Expansive clay is a type of clay that is known as a lightweight aggregate with a rounded

structure, with a porous inner, and a resistant and hard outer layer.

It is a clay or soil that is prone to large volume changes (swelling and shrinking) that are
directly related to changes in water content.[1] Soils with a high content of expansive
minerals can form deep cracks in drier seasons or years; such soils are called vertisols.
Soils with smectite clay minerals, including montmorillonite and bentonite, have the
most dramatic shrink-swell capacity.

The mineral make-up of this type of soil is responsible for the moisture retaining
capabilities. All clays consist of mineral sheets packaged into layers, and can be
classified as either 1:1 or 2:1. These ratios refer to the proportion of tetrahedral sheets
to octahedral sheets. Octahedral sheets are sandwiched between two tetrahedral
sheets in 2:1 clays, while 1:1 clays have sheets in matched pairs. Expansive clays have
an expanding crystal lattice in a 2:1 ratio; however, there are 2:1 non-expansive
clays.[2]

Mitigation of the effects of expansive clay on structures built in areas with expansive
clays is a major challenge in geotechnical engineering. Some areas mitigate foundation
cracking by watering around the foundation with a soaker hose during dry conditions.
This process can be automated by a timer, or using a soil moisture sensor controller.
Even though irrigation is expensive, the cost is small compared to repairing a cracked
foundation. A laboratory test to measure the expansion potential of soil is ASTM D
4829.

Another important characteristic of the expansive clay is its vulnerability to physical

changes, according to the amount of water. For example, in a wet season, the clay has
the capacity of swelling, and on a dry season, it can shrink and form cracks. According
to Biswas and Kriscna, “there are several types of clay minerals of which
Montmorillonite has the maximum swelling potential”.[3]

Formation and characteristics

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