Multi-Purpose Modular SS

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VOLUME INDM
MODULAR MULTIPURPOSE SPACE STATION STUDY
i
8B The complete stud-y, c o n s i s t i n g of s i x
s e c t i o n s , an appendix, and a condensed
j summary, i s contained i n t h e following
! seven volumes.
1. INTRODUCTION
8
2. TECHXICAL SUMMARY
4 3. MODULAR SPACE STATION DESIGN
3 3.1
I
Nodular Configurations
I
H
8
3.2
3.3
3.4
Radiation Shielding
S t r u c t u r a l Design
Weight Analysis
1 3.5 Subsystems
I1 o 3.6
3.7
Subsystem I n t e g r a t i o n
Special Subsystem Studies
iI o 4. PRELIMINARY SPECIFICATIONS
I
I
I @3
5. MULTIPURPOSE SPACE STATION APPLICATIONS
I
I
6. DEV~OPMEHTPLAN
-
i Appendix - EXFERIMENTAL APPLICATION SUMMARY
i
c0NDmsm SUMMARY
CONTENTS
- -
Section -
Page
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 STUDY PHlLOSOPHY
1.2 GUIDELINES
5
a 1.3 EPORT ORGANIZATION 9
2 TECmCAL S m M Y 11
2.1 MODULAR SPACE STATION CONCEPT
2.1.1 Structure
2 .l.2 Subsystems
2.1.3 Multipurpose I n t e r i o r Design
2.2 EXPERIMENTS AND APPLICATIONS
2.2.1 AES P r i o r i t y I Experiments
2.2.2 Supplementary Experiments and Applications
-
i 2.3 DEVELOP~tNTPLANS
4
2.3.1 Schedules
2.3.2 Cost Analysis
i
3 2.4 CONCLUSIONS AND Rl3COMMENDATIONS 161

a 2.4.1 study Conclusions 161
i 2.4.2 Recommendations f o r Future A c t i v i t i e s . 163
FIGURES
Page
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Growth P o t e n t i a l f o r t h e 183-1nch Diameter Modular

Approach 3
Growth P o t e n t i a l f o r t h e 260-1nch Diameter Modular
Approach 4
4 2-1 Launch Configurations, Modular Multipurpose Space
I Stations 13
2 -2 Mission P r o f i l e , One-Compartment Laboratory 15
t i
2 -3 Mission P r o f i l e , Two-Compartment Independent Laboratory 17
i 2 -4 Mission P r o f i l e , I n t e r i m S t a t i o n 19
2-5 Mission P r o f i l e , Two-Compartment Synchronous Orbit
Laboratory
2-6 Mission P r o f i l e , Two-Compartment Polar O r b i t Laboratory
2 -7 Mission P r o f i l e , Operational S t a t i o n
2 -8 Basic Modular S t r u c t u r a l Concept
! 2 -9 S t r u c t u r a l Assembly of Modular Multipurpose Space S t a t i o n s 28
4 2-10 One-Compartment Laboratory Assembly, Beam Floor
i 35
t
1
I 2-11 S t r u c t u r a l D e t a i l s , Second Modular Concept 37
i 2-12 Support Concepts, One- and Two-Compartment Laboratories 39
I
a1 2-13 S e q u e n t i a l Evolution, Second Modular Concept 41
1
i 2-14 One-Compartment Laboratory 43
i
4 2-15 Two-Compartment Laboratory 43
'1
i 2-16 I n t e r i f i Space S t a t i o n 44
a
3 2-17 Operational Space S t a t i o n 44
2-18 Radiation Shielding Methods 56
9
43 2-19 Subsystem Growth sum mar:^ 57
1 2-20 Thermal and Atmospheric Control Flov Diagram 60
2
i
2-21 Atmosphere Storage Schematic 61
Oxygen Hegenera-Lion System 62
Contaminant Removal Equipment 64
2-24 Liquid C i r c u l a t i o n System, I n t e r i m Space S t a t i o n 65
2-25 Water Management Subs ys tem 66
FIGURES ( ~ o i i t i n u e d )
c
i; Page
i
3
P
9 2-26 E l e c t r o d i a l y s i s Water Reclamation Schornatic 67

2-27 Humidity Water Reclamation Schematic
2-28 Waste Management System Schematic
4 2-29 E l e c t r i c Power Subsystem Building Bloclrs 72
2-30 Communications, Command and Tracking Subsystem -
Operational S t a t i o n
8 2-31 Block Diagram, One-Compartment Laboratory Data
E'lanagement Subsystem 79
2-32 Block Diagram, Two-Compartment L a b o r a t o r i e s Data
4
15
Management Subsystem 80
j
3
I
d 2-33 Block Diagram, I n t e r i m S t a t i o n Data Management
.
I
3 Subsystem 83
2-34 Functional I n t e r f a c e Block Diagram, Operational S t a t i o n
Data Management Subsystem
5
F u n c t i o n a l Diagram, Guidance and Control Subsystem -

iI
;1 2-35
One-Compartment Dependent Laboratory and Two-Compartment
i
Synchronous Orb it Laboratory 88
$
2-36 Functional Diagram, Guidance and C o n t r o l Subsystem -
Two-Compartment Independent and P o l a r L a b o r a t o r i e s
F u n c t i o n a l Diagram, Guidance and C o n t r o l Subsystem -
2-37 I n t e r i m Space S t a t i o n
2-38 F u n c t i o n a l Diagram, Guidance and C o n t r o l Subsystem -
Operational Space S t a t i o n
I 2-3 9 F u n c t i o n a l Diagram, A t t i t u d e C o n t r o l and S t a b i l i z a t i o n
i
$ Subsystem - One-Compartm%nt, Two-Compartment L a b o r a t o r i e s ,
II I n t e r i m S t a t i o n , Operational S t a t i o n ( z e r o G Mode o n l y ) 96
f
2-40 F u n c t i o n a l Diagram, A t t i t u d e Control and S t a b i l i z a t i o n
Subsystem - Operational S t a t i o n ( A r t i f i c i a l G Mode o n l y ) 97
p
i 2 -41 Propulsion Engine Locations f o r t h e I n t e r i m Space S t a t i o n 100
1I 2-42 P r o p e l l a n t Feed System - Inhrim Station 103 ,
2-43 o r b i t I n j e c t i o n Subsystem Schematic Diagram, Operational

Station 1.06
2-44 Orbit I n j e c t i o n Engine I n s t a l l a t i o n f o r t h e Operational
Station 107
2-45 Location of O r b i t I n j e c t i o n and IILI~-MountedA t t i t u d n
C o n t r o l Engines on t h e Operational S t a t t o n 109
v i ii
Page
P
Operational Station 7.10

2-47 Post-Deployment Attitude Control System Schematic
Diagram for the Operational Space Station
2-48 F'ropellant Transfer and Storage ( ~ u b~ r e a )for the
h Operational Station 112
4
2-49 Subsystems Compartment, Preferred Arrangement 113
t 2-50 Subsystems Compartment, Perspective View
116
I 2-51 Living Quarters Compartment, Arrangement Drawing 117
Living Quarters Compartment, Perspective View
AES Experimental Equipment Weight Requirements
AES Experiment Stowed Volume Requirements
Manhour Requirements of 1.5 AES Flights Compared to
Potential Experimental Manhours Available with
Apollo Vehicle and Crew
AES Experiment Requirements for Electrical Energy
Experimental Equipment Weight Requirements of 15 AES
Flights Compared to Experimental Payload Capability
of Selected ModuLar Approach Configurations
2-58 Tabular Volume of Experimental Equipment for 15 AES
Flights Compared to Volumes Available in Various
Spacecraft Configurations
One-Compartment Laboratory, With AES Experiments for
Flights 218 and 219 129
One-Compartment Independent Laboratory, with AES
Experiments for Flights 523, 229, 230 - 131
Cum~~lative
Distribution of Weight for Experimental
Equipment 134
Cumulative Distribution of Volume Requirements for
Experimental Equipmnnt 134
2-63 Cumulative Distribution of Electrical
for Experimental Equipmnnt
2-64 Cumulative Distribution of Experiment Manhour
Requirements
2-65 Vork Area Configuration With Annu-lar Aisle
LOCKHEED
FIGUnES ( c o n t i n u e d )
-
Page
136
2-57 Interim Space S t a t i o n Compnrtnlent A l l o c a t i o n
2-68 I n t e r i o r Arrangement, Observatory
2-69 I n t e r i o r Arrangement, P h y s i c a l Sciences Laboratory 141
2-70 I n t e r i o r Arrangement, Biomedical Laboratory 145
2-7i I n t e r i o r Arrangement, Control Compartment 147
1-1 Modular Multipurpose Space S t a t i o n C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
2-1 One -Compartment Dependent Laboratory Summary
Weight Statement am1 D i s c r e t i o n a r y Payload
Allocation
2-2 Tvo-Compartment Independent Laboratory Summary
Weight Statement and D i s c r e t ionaly Payload
Allocation
2-3 Two-Compartment P o l a r Laboratory Summary \leight
Statement and D i s c r e t i o n a r y Payload A l l o c a t i o n
2-4 Two-Compartment Synchronous Laboratory Summary
Weight Statement and D i s c r e t i o n a r y Payload
'1
i Allocation
4 2-5 I n t e r i m Modular Multipurpose Space S t a t i o n Summary
liie i g h t Statement and D i s c r e t i o n a r y Payload
ASloc a t i o n
!
I 2-6 Ope r a t i o n a l Modular Multipurpose Space S t a t i o n
i Summary \sleight Statement and D i s c r e t i o n a r y Payload
1 Allocation
j
* 2-7 Comparison of t h e Modular Approach t o a P o i n t
d
1
$ Design f o r t h e I n t e r i m Modular Multipurpose Space
8 Station
i
I 2-8 Subsystem Fleight Comparison for-Modular and P o i n t
I Designs of I n t e r i m Space S t a t i o n
i
!
F 2-9 Maxirnuni Allo.i;~
a b l e Dose Rate
2-10 Local Personnel S h i e l d Weights f o r 200-N. Mile
- Polar Orbit - 55
2-11 T o t a l S t r u c t u r e S h i e l d i n g Weights f o r 30-Deg.
I n c l i n a t i o n Synchronous O r b i t 55
2-12 Local Body S h i e l d i n g Weights f o r 30-Deg. I n c l i n a t i o n
Synchronous O r b i t 55
1 2-13 Major F e a t u r e s - EC/LSS
I 2-14 ModcCLar Space S t a t i o n E l e c t r i c P o ~ i e rRequirements
2-16 Equipc!ent Complement f o r Conmunicati ons, Command
and Tracking Subsystems f o r t h e 12ro-Compartment
Laboratories
2-17 P h y s i c a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Data Managenent Sub-
system f o r t h e One-Compartment D e p e n d e n t L a b o r a t o r y
2-18 P h y s i c a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Data Manegement Sub-
system f o r t h e lhlo-Compartment L a b o r a t o r i e s
2-19 P h y s i c a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o r Data hfanagernent Sube
system f o r t h e I n t e r i m S t a t i o n
P h y s i c a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Data Nanagement
Su-bsystem f o r t h e O p e r a t i o n a l S t a t i o n
2-21 Equipment L i s t f o r t h e Navigation and Guidance
Subsystem
2-22 Major Component E v o l d t i o n of t h e N a v i g a t i o n and
Guidance Subsystem
Major Component Requirements f o r t h e I o d u l a r Space
S t a t i o n S t a b i l i z a t i o n and C o n t r o l Subsystem
2-24 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r the Interim S t a t i o n Orbit In-
j e c t i o n and O p e r a t i o n a l S t a t i o n Pos t-Deployment
r!
i
A t t i t u d e C o n t r o l Engine 101
1 2-25 Engine C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , I n t e r i m S t a t i o n A t t i t u d e
4
1
C o n t r o l and O p e r a t i o n a l S t a t i o n Pre-Deployment
Attitude Control 1M
P
2-26 P r o p e l l n n t Feed Subsystem C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r t h e
I n t e r i m Space S t a t i o n 104
2-27 O r b i t I n j e c t i o n Engine C h a r o c t e r i s t i c s - Operational
Station 105
2-28 Experiment F l i g h t Assignment Summary 121
2-29 Summary of Experiment A l l o c a t i o n t o I n d i v i d u a l
Compartments 149
2-30 One -Compartmnt Dependent Laboratory - Cost Breakdo~in 153
-
2-31. Two-Compartment Independent L a b o r a t o r y - Cost

Bre akdo:.~i~ 154
2-32 I n t e r i m Spa-ce S t a t i o n - Cost Breakdown 155
TABLES ( c o n t i n u e d )
2-33 O p e r a t i o n a l Modular Multipurpose Space S t a t i o n -

Cost Breakdown 156
2-34 O p e r a t i o n s C o s t Sunlmary 158
2-35 Modular Multipurpose Space S t a t i o n Cost Sumrriary 159
C 2-36 Program Cost Trends, Independent Development v s
Modular Concept 162
xiii
ZR 18906
. .
Section 1
Section 1
INTRODUCTION
\, This report presents t h e r e s u l t s of a conceptual design study of a

sequence of Space Stations, identified as t h e Modular Multipurpose Space
Station. The study w a s performed under t h e direction of the NASA F n n e d
Spacecraft Center at Houston, Texas, by t h e Spacecraft-New Design Mvi-
sion of t h e Lockheed-California Company, Burbank, California, and under t h e
9-3451 as amended.
terms of Contract NAS I
The i n i t i a l object;ives of t h e study were contained i n eight tasks, t h e

general purpose of which was t o refine and optimize t h e design of the
U r g e Orbi&al..Research Iaborat ory System, A t .approximte l y the midpoint
of t h e first half of t h e study, the r e l a t i v e emphasis on the t a s k s w a s
modified such that Task I, "Experiments and Utilization, " and Task VIII,
"&sign of Modular Concepts, " were predominant. The ultimate objectives
- - -
- of t h e study were then a conceptual investigation of the sequential devel-
opment of multipurpose space s t a t i o n s through modularization and t h e
integration of a broad spectrum of experiments and applications i n t o
these designs. The conceptual designs and experiment i n s t a l l a t i o n s were
( - supplemented by- preliminary development schedules and cost estimates. -
Four d i s t i n c t configurations we're evolved from a basic single-compartment

st-tural module and from t h e growth and modularization of Apollo sub-
systems. Two diameters of t h e basic s t r u c t u m l module were considered:
--
260 inches, corresponding
- - to- t h e S-IVB stage
-.
- - diameter,
-
and 183_inches, - _-- .
which is compatible with the i n t e r i o r of t h e Lunar Excursion Module (LEM)

adapter and with the 33-ft diameter of t h e S-I1 stage when three modules
must be mounted side by side. T h e - i n i t i a l configuration i s a single-
compartment laboratory t h a t i s launched w i t h the' Apollo Command and
I .
and i s dependent on t h e Apollo subsystems f o r i t s
Service Modules (CSIVI)
operation. The second design involves v e h i c l e growth t o two compartnents
and t h e developnient of subsystems independent of t h e Apollo t o pe r n l i t
l a r g e r crew s i z e s , extended missions, and autonomous o p e r a t i o n of t h e
l a b o r a t o r y system. The p o t e n t i a l of t h i s c o n f i g u r a t i o n f o r s p e c i a l mis-
ii
s i o n a p p l i c a t i o n s , i.e ., p o l a r and synchronous (24-hr) o r b i t s , w a s a l s o
3 explored, These two-compartment l a b o r a t o r i e s would a l s o be launched w i t h
'% /
t h e Apollo w i t h t h e crew i n t h e Command Module. The t h i r d , o r I n t e r i m

Space S t a t i o n , c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s s i z e d f o r a n unmarined S a t u r n I B launch
and i s g e n e r a l l y e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e b n n e d O r b i t a l Research Laboratory
(MOIIL) , This modular concept would make f u l l use of t h e subsystems devel-
oped f o r t h e T wo-C omnprtment Independent Laboratory. The l a s t modular
c o n f i g u r a t i o n s t u d i e d was t h a t of t h e Rotating Manned O r b i t a l Space S t a t i o n
which was reporbed on i n F i s c a l Year 1964 under Contract NAS 9-1662,- This &--
c o n f i g u r a t i o n >rould be achieved by t h e use of t h r e e of t h e I n t e r i m Space

S t a t i o n modules f o r t h e r a d i a l arms and a new c e n t r a l hub, Subsystems f o r f%Li
t h i s o p e r a t i o n a l s t a t i o n would c o n s i s t of m u l t i p l e s o r growth v e r s i o n s of
t h o s e developed f o r t h e T?TOCompartment Laboratory and used on t h e I n t e r i m
Space S t a t i o n , Figures 1-1 and I--2 show t h i s modular space s t a t i o n evo-
l u t i o n f o r t h e 183-inch and 260-inch diameter s t r u c t u r a l modules, respec-
tively.
I n t h e a r e a of Space S t a t i o n Experiments and U t i l i z a t i o n , a t o t a l of 405

experiments was analyzed from t h e s t a n d p o i n t of i n t e g r a t i o n requirements.
- -
The r e s u l t s of this a n a l y s i s were used t o design r e p r e s e n t a t i v e i n t e r i o r s
f o r a six-compartment I n t e r i m Modular Space S t a t i o n . I k s c r i p t i o n s of t h e
P r i o r i t y I Apollo &.tension System (AES) experiments t h a t were f u r n i s h e d
by t h e Manned Spacecraft Center were used t o design i n t e r i o r s s u i t a b l e
LR 18906
Section 1
Section 1
a
LLI
t-
?
-
Q
a
LR 18906
Section 1 '
1.1 s T U ~ Y PHILOSOPHY
The purpose of t h e many space s t a t i o n s t u d i e s c a r r i e d out i n t h e p a s t
s e v e r a l years was t o provide a b a s i s f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n of t h e most l o g i c a l
and cost e f f e c t i v e approach t o manned space operations. It i s i n t u i t i v e
t o most observers t h a t not a l l of t h e envisioned v e h i c l e s can be r e a l i z e d ;
however, a s t h e r o l e of man I n space i s more f u l l y explored, t h e need f o r
a d d i t i o n a l manpower, and consequently l a r g e r v e h i c l e s , becomes apparent.
This study of t h e modular approach t o a sequence of space s t a t i o n s was
undertaken with t h i s growth requirement along w i t h t h e c o s t e f f e c t i v e n e s s
g o a l as primary o b j e c t i v e s . An a d d i t i o n a l consideration w a s t h a t of de-
s i g n f l e x i b i l i t y such t h a t t h e modular approach could accommodate t h e
changing demands of o p e r a t i o n a l requirements, schedules, s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t
and f i s c a l f i n d i n g .
The designs r e s u l t i n g from t h i s study a r e based on a "building block"

approach leading from t h e pol lo/^^^ configurations and subsystems even-
t u a l l y t o t h e 36-man Operational Space S t a t i o n . Wherever p o s s i b l e , Apollo
subsystems a r e augmented f o r r e a l i z a t i o n of t h e enhanced c a p a b i l i t i e s .
Where subsystem changes a r e required, e . g . , i n t h e e l e c t r i c a l p o v e r sub-
system, t h e equipment i s modularized such t h a t subsequent requirements
can be f u l f i l l e d by t h e a d d i t i o n of modules o r by t h e a d d i t i o n of new com-
ponents i n preference t o complete subsystem redesign.
Every attempt was made.within t h e study t o prevent d u p l i c a t i o n of t h e

e f f o r t s of t h e many NASA c o n t r a c t o r s . I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e experiment
d e f i n i t i o n s produced by t h e NASA, IBM and o t h e r s were used i n s o f a r a s
p o s s i b l e t o supplement t h e i n t e g r a t i o n requirements, and t h e r e s u l t s of
o t h e r s t u d i e s were used f o r comparisons of t h e modular approach w i t h in-
d i v i d u a l p o i n t designs .
Since t h i s study was concerned with f o u r d i s t i n c t space s t a t i o n designs,
e f f o r t s t h a t d i d not c o n t r i b u t e d i r e c t l y t o concept f e a . s i b i l i t y were
minimized o r eliminated, As a r e s u l t , such items a s ground basing,
f l i g h t mechanics, and crew physiology and psychology were eliminated,
and d e t a i l subsystem designs were minimized except as t h e y r e l a t e d t o
modularization.
Section 1
Early i n t h i s study, and a t a p p r o p r i a t e p o i n t s t h e r e a f t e r , c e r t a i n guide-

l i n e s were e s t a b l i s h e d t o define and l i m i t t h e scope of t h e study. Ad-
i4 d i t i o n a l c o n s t r a i n t s were imposed by t h e r e s u l t s of concurrent s t u d i e s

w i t h i n Lockheed and o t h e r s sponsored by t h e 1JAS.A.
I
Following i s a summm-y of t h e p r i n c i p a l g u i d e l i n e s on which t h i s study
w a s based :
e A l l c o n f i g u r a t i o n s of t h e Modular Multipurpose Space S t a t i o n

a r e t o be launched from Cape Kennedy w i t h t h e Saturn f a m i l y of
launch v e h i c l e s . Payload ~ a p a ~ b i l i t i eofs t h e s e launch v e h i c l e s
a r e t o be t h o s e f u r n i s h e d by t h e &inned Spacecraft Center.
s The meteoroid environment model i s t o be t h a t s p e c i f i e d i n MSC

