Sheds its protein coat
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFIENCY
              SYNDROME
 AIDS-is a disease that slowly
and steadily destroys the
immune system. It is caused by
HIV, a virus which wipes out
certain types of lymphocytes
called T-helper cells.
 HIV is a retrovirus also called
slow virus
 MT: transmited though direct
contact with blood products and
some body secretions
 Persons at risk:
Anyone who engaged in
unprotected sexual activity with
infected individual.
Recipients of transfused blood or
blood components.
IV drug users
Children of mothers with HIV
Health care workers exposed to
HIV by needle stick.
T cells shed from thymus undergo
transformation
Helper T cell also called CD4 –chon
molecules  on the surface of the Ta
cells. where HIV attached
themselves
HIV binds to t4 receptor
Virus enters the T4 cell
Unexplained wt loss, Night sweats,
Viral RNA is transcribed into the diarrhea
host DNA Person with Aids has a CD4 count
Using “Reverse Transcriptase” of below 200mm3 N- is above
(Enzyme found in the virus) 1000mm3
Viral RNA is integrated into host cell Opportunistic infection:
DNA Viruses: cytomegalovirus
Reprograms the genetic material of  Herpes simplex
T4 Bacteria
HIV produces virus instead of T4 Mycobacterium
Virus infects other T4 cells salmonella
Incubation period---can Fungi pneumocystis carinii
take for as long 7-12 years Cancers:
s/s 1.Kaposis sarcoma—affects the
1.Primary acute infection: viral blood vessel—non itchy purplish-
outburst red blotches appear on skin
      (Few days or weeks 2.Cervical dysplasia– associated
after infection) with human papilloma virus.
Flu, mononucleosis, 3.Non hodgkins lymphoma
fatigue, headache, fever, cancerous tumors of lymphnodes
sore throat, late manifestation
lymphadenopathy and ●
sweating DIAGNOStics
2. Asymptomatic stage- no ELISA--- enzyme linked
signs and symptoms immunosorbenht assay
Person look and feel Western blot---identifies
healthy HIV antibody
Can transmit the disease SUDS –single use
PGL stage---persistent generalized diagnostic test
lymphadenopathy (AIDS related Medical mgt:
complex) a.ZDV- Ziduvudine
Swollen lymph nodes—several b.DDL- Didanosine     nucleoside
months. reverse
c.DDC- zalcitabine       transcriptase
inhibitors
d.D4T stavudine
Action: suppresses
synthesis of viral DNA by
reverse transcriptase
Noncleoside reverse transcriptase
Delavirdine
Neviradine
Action: direct inhibition of HIV by
binding to active center or reverse
transcriptase
Protease  inhibitors
Indinavir
Ritonavir
Action: bind to the active site of HIV
protease therebypreventing the
enzyme from cleaving HIV
polyCHONS; virus remains
immature and non infectious---viral
load reduced.
RABIES
hydrophobia/ lyssa
is a viral zoonotic disease that
causes acute encephalitis
In non-vaccinated humans, rabies
is almost fatal after neurological
symptoms have developed,
 but prompt post-exposure
vaccination may prevent the virus
from progressing.
s/s:
irritability
excessive movements or agitation
confusion
hallucinations
aggressiveness
bizarre or abnormal thoughts
muscle spasms
abnormal postures
weakness or paralysis
extreme sensitivity to bright lights,
sounds, or touch
increased production of saliva or
tears
difficulty speaking
seizures (convulsions)
In the advanced stage :
double vision
problems moving facial muscles
abnormal movements of the
diaphragm and muscles that control
breathing
difficulty swallowing
 increased production of saliva,
(causing the "foaming at the mouth"
usually associated with a rabies
infection )
Mgt:
MEASLES (RUBEOLA)
Rubeola, is an infection of the
respiratory system caused by
avirus,
C/A :      paramyxovirus of the
genusMorbillivirus.
Incubation:  6 – 19 days
S/S
First Stage: fever, colds, cough, red
eyes
     Koplik’s spots
Second Stage:
Rashes
generalized,maculopapular, erythe
matous rash that begins several
days after the fever causing itching.
M/T: Airborne, droplet
Complications:
diarrhea,
 pneumonia and
 encephalitis (subacute sclerosing
panencephalitis),
 corneal ulceration leading
to corneal scarring.[4]
German Measles (Rubella)
A comtagious respiratory disease
caused by a virus. (Rubella virus)
 Symptoms:
Rash and fever for two to three
days (mild disease in children and
young adults).
Birth defects if acquired by a
pregnant
woman: deafness, cataracts, heart
defects, mental retardation, and
liver and spleen damage
Spread by contact with an infected
person, through coughing and
sneezing
Mumps
Mumps and epidemic parotitisis
a viral disease of
the humanspecies, caused by
the mumps virus
 Painful swelling of the salivary
glands (classically the parotid
gland) is the most typical
presentation.[2] Painful testicular
swelling (orchitis) and rash may  primary infection with varicella
mumps  zoster virus (VZV).[1]
TREATMENT:
(SELF LIMITED)
LEPROSY
Leprosy or Hansen's
disease(HD), named
after physicianGerhard Armauer
Hansen,
 chronic disease caused by
bacteria Mycobacterium leprae
and Mycobacterium lepromatosis.
a granulomatous disease of
the peripheral nerves
and mucosa of the upper
respiratory tract
S/S:
Skin lesions
The mechanism of transmission:
 prolonged close contact
 nasal droplet.  Zakariya ar-Razi (865–925), known
Treatment
Pauci-bacillary leprosy (1-5 skin
lesions) Treat with rifampicin and
dapsone for 6 months
Multi-bacillary leprosy (>5 skin
lesions) Treat with rifampicin,
clofazimine and dapsone for 12
months
.
Chickenpox (varicella) 
or chicken pox is a
highly contagious illness caused by
 It usually starts with vesicular skin
rash mainly on the body and head
rather than at the periphery
prodrome
anorexia, myalgia, nausea, fever,
headache, sore throat, pain in both
ears, malaise in adolescents and
adults, w papular rash,
Rarely cough, rhinitis, abdominal
pain, and gastrointestinal distress
M/T: droplet
Direct contact on lesions
Treatment
antiviral drugs (e.g. acyclovir)
Calamine lotion
Zinc oxide
Chickenpox was first identified
byPersian scientist Muhammad ibn
to the West as “
 Giovanni Filippo (1510–1580)
of Palermolater provided a more
detailed description of varicella
(chickenpox).