POSSESSION
S'
relationship between the
ownership usually related to a
person
Ex:Tom's house
BASIC NPS
Have the head only or the head
with the determiner
Ex:all the four necklaces
Phrasal verb
Verb + adverbial particle
Can be transitive or intransitive
verb
Can be inserted /separated by an
object
Ex : They called him up
Can’t be inserted by an adverb
Ex : They called early up the man
The Preposition in Phrasal verb
can’t be moved with relative
pronoun
Ex: The man up whom they called
→ The man whom they called up
of:
part of thing and related to
another
Ex: leg of table
COMPLEX NPS
Consist of pre-modifier ,head
noun and post modifier
Ex: the beautiful girl at the
corner
Prepositional verb
Verb + Prep
Always transitive
Can’t be inserted by an object
Ex : They called on the man
Allow an inserted adverb after the
verb and a relative pronoun after
the prep .
Ex : They called early on the man
The Preposition in Prepositional
verb can be in front of a relative
pronoun , but not adverbial
questions
Ex: The man on whom they called
Phrasal prepositional verb Verb + 2 particles
 always transitive
 Can’t be separated by an object
Ex: We ran gas out of/We ran out gas of→ We ran out of gas.
 Can be separated by an adverb ,but not immediately before
the object.
Ex: He puts up with willingly that secretary of his.
→ He puts up willingly with that secretary of his.
 In relative clauses and questions , the particles are
positioned after the verb or less commonly with the relative
pronoun.
Ex: The party which we were looking forward to is so early.
Or The party to which we were looking forward is so early.

COMPLEMENT MODIFIERS
 Obligatory  Optional
 they cannot be omitted.  they cannot be omitted.
 they are all selected by  do not complement the
the verb and we view predicate in the same way
them as being present to  are not necessary to a
‘complement’ the verb to sentence
form a legitimate VP
 are necessary for the Ex:When nine year olds,my
sentence to make sense mother enrolled in medical
Ex:She is beautiful
Both develop the meaning of the words they are attached to
DIRECT OBJECT
A direct object is the receiver
of action within a sentence
Does not depend on the
indirect object
Are preceded by the verb
Ex: Quynh makes a sandwich
subject complement
A subject complement follows
a linking verb;
a subject or describe the subect
Susan is a nurse
Finite VP
school
INDIRECT OBJECT
The indirect object identifies to
or for whom or what the action
of the verb is performed
Depend on the direct object
Are usually preceded by
prepositions to/for
My mother give me some
money
object complement
An object complement follows
and modifies or refers to
a direct object. It can be a
noun or adjective or any word
acting as a noun or adjective.
They will christen her Victoria
Non-finite VP
 Contain a finite V which has Contain a non-finite V which
past , present or future tense is in the form of the infinitive
,the –ING form and the –ED
form

Finite verb forms show tense, Non-finite verb forms do not

person and number show tense, person or number

Ex: They play football They want to play football

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs:

We use intensive verbs to We use extensive verbs to say
describe the subject. Intensive what the subject is doing.
verbs are also called copula Extensive verbs are most other
verbs, are usually followed by a
verbs, they do not have a subject
noun or a noun phrase, an
adjective or a prepositional complement.
phrase Ex: John runs very fast.
S + Vinten (Linking Verb) +Cs
Mary paints quite badly
Ex: Rose is a student
Ex: Tomas looks very young for
his age

S + Vinten (Linking Verb)

+A(place
Ex: Jully is in the zoo.

Intransitive verbs Transitive verbs

S + Vt + O
A transitive verb is one that is
used with an object:
a noun, phrase, or pronoun that
refers to the person or thing that is
affected by the action of the verb.
Ex: Let’s invite Tom
An intransitive verb does not You surprised me.
have an object: S + Vi • MONOTRANSITIVE verbs
Ex: Do sit down! Require ONE object
The children is playing Ex: He has learnt Spanish
• Ditransitive verbs
Require TWO objects
V di + Oi + Od
V di + Od + prep + Oi
• Complex transitive verbs
V complex + O + C
V complex + O + A

STATIVE VERB DYNAMIC VERB

Describe states or conditions. Describe the action or the

Ex: I feel really under the change of status.
weather today. Ex: The cat is chasing the
mouse
They can not be used in the
progressive form
STATIVE ADJECTIVE
Expresses a constant state
Ex:Big,red,small
Cannot be used in an
imperative
Ex: Be heavy
Cannot be used in an
progessive form
Ex:He is being big
ATTRIBUTE ADJECTIVE
Precede they modify
A black cap
Can be used with both action
and linking verbs
Cannot act as subject
complement
That's an expensive watch
Prove that To infinitive clauses can functionally be
nominal,adjectival and adverbial
An infinite clause can be just an an infinitve on its own
They can be used in the
progressive form
DYNAMIC ADJECTIVE
Expresses atemporary state
Ex:brave
Can be used in an imperative
Ex:Be brave !
Can be used in an progessive
form
Ex:We're being very patient
with you
PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVE
Follow the noun they modify
Occur immediately after a
linking verb
Can act as subject complement
Your watch looks expensive
Infinitive with to can be the subject ,object,complement,or
adverbial in the sentence .It can function as a noun ,adjective or
adverb
To understand English grammar is quite difficult
I am glad to see you in class today
To keep warm at night ,you should buy an electric blanket
To be honest, I hate the cold weather
Prove that V-ing clauses can functionally be nominal,adjectival
and adverbial
Jogging three miles everyday is good for you
I'm happy being with you
Walking a long the road ,I saw an accident
Having read the paper, I can't see why you care