Engineering C r i t e r i a B a l l e t i n No. EC-1, dated November 8, I-963>
except t h a t t h e f l u x r a t i o F i s t o be 1.0 f o r a l l shover p a r t i -
c l e s of mass l e s s t h a n lo1* grams. I n a l l cal.culations of
meteoroid p e n e t r a t i o n , Summer's modified equation f o r f i n i t e
m e t a l l i c s h e e t s i s t o be used i n conjunction ~ r i t ht h e t a b l e of
k f a c t o r s given i n an MCS memo d-ated May 8, 1963 and e u t i t l e d
"Meteoroid Analysis on t h e Manned Space S t a t i o n . "
e The r a d i a t i o n environment i s t o be t h a t s p e c i f i e d by t h e Manned
Spacecraft Center. References t o t h e MSC-specified environment
a r e contained i n Section 3.2 of t h i s r e p o r t .
o, &sign c r i t e r i a f o r t h e Environmental Control and U.fe Support
Subsystems a r e summarized below :
i
$2 Oxygen consumption r a t e 1.8 l b p e r man-day
3; Carbon dioxide production r a t e 2.1 l b p e r man-day
4 Personnel h e a t output 11,200 Btu p e r ran-day
4 - - -
, Water consumption 6.16 l b p e r man- day
(excluding s a n i t a t i o n )
e The design of a l l subsyste~nsi s t o be based on a crew of nine
men w i t h t h e c a p a b i l i t y of o p e r a t i o n a t l a r e r l e v e l s of occupancy.
ea The b a s i c crew time i n o r b i t and resupply period. i s t o be t h r e e
months. Any exceptions t o t h i s a r e t o be s p e c i f i e d .
e The primary l o g i s t i c s p a c e c r a f t t o be considered a r e t h e t h r e e -
man Apollo and t h e twelve-man b a l l i s t i c l o g i s t i c s p a c e c r a f t .
This g u i d e l i n e i s not t o exclude o t h e r coofigura,tions from
consideration.
LR 18906
Section 1
e I k s i g n s f o r docking operations a r e t o be based on 10 degrees

of angular misal-ignment of c e n t e r l i n e s and 1 2 inches of r a d i a l
e r r o r a t contact. Impact v e l o c i t y i s t o be 2 f p s a x i a l l y w i t h
a 1 f p s ~ e l a t i v el a t e r a l v e l o c i t y ,
e Factors of s a f e t y f o r design a r e t o be as f o l l o b ~ s :
Launch load s t r u c t u r a l 1.50 u l t i m a t e
Module pressure s h e l l 1.33 l i m i t
2.00 u l t i m a t e
Fluid pressure t a n k s 1.33 l i m i t
2.00 u l t i ~ n a t e
e Other design guidelines t h a t vary between t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s
are presented i n Table 1-1.
TABLE 1-1
MODULAR MJLTIPURPOSE SPACE STATION CHARACTERISTICS
ONE c o r n . moC O - W ~ M E N TLABCRATORIES

CONFIGURATION
DEPENDEXi! POJAR I SYNCERONOUS INTERIM OPERATICKAL
IABORATORY INDEPENDENT ORBIT ORBIT STATION STAT1ON
O r b i t a l A l t i t u d e , n. miles 200 200 19,3 80, 200 260
2300
Orbital Inclination 28.5" 28.5" 90 30 28.5" 29.5"
Crew Size 3 6 3-6 3-6 6-9 Up t o 36
Launch VehLcle S-IB S-IB S V (3-stage) SV (3-stage) S-IB SV (2-stage
Mission k r a t i o n 45 days U p t o 1 Year 90 Days go Days 1-5 Years 5-10 Years
Crew O r b i t a l Duration 45 Days 6 Months 90 h y s 9bys 6 Months 6 Months
Resupply Period I None 3 Months None None 3 Ivlonths 3 Xonths
%nned a t Launch Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
Diameter of Compartment 183" 183" 183" 183" 183 183"
Floor ?itch N/A 9 go" go" go" 9 'I
Floor Iiadius ( c y l i n d r i c a l ) Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat 717.5"
Structure Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum
Meteoroid Shielding -99 PROBABILITY OF NOT M O B THAN ONE PEhEPRrlTION WR hl01WH
Airlock Provisions Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Leakage k t e 8 lb/~ay 7 I~/&Y 7 I~/&Y 7 I~/&Y 10 lb/Ihy 24 l b / ~ y
Llving and Sleeping Space Apollo Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Docking Provisions Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
E l e c t r i c Power Source Fuel C e l l Solar Cells Solar Cells Solar Cells Solar Cells Solar Cells
Power Level 1.5 kg 5-10 kt; 5-10 kw 5-10 kt; 10 kt; 30 k~
Po-n.er Source &Evolution None Isotope Isotope Isotope Nuclear Nuclear
ECS & L i f e Support @en Partially Partially Partially Fartially firtially
Closed Closed Closed Closed Closed
Environmental Req. Pressure Pressure Shirtsleeve Shirtsleeve Shirtsleeve Shirtsleeve
S u i t/ Sdt/
Shirtsleeve Shirtsleeve
Atmospheric Constituency
O2 02/N2 02/N2 02/N 2 02/N2 0~1%
Pressure Level, T o t a l 5 Psi 7 Psi 7 Psi 7 Psi 7 Psi 3$ t o 11 p s i
LR 18906
Section 1 .
To f a c i l i t a t e i t s use and d i s t r i b u t i o n , t h i s r e p o r t i s presented i n

u n c l a s s i f i e d volumes t h a t a r e s i z e d f o r handling and c o n t i n u i t y of sub-
j e c t matter.
Section 2 i s a t e c h n i c a l summary r e p o r t , describing i n some d e t a i l t h e
s i g n i f i c a n t r e s u l t s of t h e study including schedules, c o s t s , conclusions,
and recommendations.
The concept of t h e Modular Multipurpose Space S t a t i o n i s presented i n
Section 3 , Included here a r e an o v e r a l l d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e modular
concept, t h e s p e c i f i c configurations t h a t were considered, r a d i a t i o n
shielding, s t r u c t u r e s , weights, subsystems and subsystems i n t e g r a t i o n .
Preliminary s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e modular concept and i t s evolutionary

subsystems a r e contained i n Section 4. These s p e c i f i c a t i o n s define t h e
design requirements of both t h e models and t h e subsystems and summarize
t h e design approaches t o be" used.
Section 5 i s concerned w i t h t h e experiments and a p p l i c a t i o n s of t h e

Modular Space S t a t i o n configurations. I n p a r t i c u l a r , Section 5.1 i s
devoted t o t h e 85 P r i o r i t y I experiments t e n t a t i v e l y programmed f o r t h e
Apollo Ektension System (MS) and t h e a d a p t a b i l i t y of t h e One Compartment
&pendent k b o r a t o r y f o r accommodating them. The remainder of Section 5
3
3 i s concerned w i t h a broad spectrum of space s t a t i o n experiments and

.3s a p p l i c a t i o n s , methods of programming, i n t e g r a t i o n of t h e s e experiments
4 -
s
B i n t o s p e c i f i c compartments, and t h e i n t e r f a c e requirements between ex-

4 n t s and space s t a t i o n design.
1
3
4 Section 6 p r e s e n t s development schedules f o r each of t h e configurations
1 and i t s subsystems based on t e n t a t i v e b u t r e a l i s t i c launch d a t e s and a n
i a n a l y s i s of t h e t o t a l program c o s t f o r t h e Modular Space S t a t i o n along
i
- -- w i t h a comparison w i t h a n i n d i v i d u a l program approach.
LQCKHEED 9
LR 18906
Section 2
Section 2
TECHNICAL SUMMARY
T h i s s e c t i o n of t h e r e p o r t summarizes t h e p r i n c i p a l a s p e c t s of t h e
Modular Multipurporse Space S t a t i o n , i t s subsystems, i t s experiments
and o p e r a t i o n s , and t e n t a t i v e schedules and c o s t s f o r implementation o f
t h e program. The d i s c u s s i o n s i n t h i s s e c t i o n a r e concerned p r i m a r i l y
w i t h t h e e a r l y c o n f i g u r a t i o n s o f t h e Modular Multipurpose Space S t a t i o n ,
w i t h l e s s emphasis b e i n g placed on t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s t h a t would b e
launched i n t h e l a t e 1 9 7 0 ' s . Conceptual a n a l y s i s and t r a d e - o f f s t u d i e s
l e a d i n g t o t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n a r e more f u l l y
d i s c u s s e d i n succeeding volumes of t h i s r e p o r t . Throughout t h e study,
u s e i s made of p a s t work by b c k h e e d , t h e NASA and v a r i o u s co'ntractors ;
no attempt h a s been made toward complete and d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s i n a l l
study areas.
2.1 MODULAR SPACE STATION CONCEPT
The Modular Multipurpose Space S t a t i o n program g o a l i s envisioned a s

a f a m i l y o f space l a b o r a t o r i e s and space s t a t i o n s which a r e sequent-
i a l l y evolved through p r o g r e s s i v e subsystem d-evelopnient and s t r u c t ~ ~ r a l
l d i n g b l o c k s such t h a t a m u l t i p l i c i t y o f manned missions can b e ac-
complished, each without major changes i n hardware concepts. This
s e q u e n t i a l growth i s based, i n s o f a r a s p o s s i b l e , on t h e Apollo sub-
systems and component~. Each o f t h e d e s i g n concepts i s k e p t f r e e o f
requirements f o r t e c h n o l o g i c a l innovations.
n~i.ssionswere considered i n t h i s s t y and

f l e x i b i l i t y of t h e concept enables t h e b u i l d i n g blocks and subsystems t o
be a p p l i e d t o e s s e n t i a l l y any mission o r launch v e h i c l e . The l a r g e
s t a , t i o n s a r e evolved by t h e a d d i t i o n of structvcral modules and t h e
J,R I.~c)oG
Section 2 .
4
p r o g r e s s i v e gro-r.rth of subsystems t h a t can l e a d e v e n t u a l l y t o such space
systems a s o r b i t a l launch f a , c i l i t i . e s , semiperrilanent o r b i t a l space laljora-
1
t o r i e s o r o t h e r na,tiona,l requirelnents up t o t h e end o f t h e tkrentieth
j
century.
The s i x missions tha.t were considered a s a p a r t of t h i s s t u d y were t h e

One Compartment Apol-lo-Dependent h b o r a t o r y ; t h e Two Conipartrilent
Independent, P o l a r O r b i t , and Synchronous O r b i t l a b o r a t o r i e s ; t h e
I n t e r i m S i x - t o Nine-Man Space S t a t i o n : and f i n a l l y an O p e r a t i o n a l
1
3 Space S t a t i o n w i t h a crew of a s many a s 36 men and a simulated g r a v i t y
environment. Each of t h e s e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s was s u b j e c t t o t h e i n i t a l
44 c o n s t r a i n t o f c o m p a t i b i l i t y w i t h t h e Saturn f a m i l y o f launch v e h i c l e s
f and t h e i r r e s u l t i n g payload and launch t r a j e c t o r y c o n s t r a i n t s . The
I
3 payload c a p a b i l i t i e s assumed f o r t h e s e v e h i c l e s i n t h i s s t u d y were a s
i f o l l o l ~:~ s
1
@ S a t u r n I B , 1,ow & r t h O r b i t 36,800 l b f
k;;;
8 Three-Stage S a t u r n V, P o l a r O r b i t 41,000 l b (no yaw
steering)
o Three-Stage S a t u r n V, Synchronous O r b i t 63,000 l b
e Two-Stage Saturn V, Low Earth O r b i t 247,500 l b
The launch c o n f i g u r a t i o n s o f t h e space s t a t i o n s a r e shown i n Fig. 2-1.

The launch p r o f i l e s f o r each o f t h e s i x modular c o n f i g u r a t i o n s a r e
4 shown i n F i g s . 2-2 through 2-7. A sumnary o f a d d i t i o n a l c o i i s t r a i n t s
3
%
4
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s i s shown i n Table 1-1 o f t h e
7,
a
i ntroduction.
3
i 2.1.1 Structure
The k a s i c modu-lar s t r u c t u r a l elements a r e i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 2 . The

elements c o n s i s t o f two p r i n c i p a l assemblies: a s i n g l e f l a t p r e s s u r e
assembly, and an open modular compartment assembly which i n -
cludes a c y l i n d r i c a l w a l l s e c t i o n , a f l a t bulkhead o r f l o o r assembly
a t t h e bottorn and a f l o o r f n t e r c o n n e c t assenibly. These s t r u c t u r a l
elements a r e welded t o g e t h e r a s shotrn j n F i g . 2-9 t o b u i l d up t h e
v a r i o u s space s t a t i o n c o n f i g u r a t i o n s . Standard o r u n i v e r s a l hatches
L2
-
5-P L A W H CGNF!G[JRkTi2k
TWO-COMPbRTCTEFiT L A 8
POLAR OR SYNCHfiONOUS OR&
FIG. 2-1 MUNCH CONFIGURATIONS, MODUMR MULTIPURPOSE $PACE SThllOl.45
ADAPTER SKIRT TRANSPOSE
SEPARATION CM/SM
DOCK WITH LAB
A W SEPARATE S-ISZB
SECOND STAGE ABORT

SHUT* DOWN S - E B AND
5-ElB IGNITION D SEPARATE CM USING
RCS FOR TRANSLATION
S-IB STAGE SEPARATION
5-18 IGNITION
SM IGNlTlOid TO LR 1896
CIRCULARIZE IN L A B SEPARATION Section 2
200 NM ORBIT T WANSPOSE AND RETRO IGMlTlON
C) CM/SM SEPARATION
Q
Q 5M
'
) TRANSLATION
CM HEAT LHlELD JETTISONED
\
DROGUE CHUTE
MAIN CHUTE
LANDING
FIG. 2-2 MlSSiQN PROFILE, ONE-COMPARTMENT MBORATORY

ADAPTER SKIRT TRANSPOSE
SEPARATION CM/SM
DOCK WITH L A B
(3 AND SEPARATE S-IPB
t=1
$0 N.M. PARKING ORBIT

D
0
Stll IGNITION
T-r
LR 18906
Section 2
SM IGNITION TO
CIRCULARIZE IN LAB SEPARATION
200 NM ORBIT T RANSPOSE AND RETRO IGNITION
LR 1.8906
SKIRT AND APOLLO LOGISTIC VEHICLE L O G ~ S ~ VEHICLE
~C
Section 2
1 b N t L FAIRINGS DOCKINS AND STATION SEPARATION TRANSPOSE
LOGISTIC VEHICLE
',fD ACTiVAT ION
200 N.H. ORBIT
LR 18906
Section 2
-+-a;1 - mEI.3
TRANSPOSE CMAM
Sb4 IGNlTlON 110
CIRCULARILL IN
2 0 0 N.M ORE~IT
TRANSPOSE
\"m
LAB SEPARATION
AN0 R E I RO IGNlTlOEi \
DOCK WITH LAB \
D
Q CM/SM SEPARATION
Q
5-LYB SEPARATED
RE-ENTRY
\ E>
SM TRANSLATION
\
c,M HEAT SHIELD J E T T I S O N E D ~
\
DROGUE CHUTE DEPLOYED b
- -
MAIN CHUTE DEPLOYED
\Y
LANDING
PROFILE,
FIG. 2-6 MISS101.1 TWOZOMPARTI~~
POLARORBIT
IABORA~Y
23
ORIENTATKIN AND DOCKING
AND CREW TRANSFER
MOOULE DEPLOYMENT
RE-ORIENT SHROUD SEGMENTS
AND SEPARATED
CHECK-OUT
X;ISTIC VEHICLE
LOGISTIC VEHICLE S e c i i o i ~L
@- RETRO IGNIYON
\
-. --
\-A
.-
RE-ENTRY
MOaULE DEPLOYMENT OPERATIONAL
LANDIN
A-A
FIG, 2-7 P\AISSIOM PROFILE, OPERaTlONAh STATION
FIG. 2-8 BASIC MODULAR STRUCTURAL CONCEPT
LH 18906
Section 2
LR 18906
Section 2
a r e provided i n each bulkhead assembly and a t d i a m e t r i c a l l y opposed

points i n t h e wall s t r u c t u r e . The bulkhead hatches provide access
between a d j a c e n t compartments, docking p o r t s f o r s p a c e c r a f t , and a t t a c h
p o i n t s f o r e x t e r n a l experimental equipment. The sidewall hatches a r e
intended p r i m a r i l y f o r e x t e r n a l experimental attachment, windows, a n d ,
w a l l p e n e t r a t i o n s f o r experiments, b u t can a l s o be used f o r docking
ports. I n t h e case of t h e I n t e r i m o r Operational Modular Multipurpose
Space S t a t i o n s , t h e s e s i d e w a l l hatches can be used f o r t h e attachment of
intercompartment access t u b e s . The f l o o r i n t e r c o n n e c t assembly, which
can assume a v a r i e t y of forms (discussed subsequently), reduces f l o o r
and c e i l i n g d e f l e c t i o n s from t h e i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e t o an acceptable
amount and h e l p s a s s u r e open l a n e s o f communication between compart-
ments. A l l space s t a t i o n c o n f i g u r a t i o n s considered i n t h i s study a r e
constructed from t h e s e b a s i c s t r u c t u r a l elements.
Two d i f f e r e n t compartment diameters were considered i n t h e study: the

183-inch diameter because it f i t s w i t h i n t h e LEN adapter and i s com-
p a t i b l e with t h e 3 3 - f t diameter of t h e Saturn S - I 1 s t a g e f o r t h e Oper-
a t i o n a l Space S t a t ion, and t h e 260 -inch diameter corresponding with t h e
diameter of t h e S-IVB s t a g e of t h e Saturn launch v e h i c l e . The 183-inch
module diameter i s recormended s i n c e approximately t h e same weight-to-
volume r a t i o s can be achieved with t h i s diameter a s with t h e 260-inch
diameter; t h e 260-inch diameter does n o t permit e f f e c t i v e u s e of t h e
mM adapter, and t h e hammerhead launch configuration on t h e Operational
I Space S t a t i o n r e s u l t s i n p o t e n t i a l s t r u c t u r a l , aerodynamic, and launch
I
1 c o n t r o l problems. A s a r e s u l t , t h e study e f f o r t i s p r i m a r i l y concentrated
on t h e 183-inch diameter s t a t i o n s .
2.1.1.1 S t r u c t u r a l & s i g n Requirements
The f a c t o r of s a f e t y f o r a l l prirnary s t r u c t u r e , except p r e s s u r e v e s s e l s ,

is 1.5. Pressure v e s s e l s a r e designed t o t h e following f a c t o r s o f
safety :
e Cabin and p r e s s u r i z e d compartments
Wessure a c t i n g alone r
Limit p r e s s u r e = 1.33 x max o p e r a t i n g p r e s s u r e
Ultimate p r e s s u r e 2.0 x'max operating p r e s s u r e
=L
e Fluid Tanks
Limit p r e s s u r e = 1.33 x max operating p r e s s u r e
Ultimate p r e s s u r e = 2 .O x rnax operating p r e s s u r e
es Module Floors
X m i t p r e s s u r e = niax operating p r e s s u r e
Ultimate p r e s s u r e = 2.0 x niax operating p r e s s u r e
Design docking loads a r e based on t h e following docking parameters:
R e l a t i v e Axial Velocity, 2 f'ps

R e l a t i v e L a t e r a l Velocity, 1 13s
R e l a t i v e Angular Velocity, 1 deg/sec
L a t e r a l Misalignment, 1. f t
Angular Misalignment, 10 deg
I n j e c t i o n of t h e l a b o r a t o r y i n t o o r b i t by t h e 21,900-lb t h r u s t Service
Module engine produces a dynamic load t h a t v a r i e s with t h e r e l a t i v e
f#
weights of t h e l a b o r a t o r y and t h e Cornrnand and Service Module combination. L4
In a d d i t i o n , t h e 8-deg gimbal angle of t h e Service hbdule engine produces
a bending moment i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y module f l o o r . These loads must be
considered i n t h e design of t h e docking hatch and fl-oor s t r u c t u r e .
The w a l l s t r u c t u r e of t h e modules i s designed such t h a t t h e r e

i s a .99 p r o b a b i l i t y of no more than one meteoroid p e n e t r a t i o n i n t h e
worst shower month f o r t h e Operational Space S t a t i o n s t r u c t u r e . The
meteoroid environment model i s t o be t h a t s p e c i f i e d i n YGC Engineering
C r i t e r i a B u l l e t i n No. EC-1, dated Nov 8, 1963, except t h a t t h e ~ ~ L I X
r a t i o i s t o be 1 . 0 f o r a l l shower p a r t i c l e s of mass l e s s than grams.

