ll el i- ii o.i= o
= ^Nlv o =P o
6 da 1,9 - o Jp <+ :.
q; :. F-^
_ =2h io;:. fa
:b
il +; ; ;;1; X; E --:. 51 =.
€ -lah
9.-l; a = : 6-p eilr dili
Y- D <lx =l
:a {! _f,
a+9 \=, =h-
-- =' ^ @-.
! ," tX a d
!
g
-!. 2 -q
i'- FI= =6 l
ol
^! = 1l -
l= i l.t
G! I
1"4!;
+ .- - sl rO
tr
Y. I at
--E I
:,1
I
d :al
=q isl
1
63
aaI
I
!: P-
=
a ce = 1=. . . a
f=
q ?p x
E F'E?6' o
= ^a =-rP<)
aA!----
l
<5 o
i' €' -e.
=
=9-€'
t
d N ; -u ! a F7q
!
http://edu.joshuatly.com/
a e
:ic E
a a
=.
g
a a ? !
5 oocco ao
a i.5
!
! cq I Lc F
P =. = = l6E
!
a
=c
e
9
ri io
q -E i+
? 19 +'a
c13 o* I
(-)
= !o Po-d
p - l=..
O ,zl et
=. l= .E.=
fo
\
t-_
=
l6 L2.
a l:
2 t5 -a
i:
3\
t-9
a =
la
lil*
o
l
i;
EL
1eL
'r,1
+l
-l
za ';l
N-!l "-l
2l
2> ri glG
=lq i?
lq
.,4 3t !€l
o !l' a 4l c Iql
5o a -l
.l :l aa
=.1=
(g al=
a z -l _ ld -itl
9= = frE a ;IG l.
cf f, 'i l=
Jl)
Da c o
c pg
a t, ) a-
I
r.9 tl
a e -1
O ?-. 9l "t
1l
) -t Ll
a9 =1 dl j
s9 tl
3.1
I
I ?t
!7 t_y -t g
I
=
a- F
I
a
-z. o
I
o - =
s =
I -
I
a a
I a
= I
+
5 I
-q.
F =
E
!
a
=,
a t
3
o
http://edu.joshuatly.com/