Introduction

to computers
part 2
Dr Mohamed Medhat
Input-Process-Output Model (IPO)

• Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch cards

• Processing: CPU executes the computer program
• Output: monitor, printer, fax machine
• Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape

Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-2

Architecture Components
• Hardware
• Processes data by executing instructions
• Provides input and output
• Software
• Instructions executed by the system
• Data
• Fundamental representation of facts and observations
• Communications
• Sharing data and processing among different systems

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Hardware Component
• Input/Output devices
• Storage Devices
• CPU
• ALU: arithmetic/logic unit
• CU: control unit
• Interface unit
• Memory
• Short-term storage for CPU calculations

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Typical Personal Computer System

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Chapter 1 Computer Systems 1-6
CPU: Central Processing Unit
• ALU: arithmetic/logic unit
• Performs arithmetic and Boolean logical calculations
• CU: control unit
• Controls processing of instructions
• Controls movement of data within the CPU
• Interface unit
• Moves instructions and data between the CPU and other hardware
components
• Bus: bundle of wires that carry signals and power between different
components

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Memory
• Also known as primary storage, working storage, and RAM (random
access memory)
• Consists of bits, each of which hold a value of either 0 or 1 (8 bits = 1
byte)
• Holds both instructions and data of a computer program (stored
program concept)

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Memory Types

• RAM (Random access memory):

• SRAM (Static RAM) (flip-flop gates)
• DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
• ROM (Read only memory)
• PROM (programmable)
• EPROM (erasable programmable)
• EEPROM (electronically erasable programmable)
Memory hierarchy
Figure 5-5
Cache
 Figure 5-14

Connecting CPU and memory using three buses

The Data Bus moves data from main memory to the CPU and from the CPU to the main memory

The Address Bus hold the address of the data the data bus currently accessing

The Control bus carries the necessary control signal that specify how the information transfer it to takes place
(Read/Write..)
Communications Component
• Hardware
• Communication channels
• Physical connections between computer systems
• Examples: wire cable, phone lines, fiber optic cable, infrared light, radio waves
• Interface hardware
• Handles communication between the computer and the communication channel
• Modem or network interface card (NIC)
• Software
• Network protocols: HTTP, TCP/IP, ATAPI

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Computer Systems
All computer systems, no matter how complex, consists of the
following:
• At least one CPU
• Memory to hold programs and data
• I/O devices
• Long-term storage

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 Classes of Computers

Workstations
Main Frames
Super computers
Desktop (personal computer)
laptop

All work in the same way!!

Chapter 1 Computer Systems

Introduction to computer
1- Computer classification
• 1- Analog  vs. Digital ☺ computers

• Analog Computers: is a form of computer that uses the continuously changeable aspects of
physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem
being solved.

• Digital Computers: any of a class of devices capable of solving problems by processing information
in discrete form. It operates on data, including magnitudes, letters, and symbols, that are
expressed in binary code—i.e., using only the two digits 0 and
Types of Computers
• Supercomputers
• A supercomputer is a computer with a high-level computational
capacity compared to aa general purpose computer. Performance
of a supercomputer is measured in floating-point operations per
second (FLOPS) instead of million instructions per second (MIPS).
• Supercomputer are used to process very large amounts of
information including processing information to predict
hurricanes, satellite images and navigation, and process military
war scenarios.

•
Types of Computers

• MainFrame
• Main frame designed around more than one CPU and
can serve hindered of users simultaneously.

• Mainftame computers has massive storage capability

• Typical used to serve large companies and institutions.

Designed to be very fault tolerant

Types of Computers

• MainFrame
• Main frame designed around more than one CPU and
can serve hindered of users simultaneously.

• Mainftame computers has massive storage capability

• Typical used to serve large companies and institutions.

Designed to be very fault tolerant

Types of Computers
• Workstation
• A workstation is a special computer
designed for technical or scientific
applications. Intended primarily to
be used by one person at a time
Types of compurters
• Desktop
• Small affordable computer for personal or individual user

• Laptop
• A laptop is a small lightweight portable computer that operate on a battery
for sometime.

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Where does the Chip fit in a Computer?

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Transistors

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Transistor
• An On/Off switch controlled by electricity
• The IC combines up to hundreds or thousands of transistors in a
single chip
• VLSI is used for chips with millions of transistors

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Protocols
• Common ground rules of communication between computers, I/O
devices, and many software programs
• Examples
• HTTP: between Web servers and Web browsers
• TCP/IP: between computers on the Internet and local area networks
• ATAPI: between a CPU and CD-ROMs

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 How the code (C code )is finally executed by
the Microprocessor !!!
Assembly language

C language

compiler assembler

https://www.codeproject.com/Articles/315505/How-processor-assembler-and-programming-languages
• A compiler is a software program that transforms high-level source
code that is written by a developer in a high-level programming
language into a low-level language like assembly language

• An assembler is a type of computer program that interprets software

programs written in assembly language into machine language, code
and instructions that can be executed by a computer
• Add BX, 2 

• Instruction execution cycle (what microprocessor do to execute an

instruction )
• 3 steps to fully execute an instruction
• FETCH  DECODE EXECUTE
• An instruction cycle (sometimes called a fetch–decode–execute cycle) is
the basic operational process of a computer. It is the process by which a
computer retrieves a program instruction from its memory, determines
what actions the instruction dictates, and carries out those actions.
Overview of microcomputer structure and
operation
• Basic Components of microprocessor
• 1- Central Processing Unit CPU (microprocessor):
• CPU fetch instruction from the memory
• Decode the instruction into a series of simple action
• Carries out this actions

• 2- Memory: RAM/ ROM

• Basically memories store
• The Binary code of the INSTRUCTIONS to be executed (the program(s))
• The binary-coded DATA the computer will work with