- I n a l l c a l c u l a t i o f l s of meteoroid penetration, Swimerfs modified equation
f o r f i n i t e m e t a l l i c s h e e t s i s t o be used i n conjunction with a Table of
k f a c t o r s given i n a IviSC memo, d a k d FBy 8, 1963 and e l l t i t l e d "Meteoroid
Analysis on t h e fiknned Space s t a t i o n . "
LR 18906
Section 2
To maintain an acceptable l e n g t h of crack without propagation i n t h e

p r e s s u r e s h e l l , t h e maximum operating hoop t e n s i o n s t r e s s i s not t o
exceed one-half of t h e u l t i m a t e allo-c;ra.ble m a t e r i a l t e n s i o n s t r e s s . At
s h e l l cut-outs, t h e s t r e s s i s not t o exceed one-fourth o f t h e u l t i m a t e
allowable t e n s i l e s t r e s s .
To account f o r dynamic e f f e c t s during launch, t h e e x i t f l i g h t loads

include a f a c t o r of 1.20, and t h e pre-launch and launch l o a d s include
I
4i a f a c t o r of 1.15.
i
i The s t r u c t u r a l design includes pre-launch and ground handling loads.
3 To
account f o r h o i s t i n g loads, a v e r t i c a l l i m i t load f a c t o r of 2.0 i s applied
w i t h i n a cone angle of 20 deg from t h e v e r t i c a l through t h e pick-up
points. W i n g t h e pre-launch phase, t h e s t r u c t u r a l design i s capable
of s u s t a i n i n g a 99-percent p r o b a b i l i t y ground wind during t h e worst wind
month a t Cape Kennedy. During t h e ground handling phase, t h e f l o o r
docking r i n g s c o n s t i t u t e j i g support p o i n t s f o r t h e loaded module; t h e
l i m i t load f a c t o r i n t h i s case i s 2.0.
After re~novalof t h e gantry and during f l i g h t through t h e atmosphere,

t h e s t r u c t u r a l design i s capable of s u s t a i n i n g a 95-percent p r o b a b i l i t y
wind f o r t h e worst month a t Cape Kennedy.
2.1.1.2 S t r u c t u r a l Design
i
i The design of t h e b a s i c s t r u c t u r a l b u i l d i n g blocks underwent s e v e r a l
1 i t e r a t i o n s during t h e course of t h e study. The f i r s t concept c o n s i s t e d
i of a b a r r e l s e c t i o n and upper and lower e l l i p s o i d a l domes. Centrally
I l o c a t e d i n t h e b a r r e l s e c t i o n was a c y l i n d r i c a l l y curved f l o o r of honey-
1
1! comb c o n s t r u c t i o n capable of maintaining a 7 - p s i p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n t i a l ,
I corresponding t o t h e requirements of t h e Operational Space S t a t i o n .
showed t h e need
requirercents o
t h e spectrum of space s t a t i o n s . For example, t h e use of a standard
p r e s s u r e b e a r i n g f l o o r i n t h e lowermost compartment along with t h e
end dome r e s u l t e d i n a redundant p r e s s u r e s t r u c t u r e or n e c e s s i t a t e d a
non-standard f l o o r . As a r e s u l t , t h e e l l i p s o i d a l domes were eliminated
i
I and f l a t f l o o r s were s u b s t i t u t e d f o r t h e curved honeycomb f l o o r s . Along
$
w i t h t h i s change i n f l o o r design, t h e intercompartment weld l i n e was
moved up~~rard
such t h a t a complete w a l l and f l o o r s t r u c t u r e became t h e
b a s i c b u i l d i n g block of t h e modules. F i n a l l y , an i n t , e g r a l bea~nf l o o r
was designed; and a f t e r .optimization of each o f t h e two f l o o r designs,
a weight s a v i n g o f approximately 136 l b p e r f l o o r was i n d i c a t e d by t h e
i n t e g r a l beam d e s i g n . A s a r e s u l t of t h i s weight saving, manufacturing
and i n s p e c t i o n convenience, and t h e e a s e o f mounting and a t t a c h i n g
equipment, t h e i n t e g r a l beam f l o o r design i s recommended.
The recommended i n t e g r a l beam f l o o r d e s i g n i s s h o ~ mi n F i g . 2-10, One

s e t o f beam f l a n g e s and t h e f l o o r s u r f a c e a r e i n t e g r a l l y machined from
a 1-1/4 i n . t h i c k 2 2 1 9 - ~ 8 7aluminum a l l o y p l a t e . The beam webs a r e made
o f f i b e r - r e i n f o r c e d p l a s t i c r i v e t e d t o t h e i n t e g r a l l y machined beam
f l a n g e s and t o t h e aluminum e x t e r n a l beam f l a n g e s t o minimize t h e h e a t
leaks. These e x t e r n a l beam f l a n g e s a l s o su-pport t h e m u l t i p l e l a y e r s o f
aluminized mylar i n s u l a t i o n and t h e e x t e r i o r 0.020-in. nieteoroid bumper.
Also shown i n t h i s f i g u r e a r e f o u r f l o o r i n t e r c o n n e c t t u b e s c o n s t r u c t e d
o f 3 - i n . diameter 7 0 7 5 - ~ 6aluminum t u b i n g w i t h 0.058-in. wa.lls. This
f l o o r i n t e r c o n n e c t arrangement d i f f e r s from t h e filament-wound, fiber-
r e i n f o r c e d t u b e shown i n o t h e r s e c t i o n s o f t h e r e p o r t ; however, e i t h e r
can b e used t o f a c i l i t a t e compartment i n t e r n a l arrangements. A third
p o s s i b i l i t y , not i n v e s t i g a t e d i n depth, e x i s t s i n t h e use o f an i n t e r -
compartment a i r l o c k connection. Such an a i r l o c k arrangement can be
ed t o advantage on c e r t a i n missions, b u t a weight p e n a l t y i s incurred
because o f t h e design requirement f o r e x t e r n a l p r e s s u r e l o a d i n g .
D e t a i l s o f t h e i n t e g r a l l y s t i f f e n e d w a l l s t r u c t u r e , which undergoes no
changes between t h e i n t e g r a l beam and t h e honeycomb f l o o r designs, i s
shotm i n F i g . 2-11. The 0 . 0 3 7 - i n . p
- r e s s u r e v a l l i s machined from
2 2 1 9 - ~ 8 7aluminum a l l o y and c o n t a i n s l o n g i t u d i n a l s t i f f e n e r s 0.82 i n .
-
h i g h x 0.105 i n . t h i c k a t approximately 4 - i n . i n t e r v a l s around t h e
circumference o f t h e modu-le. Every t h i r d s t i f f e n e r s u p p o r t s t h e 0.020-
LOCKHEED
C A I IFORtIIA COUPANY
LR 18306
Section 2
meteoroid s h i e l d and 24 l a y e r s of aluminized mylar i n s u l a t i o n through a

0.058-in. f iber-reinforced p l a s t i c standoff. Thi s f i g u r e a l s o shows
t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of t h e u n i v e r s a l h a t c h e s w i t h i n t h e side-walls.
Trade-off s t u d i e s were made a l s o of t h r e e nlethods of s u p p o r t i n g t h e One

and I'wo Compartment L a b o r a t o r i e s w i t h i n t h e LEM a d a p t e r . Three s t r u c -
t u r a l support concepts a r e i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 2-12. The t r u s s support-
i n g s t r u c t u r e weighs approximately 200 l b , t h e beam supporting s t r u c t u r e
approximately 340 l b , and t h e s h e a r s t r u c t u r e approximately 610 l b ;
consequently, t h e t r u s s support s t r u c t u r e , rnodified s l i g h t l y over t h e
arrangement sho+m i n F i g . 2-12, i s recommended .
Using t h e s e s t r u c t u r a l b u i l d i n g b l o c k s , t h e One, 'Itdo and S i x Compartment
L a b o r a t o r i e s a r e c o n s t r u c t e d as shown i n F i g . 2-13. The t h r e e - r a d i a l
module O p e r a t i o n a l Space S t a t i o n could b e c o n s t r u c t e d o f t h r e e modified
v e r s i o n s of t h e six-compartment l a b o r a t o r y assembly i n conjunction w i t h
4
1 a new c e n t r a l hub assembly. A r t i s t s concepts of each o f t h e s e con-
1 f i g u r a t i o n s a r e shown i n F i g s . 2-14 through 2-17.
1
Summary weight s t a t e m e n t s f o r each of t h e s i x space s t a t i o n s t h a t were
considered i n t h i s s t u d y a r e shown i n Tables 2 - 1 through 2-6. Each of
t h e s e t a b l e s i n c l u d e s an item e n t i t l e d " d i s c r e t i o n a r y payload"; t h i s i s
t h e payload c a p a b i l i t y t h a t can be v a r i e d f o r t h e convenience o f p a r -
t i c u l a r missions. It i n c l u d e s such items as mission consumables, con-
' t a i n e r s , s p a r e s , and experirnental equipment. Each of t h e s e t a b l e s a l s o
c o n t a i n s a parametric r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of mission d u r a t i o n i n days as a
f u n c t i o n of t h e experimental equipment weight. For example, Table 2 - 1
f o r t h e One Compartment Apollo-Dependent Laboratory shows t h a t t h i s
c o n f i g u r a t i o n w i l l support t h r e e men f o r 45 days w i t h a f i v e - d a y r e s e r v e
of consumables along w i t h an experimental equipment payload of 3,300 l b .
I n t h e c a s e of t h e Two Conlpartment Independent Laboratory and t h e I n t e r i m
and O p e r a t i o n a l Space S t a t i o n s , t h e d i s c r e t i o n a r y payload i n c l u d e s t h e
1 ayload c a p a b i l i t y of t h e l o g i s t i c launches r e q u i r e d t o b r i n g t h e crew
-.a" compl-ement of t h e s t a t i o n up t o i t s o p e r a t i o n a l c a p a b i l i t y .
3
INSTALLATION IN STANDARD LEtA ADAPTER
0 : '20
! : L - . d 80
! - b -60
40 d 100
SCALE - INCHES
LR 18906
Section 2
SECTION D-D
SIDEWALL HATCH
TATED 45' CLOCKWISE
SCALE - INCHES
FIG. 2-10 ONE-COMPARPMlENT MBOWTBRY ASSEMBLY, BEAM FLOOR

----
SECTION E
MYLAR INSULATION
24 LAY E R S --
LONGlTUDlNAL WELD S E A M
T Y P EVERY SIXTH S T I F F E N E R (24 PL
LREF LINE
.050 FIBER REINFORCED ,
TYP ~ ~ . 2 (144
. 5 ~PLACES)
PLASTIC --
TYP EVERY T H I R D
S T I F F E N E R (48 PLACES)
-2.00
.020 MET tOROl D

SHIELD
7 I! \ 1 I
I
4b.037 y . 0 3 7 FIBER RElNFORCtD PLASTIC
-.C6C SPLICE PLATE BOTH SIDES ,TYP

I WELD A L L AROUND.
1/-070
I a ~ ~ h 4 s
CONVENT1314AL R I V E T ASSY
1
7- - BOND HONEYCOMB
WITH EPOXY
- -F
IE
FLOOR
t.200
WELD A L L AROUND
T R U S S SUPPORT S T R U C T U R E
SHEAR RING STRUCTURF
FIG.2-12 SUPPORT CONCEPTS, ONE- A N D TWO-COMPARTMENT LABORATORIES

FLOOR INTERCONNECT ASSEMBLY
METEOR
BUMPER
MODULE BARREL ASSEMBLY
PRESSURE FLWW ASSEMBLY

SINGLE COMPARTMENT LABORATORY ASSEMBLY
DOUBLE COMPARTMENT LABOR AT OR^

WUBLE COMPARTh4ENT LABORATORY ASSEMBLY SIX COMPARTMENT L ~ W R A T O R YASSEMBLY
FIG. 2-13 SEQUENTIAL EVQLCI'TIBN, SECOND MODUMR CONCEPT

41
LR 18906
Section 2
FIG, 2-14 ONE-COMPARTMENT LABORATORY
FIG. 2-1 5 TWQ-COMPARTMENT LABORATORY

LR 18906
Section 2
FIG. 2-16 INTERIM SPACE STATION
FIG. 2-97 OPERATIONAL SPACE STATION

18906
Section 2
TABLE 2-3
~4O-COMPARTME!NTPOLAR LABORATORY, SUMM.4RY WEIS,W
STATEbENT AND DISCRETIOTiARY PAYLOAD ALLOCATION
Laboratory Subsystems Dry
Environmental Control
Electrical Power
Reaction Control c 30-day reserve
Comunications
Data Management
Navigation & Guidance
Stabilization & Control
Crew Prov., Furnishings & Trim

Radiation Shield Prov.
Apollo Command & Service Module
Discretionary Payload*
Effective Launch Capability
"Discretionary Payload includes mission consumables, .

containers, spares and experimental equipment.
TWO-COi@ARTMEN!I' SYI'K!EERONOUS LICSORATORY, SI,T*2*"inRY
IElrJIE
STATEMENT .AhD DISCRETIONARY FAYLO.0 J~LLOCATION
TABLE 2-5
INTTRIM MODULAR MJLTIFURFOSE SPACE STATION, SljNMARY WEIGHT
*'Logistic Discretionary Payload per launch is

16,800 lb. Discretionary Payload includes mission
consm,ables, containers, spares and experimental
equipment.
OPERATIONAL MODULAR NULTIPURFOSE SFACE STATION, S W 3 1 R Y hTIGHT
STATEMENT AND DISCRETIONARY PAYLOAD ALLOCATION
m 18906
Section 2
A s a p a r t of t h e study, a comparison was attempted between t h e p o i n t

F
i d e s i g n of t h e MORL concept and t h e s i x - t o nine-man crew I n t e r i m Modular
i
4 Multipurpose Space S t a t i o n . The r e s u l t s o f t h i s comparison a r e shown
3
i n Table 2-7. The MORL p o i n t d e s i g n shows a d i s c r e t i o n a r y payload
c a p a b i l i t y approximately 1700 l b g r e a t e r t h a n t h e modular approach;
1
!
1
p however, d i f f e r e n c e s i n d e s i g n c r i t e r i a make a d i r e c t comparison
difficult. One o f t h e p r i n c i p a l d i f f e r e n c e s i s i n t h e s t r u c t u r a l weight
3
1
I which a p p a r e n t l y r e s u l t s from g r e a t e r f a c t o r s o f s a f e t y r e q u i r e d i n t h e
i
MORL p o i n t design. Another major d i f f e r e n c e i n d e s i g n c r i t e r i a i s i n
4
4 -
t h e subsystems; Table 2-8 shows a subsystem weight comparison f o r t h e
two d e s i g n s . Major subsystem weight d i f f e r e n c e s occur i n t h e environ-
mental c o n t r o l and e l e c t r i c a l power subsystems because o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s
i n b a s i c crew s i z e s and i n t h e e l e c t r i c a l power output requirements.
Other subsystems weights compare f a v o r a b l y . A t h i r d major weight d i f -
f e r e n c e s h o ~ mi n Table 2-8 i s i n t h e r a d i a t i o n s h i e l d i n g p r o v i s i o n s ,
r e s u l t i n g undoubtedly from a d i f f e r e n c e i n r a d i a t i o n dose allowables
and i n t h e r a d i a t i o n environment models.
2.1.1.3 Radiation S h i e l d i n g
d
3 Two s p e c i f i c r a d i a t i o n d e s i g n c o n d i t i o n s a r e i n v e s t i g a t e d i n t h i s study:
4
i a P o l a r o r b i t mission a t 200 n. m i l e s a l t i t u d e
t e Synchronous o r b i t mission, 30 deg i n c l i n a t i o n
f
t
i4 The r a d i a t i o n environment and t h e r e q u i r e d r a d i a t i o n s h i e l d i n g f o r low

i n c l i n a t i o n e a r t h o r b i t m i s s i o n s i s d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n 3.3 of t h e
9 FY-63 study, "Study o f a R o t a t i n g Manned O r b i t a l Space S t a t i o n , "
Lockheed Report 17502, d a t e d March 1-964.
Throughout t h e space r a d i a t i o n a n a l y s i s , t h e space environment model

used i s t h a t f u r n i s h e d by t h e NA5A. Where no s p e c i f i c information on
a r t i c u l a r r a d i a t i o n component was a v a i l a b l e , t h e r e q u i r e d d a t a were
o b t a i n e d from t h e open l i t e r a t u r e .
The allowable r a d i a t i o n dosage l i m i t s used i n t h i s s t u d y a r e t h o s e

d e f i n e d by t h e NASA f o r t h e Apollo mission and a r e s h o ~ mi n Table 2-9.
mnra 2-7
OF TIE MODULAR PPPROItCEI TO A POIN' DDSIGN FOR TXG
COI\PknISOP.J
IIIVIERINIODULAR IU'IULTIPURPOSESPACE STATION
LR 18906
Section 2
SUBSYSTEM \EIGID COMPARISON FOR I.IODU3;.4R Ai\ID POINT DESIGNS

OF IIWERIM SPACE STATION
NOTES:
e (1-a) 9 Man Subsystem w i t h O2 Regeneration

10 kw Subsystem
9 Man Subsystenl
6 h n Subsystem w i t h O2 Storable
6 kw Subsystem
6 Man Subsystem
- -
SUBSYSTEM
Environmental Control
I APPROACH
MoDilli"l( I POINT
DESIGN
--
E l e c t r i c a l Power
Reaction Contr 01.
Communications
Data Management
Navigation & Guidance
S t a b i l i z a t i o n & Control
Display Panels & Instrumentation
Crew Prov, Trim & Furnishings
Subt o t a 1 lo, 510

Radiation Shield Prov
TOTAL ( l b ) 16,030 10,620

I
m lag06
Section 2
Table 2-9
MAXIMUM KLLOWABU RADIATION DOSE
i
f
Blood-forming organs
4
I Feet, ankles and hands
d
1 Skin of whole bo
i
Analysis of t h e r a d i a t i o n conditions i n t h e 200-n. mile p o l a r o r b i t
i n d i c a t e s p e r s o n a l body s h i e l d weight requirements a s shown i n
Table 2-10, Inasmuch a s t h e l o c a l personnel s h i e l d i n g weights a r e
q u i t e nominal f o r a three-month mission, t h e p e r s o n a l body s h i e l d i n g
i s recommended i n preference t o t h e s h i e l d i n g of t h e e n t i r e 310
Compartment Independent Iaboratory. For t h e 30-deg i n c l i n a t i o n syn-

chronous o r b i t , a n a l y s i s of t h e r a d i a t i o n environment shows t h e s h i e l d i n g
requirements i n d i c a t e d i n Table 2-11 f o r s h i e l d i n g t h e e n t i r e Two Com-
partment Iaboratory. The s h i e l d i n g weight requirements f o r s i x - and
twelve-month crew s t a y times e f f e c t i v e l y e l i m i n a t e t h e s e missions
from c o n s i d e r a t i o n . Table 2-12 shows t h e l o c a l body s h i e l d i n g weights
f o r t h e synchronous o r b i t . Because of t h e r e l a t i v e l y high mass of t h e
l o c a l body s h i e l d i n g , a compromise s h i e l d i n g recommendation i s made
f o r t h e synchronous o r b i t t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t t h e complete module should
be s h i e l d e d f o r q u i e t sun conditions and t h a t p e r s o n a l body s h i e l d i n g
should b e provided f o r use during a c t i v e s o l a r p e r i o d s only. K g . 2-18
i l l u s t r a t e s t h i s combination of t h e two s h i e l d i n g methods.
.1,2 Subsystems
The subsystems f o r t h e Modular Multipurpose Space S t a t i o n family evolve

through growth and modification of t h e llpollo subsystems. A schematic
i n d i c a t i o n of t h i s subsystem growth i s shown i n Fig. 2-19 and discussed
i n t h e following paragraphs of t h i s s e c t i o n .
LR 18906
Section 2
TABLZ 2-30
LOCAL PERSOIJPEL Si-ITELD WEIGIiTS FOR
200-I\T. KIIZ POLAR ORBIT
TABLE 2-11
TWAL STRUCTWE SHIELDIiTG \EIGHTS
FOR 30-DEG INCLINATION, SYNCWOKOUS ORBIT
r -
Space Radiation Shield
ight ( l b )
I>?e
One Compartment TVo Compartment
Dependent Independent
I\'iission Time, Laboratory Iaboratory
Y~nths Quiet Sun Active Sun Quiet Sun Active Sun
3 892 1645 1315 2430
6 1042 7830 1540 11,580
12 2400 28,100 3540 41,400
TABLE 2-12
LOCAL BODY SHIELDING WEIGIES FOR
"Assumes no s t r u c t u r e s h i e l d i n g ; Also, one b w k p l u s two helmets and

two t u n i c s a r e assumed f o r each t h r e e men,
2
-
0
d
1 w
n
2
4
w -
>- =
WlA
-
CO
I
hl
Section 2
m 18936
Section 2
2.1.2.1 Environmental Control and L i f e Support Subsystem
The Environmental Control and L i f e Support Subsystem (EC/LSS) described

i n t h e following paragraphs i s designed nominally f o r t h e I n t e r i m Space
S t a t i o n ; t h e EC/LSS o f t h e o t h e r s t a t i o n s , except f o r t h e One Compart-
ment Laboratory, have s i m i l a r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , a s shown i n Table 2-13.
For a more coniplete d i s c u s s i o n of t h e subsystem, s e e S e c t i o n 3.5.1 of
t h i s report..
Atmosphere and Thermal Control
The s t a t i o n atmosphere and thermal c o n t r o l equipment i s shown i n

