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KH4434-Kuliah 004 - Tides 1718
KH4434-Kuliah 004 - Tides 1718
COASTAL ENGINEERING
LECTURE # 4
TIDES AND TIDAL CURRENTS
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TIDES AND TIDAL CURRENT KA6733
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• Tides are periodic rises and falls of large bodies of water. Tides are
caused by the gravitational interaction between the Earth and the
Moon. The gravitational attraction of the moon causes the oceans to
bulge out in the direction of the moon. Another bulge occurs on the
opposite side, since the Earth is also being pulled toward the moon
(and away from the water on the far side). Since the earth is rotating
while this is happening, two tides occur each day.
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TIDES AND TIDAL CURRENT KA6733
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• Thus the center of mass of the Earth describes a very small ellipse about
the Earth-Moon barycenter, while the center of mass of the Moon
describes a much larger ellipse about the same barycenter. If the
gravitational forces of the other bodies of the solar system are
neglected, Newton’s law of gravitation also predicts that the Earth-
Moon barycenter will describe an orbit which is approximately elliptical
about the barycenter of the Sun-Earth-Moon system. This barycentric
point lies inside the Sun.
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FEATURES OF TIDES COASTAL ENGINEERING
• At most places the tidal change occurs twice daily. The tide rises until it
reaches a maximum height, called high tide or high water, and then
falls to a minimum level called low tide or low water.
• The rate of rise and fall is not uniform.
From low water, the tide begins to rise
slowly at first, but at an increasing rate
until it is about halfway to high water.
The rate of rise then decreases until
high water is reached, and the rise
ceases.
• The period at high or low water during which there is no apparent
change of level is called stand.
• The difference in height between consecutive high and low waters is the
range.
Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering
Faculty of Engineering 9
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
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TYPES OF TIDES COASTAL ENGINEERING
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• In the semidiurnal tide, there are two high and two low waters each
tidal day, with relatively small differences in the respective highs and
lows.
• In the diurnal tide, only a single high and single low water occur each
tidal day. Tides of the diurnal type occur along the northern shore of
the Gulf of Mexico, in the Java Sea, the Gulf of Tonkin, and in a few
other localities.
• In the mixed tide, the diurnal and semidiurnal oscillations are both
important factors and the tide is characterized by a large inequality in
the high water heights, low water heights, or in both. There are
usually two high and two low waters each day, but occasionally the
tide may become diurnal. Such tides are prevalent along the Pacific
coast of the United States and in many other parts of the world.
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Solar Tide
• The natural period of oscillation of a body of water may accentuate
either the solar or the lunar tidal oscillations. Though as a general rule
the tides follow the Moon, the relative importance of the solar effect
varies in different areas. There are a few places, primarily in the South
Pacific and the Indonesian areas, where the solar oscillation is the
more important, and at those places the high and low waters occur at
about the same time each day. At Port Adelaide, Australia the solar and
lunar semidiurnal oscillations are equal and nullify one another at
neaps.
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SPECIAL TIDAL EFFECTS COASTAL ENGINEERING
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SPECIAL TIDAL EFFECTS COASTAL ENGINEERING
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TIDAL DATUM COASTAL ENGINEERING
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TIDAL CURRENTS KA6733
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• Figure shows
current rose.
Because of the
elliptical pattern
formed by the
ends of the
arrows, it is also
referred to as a
current ellipse.
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ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
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TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED KA6733
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• Tides
• Tide Table
• Tide Measurements
Tides KA6733
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Why Predict Tides? KA6733
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Spring / Neap Tide KA6733
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Semidiurnal KA6733
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Diurnal KA6733
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Mixed Tide KA6733
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Factors effecting tides KA6733
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Pelabuhan Kelang
Wed 30 Jul Thurs 31 Jul Fri 01 Aug Sat 02 Aug Sun 03 Aug Mon 04 Aug Tue 05 Aug
LOW 1011 1.05 1115 0.74 1209 0.47 0037 -0.16 0114 -0.30 0151 -0.33 0222 -0.13
HIGH 1616 3.77 1715 4.02 1806 4.23 0638 4.45 0718 4.54 0754 4.56 0829 4.44
LOW 2255 0.56 1254 0.28 1336 0.22 1408 0.27 1443 0.40
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Tutorial KA6733
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