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Biomedical Engineering: Bio-Potentials
Biomedical Engineering: Bio-Potentials
Biomedical Engineering: Bio-Potentials
Biomedical
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Reference
Engineering
R.S. Kandpur, Handbook of Biomedical
Instrumentation, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw
Hill, 2003.
L.A. Geddes and L.E. Baker, Principles of
Applied Biomedical Instrumentation, 3rd
Edition, John Wiley, 1989.
Dr. K. Adalarasu
Office: VV233
Email id : adalarasu@eie.sastra.edu
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Cell Membrane Potentials Na-K Pump
Cell Membrane
Very thin (7-15 nm) lipid-protein complex
Transmembrane ion channels (pores) allow flow of
ions across the membrane
Like a leaky capacitor: a thin dielectric material acts as
a charge separator
Impermeable to intracellular protein and other
organic anions
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K+ - 2*10^(-6)cm/s
Cl- - 4*10^(-6)cm/s
X= mM/L
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Problem Mechanism behind biopotentials
Example concentrations of the major ion species When membrane stimulation exceeds a threshold level of
from frog skeletal muscle about 20 mV - action potential occurs:
Buildup of K inside cell buildup of K inside cell
Buildup of Na & Cl outside cell Permeabilities of the membrane change - Sodium ion
permeability increases rapidly allowing sodium ions to flow
to inside - making the inside more positive.
Potassium ions flow out to balance the flow.
The cell becomes slightly positive – 20mV. Cell is
Depolarized.
The flow of Na ion stop – leads to repolariztion and Resting
Potential.
At rest, the Na-K pump restores the ion concentrations to
Equilibrium potential using GHK formulation their original values.
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Mechanism behind biopotentials Mechanism behind biopotentials
Extracellular Fluid Permeability of the membrane Goldman’s Equation
changes.
20mV Na+ penetrates inside –Avalanche
effect
V
K+ struggles out.
VE: Equilibrium potential, net current is zero
Cell becomes slightly positive due PX : permeability coefficient of the membrane for ionic species X
to imbalance of K+ - ACTION [X]i and [X]o : the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of X in moles/
POTENTIAL liter.
ACTION POTENTIAL
Depolarized State
R: Universal gas constant (8.31 J/mol.K)
Cell Depolarized T: Absolute temperature in K (Measured at 310K)
F: Faraday constant (96500 C/mol.)
After the ion current has died out the cell comes back to
normal - Resting Potential- REPOLARIZATION
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Depolarization
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization
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Organ Systems
Action Potential
excitable cell
Vm
Na+ -channels
K+ -channels
time
resting potential
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Nervous System
Neurons = masses of nerve cells that transmit
information
Nervous System Have 2 Types of Cells
Neurons
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Neurons
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Nervous System
Somatic Nervous
System
Skeletal
(voluntary)
Autonomic
Nervous System
Smooth
muscles, glands
(involuntary) Cell body (perikaryon)
Dendrites
Provide Receptive Area
Transmit Electrical Impulses to Cell Body
Axon
Conducts Impulses Away from Cell Body
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Neurons: A Close-Up View Neurons
Axon terminals: Small swellings that release
signals to affect other neurons
Chemical signals, known as neurotransmitters, cross
small gaps, known as synapses.
It is estimated that there are about 500 trillion synapses
in the adult brain
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Neurons Communication
Synapse
Neurons have four important regions Junction between two communicating neurons
Dendrites Nerve pathway
Nerve impulse travels from neuron to neuron
Branching projections that collect information Synaptic Transmission
Soma (Cell Body) Dendrite ->cell body -> along axon -> synapse (gap)
To complete the signal, a NEUROTRANSMITTER is
Contains the nucleus and integrates
released at the gap to signal the next neuron
information
Excitatory
Axon Increase membrane permeability, increases chance for
threshold to be achieved
Conducts the neural signal across a long
Inhibitory
distance Decrease membrane permeability, decrease chance for
threshold to be achieved.
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Types of Nerves Structural Classification
Sensory Nerves
Conduct
impulses into
the brain or
spinal cord
Motor Nerves
Carry impulses
to muscles of
glands
Mixed Nerves
Contain both
sensory and
motor nerves
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Structural Classification Structural Classification
Neurons can be classified by their shape:
Multipolar neurons
Have many dendrites.
Bipolar neurons
Have one dendrite and one axon.
Monopolar neurons
Have only one projection from the soma, which branches
to form the axon and the dendrite.
Pseudounipolar
Bipolar
Multiploar
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Synaptic Transmission: Chemical
Motor Neurons
Signaling in the Brain
Release of Neurotransmitter at the Synapse
Types of Neurotransmitters
Receptors
Postsynaptic Potentials
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Receptors
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Synapse
Specialized proteins in the cell membrane
Neurotransmitters interact with receptors to
affect the postsynaptic cell.
Ionotropic receptors allow ions to flow across
the membrane, changing the charge of the
cell membrane
Metabotropic receptors relay information into
the cell using a series of proteins.
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Types of Neurotransmitters Receptors
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