Fig. 2-20. Atmospheric oxygen and n i t r o g e n a r e provided from a cryogenic
supply a s shown i n F i g . 2-21, p l u s , on t h e I n t e r i m and O p e r a t i o n a l
S t a t i o n s , an oxygen r e g e n e r a t i o n u n i t . The oxygen i s r e g e n e r a t e d from
carbon d i o x i d e by means o f t h e Bosch p r o c e s s a s i n d i c a t e d i n F i g . 2-22.
Carbon d i o x i d e o u t p u t , f o r design purposes, i s placed a t 2.2 lb/man-day.
Atmosphere f o r r e p r e s s u r i z a t i o n s , back-pack r e f i l l s , and a i r l o c k opera-
t i o n s i s s u p p l i e d by high-pressure s t o r e d gases except on t h e Operational
Space S t a t i o n , which u s e s a cryogenic supply. Resupply, where a p p l i c a b l e ,
i s by p i p e l i n e t r a n s f e r from l o g i s t i c s p a c e c r a f t . Design oxygen r e q u i r e -
ments a r e 1.8 lb/man-day.
The air c i r c u l a t i o n l o o p t a k e s a i r from t h e s t a t i o n compartments and, by

means of a common duct, r o u t e s it through a d e b r i s and water t r a p t o a
sensing plenum where t o t a l . pressure, oxygen p a r t i a l pressure, and t r a c e
contaminants a r e monitored. The air t h e n p a s s e s through t h e c o n d i t i o n i n g
fans, through t h e c o n d i t i o n i n g h e a t exchanger, a c e n t r i f u g a l water
s e p a r a t o r , t h e odor c o n t r o l s e c t i o n , and back t o t h e compartments. Down-
stream o f t h e c o n d i t i o n i n g fan, some of t h e a i r i s d i v e r t e d t o t h e con-
taminant removal equipment and r e t u r n e d upstream of t h e f a n . Dobmstream
of t h e h e a t exchanger, p a r t o f t h e a i r flows t o t h e carbon d i o x i d e removal
equipment snd r e t u r n s upstream of t h e process boost f a n s .
Removal of atmospheric contaminants, o t h e r than carbon dioxide, i s

accomplished by p a r t i c u l a t e f i l t e r s , a c t i v a t e d charcoal, and c a t a l y t i c
TABLE 2-13
MAJOR FEATURES-EC/LSS
One- Compt . 7310- Compartment Lab stories

Dependent Synchro- Interim Operational
Laboratory Independent Polar Station Station
Atmosphere
I
I
Compartment Pressure, PSIA
Oxygen P a r t i a l Pressure, PSm

l 7 1l 7 3.5
Oxygen Regeneration I Yes Yes

Atmospheric Storage, Primary Supercritical
Cryogenic , I
I
Subcritical
Cryogenic
Subcritical
Cryogenic
Subcrit i c a l
Cryogenic
Subcritical
Cryogenic
Subcritical
Cryogenic
Storage-Repress., H i Pr Gas H i Pr Gas H i Pr Gas H i Pr Gas H i Pr Gas Subcritical
iiirlock, Backpack Cryogenic
Relative Humidity, $
Compartment Temperature,
I 50 k 1 0
75 5 5
50 It 1 0 50 t 1 0
Deg. P
C02 Limit P a r t i a l . I
Pressure, MM. Hg 7.6

C02 Management 1 LiOH I Mol Sieve I Mol Sieve Mol Sieve Mol Sieve 1401 Sieve
Act. Act. Act. Act. Act. Act.

Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoai
Contaminant Management Cnemis - Chemis- Chemis- Chemis - Chemis- Chemis-
I orbent o r bent o r bent orbent orbent orbent
Catal. Catal. . Catal. Catal. Catal .
Burner Eurer Burner Burner Burner
No-Fuel Yes-Urine, Yes-Urine, Yes-Urine, Yes-Urine, Yes-Urine,
Water Reclm.ation Cell Atmos ., Atmos ., Atmos . , Atmos., Atmos.,
.By-Product Wash Water Wash Water Wash Water Wash Water Wzsh Water
Apollo Collection, Collection, Collection, Collect ion, Collection,
/ Waste Management
Dependent Process, &
Storage
Process, &
Storage
Process, &
Storage
Process, &
Storage
Process, &
Storace
With Water
o r O2
Recovery
OXYGEN REGENERATION
C 0 2 TO 0 2 REDUCTION BY
BOSCH PROCESS A N D
ELECTP,OLYSIS OF H z 0
o\
N
FIG. 2-20 THERMAL AND ATMOSPHERIC CONTROL FLOW DIAGRAM
BACK PACK REFILL
H!GH PRESSURE STORAGE
(REPRESSURIZATION,
PARTIAL PRESSURE AIRLOCK & BACK-PACK)
SENSOR & FLOW MIXER
SUBCRITICAL LlQUlD STORAG
TO MODULES
(METABOLIC O 2
LEAKAGE &
RESERVES)
VENT
FFG. 2-21 ATMOSPHERE STORAGE SCHEMATIC
m 18906
Section 2
burners. See F i g . 2-23. To c o n t r o l humidity, a o i s t u r e i s cociense? c u t
of t h e a i r and removed by motor-driven c e n t r i f u g a l +:atel- sepsrc:or-.
This water i s d e l i v e r e d t o t h e water manage~nent subsy stt31il. C G K ~ ~ . ~ C . ~ T I ~
a i r temperature i s c o n t r o l l e d by h e a t exchangers whose liquicl s i d e s a r e
a p a r t o f t h e s t a t i o n r a d i a t o r system shotm i n Fig. 2-2lr.
Water Management
3
"3 Water requirements a r e based on an al-lowance of 8.34 lb/n,tin-day. The
"3
il water management equipment, F i g . 2-25, lninirnizes resupply r e q u i r e n e n t s
C through reclamation of water froln u r i n e , wash water, and atm0spher.i~
4
$
i condensate. An e l e c t r o d i a l y s i s recovery u n i t w i t h membrane permeation,
2 F i g . 2-26, r e c l a i m s u r i n e and wash $rater; atmospheric condensate i s
p u r i f i e d i n t h e f i l t r a t i o n u n i t shown i n Fig. 2-27.
Bf
a Waste Management
k
The waste management u n i t c o l l e c t s , p r o c e s s e s , and s t o r e s u r i n e waste,

f e c e s , garbage, r e f u s e , and EC/LSS process wastes by means o f t h e equip-
ment shown i n F i g . 2-28. O f t h e s e wastes, o n l y u r i n e i s reclaimed. The
remainder, a f t e r c o l l e c t i o n i n air-permeable bags, i s rr!anually t r a n s -
f e r r e d t o t h e d r y e r s which dehydrate t h e m a t t e r by h e a t from t h e l i q u i d
c i r c u l a t i o n loop. A f t e r b e i n g d r i e d , t h e air-permeable bags and con-
t e n t s a r e p l a c e d i n impermeable bags and manually t r a n s f e r r e d t o waste
c o n t a i n e r s where t h e y a r e s t o r e d permanently on s t a t i o n s o f s h o r t mis-
s i o n d u r a t i o n , o r a r e subsequently t r a n s f e r r e d t o l o g i s t i c spacecrafl.
for return t o earth.
2.1.2.2 E l e c t r i c Power
The b a s i c power module concept d e s c r i b e d i n S e c t i o n 3 . 5 . 2 . 1 t r i l l provide

a n adequate E l e c t r i c Power Subsystem f o r a l l c o n f i g u r a t i o n s a s p r e s e n t l y
conceived. The concept f o r t h e E l e c t r i c Power Subsystem e n v i s i o n s b a s i c
modules which a r e developed and proven on ea-rly f l i g h t s , and l a t e r
expanded t o keep pace w i t h l a r g e r and more advanced s t a t i o n s r e q u i r i n g
h i g h e r power l e v e l s . This b u i l d i n g block process s t a r t s t r i t h t h e two
8906
ion 2
LR 18906
Section 2
L---- --------- ------- -.I
-RINE REPRocEssiNG SUBSYSTEM
FIG. 2-26 ELECTROLYSIS WATER RECLAMATION SCHEMATIC
I
m 18906
Section 2
I& 18906
Section 2
LR 18906
Section 2
b a s i c e l e c t r i c power modules, Fig. 2-29, t h a t a r e i n s t a l l e d i n o r on

t h e l a b o r a t o r y modules, using space-proven technology and s t a t e - o f - t h e -
art components i n d i c a t e d below:
9 A 2-lnr hydrogen-oxygen f u e l c e l l module having a,n extended

l i f e with an energy c a p a b i l i t y of 1000 h - h r , derived fro111 t h e
Apollo power supply components
e A 5 - k . ~s o l a r photovoltaic and storage b a t t e r y module which i s
s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t b u t not Apollo equipment.
combinations of t h e s e modules can f u r n i s h any power demand i n t h e range

of 1.5 t o 30 k i l o ~ r a t t s . For Apollo i n s t a l l a t i o n s , t h e f u n c t i o n of t h e
power modules i s r e s t r i c t e d t o supplying t h e a d d i t i o n a l power r e q u i r e d by
t h e l a b o r a t o r y modules. The o r i g i n a l f u e l c e l l s , r e t a i n e d without change,
supply power f o r launch and deployment; t h e r e a f t e r , they f u r n i s h t h e 'minor
power requirements of t h e Command Module and a r e considered t o be a back-
up energy source f o r t h e l a b o r a t o r i e s .
Requirements
------- and C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
A power load a n a l y s i s f o r t h e various s t a t i o n s of t h e modular family i s

t a b u l a t e d i n Table 2-14. Table 2-15 shows t h e major c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of
t h e E l e c t r i c a l Power Subsystem. The t o t a l energy r e q u i r e d ranges from
1620 kilowatt-hours t o 2.6 m i l l i o n kilowatt-hours f o r t h e various
configurations .
2.1.2.3 Communications, Command, and Tracking
A l l versions of t h e Communication, Command, and Tracking Subsystems

include t h e f u n c t i o n s of t r a n s m i t t i n g vocal, d i g i t a l and p i c t o r i a l d a t a
t o ground a t any one of s e v e r a l r a d i o frequencies; of accepting vocal,
d i g i t a l and p i c t o r i a l information and commands t r a n s m i t t e d from t h e
ground; and of cooperating with ground-based t r a c k i n g r a d a r s . Vehicles
- o n missions longer than 90 days have t h e a d d i t i o n a l f u n c t i o n s of comnluni-
e a t i n g with t h e l o g i s t i c s p a c e c r a f t and cooperating with t h e i r rendezvous
radar.
The study conclusions can be b r i e f l y summarized a s follows:

LR 18906
Section 2
e, The One-Co~npartmen~ Dependent Laboratory w i l l use t h e Apollo

equipment i n t h e Colnrnand Module. Equipment f o r voice c o n t r o l ,
remote o p e r a t i o n of t h e Cormand Module equipment, d a t a i n p u t s ,
and a d d i t i o n a l t a p e r e c o r d i n g w i l l be i n s t a l l e d i n t h e
Laboratory Module
1
e The Two-Conlpartnient L a b o r a t o r i e s - r ~ r i l l c o n t a i n autonomous sub-
r
%
systems. The components w i l l be d u p l i c a t e s of t h o s e i n t h e
Apollo Comnland Module
e The '33810-Compartment Synchronous Laboratory w i l l r e q u i r e e i t h e r
a r e d u c t i o n of d a t a r a t e o r a high-gain v e h i c l e antenna, o r
both, t o ensure r e l i a , b l e down-link communication
e The I n t e r i m and Opera,tional Space S t a t i o n s w i l l have subsystenis
o f advanced design, w i t h h i g h e r d a t a r a t e c a p a b i l i t y t h a n t h e
Apollo equipment and c o n t a i n i n g s p e c i a l f e a t u r e s r e q u i r e d by
the larger vehicles.
4 Table 2-16 shows s i z e , weight and por.rer consumption o f t h e p r i n c i p a l com-

munication and t r a c k i n g components f o r t h e Two-Compartment L a b o r a t o r i e s .
Figure 2-30 i s a block diagram f o r t h e Operational S t a t i o n subsystem. The

-
1i+ subsystem i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t d e s c r i b e d i n Lockheed Report LR 17502-E, ex-

c e p t t h a t a d d i t i o n a l a n a l y s i s of t h e S-band communication system and t h e
3
C-band ranging system performed. under an independent development prograrn
has l e d t o changes i n t h e s e components. An independent development study
w a s conducted of t h e f o l l o w i n g t e c h n i c a l problems i n support o f t h e Com-
munications, Command, and Tracking Subsystem f o r t h e Modular Multipurpose
Space S t a t i o n s :
e Analysis and assessment of t h e d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t s i n t h e use of

i s e v e r a l widely spaced n o n - d i r e c t i o n a l antennas on a l a r g e r o t a t i n g
space v e h i c l e , and t h e d e s i g n of a method of e l i m i n a t i n g t h e s e
1 effects.
e Analysis of t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of making use o f communication s a t e l -
l i t e s t o provide e i t h e r enhanced space vehicle-to-ground cornrnuni-
c a t i o n coverage t o any s i n g l e ground s t a t i o n , o r t o provide con-
nuous communication a v a i l a b i l i t y t o t h e ground s t a t i o n complex.
e purpose h e r e i s t o enhance t h e aniount of d a t a cornmunicatio
and t h e a b i l i t y t o t r a n s m i t emergency messages o r information
having immediate import t o t h e c o n t r o l c e n t e r . Techniques i n -
v o l v i n g s e v e r a l s a t e l l i t e s a r e evolved, but c u r r e n t estima,tes of
communication requirements do not i n d i c a t e a need f o r t h i s capa-
b i l i t y enhancement.
*"Study o:f Rotating Manned O r b i t a l Space S t a t i o n , " LR 17502,
;
March 1964, S e c t i o n 5.7; Contract IVAS 9-1665.
I
m 18906
Section 2
zti 18996
Section 2
LOCKHEED
Cl,C,Fc,*li A Courir."
TABLE 2-15
E ~ ~ C T R TOWER
IC SUBSYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
1 A l l Subsystems 1
Kominal System Voltage - 24-32 vdc
Overload C a p a b i l i t y - 100% Peak Transient
50% Sustained t-~
ct 03
r-
0 \3
3 0
m
N
Section 2
EQUIPMENT COMPLmmT OF THE COMMUIECATIONS, COMIVIAND, & TRACKING SUBSYSTEMS

FOR TKE ' N O COWARTMEN?' LABORATORIES
400-MCCommand Receiver
S-band Tmnsponder (dual) 6.0 9.5 21.0 31.0
S-band Power AmplEf i e r 6.0 5.75 22.3 30.0
Pre-modulation Processor 6.0 4.7 10,6 14.5
PC;'M Telemetry, Mgh level* 7.7 23.8 14.4
E M Telemetry, low level*
SignalConditionlngEquSpnt* 6,0 9.8 23.0
b t a Storage Equipment* 6.0 9.5 22.0
Audio Center 5.75 4.7 6.4
C-band Transponder (4.4) (9.4) (13.0) ( 2 3 . 8 ) ~(75.0)
Total f o r two u n i t s 8.8 9.4 13.0 47.6
Rendezvous Transponder, Up kt& 4.4 9.4 22.0 34.0
Link, Rendezvous Ibnging
4.5 10.5 6.0 14.0
C o m n d Module Remote Control
---
Bax Total
+ Antennae, cables, e t c ,
h t a Mmagemnt
1818906
Section 2
2.1.2.4 -
Data Management and Displays
The Data I'iianage!ilent subsystems for t h e One and 73.~0Conlpartlnent Labora-

t o r i e s use t h e Apollo hardware and supplement it w i t h a d d i t i o n a l $quip-
ment t o meet t h e needs of longer missions and greater experimental
capability. Figures 2-31 and 2-32 s h o ~ it h e Data Managerlient Su.bsyste~ns
of t h e One Compartment Laboratory and t h e ?k?o Compartment Laboratories.
Physical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e subsystems of t h e One and Two Compart-
ment Laboratories a r e given i n Tables 2-17 and 2-18.
i The Interim S t a t i o n Data Management subsystem u t i l i z e s new equipment

with g r e a t e r d a t a c a p a c i t y and f a s t e r d a t a processing r a t e s . The basic
b i t r a t e i s 100 t o 400 k i l o b i t s / s e c f o r t h e r e c o r d e r s and PCM t e l e m e t r y
3 equipment. Data s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y i s 180 megabits/reel. Figure 2-33
i
shows a block diagram and Table 2-19 l i s t s t h e p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
The Operational S t a t i o n Data Management subsystem i s a t h r e e f o l d ex-

pansion of t h e Interim S t a t i o n subsystem w i t h nerr switching and i n t c r -
r u p t equipment added t o allow computer o p e r a t i o n fro111any mod-ule. In
a d d i t i o n t o g r e a t l y i n c r e a s i n g d a t a s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y , t h i s innovation ,
Q
Lii
enhances r e l i a b i l i t y . Figure 2-34 shows a f u n c t i o n a l i n t e r f a c e d i a -
gram and Table 2-20 l i s t s t h e p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
Displays and c o n t r o l s f o r t h e One and Two Compartment La,boratories r e l y

h e a x i l y on Apollo equipment but some new displa,ys and c o n t r o l s a r e neces-
s a r y f o r experimentation and new subsystems requirements. The modifica-
tions are :
The S t a b i l i z a t i o n and Control, Navigation and Guidance, and

Comnunica,tions d i s p l a y s a r e changed t o r e f l e c t modifications
t o t h e s e subsystems
The d a t a processing and environmental c o n t r o l displa'ys a r e
duplicated i n the laboratory area - - -
Water ma,nagernent d i s p l a y s a r e added

S p e c i a l experimental displays a r e added,
VHFAJHF PRF-
CONTROL
OUTPUTS
el3 18906
Section 2
RENDEZVOUS
TRANSPONDER
2-26 COMMUNICATIONS, COMMAND, /iis:D TRACKING SUBSYSTEM - OPERATIONAL STATlON

- 77
COMMAND ONE COMPARTMENT LABORATORY
& SERVICE
MODULE
ANALOG &
DIGITAL
SIGNALS ONE COMPARTMENT MODULE
FROM PRE-MODULATION PROCESSOR ORIGIN (CSM)
t
ANALOG & DlGiTAL

SlGNAL ORIGIN
(COMPARTMENT)
LOW LEVEL ANALOG

ORIGIN (COMPARTMENT)
CONDiTlONlNG
SIGNALS
FIG. 2-3 1 BLOCK DIAGRAM, ONE-COMPARTMENT LABORATORY DATA

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
ON-BOARD APOLLO
COMMAND & SERVICE MODULE
FIG. 2-32 BLOCK DIAGRAM, TWO-COMPARTMENT LABORATORY DATA

