Radiation and

Antennas

Dr. Md Rafiqul Islam

ECE dept, Faculty of Engineerg

International Islamic University

1
 Introduction
 An antenna may be defined as a
transducer between a guided wave
propagating in a transmission line and
an electromagnetic wave propagating
in an unbounded medium (usually free
space), or vice versa
 An antenna is designed to radiate or
receive electromagnetic energy with
directional and polarization properties
suitable for the intended application.
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BASIC ANTENNA THEORY
An antenna is a device that provides a 
transition between electric currents on a
conductor and electromagnetic waves in
space.
Antenna as a transition
Device
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Transmitting and Receiving
Antennas
A transmitting antenna transforms electric 
currents into radio waves and a receiving
antenna transforms an electromagnetic
field back into electric current.

I I

Tx Rx
There are several basic properties
that are common to all antennas:
Reciprocity: an antenna’s electrical 
characteristics are the same whether it is
used for transmitting or receiving.
Because this is always true, throughout
this lecture, we will consider antennas as
transmitting antennas.
Near and Far Field

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Types of Antennas
Wire Antennas:
Aperture Antennas:
Microstrip Antennas
Array Antennas
Reflector Antennas
 Antennas are made in various shapes
and sizes

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 The radiation and impedance
properties of an antenna are governed
by its shape and size and the material
of which it is made

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 The Short Dipole
 A short dipole, also called a Hertzian
dipole, is a thin, linear conductor
whose length l is very short compared
with the wavelength ; to satisfy the
uniform-current assumption, l should
not exceed /50.

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Far-Field Approximation

kR = 2 R / >> 1 26
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Isotropic, Directional, and
Omnidirectional Pattern