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Ln 1.8906
Section 2
TAIjIjEl 2-17
PKYSICAI, CXAXnCTERISTICS OF DATA !WfAC-Ei~El?T SUBSYSTEM FOR TIilE
ONE-COMPAKTbFNT DEPENDEN'l' LRl30,rlATORY
TAULF! 2-18
PINS1 C P L L'IXRACTERI ST1CS OF DATA 1.IATflGFJ~EPdTSUBSY STJGI FOR THE
TWO- C O ~ J I P ~ ~ UiROPJLTORIES
RR~~~T
I
DATA SOURCES
FROM SUB- COMMUNICAT!ONS
SYSTEMS, ETC.
x?
0
d - ?
G
COMMUNICATIONS
3 0
rn
iU
FIG. 2-33 BLOCK DIAGRAM, INTERIM ST,'!TION DATA MANAGEMENT SUBSYSTEM
TABLE 2-19 f?
L$
Y!iYSICEIL CKrZI?AC'fERISTICS OF DATA I\IAtlAGBIENT SUBSYSI'F:M FOR THE
INTERIPI STAT1ON
13 xBgo6
Section 2
Section 2
LR 18906
Section 2
The Tvo-Compartment Laboratories u t i l i z e d i s p l a y s and c o n t r o l s from t h e

One Compartmei~tLaboratory w i t h t h e following add-itions :
e Displays and coiitrols f o r t h e s o l a r a r r a y e l e c t r i c power source

48 The Independent Lab o r a t o r y only, of t h e %TO -Compartment Lab or a -
t o r i e s , has a rendezvous d i s p l a y panel t o show incremental
v e l o c i t y , range r a t e , a-nd p r o p e l l a n t s t a t u s f o r implementation
of t h e rendezvous phase.
The I n t e r i m and Operational S t a t i o n s t r i l l have niodularized d i s p l a y pane 1s
usable, with s l i g h t modifications , f o r both configurations . Tile s t a t u s
d i s p l a y s and c o n t r o l s s r i l l be s i n l i l a r t o those used on t h e One-and Two-
Compartment Laboratories; has-rever, t h e r e may be d u p l i c a t i o n of d-isplays
i n e i t h e r s t a t i o n t o provide moni-toring c a p a k i l i t y from more t h a n one
comparLment or module. S p e c i a l experimenta,l d i s p l a y s 1ril.1 not b e defined
a t t h i s time because of t h e lack of f i n a l d e f i n i t i o n of t h e experimental
program.
2.1.2.5 Navigation and Guidance
Apollo hardware i s used e x t e n s i v e l y on t h e One-Compartment Laboratory and

t h e Tr~o-CompartmentSynchronous Laboratory while sparing use of it i s made
on t h e two-Compartment Independent and Polar La-bo r a t o r i e s because of t h e
lung mission duration requirements. Wherever Apol1.o ecjuipment i s u t i l i z e d ,
r e l i a b i l i t y i s achieved *bkro~rgh
t h e l i b e r a l . use of spare p a r t s and redundant
installations . The missions of t h e Interini and Operational Spa,ce S t a t i o n
a r e long and o p e r a t i o n a l requirements a r e complex; t h e r e f o r e , t h e s e s t a t i o n s
have been designed t o u t i l i z e new Navigation and Guidance Subsystems.
The Navigation and Guidance Subsystems f o r .the various v e h i c l e c onf i g u r a -

t i o n s a r e shorn i n Figures 2-35? 2-36, 2-37? and 2-38. The components and
t h e i r weights, volumes, and power requirements a r e l i s t e d i n Table 2-21.
U t i l i z a t i o n of Apollo hardware i s shotrn i n Table 2-22. Two navigation
lethods a r e employed f o r t h e Modular IvIultip~wposeSpace S t a t i o n family,
depending on t h e navigationa.1 accuracy r e q u i r e d by t h e mission. They axe:
@ Ground Updating I'Javiga-tion. Informatio~zreceived per i o d i e a l l y

from t h e ground i s continuously e x t r a p o l a t e d by an on-board
LR 18906
Section 2
IB 18906
Section 2
LR 18906
Section 2
18 18906
Section 2
TABLE 2-22
MAJOR OF TKE: NAVIGATION AND GUIDANCE SUBSYSTEN
electronics
Electronics
Accelerometer
Horizon Sensor
Star Tracker
++ Not Mission Essential

m 18906
Section 2
computer between t h e updating p e r i o d s . The One Conpartment

Laboratory, t h e Two Compartment Independent, and t h e Synchronous
O r b i t k b o r a t o r y u t i l i z e t h i s subsystem s i n c e accuracy r e q u i r e -
ments a r e n o t c r i t i c a l ' .
Autonomous Navigation. An i n e r t i - a 1 p l a t f o r m and a s t a r t r a c k e r
aboard t h e s t a t i o n convey information t o a n on-board computer f o r
d i r e c t p o s i t i o n and v e l o c i t y data.. The P o l a r O r b i t Laboratory,
t h e I n t e r i m S t a t i o n , and t h e Operational. S t a t i o n employ t h i s h i g h
accuracy subsystem. The Two Compartment Independent Laboratory i s
u t i l i z e d a s a proving ground f o r t h e autonoznous n a v i g a t i o n system.
2.1.2.6 S t a b i l i z a t i o n and Control
The S t a b i l i z a t i o n and Control subsystems (SCS) o f t h e One-and %.TO-Com-

partment L a b o r a t o r i e s u t i l i z e Apollo hardwa-re, achieving r e l i a b i l i - t y by
t h e e x t e n s i v e use of s p a r e p a r t s and by providing a c c e s s i b i l i t y f o r i n -
f l i g h t maintenance. The I n t e r i m and O p e r a t i o n a l Space Stati-on use new
SCS components t o s a t i s f y t h e requirements imposed by long missions,
i n c r e a s e d s i z e , and new opera,tional demand-s .
The SCS components f o r t h e v a r i o u s s t a t i o n s l i s t e d i n Table 2-23

and f u n c t i o n a l arrangements a r e s h o ~ ~i n F i g s . 2-39 and 2-40.
2.1.2.7 Propulsion
The One-and Two-Compartment Laboratories use t h e Apollo propulsion sub-

systems f o r o r b i t i n j e c t i o n and a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l ; t h e propulsion r e q u i r e -
ments f o r t h e I n t e r i m and O p e r a t i o n a l Space S t a t i o n s a r e unique because
t h e s e s t a t i o n s a r e much l o n g e r t h a n t h e o t h e r s . Therefore, t h e modular
concept cannot b e adapted t o t h e p r o p u l s i o n subsystems a s a whole. How-
ever, some commonality of components i s achieved:
e The o r b i t i n j e c t i o n engines of t h e I n t e r i m S t a t i o n a r e t h e same
as t h e post-deployment a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l engines of t h e Operational
Station
e The a t t i t u d e cont,rol engines o f t h e I n t e r i m S t a t i o n a r e t h e same a s
t h e pre-deployment a t t i t u d e corrtrol engines o f t h e O p e r a t i o n a l
S t a ti o n .
e Orbj-t i n j e c t i o n i s acconlplished f o r t h e Operational S t a t i o n by a
repackaged LElyl d e s c e n t engine.
TABLE 2-23
$%TOR COMPONE!NT REQUIRE;[\IENTS FOR T H E MODULAR SPACE S T A T I O N S T A B I L I Z A T I O N & CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Micro-Elect
LR 18906
Section 2
LR 18906
Section 2
rn 18906
Section 2
O r b i t I n j e c t i o n Engines-Interim S t at'Lon.
Four 200- l b t h r u s t engines, inounted a s sholni i n Figure 2-41, accoillplish

o r b i t i n j e c t i o n , maintain s t a t i o n a l t i t u d e , and d e - o r b i t t h e s t a t i o n a t
t h e end o f t h e ndssion. Ehgine c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e l i s t e d i n Table 2-24.
A t t i t u d e Control Engines-Interim S t a t i o n .
A t t i t u d e c o n t r o l i s provided b y s i x t e e n 8 0 - l b - t h r u s t engines mounted a s

sho5m i n F i g . 2-41. These engines a r e subsequently used f o r a t t i t u d e
c o n t r o l o f t h e O p e r a t i o n a l S t a t i o n i n t h e zero-g o p e r a t i n g mode. Ehgine
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e l i s t e d i n Table 2-25.
P r o p e l l a n t Feed-Interim Statio*
P r o p e l l a n t s a r e f e d t o a l l p r o p u l s i o n engines from a c e n t r a l l y l o c a t e d
group o f f o u r t a n k s p r e s s u r i z e d by n i t r o g e n and i n t e r c o n n e c t e d as shorm
i n F i g . 2-42. D e t ~ i l sb f t h e v a r i o u s t a n k s and p r e s s u r a n t s a r e given
i n Table 2-26. Nitrogen i s s e l e c t e d i n p r e f e r e n c e t o helium because
t h e long-term leakage should a.pproach z e r o .
O r b i t I n j e c t i o n Qigine-Operati.ona1 S t a t i o n . The o r b i t i n j e c t i o n p o r t i o n
o f t h e propulsion subsystem u t i l i z e s t h e LESVI Descent engine modified
s l i g h t l y t o s u i t t h e needs o f t h e space s t a t i o n . Main c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
o f t h e p r e s s u r e - f e d engine a r e l i s t e d i n Ta.ble 2-27. A schematj-c o f
t h e components i s p r e s e n t e d i n F i g . 2-43. The engine, which i s gimbaled
t o provide t h r u s t v e c t o r c o n t r o l , i s mounted a,s shown i n F i g . 2-44 and
Pre-Deployment A t t i t u d e Control Ehgines-Operati.ona1 S t a t i o n .
Pre-deployment a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l i s provided b y e i g h t r a d i s t i o n - c o o l e d
engines mounted on t h e hub a s shown i n F i g . 2-45. The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
o f t h e engines, which a r e t h e same engines t h a t a r e used on t h e a t t i t u d e
c o n t r o l system of t h e I n t e r i m S t a t i o n , a r e given i n Table 2-25.
na.1 S t a t i-
on.
hygliteen engines, having t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s given i n Table 2-24, provide

post-deployment a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l . The engines, t h e sa,me a s t h o s e used
LR 18906
Section 2
f o r o r b i t i n j e c t i o n on the Interim S t a t i o n , a r e mounted i n c l u s t e r s

of s i x , one c l u s t e r a t t h e outermost end of one access tube of each
module a s shoim i n F i g . 2-46. The c l u s t e r s a r e r e t r a c t a b l e w i t h i n t h e
access t u b e s . F i g . 2-47 shows t h e plumbing arrangements i.rithin t h e
modules.
P r o p e l l a n t Feed System - Operational Station
The f u e l f o r a l l t h e engines on t h e Operational S t a t i o n i s a 50-50 mixture

of hydrazine and unsymnietrical dimethyl hydrazine; t h e oxidizer i s nitrogen
tetroxide. Three s e t s of p r o p e l l a n t tanks a r e provided:
e Tanks f o r t h e o r b i t i n j e c t i o n engine a r e attached t o t h e j e t t i s o n -

a b l e engine mount a s s h o ~ mi n F i g , 2-44. n l e tanks a r e pressurized
by n i t r o g e n .
Tanks f o r t h e pre-deployment a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l engines a r e l o c a t e d
i n t h e hub as shown i n Fig. 2-48. The nitrogen pressurant tank i s
a l s o sho%mi n t h i s f i g u r e . The hub-mounted p r o p e l l a n t tanks eon-
s t i t u t e a c e n t r a l resupply p o i n t f o r t h e post-deployment a t t i t u d e
c o n t r o l p r o p e l l a n t tanks.
Tanks f o r t h e post-deployment a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l engines a r e mounted
o u t s i d e t h e module access tubes near t h e outer ends a s indica,ted
i n Fig. 2-46. Dual n i t r o g e n p r e s s u r a n t tanks a r e provided as
shown i n Fig. 2-47.
2.1.3 Multipurpose I n t e r i o r Design
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e multiple usage of s t r u c t u r a l components and subsystems,

c e r t a i n compartment i n t e r i o r arrangements a l s o f i n d a number of a p p l i c a -
tions, Among t h e s e a r e t h e subsystems compartment, l i v i n g q u a r t e r s , and
, w
i
i
major elements of t h e c o n t r o l compartment. Many of t h e exper-imental
4 i n s t a l l a t i o n s , such as t h e biomedical console and t h e earth-observation
and astronomy u n i t s , can be i n s t a l l e d without modification i n a number
of t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s . This concept of i n s t a l l a t i o n commonality has a
major impact on t o t a l program c o s t and development schedules. It should,
therefore,be s t u d i e d i n depth so t h a t these advantages of comnonality
can be f u l l y e x p l o i t e d i n f u t u r e space programs.
Figure 2-49 shotrs t h e subsystems compartment arrangement t h a t i s p r e f e r -

r e d over s e v e ~ a lt h a t were studied; t h i s design i s a p p r o p r i a t e f o r t h e
!
LR 1.8906
Section 2
ORBIT INJECTION ENGINES

ATTITUDE CONTROLENGINES
FIG, 2-41 PROPULSIOI4 ENGINE LOCATIONS FOR THE INTERIM

SPACE SPAPION
LR 18906
Section 2
TABL,S 2-24
CWCTERISTICS FOR THE I N T E R I M
STAT1ON ORBIT INJECTIOTS AND OPEMTIONAL STATIOTV
POST-DEPLOl'NT ATTITUDE COITTROL ENGINES
T o t a l Imnpulse ( o r b i t 1nj e c t i o n ) 460,000 lb-sec
Unmanned Orbit Keeping

( 1 s t 20 days) 95: 400 l b - s e c
Orbit Keeping
(6-month p e r i o d ) 215,000 l b - s e c
Thrust Level p e r Engine
Orbit I n j e c t i o n Burn Time 317 s e c ( p e r i g e e )

286 s e c ( ~ p o g e e )
P r o p e l l a n t Tank Pressure 150 p s i a
I Chambe,r Pressure 60 p s i a
Expansion Ratio 40: 1
Propellants
~ x i d i z e r / ~ u eRatio
l
S p e c i f i c Impulse
(~acuuni-steady s t a t e ) 312 sec
Engine Cooling Method Radiative
Operational Modes
Minimum p u l s e width* 100 rnilliseconds
Maximurn p u l s e width* 600 milliseconds
Continuous
L i f e Expectancy 3600 s e c
I "Post-Deployment A t t i t u d e Control Only I

Section 2
TABLE 2-25
ENGI!\E CXAfiCTERISTICS, INTEIITM STATTCK ATTITUDE CONTROL mjD
OPEP&i'IONfi STAT1ON PRE-DEPLOYMENT ATTITUDE COlVTROL
T o t a l A t t i t u d e Control I ~ n p u l s e 324,000 l b - s e c
( ~ o m a ol p e r a t i o n - 180 days)
A t t i t u d e Control 75,400 l b - s e c
(~nmanned 20 days)-
Atttiiude Control 248,600 l b - s e c
(?~ormaloperation - 160 days)
Thrust Level p e r Engine
Chamber Presswe 60 p s i a
P r o p e l l a n t Tank P r e s s u r e 150 p s i a
Expansion R a t i o 40: 1
Propellants x20d(50-50) UDIQI - H2H4
0 x i d i z e r / ~ u e lR a t i o 1.6
S p e c i f i c Impulse
s Steady S t a t e 312 s e c
e Pulsed 285 s e c
Engine Cooling Method Radia,t i v e
14inimun Pulse Width 60 m i l l i s e c o n d s

L i f e Ejrpectancy 6280 s e c
18906
1.8
Section 2
@ FILTER SIGNAL LINE -
@ saule VALVE NORMALLY OPEN(n.o.)

@ SQUlE VALVE NORMALLY CLOSED (n.c.)
QURST DISK
RELIEF VALVE
loo] CLUSTESED VALVES
WITH C O M M O N
REDUNDANT ACTUATOR
PRESSURE REGULATOR
[> FILL C O N N E C T I O N
@ SOLENOID VALVE
@ 0PTIOI.IAL - FOR GQOUND
PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
@ CHECK VALVES (ONE V.:AY) CHECK OF PRESSUFE
@I
ON - OFF VALVE r
L
CAP
OR VAPOR GAS LEAKS
ALTERNATIVE. PEMOVAL
OF w a s r DISK
a@ THRUSTERS 1 TtlROUGH 16 ACE DO-LB, 17 THROUGH 70 ARE 2OG-LB
FIG. 2-42 PRGtPEL.LkNT FEED SYSTEM

NUMBERS 5 , 6, 7, 8
- INTERIM STATION
LR 18996
Section 2
T ~ M
2-26
p~OpELpsrIV'l FEED SURSYSTEd CKA17&CTEI-(ISTlCSFOR 'I'EIE IfT'I'ERIM SP~ICE STii'l'ION
P r o p e l l a n t Tank P r e s s u r e 150 p s i a
Oxidizer 2
'4
'
% I 50 p e r c e n t UDm1 - 50 p e r c e n t
Nmlber of P r o p e l l a n t Tanks 4 ( 2 o x i d i z e r , 2 fuel)
P r o p e l l a n t Tank Geometry Cylindrical

3i
Y
1 )
P r o p e l l a n t Tank ~ i a m e t e r ( .D, 22.5 i n .
P r o p e l l a n t Tank Length 36 i n .
i I Oxidizer Tank Volume, T o t a l 14.4 cu f t
i
I F u e l Tank Volume, T o t a l 14.4 cu f t
P r o p e l l a n t Tanlc M a t e r i a l Titanium
i I Expulsion Device Metal bellows
Expulsion Device M a t e r i a l Titanium o r S t a i n l e s s

Steel
P r e s s ~ c r a n tTank P r e s s l u - e - I n i t i a l 3000 p s i a
1
P r e s s u r a n t Tank Pressure-Final 150 p s i a
I
Presswant Nitrogen
I
I
Pres s u r a n t Tank Geometry Spherical
I Pressurant
- - - - - - .- Tank
- Diameter - - in.
15.1
IJumber of P r e s s u r a n t Tanks 2
P r e s s u r a n t Tank Ma.t e r i a l -
T-i t a n i u n
Pres s u r a n t Tank Volurfle 1.1 cu f t p e r t a n k

TABLE 2-27
ORBIT INJECTSOT4 ENGINE CWCTEIIISTICS-OPERE1TIOlJAL STATION
10,500 17s
Duration
Chamber P r e s s u r e 110 p s i a
Expansion Radio
Cooling Method Fully ablative
Thrust Vector Control Gi~nbaling(26 deg)
Propellants
~ x i d i z e r / ~ u eRatio
l
307.5 s e c
P r o p e l l a n t Weight :
Oxidizer 4400 l b
2750 l b
Tank Geometry Spherical
Tank M a t e r i a l Titanium
Tank P r e s s u r e 225 p s i a
Tank Volume:
i
I
I
Oxidizer 24.5 c u f t ( 2 t a n k s )
Nitrogen Weight
i
1 Nitrogen B o t t l e Diameter
Nitrogen B o t t l e Pressure
P o s i t i v e Expulsion Technique Meta.1 Bellows o r Bladders

NOMENC IATURE
I
@ SQUIB VALVE NORMALLY OPEN
@ SQUIB VALVE NORMALLY CLOSED
@ PRESSURE REGULATOR
ON/OFFVALVE
B BURST DiSC
a FILTER
@ RELlEF VALVE
CHECK VALVE
FILL OR VENT C O N N E C T l O N
CLUSTERED VALVE WiTH

REDUNDANT ACTUATOR
N2 NITROGEN GAS
@ ENGlNE PROPELLANT VALVES

d
F
0
G
ct v
r. CD
0 '42
s 0
FY G. 2-43 ORBIT lNJECTiON SYSTEM SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM > C\
FIG, 2-44 ORBIT INJECTION ENGINE INSTALLATION FOR THE OPERATIONAL STATION
ER 18906
Section 2
SPIN MAINTENAUCE
ENGINE
ENGINE MOUNT
VIEW c:-0;
ROTATED
FIG. 2-46 ATTITUDE (30NTRO[, ENGINES INSTALkrlTION FOR T H E

OPERASIONAI, S7"APIQ.N
Section 2
FOOD STORAGE -- 2
--- - - --
EXPER EQUIP - DISCRIMINATION & COMMUNICATION - -
- f 7
+ - - -
- - - - - - - - - .- .
OF ANIMALS AT ZERO G. - - - - - - - - - - - - + -
(30 D A Y S )
/ t I \
/ 1 / , . 1 -
/ I
VVASHING MACHINE --- J' -'IN,-
VlEW C-C
ATMOSPHERE CONDITIONER FOR ANIMALS -

FOOD STORAGE
/
R C S FUEL T A N K S (2)
R C S N, PRESSURIZATION SPHERE
WASH WATER D I S P E N S E R
i
C
STORAGE C A B I N E T
E
T V CAMERA & F I L M
POLAROID STILL CA
MOTION PICTURE CAMERA, & FILM.
FOOD DISPENSERS & SPECIMEN
PRESERVATION TUBES.
/ --
----rJ 4- -7J
TOILE 7'
VlEW D-D
---SUB - STATION PANEL
/- BATTERIES - 2 4
,
'
A ' R E P L A C E A B L E CELLS
TEST EQUIP - T R A N S I E N T EFFECTS OF VARYING

HEAT LOAD ON E C S ( 2 5 DAYS) /
OXYGEN REGENERATION -
EXPER EQUIP - CHANGE IN SEX DISTRIBUTION
OF OFFSPRING CONCEIVED, DEVELOPED, &
BORN I N WEIGHTLESS STATE. (1 8 0 D A Y S )
L I Q U I D OXYGEN STORAGE -
-EXPER EQUIP GARBAGE & WASTE

DISPOSAL M E T H O D S (30 DAYS)
ATMOSPHERE CONDITIONING -
FOOD STORAGE i
VIEW A-A
EXPER. EQUI I?- REGENERATIVE WATER SUPPLY (45 DAYS)
/
/-
EXPEH. EQUI P - SOLID WASTE RECLAMATION (30 DAYS)
FOOD STORAGE
SUB- STATION PANEL
BATTERIES - 24 REPLACEABLE CELLS
FIG. 2-49 SUBSYSTEMS CQMPARPMENT, PREFE"

12 38906
Section 2
ZER TANKS (2) ---, --- ACCESS DOORS
ATMOSPHERE STORAGE
L I Q U I D NITROGEN
LIQUID OXYGEN
VIEW A-A
FIG, 2-49 SUBSYSTEMS COMPARTMENT, PREFERRED ARRANGEMENT

LR 3.8936
Section 2
t h r e e %,TO-CompartmentI~a.boratories, t h e I n t e r i m Space S t a t i o n and, w i t h

minor niodification, -Lo t h e Operatj.ona1 S t a t i o n . I n t h i s design, equip-
ment i s i n s t a l l e d around t h e w a l l of t h e compartment a s we11 a s on t~+i:.o
r a d i a l bulkheads. ?'he a v a i l a b l e equipment volwne i s g r e a t e r i n t h i s
design t h a n i s r e a l i z e d on other subsystem compartment d e s i g n s . In
a d d i t i o n t o t h e power, envi.ro~unentc o n t r o l and l i f e support, r e a c t i o n
c o n t r o l , and s t a b i l i z a t i o n subsystems, a t o i l e t , washing machine, and a
v a r i e t y of s h o r t term experimental equipment a r e i n s t a l l e d . Access t o
t h e other compa.rtnlents i s througli t h e centra.1 access ha.tch i n t h e f l o o r .
Figure 2-50 shows a p e r s p e c t i v e view of this sub systems compartment.
The design of a crew q u a r t e r s compartnien-t which woilld b e standard on

t h e l a r g e r space s t a t i o n s i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g s . 2-51 and 2-52. .
l'he f i r s t of t h e s e two f i g u r e s i s a n engineering drawing of t h e compart-
ment; t h e d e s i g n i s based on each of t h e f o m quadrants being used f o r a
s p e c i f i c purpose. Moving clockwise about t h e f l o o r plan, t h e s e four
quadrants a r e used f o r crew r e c r e a t i o n , food s t o r a g e and e a t i n g , sleeping,
aad personal hygiene. Since t h e crew q u a r t e r s compartment would normally
be l o c a t e d on one end of t h e spa,ce s t a t i o n , one concept of a 40-inch
t e l e s c o p e i s shown mounted on one of t h e e x t e r n a l hatches. Frovision i s
made i n t h i s design f o r t h r e e bunlis, each containing t h r e e r e t r a c t a b l e
bedding r o l l s , such t h a t t h e s l e e p i n g compartment i s capable of accormo-
d a t i n g nine crewmen on a s h i f t b a s i s . For t h e smaller space s t a t i o n s ,
fi one bunk would be removed and r e p l a c e d by s t o r a g e a r e a o r experimental
gear.
4
I
Major s e c t i o n s of t h e s t a t i o n c o n t r o l compartment would be a p p l i c a b l e t o
t h e l a r g e r v e r s i o n s of t h e Modular Multipurpose Space S t a t i o n and conse-
quently could be standardized. A l a r g e p a r t of t h e s t a t i o n c o n t r o l com-
partment i s a v a i l a b l e f o r experiment i n s t a l l a t i o n s and t h i s i n t e r i o r
arrangement i s discussed i n Paragraph 2 . 2 of t h i s r e p o r t .
2.2 EXPEKII@3YTS AND APPLICATIONS
Rlo groups of space s t a t i o n experiments and a p p l i c a t i o n s were considered

i n t h i s study: the 85 AES P r i o r i t y I experiments, and a group of 405
CHAMBER
R EACIAMT
SLIDING HATCH
REENTRY MODEL LAUh

METEOROID G U N MGU:
V I E W I N G PORT NORM
PLAN VIEW
Section 2
FIG. 2-50 SUBSYSTEMS COMPARTMENT, PERSPEC-fIVE VIEW

HAVING HEAD STOWAGE
TER-COMPARTMENT HATCH
WASL
HYGIENL CABINET
WASH WATER DISPENSER
,,,--EXPERIMENTAL EQUIF! :
ORAL HYGIENE CABINET -----
PERSONAL E
FIRE EXTINGUISHER 1
GALLEY WASTE COLLEC-

PUNCTURE REPAIR K I T
SECTION
E X T E R N A L HATCH
SPECTROMETER OPTICS
4 0 - I N MORL T Y P E TELESCOPE- MODULE

EXTERNAL HATCH S P A C E SUIT STOWAGE
TOILET SUPPLIES & VIDEO DISFLAY

HYGIENE C A B I N E T -
VARIABLE SIZE FOLD-UP TABLE
T CONSOLE & LIBRARY

WASH WATER DISPENS
ORES
SEAT WITH STOWAGE UNDER
GALLEY FOOD STORES

BLE SEAYS
IENTAL EQUlF? STOWAGE
ADJUSTABLE SEATS
PERSONAL EFFECTS CABINET
INTERCOM 8 ELECTRIC PANEL

WASTE COLLECTOR
RESTRAINT BELT
AL HATCH
SPACE SUIT STOWAGE

EXERCISE GEAR
SECTILL
TOILET SUPPLIES 8 H Y G I E N E CABINETS
7
ROLLS
)
lo 0 lo 20. 3040 50 60 708090100110

12(j INCHES
+ G
1T-++54+i--
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 & 3 9 1 0
T'+
FEET
FIG. 2 -5 1 LIVII\IG QUARTERS COMiPARTMENT, ARRANGEMENT DRAWING

FIG, 2-52 LIVING QllARTERS COMPARTMENT, PERSPECTIVE VIEW
experirnents and aapplications s e l e c t e d fro~nt h e MSA document, " ~ a t i o n a l
Multipurpose Space S t a t i o n U t i l i z a t i o n Outline," dated Oct. 1, 1964. The
group of AES experiments was analyzed t o determine t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y of
t h e Modulaz Mul-tipurpose Space S t a t i o n -to t h i s t a s k . The group of 405
supplementary a p p l i c a t i o n s %ras analyzed t o t h e depth necessary t o def i n e
t h e major s p a t e s t a t i o n i n t e g r a t i o n parameters, and t h i s group of experi-
ments served a s a mission model f o r t h e Modular PIultipurpose Space
Station.
AES P r i o r i t y I Experiments
A n "Experiment F l i g h t As signmen-t Summary" f o r t h e U S program prepared

b y t h e Manned Spacecraft Center i s sh0i.m i n Table 2-28, and i s used a s
i
1
1
a b a s i s f o r subsequent figures and t a b l e s i n t h i s s e c t i o n of t h e r e p o r t .
: F l i g h t numbers i n t h e 200 and $00 s e r i e s r e p r e s e n t Saturn I B and Saturn V
i
J launches, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
I n i t i a l l y , estimates of experiment weight, volume, manhour s a i d e l e c t r i c a l

power prepared b y Boeing, Grmmian, North American and t h e NASA were com-
pared. These comparisons a r e s h o ~ mg r a p h i c a l l y i n F i g s . 2-53 through
2-56. The wide range of t h e s e e s t i m a t e s by t h e various organizations
analyzing t h e experiments i n d i c a t e s t h e need f o r d e t a i l e d study of each
of t h e experirnents t o define t h e equipment, experimental procedures and
d a t a requirements. Figure 2-57, based on NASA data., shows t h e e x p e r i -
mental equipment weight of 15 AES f l i g h t s a s compared t o t h e experimental
payload c a p a b i l i t y of t h e One-Compartment Apollo-Dependent Laboratory and
t h e lko-Comparl;ment Polar Orbit Laboratory. These t - i ~ ospace s t a t i o n s
i
3 could not c a r r y t h e e n t i r e complement of experimental equipment r e q u i r e d
1
:: f o r F l i g h t s 219 and 523; ho~rever, s u f f i c i e n t underloaded U S F l i g h t s
J
e x i s t such t h a t regrouping of experiments could r e s u l t i.11 compatibility
between t h e programmed 85 experiments and t h e launch v e h i c l e s . Fig-
we 2-58, again based on NASA d a t a , shotrs a comparison of t h e e x p e r i -
mental volume require~nentswith t h e volumes a v a i l a b l e i n t h e v a r i o u s
c o n f i g u r a t i o n s %hat might be considered f o r t h e AES program. I-t should
- r P
0 0 0
N P > N + h> N
" " ? o , ~ o ? ' Uf R "UE. ' " I n c l i n a t i o n (deg.)
R U W W W
LA V)
0103 EJ t<c,dical/
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
0230 Rekavioral
0332 Cn-Board C e n t r i f u g e
r
X X G e n e t i c E f f e c t s i n t~'icroorganisrns
01402
0405
0406
1 E f f e c t s o f Space on U n i c e l l Org Sr Animal T i s s u e
E f f e c t s of iieightlessness i n t h e Primates
i i r b R e g e n e r a t i o n & iiound S e a l i n g
E f f e c t s o f Drugs on Karrflallail Bphavlor
S c d x Borne t4icroor g a n i s r s
y
c
0
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 0501 Radiation Environment Monitoring b

X X 0502 Study of l b g n e t i c F i e l d L i n e s m
X X 0503 A n a l y s i s o f C o ~ r e t - l i k e B r t i c u l a t e Clouds #
H
P
X X 0504 Mlcrometeoroid C o l l e c t i o n
0631 Capillarity S+udirs
0632A K i n e t i c s Sr Dynamics of V a p r / G a s Bubbles
0602~ L l q u i d Drop D p a m i c s Study
0603~ Pool B o i l i r g I n Lung ferm Zero G Environment
O603B N u c l e a t e Condensation o f F l u i d s I n Zero G
0604 D e n s i t y G r a o l P n t o f F l u i d a t Nrar C r l t i c a l S t
0605 Cr j s t a l l i z a t i o n S t u d i e s
0606 Cosmic Ray Emisslon
-
0701 Er?lsslon I i r e Radiometry
0702 I n t e r m e d i a t e S i z e R e f l e c t i n g T-lescope
+4
0 103 ?%inned Coronagraph
0704 Mewby Sola1 -Like S t a r s i n X-Rays
0705A Hadio Astronomy 1 - 5 NCPS Range
0705B Radlo Astronomy 1-5 IJCPS u s i n g "V" Antenna
0
0601 Conjugate Aurora a r d Airglow
Ce02A T e s t o f I R Scanning S p e c t r o m e t e r '?
O802B
0802C
0802D
O ~ l i b r a t i o nPL E V C I ~o. f Microwave S p e c t r o m e t e r
Tt s t o f P r o t o t y p e S t s r - B a c k e r
O p r r a t l o n o f li-R IR Radiometer k t . Equlp.
.
- t-J
091 b l u l t i s p e c t r a l Target C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s '
0
0902 S y n o p t l c E a r t h t'spplng a\
'4
0903 I t u l t i f r e q u e n c y Radar Imsgrry
1001 3 m 1 1 t-'aneuvcrable Sltellit~
1101 b u n c h o f an Unmnnned S ~ t c l l--i t e(CGO) 0
la1
1202
Measurement o f Radlo Freaur?cf Radiation
Vide Band 'n'iatn B a n a r n l s s i o n l n C p c e -
e9i
0
1301 E f f e c t s of Space E n v l r o r r e n t on Structvi-es M
1302 Depl o w e n t of RF R e f l e c t i v e S t r u c t u r e s
1303
1304
E x t e n d a b l e Roi Performsnce T ~ s t s
Ops of Sol= S i l l n g P a s s . Corm. S a t e l l i t e
%
1.305 Dt-ployment & Obs. o f G r s v i t y Gradient
1306 Ii?rg- A p e r t u r e S p c e R e c t a b l e Antenna H
1431 P e r s o n a l H j g i e n e & Foed Technology
1402 Cabin A t m o s ~ h e r e f o r LSS
1403 F l u i d hhnagement Techno100 f o r ZSS
1404 R l l d i o i s o t o ~ e - I l i e r ~ o ~ l ~ c PoLer
t r i c System
11tO5
Range and O r b i t D z t e r n l n a r i o n
O r b i t a l T e s t of L%rge S o l a r C e l l A r r a y *
1lt06 O p t i c a l Technology
ll+07 On-Bdard Navigation Guidance
1501 E v s l u a t i o n of Adv. S p c e S u i t Assemblies H
1502 Jkieloprri-nt o f PLi~iied Locornution % f ' a n e u v ~ r i n g
M
1503 Emergency Techniques, EL,^ FI Proc f o r Rescue Ops
150'4 P e r - o r n e l R C'irgo T r e n s f r r O ~ e r r t l o n s
1505 t h i n t e n ' m c e C Repair Pechniques
1506 P r o p e l l a n t Handling T w h n i pies
150 1 E u t r a v ~ h i c u l a rAssenbly O p e r a t i o n s
1601 Docfing (rtiase I and 11)
U r h l t a l b'r.nriil'~e~.ing%
1632 Ob,*.lvation o f lci-o F - t i . l l l t r
l a 3 R ' c a p t u r i 0 1 Sl?coq 111
rn 18906
Section 2
FIG. 2-53 AES EXPERINiENTAL EQUIPMENT WEIGHT REQIIIREMENTS

LR 18906
Section 2
KEY:
O BOElNG
FIE, 2-54 AES EXPERIMEiaT STOViED VOLUME REQUIREMENTS

Section 2
--------------- 2 M A N CREW, 10 EXP. MAN-HRS PER MAN-DAY

3 M A N CREW, 8 EXP. MAN-HRS PER MAN-DAY
------ 3 M A N CREW, 10 EXP. MAN-HRS PER MAN-DAY
(AES DATA: MARCH 15, 1965)
FIG, 2-55 MANHOUR REQUIREh4ENYS OF 15 AES FLIGHTS COMPARED TO

POTENTIAL EXPtRIMENTAL MANHOURS AVAIL-ABLE WITH
APOLLO VEHIC bE AND CREW
LR I-8906
Section 2
MISSION DURATION (days)
FIG. 2-57 EXPERIMENTAL, EQUIPMENT WEIGHT REQUlREMEIalTS QF 95 AES

FLIGIkTS COMPARED P O EXPERIMENTAL PAYLOP,D CAPABILITY
OF SE LECI'ED MODULAR APPROP.CG CONFIGURATIONS
LR :~8goG
Section 2
e S 1 6 (S)
e211
"229
509 (S)
- -
SPACEC
FIG. 2-58 TABU1-AR VOLUME OF EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT FOR 15 AES

FLIGHTS COW\PARED TO VOLUMES AVAILABLE IN VARIOUS
SPACECRAFT CONFIGURATIONS
1.818906
Section 2
iipollo-Dependent Laboratory i s
be noted t h a t t h e @lell~omper"Lrr,c-rit
compatible with a l l of t h e t c n t e . t i v e J3S f l i g h t p l a n s . Further, > n t h
t h e use of t h e One-Compartmer;C, Le.boratory, c e r t a i n of t h e AES f l i g h t s
can be combined, t h u s pro-gi6-ing t h e LES program v i t h enhanced e x p e r i -
mental c a p a b i l i t i e s . Figure 2-59 sho~:rs an i n t e r i o r arrangement of a
s i n g l e compartment l a b o r a t o r y tha.t i n c o r p o r a t e s t h e experirl~entsof
F l i g h t s 218 and 219; hot.rever , t h e 400 s e r i e s of b i o l o g i c a l experiments
1 a r e omitted because of t h e l a r g e volume requirements of t h e l i f e support
1 equipment f o r t h e animal su-bjects. These two k E S f l i g h t s a r e c u r r e n t l y

I programmed t o be consecuti.vc, t n t h one a.str0nau-t s t a y i n g a l o f t f o r a
i
1 f u l l 90-day period. This i n t e r i o r arrangement shows t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y
? of experiments can be performed i n a One-Compartment Laboratory with
i
only resupply of conswnables and crew being r e q u i r e d . The l o v e r por -
t i o n of t h i s compartment i s k e p t f r e e of s t r u c t u r e and equipment s o
t h a t a c e n t r i f u g e may b e l o c a t e d and operated t h e r e . The c e n t r i f u g e
i s supported from r i n g s l o c a t e d about t h e c e n t e r l i n e access opening and
i s s t a b i l i z e d by l ~ h e e l sthal; run i n a t r a c k a t t h e periphery of t h e
module. Power f o r c e n t r i f u g e o p e r a t i o n i s supplied t o t h e s e wheels
and c o n t r o l i s maintained by a crew rnenlber Located i n t h e c e n t e r of t h e
compartment.
AES F l i g h t 523 i s a l o w - a l t i t u d e , low-inclination f l i g h t of 45 days

d u r a t i o n ~ . r i t hF l i g h t s 229 and 230 a s resupply f l i g h t s . It i s p o s s i b l e
t o combine t h e s e experiments i n t o one f l i g h - t of a One-Compartment
Laboratory of t h e modular approach one or tsro resupply f l i g h t s f o r
c r e v and consumables, depending on t h e t o t a l d u r a t i o n d e s i r e d f o r some of
t h e continuous experiments. Figure 2-60 shows t h e i n t e r i o r arrangement
f o r t h i s One-Compartment La1,oratory incorporating t h e experiments of
F l i g h t s 523, 229 and 230.
- - -
2 . 2 Supplementary Experiment:; and Appl.ications
The p r i n c i p a l f e a t u r e s of i h c 405 pUten%ial space sta,tion experiments and

a p p l i c a t i o n s a r e summarized i n Appendix A of t h i s r e p o r t * m e principal.
SPACE-SUIT STCWAGE
\\
CENTRIFUGE GONDOLA -
I
SECTION 8 -D ii
----
PLA l\i
r OSCILLOSCOPE
TEL EVlSlON CAMERA
,-OTOLITH GOGGLES
b
SLIDING HATCH
j
\ PERSONNEL AIRLOCK
SECTION B"B
FIG, 2-59 O NE<ON\PAtlTt<

SCINTILLOh4ETL:R
REFRIGERATOR -CHEMICAL STORES

7 I
I
INCUBATOR --
\&+---A_,
1' % \ I /FLAME PHOTOMETER
--EQUIPMENT STORES
CUR:
SEALED MODELS FOR TESTING , , , ?
FRGPELLANT HANDLING '\ MICRO-CHEM CONS0

\
BODY FLUIDS ANALYZER
VlEW t;=-(ba
EQUIPMENT STOWAGE -
7 r OSCILLOSCOPE
\
M I RROR----"/-
-CO, COLLECTOR & REDUCTION UNITS /
WASH FACILITY-
SIGNAL h ULTRASONIC GtNERATORS
-MASS SPECTROMETER
SHOWER STALL
FLUID CONTAINER- (PLASTIC BAG)
CABIN ATMGSPH!
CAPILLARY TUBE ------- - -
-WATTMETER, TEMPERATLJRE & MONITOR & CONi
PRESSURE GAUGES
LOW PRESSURE GAS SUPPLY^ STOWAGE TE
LIQUID/GAS/SC
EOUIPMENT STOWAGE----
- EQUIPMENT STOWAGE
I
STEREOMIRRORS \-TELESCOPE STOIVAGE FOR FLUIDS
AT A NEAR CRITICAL STATE
VlEW 03-n)
FLAN V I E W
TELEVISION CAMERA 1 OTOLtTta
EXHAUST FAN 8 FILTER 7
r WASTE 6 COLLECTION
OUTLET h T REAR
FIRST AID CABINET
- EKG PREAMPS1
FOOD STORAGE
OSCILLOSCOPE -,
I
I
1
.
,I
I
I
GAS ANALYZER
4BI NE T ------,
RADIATION MONITORING PANEL
REENTRY SIMULATION
PITCH-ROLL-YAW INDICATOR
STOVJAGE BENEATH CONSOLES

ESSIBLE FROM BOTH SIDES)
CATHODE RAY TUBE
NAVIGATION-GUIDANCE B CONTROL PANEL
PUNCTURE REPAIR KIT

BlOMETRlC J I G --'
ORAL HYGIENE CABINET
SLIDING HATCH
-
VlEW
f
*
PERSONNEL A l RLOCK
(RETRAC~ED DURING LAUNCH)
VlEW b\-b8
FIG. 2-60 ONE-COMPARTMENT INDEPENDENT MBORATORY, WIT%

TELEVISI.ON CAMERA OTOLITH GOGGLES
4STE h COLLECTION
ITLET AT REAR
EKG PREAMPS1 ,---STRIP CHART RECORDER
,---UTENSIL STORAGE STOWAGE FOR LIQUID/GAS/S~LIDS

BEHAVIOR TESTS
OSCILLOSCOPE -7 1
\
/-OVEN
URINE ACCUMULATOR TANK &
PROCESSED FECAL S TOWAGE
GAS ANALYZER
RADIATION MONITORING PANEL
REENTRY SIMULATION
PITCH-ROLL-YAW INDICATOR TOILET
STOWAGE BENEATH CONSOLES

ESSIBLE FROM BOTH SIDES)
- SLIDING HATCH
VIEW 03-13
- PERSONNEL A I RLOCK
(RETRACTED DURING LAUNCH)
~ ~ ~ E < ~ M P A R T M EINDEPENDENT
NT LABORATORY, WITH AES EXPERIMENTS FOR FLIGHTS 523, 229, 230
18 18906
Section 2
purpose of t h e s e slrrnmaries i s t o serve a s a gu.ide t o t h e i n t e g r a t i o n

and design of t h e space s t a t i o n compartrfien-ts; ho'rever , certain generalized
conclusions can be drawn from'these analyses. Figwe 2-61 shows t h e
derived cumulative d i s t r i b u t i o n of t e s t equipment weight. The mean
weight per experiment i s 270 l b 90 percent of t h e experiments
r e q u i r i n g 225 l b or l e s s . Figure 2-62i s t h e volume requirement cumula-
t i v e function. The mean value i s 13 cu f t per experiment and 90 percent
of t h e experiments r e q u i r e l e s s than 7.5 cu f t each. The cumulative
d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r e l e c t r i c a l po.i;rer i s s i m i l a r l y presented i n F i g . 2-63.
The mean value i s 0 . 2 1 k i l o t 7 a t - t ~p e r experiment and 90 percent of t h e
experiments r e q u i r e 0.4 kilo-tratts per experiment o r l e s s . Finally,
Fig. 2-64 shows t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of manhours per experiment. The mean
requirement i s 783 man-hours per experiment with 80 percent of t h e
experiments having t h i s value o r l e s s . Although t h e It05 experiments
and a p p l i c a t i o n s t h a t a r e swmarized c o n s t i t u t e a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e group of
space s t a t i o n a p p l i c a t i o n s , it i s u n r e a l i s t i c t o make use of t h ? meal1
values s i n c e t h e d e l e t i o n of s e v e r a l experiments o r t h e change i n time
d u r a t i o n of experiments would m a t e r i a l l y a:ffect t h e mean values.
Before e n t e r i n g i n t o t h e d e t a i l e d i n t e r i o r design of t h e labora,tory com-

partments, s e v e r a l preliminary i n v e s t i g a t i o n s ?$ere r e q u i r e d . First a
cresr d i s t r i b u t i o n model >Tas e s t a b l i s h e d f o r t h e Interim Space S t a t i o n .
This d i s t r i b u t i o n was necessary t o provide adequate sleeping and e a t i n g
f a c i l i t i e s i n t h e crew q u a r t e r s and proper d i s t r i b u t i o n of pressure s u i t s
throughout t h e v a r i ous compartments . An examinat ion ~ r a sa l s o made of
f l o o r p a t t e r n s f o r equipment i n s t a l l a t i o n s t h a t trould y i e l d a maximum
equipment d e n s i t y while r e t a i n i n g 30-inch a i s l e s and >i0rk spaces. Fig-
ure 2-65 shows t h e conventional annular a i s l e . With .the depth of t h e
outer r i n g of equ.ipment lirnited t o 20 inches so t h a t t h e volume l o s t i n
providing swing-ou't access t o t h e w a J l i s not excessive, t h i s arrange-
ment can p o t e n t i a l - l y use 55 percent of t h e f l o o r a r e a f o r equiprneilt
installation. The "H" p a t t e r n shown i n Fig. 2-56 loca,Les major equip-
ment on t h e a x i s normal t o t h e s i d e p o r t s and i n c r e a s e s t h e f l o o r a r e a
100
90
80
70
60
50
-
MEAN VALUE 270 lb per experiment
40
TOTAL WEIGHT: 109,000 Ib
WEIGHT OF EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT

bounds per experiment)
FIG. 2-61 CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF WEIGHT FOR EXPERIMENTAL

EQUIPMENT
LR 18905
Section 2
TOTAL ELECTRICAL POWER: 85.73 k w
ELECTRICAL POWER REQUIREMENTS

( kw p e r experiment)
FIG. 2-63 CUN\ULATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICAL POWER

REQUIREMENTS FOR EXPERIMENTAL EQUl PMENT
M E A N VALUE: 703 MAN-HOURS PER EXPERIMENT
TOTAL MAN-HOURS: 317,000
MAN-HOURS PER EXPERIMENT
FIG. 2-64 CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF EXPERIMENT MAN-HOUR

REQUIREMENTS
LOCKHEED 135
FIG. 2-65 WORK AREA CONFIGURATION WITH A N ANNU CAR AISLE
FIG. 2-66 WORK AREA CONFIGURATION WITH A N "H" AISLE

LR 18906
< iej Section 2
3
t o 66 percent f o r equipment install.ation. lilzis 11-configwation f u r t h e r

allows a vertica.1 veb across t h e c e n t e r of t h e l a b o r a t o r y sihich can be
used a s a launch load support member f o r t h e i n s t a l l e d equi-pment; a
preliminary exa~ninatioi?of equipment placement i n d i c a t e s a higher po-
t e n t i a l f o r r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n by t h i s equipment arrangement.
Compartment i n t e r i o r arrangements a r e presented f o r each of t h e s i x

compartments of t h e Interim Modular l h l t i p u r p o s e Space S t a t i o n . Ti?is
coinpartment a l l o c a t i o n i s shown schematically i n Fig. 2-67. The i n t e r i o r
designs f o r t h e o b s e r ~ a ~ t o r yp,h y s i c a l sciences laboratory, biomedical
1
1 laboratory, and c o n t r o l compartment a r e shorn i n F i g s . 2-68 through
2-71. 'I'hese 1abors.tory arrangements t a k e maximmi a.dvantage of equip-
ment commonality and sir:lil-arity of crew s k i l l s r e q u i r e d f o r performance
of t h e experiments, A swnmary of t h e nurnber of experiments i n each corn-
par-trent along with ~ r e i g l i t sand volumes i s shoxam i n Table 2-29.
2 * 3 DEmL0nJLF:NT PLANS
The development plan f o r t h e Modular Multipurpose Space S t a t i o n includes
schedul.es with p r i n c i p a l milestones and program c o s t s i n t h e NASA suggested
format f o r each space s t a t i o n configuration. Other development planning
items such a s manufactu-ing, f a c i l i t i e s , and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a r e g e n e r a l l y
similar t o those covered i n other DASA s t u d i e s and a r e not repeated i n
t h i s conceptual study.
l?le q u a n t i t y requirements of each configuration can be estinlated only a f t e r

an approved mission t a s k model i s produced and analyzed. As a r e s u l t , t h e
schedules and c o s t estimates a r e based on t h e development of one f l i g h t
a r t i c l e i n each configuration. Wherever possible, maximum advantage i s
taken of t h e nlodular or s e q u e n t i a l growth; consequently, t h e developinent
and t e s t schedules and c o s t s a r e sharply reduced f o r t h e l a t e r configurra-
--- -
e n t and t e s t i s ac~onip
Two-Compartment Independent Laboratory, and. t h i s e f f o r t i s r e f l e c t e d i n
@a both t h e schedule and t h e development c o s t s .
Q
STABLE PLATFORK
r FREE BODY AND LASER POD CHECKOUT
SPOTTING TELESCOPE ELECTRONICS

FREE BODY TEST UNIT STORAGE
STEREO F l L M
FILM PROCESSING SUPPLIES
VIEWER
7
3
FILM MAGNIFIER-
AND VIEWER
IR SCANNER
HIGH RESOLUTION TELESCOPE
4
OTTING TELESCOPE
- /
-
FILM STORAGE
FRFLE BODY U ~ I TAND LASER POD

C
r
CHECKOJT AREA
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT
STOWAGE LASER COMMUNlCATlON POD
--PCCESS TUaE
- FILM PROCESSOR COMMUNICATION TEST C :*
TWIN CAME26
VIEW B-B
HIGH RESOLU TlON TELESCOPE
T
,
SCINTILLATION :
DETECTOR COOLING UNIT?
STORAGE
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
LASER COhlMUNICATION
ELECTRONICS
?-E FLATFORM TESTS
STORAGE FOR GYROS,

ACCELLEROMETERS ETC.
FILM PROCESSING AND SUPPLlES
AUXILIARY DATA
FREE. BODY TEST UNIT STOWAGE
FILM STORAGE
SPACE SUIT STOWAGI
Fl9E EXTINGUISHER
SPOTTING TELESCOPE TAPE STORAGE

COMPUTER AND TAPE RECORDE?
RADICMETER ELECTRONICS -
OCTAVE BANDWIDTH RADIO RECE VEp

FREE BODY TEST UNIT
ICATlON TEST ANTENNAE
EXTENDABLE PROBE
TWIN CAMERA TELESCOPE V
EXTERNAL HATCH
a MAGNETOMETER SENSOR
SCINTILLATIOI\I COUQTER
SPECTRUM AN4LYZER
/"- FlLM hlAGNlFlER AND VIEWER
FREE BODY TEST CNlT RECEIVER

HORIZON SCAhINER ELECTRONICS
NAVIGATION BEACON
ELECT-RONICS
STAR TRACKER ELECTRONICS
SPECTROMETER RADIO ASTRONOPdY ELECTRONICS

ELECTRONICS
MAGNETIC SENSOR ELECTFiONiCS
SUN SENSOR ELECTRONICS
INERTIAL COMPONENT ELECTRONICS
STEREO FlLhl VIEWER
STABLE PLATFORM FOR TEST EQUIPME
SSE3 FlLM STORAGE
ID TAPE RECORDE IR SCANNER ELECTRONICS AND FlLhl MAGAZINE
METER ELECTRONICS
VlDTH RADIO RECEIVERS

POWER SUPPLIES
[ 'R
/-
SPOTTtIdG TELESC9PE
-----
EXTERNAL HATCH
EXTENJABLE PROBE
FIG, 2-68 II\dTERIOR ARRANGEMENT - OBSf KVATORY

LR 1896
Section 2
SECTION D-D
r E X P E R l M E N T A L EXTRAVEHICULAR HARD SUIT
!
SHAPED CHARGE ART1 FlCAL METEOROID

FILM 8 CHART STORES
PROTECTION d U k ----
D
RACK SIZED FOR TAPE DECK

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
NORMALLY H O L D S PORT
REFERENCE LIBRARY
CLOSE UP CAMERA
HELMHOLTZ COILS STOWED
. PRESS
PORT 4 CHANNEL PC5
VER SUPPLY -- ROTATING TAELE,r'i

8 INSTRUlAtNTk7f
>OWER TOOL ---
REENTRY MODEL
PRESSURIZING E PROPULSION PACK(2)
COATING MATERIALS EXPANDABLE STRUCTURE^

SECTION C-C
EMISSION BASE r E X P E R l M E N T A L EXTRAVEHICULAR HARD SUIl
I
BACK PACK(2)
,, i i L ~ STRUCTURE ---1 1
RACK SIZED FOR TAPE DECK

NORMALLY HOLDS PORT
REFERENCE LIBRARY
/PORT. 4 CHANNEL RECORDER
ROTATING TABLE/WITH TANKS

(LINSTEUMENTAT 1014STOWED
PROPULSION PACK(2)
EXPANDABLE STRUCTURE
1- UMBILICAL
SECTION C-C
SHADOWGRAPH EQUIP,
ATIONARY PART OF PALLET R A l L I S
FARADAY CUPS. & MAC.
S T A L L E D A F T E R AIRLOCK DEPLOYMENT GOLD T R A P -
1
'GRAPH EQUIP.,CONCENTRIC SPHERES
Y CUPS. R MAGNETOMETERS
PECT ROGRAPH
ARC WELDER POVI'ER SUPPLY
THERMOCOUPLESIGNALCONDITIONER
7\ .
-FILM 8. CAMERAS 'I\
CAMERA/CLOSE FOCUS
TELEPHOTO OPTICS -,
SHIELDING T EST KIT b PHOTO DET ECTORS
MANUAL AUTOCOLLIMATO
GAS TRANStvIISSION APPARATU

I1
I
ST RAIN GAGE SIGNAL CONDlTlONE R
CHART RECORDER ----
THERMAL TEST CHAMBER
EST SPEC1IVI EN SAT ELL1T E
PORT PRESS GAGE
PORT.TEMP INDICATOR
COATING b POLISHING MATERIALS
STORAGE OF TEST MATE RIALS
FUEL TRANSFER 7
-ION ENGINE INST RUME N T N ION
IERSUPPLI ES
SFCTION B-B
LR 18906
Section 2
TY PlCAL MINOR EQUIPMENT

MOUNTED OM WEB OR BENCH
TER . 7
4RAPH 30 INCH WIDE WORK AlSL ES
SPECTROCOLORIMETER
/ SLIDING DOOR TO SAMPLE

ANALYSIS CHAMBER
-----MASS SPECTROMETER
\GAS ANALYZER
EQUIP MOUNT IMG WEB
FUEL TEST AND STORAGE CHAMBER

P
' LUG IN WAIST SUPPORT
T Y PlCAL AT BENCHES
TESTS INSTRUM ENTATION
FIG, 2-69 INTER1OR ARRANGEMENT - PHYSICAL SCIENCES LABCJRAPOKY

BALLISTOCARDIOGRAM DR lV E
\ \., TABLE CONFi
r PHYSICIAN'S NOMINAL \
\
L I F T SERVO-
PITCH S E R V O -
YAW S E R V ~ -
ROLL S E R V O
C L I N I C A L STORES- 1
BARBITUPTES VAULT-/
POSITION LOCK RELEASE
ROLL UP BELT
F I L M HOLDER /
N I A N 3 NOM N A L
DUTY STATION MICROCHGANISM COLLECTOR i
SECTION B SECTION AI?

PRESS GAGES' MASS SPEC^ p
-
AN V I E W
r T I S S U E CULTURE CONTAINERS
CALBIOMETERT
PLE CONTAINERS?
CELL C O U N T E R - \ FLOUR B E E T L E GROWTH CHAMBER
<R APPARATUS
1DETECTOR- rM EDICAL
\ "
\
ELECTROPHORESIS SET
\..
',
~
CHEMICALS STORES L'
HOOD COlLlPT
COVERED F L A M E
PHOTOM E l E R
1-REF
IELDED
BIOMED DATA SYST
OSCILLOSCOPE ----
MICRO -ANALYTICAL SET
4 CHANNEL RECORDER -
SPECT ROMETE R
/ f5"OSCILLOSCOPE - R E S P I R A T I O N PATTERN ANALYZ".
S E C T I O N C-C
LABORATORY A R E A
f4EDICAL MONITOR SYS.
T AUTOMATED V I S U A L T E S T DEVICE
\ \ EKG GROUP OSCILLOSCOPE
\
\ -EKG GROUP P R E A M P S
\
*
',
\, 'i
\.,
, , \
/-- S A F E FOR RADIOACT IVE

MATERIAL
ERGOMET
OXYGEN ANALYZER
I
?N A N A L Y Z E R ]
SECTION D - D
PHYSICAL- EXAM A R E A
FIG, 2-70 I NTEKIOR ARRANGEMENT -- EjIOMEDlCA I- LABBRATOKY

r PERIPHERAL ViSIOB DETECTION LIGHTS
MAGNET lC FLUX MEASUREIx4E NTS r INTERNAL PROJECTOR h SCREER
SPECTRUM
RECEIVER
CO-AXIAL
T R A I N I N SIMUUTOW -
RECORDER CUE ABSY RACTION COLOR DlSGWIMl NATOR
D-D
MISCELLANEOUS STORAGE II
GENERATOR
PSYCWOLOGlCAL TESTING
MICROWAVE A N T E N N A
/"-
'T SPACE SUIT STOWAGE
CLOSED CIRCUIT T V
VIEW A - A
LR 18906
Section 2
RADIATION M O N l f ORIFdCi
I
WARN1 NG LIGHTS METEOROID HAZARD PANEL
7
VIEW B-B
FIG. 2-71 INTERIOR ARRANGEMENT - CONTROL COMPARTMENT

TABLE 2-29
S 7 W Y OF EXPERIT4EFTT ALLOCATION TO II\SDIVIDUAL CObPART,KENTS
EXPERIPmTT M AD
nr
E,XFERILWNT EXPERIMENT OPERAT I OIlfYL*
NUMBER EQiJIPiWT EQIJI?NFNT E QUIPFENT PERCEIW COF~!?~~X~~TYEI~T
OF TfldIGEE'I' VOLUME VOLUME VOL-LVE
EDERII4ENTS (a) (CU ft) (CU ft) UTILIZED
14 2730 205.6 659.0 5L. o

77 6370 50r**8 519 5 43.0
83 7609 512.2 653 0 53.5
123 1523 149.7 1 504.0 41.0
33- 2880 122.7 1 474.0 39.0
b
TOTAL
-5
133
100
21,212
6*5
1501.5
I 383-5
3193.0
31.0
-
43.6 k ~ e r a g e'
-EOperational equipment i s t h a t required f o r operation of t h e s t a t i o n and maintenance of i t s ex:-:.

LR 18906
Section 2
2.3.1 Schedules
The development schedules a r e based on a nominal launch schedule suggested

by t h e Manned Spacecraft Center. These launch d a t e s a r e :
One-Compaxtment Dependent Laboratory 1970-71

Two-Compartment Lab o r a t o r y 1972-73
Interim Space S t a t i o n 1974
Operational Space S t a t i o n 1976-80
This launch schedule r e q u i r e s some overlap between t h e f l i g h t of each

v e h i c l e and t h e development of each succeeding configuration; however, t h e
schedule o v e r l a p i s never s e r i o u s enough t o preclude t h e incorporation of
design improvements r e s u l t i n g from f l i g h t experience. The o v e r a l l develop-
ment schedule f o r t h e Modular Space S t a t i o n family and i t s r e l a , t i o n s h i p
t o t h e Apollo Extension System i s shown i n Fig. 2-72. Each of t h e four
i n d i v i d u a l v e h i c l e schedules i s presented i n g r e a t e r d e t a i l and t h e sub-
systems and development a r t i c l e s a r e described i n Section 6.1 of t h i s
r epou t .
2.3.2 Cost Analysis
The space systems analyzed f o r c o s t purposes a r e t h e Apollo with a One-

Compartment Dependent Laboratory, t h e Apollo with a Two-Compartment Inde-
pendent Laboratory, t h e Interim Space S t a t i o n and t h e Operational Space
Station.
The b a s i c c o s t assumptions f o r t h e s e systems a r e :
e The development and operation of t h e various space s t a t i o n s i s a

continuous e f f o r t and each succeeding space s t a t i o n i s dependent
upon t h e development and operation of t h e preceding one
e There i s only one o p e r a t i o n a l s t a t i o n f o r each configuration
aa , T h e r e a r e no v e h i c l e s a l l o c a t e d f o r unmanned f l i g h t t e s t
e All c o s t s a r e i n c u r r e n t 1965 d o l l a r s -
e Costs a r e only those a s s o c i a t e d with t h e space s t a t i o n s and do

not include t h e l o g i s t i c s s p a c e c r a f t or t h e i r a s s o c i a t e d c o s t s .
The exceptions a r e those s t a t i o n s launched w i t h t h e Apollo Command
and Service Kodules, which n e c e s s a r i l y include t h e Apo1l.o a s a
l o g i s t i c spacecraft.
FIG. 2-72 SUMMARY DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULE FOR THE MODULAR
MULTIPURPOSE SPACE STATION
X'orrnally, t h e l a b o r a t o r y equipment. -c.~ouldbe iiicluded a s a subsystem, b u t
f o r t h i s study i t i s not included because t h e f i n a l mission t a s k model
has not y e t been defined.
The sources of c o s t information f o r t h l s study a r e vendors and p o s s i b l e

subcontractors, published h i s t o r i c a l costs, EASA c o s t data, in-house e x p e r i -
ence d a t a and other r e l a t e d s o u r c e s . Cost d a t a f o r t h e Modula4r Multipurpose
Space S t a t i o n program i s presented for each of four space s t a t i o n con-
f i g u r a t i o n s a t t h e l e v e l s of development, t e s t and evaluation,
manufacturing, o p e r a t i o n a l costs, and program management c o s t s .
Cost breakdowns f o r t h e various s t a t i o n s , by subsystem and Rrnctional

c o s t ca.tegory f o r DT&E and f a b r i c a t i o n , a r e shown i n Tables 2-30 through
2-33
The o p e r a t i o n a l c o s t s include a l l of t h e c o s t s t h a t a r e necessary t o launch,

operate, and maintain t h e systern over a s p e c i f i e d period of time, excluding
t h e space v e h i c l e manufacturing c o s t s . The Apollo Command and Service
Modules with t h e adapter a r e included i n t h e o p e r a t i o n a l c o s t s . The c o s t
of t h e s e items i s derived from published h i s t o r i c a l data, and a percent
f a c t o r i s included f o r prime c o n t r a c t o r c o n t r i b u t i o n t*o t h e mod-ification
and a d a p t a t i o n t o t h e space s t a t i o n a p p l i c a t i o n . n i e Apollo c o s t s a r e
a s s o c i a t e d with t h e One-Conlpartment and Two-Compartment Laboratories and
amount t o $25.4 m l l l i o n f o r each v e h i c l e .
The f a c i l i t y c o s t s included i n t h i s r e p o r t a r e those c o s t s stemming from

manufac-turing, t e s t i n g , assembly, and launch pad modification.
It i s assumed t h a t t h e f a c i l i t i e s a t Complex 39 w i l l be operable and

a v a i l a b l e f o r use on t h i s p r o j e c t . I f o p e r a t i o n a l schedules do not permit
t h e use of t h e V e r t i c a l Assembly Building, a new f a c i l i t y t r i l l be r e q u i r e d
f o r assemblin t h e space s t a t i o n t o t h e launch v e h i c l e and f o r
-
other associa s; t h e s e new f a c i l i t y c o s t s f o r t h e Kennedy Space

Center which a r e estimated a t $15 million, excluding la,nd value and s i t e
development, a r e not included i n t h e c o s t of t h i s program. It i s assumed
a l s o t h a t t h e envj.ronmenta1 t e s t f a c i l i t y a t t h e Manned Spacecraft Center
SJI: 18906
Section 2
~218936
Section 6
LR 1.896
Section 2
LR 18906
Section 2
% r i l l be availablle f o r t e s t i n g purposes. Asse~nbl-yand t r r i n i ~f a c i l i t i e s

c o s t s a t YSC a r e not included s i n c e the requirements a r e not defined a t
t h i s time. It can be assunled s a f e l y t h a t t h e nexr f a c i l i t i e s ~ j i l be
l
s i ~ n i l a rt o t h o s e r e q u i r e & a-t t h e Kennedy Space Center, z.rlii.ch a r e i n t h e
c o s t range of $10 m i l l i o n t o $15 million.
%he launch v e h i c l e f o r t h e 0ne-j and Six-Compartment S t a t i o n s i n 1017
e a r t h o r b i t s i s t h e Saturn IB ~ o n f i g u r a t ~ i o n .The launch v e h i c l e PI-oposed

f o r t h e Operational Space S t a t i o n i s t h e two stage, e a r t h - o r b i t configura-
t i o n of t h e Satmw V. The c o s t of t h e Sa,turn IB i s estimated a t $34 m i l -
l i o n , and t h e c o s t of t h e Saturn V i s estimated a t $100 million, i n c l u d i n g
launch s e r v i c e s .
The o p e r a t i o n s c o s t category includes a s t r o n a u t t r a i n i n g , .-pay and a l l o ~ a , n c e s ,

space s t a t i o n maintenance, and a miscellaneous item which covers p r q e l -
l a n t s , stocks, space s t a t i o n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , e t c , The operations c o s t s
a r e summwized i n Table 2-31+ f o r each of t h e f o w space s t a t i o n
configurations,
j The program management c o s t category includes only t h e o v e r a l l program

l e v e l ; c o s t f o r program supervision a t the subsystem l e v e l a r e included i n
i
1
t h e i n d i v i d u a l subsystem c o s t s . Costs have n o t been included. f o r t h e NASA

3
3 program management because much of t h e c o s t impact h e r e i s a d i r e c t f u n c t i o n
3
\ of t h e NASA p o l i c y and t h e r e l a t e d d e c i s i o n making. The costs, i n m i l l i o n

i of d o l l a r s , f o r t h e program management element w e :
$-- One-Compartment Taboratory $ 15.80
L Two-Compartment Laboratory
$ 43.2-7
Interim Station $ 36.40
Operational Stadtion $ 63.50
A summary of t h e t o t a l c o s t s of ea,ch of t h e modular concept space s t a t i o n s
i s shotm i n Table 2-35. The funding schedule t h a t i s a s s o c i a t e d trith t h e
space sta,tions and with t h e developmen-t schedule i s shotm i n Fig. 2-73.
The modular program c o n s i s t s of a sequ.entia1 development from t h e One-

Compartment Dependent Laboratory t o t h e Operational l u l t i p u r p o s e Space
Section 2
LOCKHEED
cAL,cr?,<,',A CC,,'. a,."
eu m
m
TABLE 2-35
I MODULAR MULTIPURPOSE SPACE STATION COST SUMMARY
I
ga ill ions of Dollars)
iI One-Corn-
partment
Two-Com-
partment
Interim
Station
Operational
Station
rn&E
Subsystem Level I
Design & Development
I 57.34
251.52 95 05 151.29
Tests c j 12.47 61.13 65-91 76.81
Test Hardware
%i
47.65 111.30 148.19 232.69
. Space Station Level ,
Design Studies & System Analysis 12.90 13.40 19-70 51.00
Integrated Systems Test 13.80 35 40 47.50 75-00
Tooling (2.00) (2.58) (5-11) (8.22)
GSE I 46.00 120.00 90.00 92.00
Total DT&E igX 592-75 ==35 Vm.3
MANUFACTURING
P
u
w
Fabrication 10.13 23-13 45.80 127.49
Quality 'control (3.38) (10.22) (8.73) (11.34)
Spares 1.22 2.88 . 5-50 15 30
Total MANUF'ACTURING 11.35 263i 51-30 f-42.79.
OPEFATIONAL
APOLli3 ELIADAPTER 25.40 25.40 0 0
Facilities
I
-- 10.00 36-50 --
Launch Vehicle & ~aunchServices 34.00 34.00 34.00 100.00
Operations I 2.82 9.40 58-45 234.69
Total OPERATI'ONAL I l 62.22 rn 128.95 334.69
PROGRAM MANAGEME3VT
PG
NASA * * * * 0
dP
Contractor
I Total Program'Cost
1
1
15.80
279.53
43.27
740.83
36.40
683.00
63.50
1,219.77
&gm
I 1 (U
q o be determined by the NASA
d
Numbers in parentheses are non-add items.
l
I
1 I
p o i n t i n t h e program. An a l t e r n a t i v e approach ~ ~ r o u lbe
d t o develop each of
t h e space s t a t i o n s independently ~qi-thou*advantage being taken of t h e
growth c a p a b i l i t y t\rlGch i s i n h e r e n t i n t h e modular approa-ch. To compare
t h e two development approaches from a c o s t standpoint;, c o s t s were developed
f o r a MORL-type s t a t i o n and for e LORL-type s t a t i o n using t h e same c o s t
model a s i s used f o r costing t h e modular concept. For t h e comparison, it
. , was assumed t h a t t h e One-and Two-Conipartment Laboratories would have
identica.1 c o s t s r e g a r d l e s s of t h e method of approach but t h a t t h e I n t e r i m
and Operational S t a t i o n s would d i f f e r i n c o s t . T o t a l program c o s t s a r e
shown i n Table 2-36 f o r both t h e s e q u e n t i a l development and t h e independent
approaches. The r e s u l t s of t h i s comparjson show t h a t , .r.rith t h e s e l e c t i o n
of t h e modular approach, it i s p o s s i b l e t o o b t a i n a p o t e n t i a l cumulative
saving of adbout 40 percent.
2.4 CONCLUSIONS A?SQ HECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions resul-ting from the p r e s e n t study and recommendations f o r
13k2 f u t u r e a c t i v i t i e s =e presented i n t h e following paragraphs.
2.4.1 Study Conclusi ons

fi
k
g F e a s i b i l i t y of t h e modular concept has been demonstrated by a p r a c t i c a , l
design of t h e modulax s t r u c t u r a l b u i l d i n g blocks and by t h e s e q u e n t i a l
f3 growth p a t t e r n of t h e on-board subsystems.
&J
a
e Weight pena,lties a r e involved i n t h e modular approach, b u t i n

view of t h e a v a i l a b l e launch v e h i c l e c a p a b i l i t i e s , t h e s e
p e n a l t i e s axe minimal.
e The modular approach f a c i l i t a t e s program c o n t r o l and allows
f l e x i b i l i t y of funding. Even though s p e c i f i c subsystem designs
have been created f o r each of t h e modular c o n f i g w a t i o n s , t h e
growth p a t t e r n inherent i n t h e subsystem p l a n i s such t h a t new
8 developments Iflay be incorpora.ted a t practica1l.y any time i n t h e

program and tihere new developments a r e scheduled, o l d e r and
proven equipment can be s u b s t i i u t e d . F l e x i b i l i t y of funding can
be achieved tlwough program s t r e t c h - o u t from t h e t e n t a t i v e develop-
@! ment schedule t h a t has been shotm in t h i s r e p o r t ,
@
s Cost and d e v e l o p ~ ~ e nspans
t can be substantial1.y reduced through
t h e use of s.ta,ndardized components and modular b u i l d i n g hloclcs,
thereby minimizing development requirements.
Section 2
% -- .
LR .i8906
Section 2
e Overall system r e l i a b i l i t y i s improved t h r o u g h t h e use of

demonstrated hardware. The sequenti a 1 development of t h e labora-
t o r y vehicles provides a near-perfect t e s t bed f o r new hardware;
consequently, when new hardware i s t o be incorporated i n a design,
. it w i l l have been t e s t e d i n a previous laboratory vehicle. For
example, components of an oxygen regeneration subsystem could
conceivably be flight-proven on one of t h e AES missions.
Technical r i s k i s reduced by the sequential growth approach.
e The modular approach can be used t o enhance t h e capability of the
AES program and would allow the AES program t o evolve i n t o a
sequence of space s t a t i o n s .
I '. 2.4.2 Recommendations f o r Future A c t i v i t i e s
The modular approach t o space s t a t i o n development, being a r e l a t i v e l y
recent concept, could benefit from additional study i n depth i n p a r t i c u l a r
areas which have been i d e n t i f i e d i n the course of the study. Discussions
of these areas follow,
Modular Design vs Point Design Program Planning. Savings i n

both d o l l a r s and engineering development time are indicated f o r
t h e modular approach when compared t o t h e indiwidual point design
of t h e space s t a t i o n configurations t h a t have been considered.
The magnitude of estimated costs and savings can be refined through
a d a i t i o n a l cost and program development studies. Cost estimates
of t h e necessary o r b i t a l l o g i s t i c s would' be appropriate t o both
t h e modular approach and point design.
One-and Two-Compartment Laboratory Detail Design. Depicted i n
.
sections of t h e report a r e individual compartment layouts and
designs f o r the Interim Modular Multipurpose Space Station.
Detailed designs of the One Compartment Apollo Dependent Labora-
tory f o r t h e AES missions and comparison of these designs with
other mission approaches would b e t t e r define t h e most cost e f f e c t i v e
approach. I n principal, the Two Compartment Independent Laboratory
can be configured by combining a laborakory compartment and a
subsystems compartment; further design e f f o r t based on r e a l i s t i c .
subsystem and experiment equipment would permit a b e t t e r assessment

of the capability of t h i s configuration.
'Ilhermal Radiation Analyses. The thermal radiation environment
__ - _._ v a r i e s widely f o r the special orb.it missions, i.e., t h e synchronous -
and polar orbits, and for changes of spacecraft orientation. These

- . _ - _ variations y e estimated from i h e low-inclination, low-altitude - -
I . . . - . . . .
s o l a r orientation analyses of t h i s study; however, detailed thermal
analysis would add substantially t o the understanding of the
modular concept. Other special missions, such as lunar o r b i t s and
m a i m u r n e a r t h - e l l i p t i c orbits, should a l s o be considered.
I
LOCKHEED
~ 9 118906
Section 2
e Subsystem Modularizat ion

---------- -- . The o r i g i n a l design go3,3 of u t i l i z i n g
subsystems oi' nine-inan c a p a c i t y a t reduced l e v e l s on smaller
c o n f i g u r a t i o n s i s shown t o involve son~e~ r e i g h tpenal.l,ies, Addi-
t i o n a l a n a l y s i s of t h e degree of subsystem modularization
obt8inable should r e s u l t i n signified improvement i n t h e o v e r a l l
design concept f o r t h e modular space s t a i i o r l confi@rations. This
e f f o r t should apply i n p a r t i c u l a - t o t h e environmental c o n t r o l s~nd
e l e c t r i c a l power subsystems.
e R
-- a d i a t i o n P r o t e c t i o n Requirements. Wide v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e ra,dia-
t j o n p r o t e c t i o n r e q u i r e ~ n e n t shave occurred i n t h e v a r i o u s space
s t a t i o n s t u d j e s , The underlying causes f o r t h e s e v a z i a t i o n s a r e
d i f f e r e n c e s i n a l l o ~ r a b l er a d i a t i o n doses, d i f f e r e n c e s i n radia,tion
environment models, and tlie genera.1 l a c k of d e t a i l e d knowledge of
t h e near - e a r t h r a d i a t i o n envirom~ient, A comprehensive study,
c a r r i e d o u t j o i n t l y by t h e EJASA and various c o n t r a c t o r s , 5 s
secomrr,ended t o c l a r i f y t h e r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n requirements and
t o s e r v e a s a @ride f o r f u t u r e r a d i a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n i n v e s t i g a t i o n s .
@ u a c e S a ti n O p n a t i o n The advantages of PI-ogrm
f l e x i b i l i t y , lotr t o t a l c o s t , reduced t e c h n i c a l r i s k and enhanced
- 7
r e l i a b i l i t y of t h e Modula,r Space S t a t i o n concept should be expl.oited

by a more d e t a i l e d study of t h e s e q u e n t i a l e v o l u t i o n process. The
study should involve design d e t a i l , supported .by subsystem s t u d i e s ,
with a, goal of opt5xiizing each ~nodulnr component toimrd the space
systems t h a t w i l l be r e q u i r e d i n t h e 1975 t o 1985 time period, but
y e t r e t a i n i n g t h e ca,pability of e a r l y space o p e r a t i o n s .

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MODULAR MULTIPURPOSE SPACE STATION STUDY

3 2.4 CONCLUSIONS AND Rl3COMMENDATIONS 161

Growth P o t e n t i a l f o r t h e 183-1nch Diameter Modular

9 2-26 E l e c t r o d i a l y s i s Water Reclamation Schornatic 67

F u n c t i o n a l Diagram, Guidance and Control Subsystem -

2-43 o r b i t I n j e c t i o n Subsystem Schematic Diagram, Operational

Operational Station 7.10

2-31. Two-Compartment Independent L a b o r a t o r y - Cost

2-33 O p e r a t i o n a l Modular Multipurpose Space S t a t i o n -

\, This report presents t h e r e s u l t s of a conceptual design study of a

The i n i t i a l object;ives of t h e study were contained i n eight tasks, t h e

Four d i s t i n c t configurations we're evolved from a basic single-compartment

which is compatible with the i n t e r i o r of t h e Lunar Excursion Module (LEM)

t h e Apollo w i t h t h e crew i n t h e Command Module. The t h i r d , o r I n t e r i m

c o n f i g u r a t i o n >rould be achieved by t h e use of t h r e e of t h e I n t e r i m Space

I n t h e a r e a of Space S t a t i o n Experiments and U t i l i z a t i o n , a t o t a l of 405

The designs r e s u l t i n g from t h i s study a r e based on a "building block"

Every attempt was made.within t h e study t o prevent d u p l i c a t i o n of t h e

Early i n t h i s study, and a t a p p r o p r i a t e p o i n t s t h e r e a f t e r , c e r t a i n guide-

i4 d i t i o n a l c o n s t r a i n t s were imposed by t h e r e s u l t s of concurrent s t u d i e s

e A l l c o n f i g u r a t i o n s of t h e Modular Multipurpose Space S t a t i o n

s The meteoroid environment model i s t o be t h a t s p e c i f i e d i n MSC

e I k s i g n s f o r docking operations a r e t o be based on 10 degrees

ONE c o r n . moC O - W ~ M E N TLABCRATORIES

To f a c i l i t a t e i t s use and d i s t r i b u t i o n , t h i s r e p o r t i s presented i n

Preliminary s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e modular concept and i t s evolutionary

Section 5 i s concerned w i t h t h e experiments and a p p l i c a t i o n s of t h e

3 i s concerned w i t h a broad spectrum of space s t a t i o n experiments and

B i n t o s p e c i f i c compartments, and t h e i n t e r f a c e requirements between ex-

2.1 MODULAR SPACE STATION CONCEPT

The Modular Multipurpose Space S t a t i o n program g o a l i s envisioned a s

n~i.ssionswere considered i n t h i s s t y and

The s i x missions tha.t were considered a s a p a r t of t h i s s t u d y were t h e

The launch c o n f i g u r a t i o n s o f t h e space s t a t i o n s a r e shown i n Fig. 2-1.

The k a s i c modu-lar s t r u c t u r a l elements a r e i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 2 . The

SECOND STAGE ABORT

S-IB STAGE SEPARATION

CM HEAT LHlELD JETTISONED

FIG. 2-2 MlSSiQN PROFILE, ONE-COMPARTMENT MBORATORY

$0 N.M. PARKING ORBIT

MOaULE DEPLOYMENT OPERATIONAL

a r e provided i n each bulkhead assembly and a t d i a m e t r i c a l l y opposed

Two d i f f e r e n t compartment diameters were considered i n t h e study: the

2.1.1.1 S t r u c t u r a l & s i g n Requirements

The f a c t o r of s a f e t y f o r a l l prirnary s t r u c t u r e , except p r e s s u r e v e s s e l s ,

Design docking loads a r e based on t h e following docking parameters:

R e l a t i v e Axial Velocity, 2 f'ps

The w a l l s t r u c t u r e of t h e modules i s designed such t h a t t h e r e

r a t i o i s t o be 1 . 0 f o r a l l shower p a r t i c l e s of mass l e s s than grams.

To maintain an acceptable l e n g t h of crack without propagation i n t h e

To account f o r dynamic e f f e c t s during launch, t h e e x i t f l i g h t loads

After re~novalof t h e gantry and during f l i g h t through t h e atmosphere,

The recommended i n t e g r a l beam f l o o r d e s i g n i s s h o ~ mi n F i g . 2-10, One

meteoroid s h i e l d and 24 l a y e r s of aluminized mylar i n s u l a t i o n through a

Trade-off s t u d i e s were made a l s o of t h r e e nlethods of s u p p o r t i n g t h e One

FIG. 2-10 ONE-COMPARPMlENT MBOWTBRY ASSEMBLY, BEAM FLOOR

.020 MET tOROl D