‫‪áaô©ŸG ™ªà› ƒëf‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻳﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺻـﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻟـﺚ ﻋﺸـﺮ‬

‫‪ô```≤`Ø`dG á`ë``aÉ``µ`e‬‬
 ,IOÉÑY ¬Ñ∏Wh ,á«°ûN ˆ ¬ª∏©J ¿EÉa º∏©dG Gƒª∏©J{
,ábó°U ¬ª∏©j ’ øe ¬ª«∏©Jh ,OÉ¡L ¬æY åëÑdGh ,í«Ñ°ùJ ¬à°SGQOh
záHôb ¬∏gCG ¤EG ¬dòHh
{‫}ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺫ ﺑﻦ ﺟﺒﻞ ﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ‬
ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e
 ‫ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺁﻣﻨﻮﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﻭﺗﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻣﺮﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌـﺪ؛‬

‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬

‫‪ô```````````````jó```````````°ü```````J‬‬

‫ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻛﺜﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻒ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﳕﺮ ﺍﻵﻥ ﲟﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟـﻮﺟﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻨﺠﺰﺍﺕ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ ﺿﺌﻴﻼﹰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺎ ﹰ‬

‫ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻇﻢ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻢ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﺎﻗﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬

‫ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﳊـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﻥ ﻣﺠﺘﻤـﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬

‫ﺯ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺬ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺑﺜﺒﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺒﻄﺊ ‪ -‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ‬

‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻈﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻌـﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﻻ ﺑﺪ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻖ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﺂﻟﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻣﺠﻬﺎ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻠﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺘﻮﻋﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻧﺪﺭﻙ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﹰ ﺍﳌﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﲢﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺣﻮﻟﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲡﺎﺑﻬﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ‬

‫ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﳕﻮﻩ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻩ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻮﺍﻛﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺠﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﲟﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺒﻪ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺨﻄﻂ‬

‫ﺑﺪﻗـﺔ ﻹﻗﺎﻣـﺔ ﻣﺠﺘﻤـﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺇﻧﺘـﺎﺝ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ‪ -‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪ -‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﲔ ﻭﳉﻤﻴﻊ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬

‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﺗﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﻓﻘﺔ ‪ -‬ﺑﺈﺫﻥ ﺍﷲ ‪ -‬ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ‪ . .‬ﺣﺮﺻﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼﺩﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﺪ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺛﻢ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺡ‬
 ‫ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﻟﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺭﺍﺟﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺃﻓﺮﺯﺗﻬﺎ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻨﺎ‬

‫ﻭﺩﻟﻴﻼﹰ ﻫﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﹰ ﻧﺴﺘﺮﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺩ ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼﺩﻧﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ »ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ« ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ‬
‫‪ô```````````````jó```````````°ü```````J‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ‬

‫ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻭﲡﺎﻭﺑﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﲤﺜﻞ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎ ﹰ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺸﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺳﺄﻝ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﻓﻲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻼﺩﻧﺎ ﻭﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻨﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳـﺮ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌـﺔ‬

‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺃﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﻕ ﻃﻴﺐ‬

‫ﻁ‬
ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e
 ‫ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﺗﻨﺰﻳﻠﻪ }ﺇﻥ ﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺄﺟﺮﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ{ ]ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ؛ ﺁﻳﻪ‪ ،[٢٦ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻧﺒﻲ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻪ ﻭﺻﺤﺒﻪ ﺃﺟﻤﻌﲔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ »ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ« ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺘﺢ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺭﻱﺀ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ‬

‫‪º```````````````jó```````````≤```````J‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻭﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺇﳕﺎ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬

‫ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﺮﻳـﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‬

‫ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ ﲟﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻰ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ »ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ« ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻧﺸﺮ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‪،‬‬

‫ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﺎ ﹰ ﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﺤﺜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻓﻖ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻃﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻮﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺣﺮﺯﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﳒﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺩﺓ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻌﻜﻒ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺧﻄﻂ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﻧﻘﻠﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﺃﻛﺎﺩﳝﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﳝﻲ‬

‫ﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺍﺙ ﻭﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﺿﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺗﺆﺗﻲ‬

‫ﺛﻤﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻔﻀـﻞ ﺍﷲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳـﺮ ﻭﲤﻴـﺰ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻛـﺎﺩﳝﻲ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﻣﻨﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄـﻮﻳـﺮ ﺳﺒﻴﻼﹰ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪﻡ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﻄﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼـﺮ ﻭﺇﳒـﺎﺯﺍﺗـﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﺮﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳـﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺪﻋﻤﻬـﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻳﻀـﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺍ ﹰ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﻧﻪ ﳌﻦ ﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺳﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﳊﺎﻓﻞ ﺑﺎﻹﳒﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺗﺨﺬﺗﻬـﺎ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠـﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟـﺮﻳـﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄـﻮﻳـﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﻈﻴـﺖ ﺑﺪﻋـﻢ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺎﺑﻌـﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ‪ /‬ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺑﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻘﺮﻱ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻟـﻲ ﻣﺪﻳـﺮ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ‪ /‬ﺃﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻦ‬

‫ﺻﺎﺩﻕ ﻃﻴـﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻗـﺪﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻫـﻲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﳑﺘـﺪﺓ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺇﳒـﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺣﻘﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﳌﺰﻳـﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳـﺐ ﺇﻥ‬

‫ﺷﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻝ‬
 ‫ﻭﺃﺟﺪﻫﺎ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻷﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺨﺎﻟﺺ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺳﻬﻤﺖ ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﳒﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻴﺰﺓ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺋﻼﹰ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻰ ﺗﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﻓﻘﻨﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎ ﹰ ﳌﺎ ﻳﺤﺒﻪ ﻭﻳﺮﺿﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻞ ‪، ، ،‬‬

‫‪º```````````````jó```````````≤```````J‬‬

‫ﻭﻛـﻴـﻞ ﺍﳉﺎﻣـﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬

‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﺎﺣﺴﲔ ﺑﺎﻓﻴﻞ‬

‫ﻡ‬
ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e
 ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ‪. . .‬‬
‫ﺷﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻭﻥ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﺍ ﹰ ﺧﻄﻴﺮﺍ ﹰ ﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺃﺩﻳﺴﻮﻥ ﻭﺃﻣﺜﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺘﺮﻋﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺑﺤﺜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪á```````````````eó```````````≤```````e‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﺘﺢ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﳝﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻳﺒﺮﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺘﺎﺟﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ )ﺑﻮﻳﻨﺞ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻮﻛﻬﻴﺪ ﻭﻣﺎﻛﺪﻭﻧﺎﻟﺪ ﺩﻭﺟﻼﺱ ﻭﺟﻨﺮﺍﻝ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﳒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻮﻝ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺳﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﳕﻮﺍ ﹰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﳕﻮﺍ ﹰ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﺷﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﳉﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺎﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻟﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﻠﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻇﻞ ﺣﺒﻴﺴﺎ ﹰ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻘﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻜﺴﺮﺕ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﺔ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﺪﺍﻋﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺧﺮﺝ ﺍﳌﺎﺭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻭﻗﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺪﺍﻩ ﻭﻟﻦ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻗﻔﻪ ﺷﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺑﻮﺳﻊ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﻐﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ‬
‫ﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ‪ -‬ﺷﺌﻨﺎ ﺃﻡ ﺃﺑﻴﻨﺎ ‪ -‬ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺱ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻄﻠﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻓﺮﺿﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﲢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻌﲔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻣﺠﺎﺑﻬﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺄﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﺎ ﹰ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﲟﺠﺘﻤﻌﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻼﺟﻬﺎ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻮﺍﻛﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺠﺪﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﺴﺒﺒﺖ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﺍﻛﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺭﻫﻴﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﹰ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺣﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﺘﺢ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﺑﺲ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﲢﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﺑﻄﺖ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺃﺗﺎﺣﺖ ﻟﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻭﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﻹﻳﻘﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺳﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻠﻪ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻔﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﻮﻟﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺻﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ ‪ ٪٨٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﲟﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﺮﺻﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻴﻌﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻴﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻴﻌﻴﺶ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﻔﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻼﺩﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺄﻫﻞ ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﳝﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻉ‬
 ‫ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﺳﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻼﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺘﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﻄﻠﻊ ﺑﺄﺩﻭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺎ ﹰ ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻇﻢ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟـﻢ ﻋﺼـﺮ‬
‫‪á```````````````eó```````````≤```````e‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺿﺎﻗﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺣﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﻓﺮﺯﺗﻬﺎ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺪﺭﻙ ﺍﳌﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻧﺪﺭﻙ ﻭﻧﺴﺘﺸﺮﻑ ﺃﻋﺒﺎﺀﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺪﺍﻋﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻋﻨﺎ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺒﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﻓﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (Digital Divide‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺳﻔﺮﺕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻭﺝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺠﻮﺓ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ )‪ (Quantum Divide‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ ﺃﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺛﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﺠﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺯﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺠﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺿﻰ )‪ (Chaos‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻓﻮﺿﻰ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻗﺎﺑﻼﹰ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬

‫ﻑ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺌﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺿﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﺟﺄﺓ )‪ (Science of Surprise‬ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﻭﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻠﻖ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ٨٥٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ٪١٤‬ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ‪ ٪٩٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺤﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٥٥٠٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ٪٨٦‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻮﺫ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ٪١٠‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ )ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﻬﻤﻴﺶ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﻴﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺴﻮﻑ ﺗﺘﺴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻦ ﳝﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻇﺮﻭﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺒﺬﻝ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﻟﺘﻀﻴﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﱈ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺪﺭﻛﺔ ﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺪﺍﻋﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻞ ﺑﺎﻣﺘﻼﻙ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻛﻮﻣﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻌﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺼﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻔﺸﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻔﺸﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻠﻪ‬

‫ﺹ‬
 ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻼ ﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻟﻜﻞ ‪ ١٠٠٠‬ﻓﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻋﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺇﻧﻨﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻻ ﻧﻔﺰﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻻ ﻧﺘﺨﺎﺫﻝ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻔﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺩﻣﻨﺎ ﻧﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻧﺴﺘﻌﺪ ‪‬ﺎﺑﻬﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﺬ‬
‫‪á```````````````eó```````````≤```````e‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﺼﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻓﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﻪ‬

‫ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﻊ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻌﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻹﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﳕﻮﻩ ﻭﺇﺛﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻢ ﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺷﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎﺝ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻭﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻮﻃﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻴﻞ )ﻧﻘﻞ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ( ﻓﻼ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺃﺿﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺷﻌﺎﺭ )ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ( ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻏﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻧﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺤﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﺪﻳﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﲡﺎﻩ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬

‫ﻕ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻃﲔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻮﻇﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻮﺽ ﲟﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﻲ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﻲ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺚ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺭﺍﺟﺖ ﻓﻲ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻻﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔـﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﳊـﻞ ﻣﺸﻜـﻼﺗﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻭﺝ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺳﺒﻼﹰ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﹰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ )‪ e-Work‬ﺃﻭ ‪ Teleworking‬ﺃﻭ ‪ (Work at Home‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻇﺮﻭﻓﻨﺎ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺨﺺ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﻭﺫﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻀﺮﺏ ﻣﺜﺎﻻﹰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲟﺎ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ )ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ‪ . .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺃﳕﺎﻃﺎ ﹰ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﻻ ﺗﻬﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺃﳕﺎﻃﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺰﻑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﺠﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻋﻴﺔ ‪ . .‬ﺇﻟﺦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ »ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ« ﺗﺘﻮﺧﻰ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﹰ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎ ﹰ‬

‫ﺭ‬
 ‫ﲟﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﺸﻄﺘﻪ ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻣﺠﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻋﺎﻫﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﻹﺭﺳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺇﳕﺎ ﺗﻀﻴﻒ ﺑﻌﺪﺍ ﹰ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﹰ‬
‫ﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺗﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ‪ -‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺷﺎﺋﻊ ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺒﺴﻴﻂ‬
‫‪á```````````````eó```````````≤```````e‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻹﳌﺎﻡ ﺑﺂﺧﺮ ﺇﳒﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﻰ ﺗﺜﻘﻴﻒ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﲔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﲔ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ﹰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻤﺎﺅﻧﺎ ‪-‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳋﺒﺮﺍﺀ ‪ -‬ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺜﻘﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﺤﺮﺭﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺪ ﻓﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻱ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺤﻦ ﺃﺣﻮﺝ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻜﺮ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﲟﻔﻬﻮﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪‬ﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﻧﻘﻴﻢ ﺻﺮﺡ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘـﺎﺝ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳـﺰ ﻟﻴﺮﺟﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﹰ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﻳﻨﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ »ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﳋﻴﺮ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﻔﺮ ﻟﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﳊﻮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ« ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﷲ ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ ‪. .‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳـﺮ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﺍﻹﻧـﺘـﺎﺝ ﺍﻹﻋـﻼﻣـﻲ‬

‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﺑﻦ ﻳﺤﻴﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻼﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺵ‬
ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e
 ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺘــﻮﻳــﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺯ‬ ‫ﺗـﺼــﺪﻳـــﺮ‬
‫ﻙ‬ ‫ﺗـﻘـــﺪﻳــﻢ‬
‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬

‫ﺱ‬ ‫ﻣـﻘــﺪﻣــﺔ‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘــﺪﻣــﺔ‬
‫‪١٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺧﻠـﻔـﻴــﺎﺕ‬
‫‪١٩‬‬ ‫˚ ﺗﻌـﺮﻳـﻒ ﺍﻟـﻔـﻘـﺮ‬
‫‪١٩‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ‬
‫‪٢١‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻔـﻘـﻴـﺮ‬
‫‪٢١‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ‬
‫‪٢٢‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻭﺟﻬـﺎﺕ ﻧـﻈﺮ‬
‫‪٢٥‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪٢٦‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳـﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫˚ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻗﺮﺁﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﳋﺼـﺎﺻـﺔ‬
‫‪٣٦‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌـﻴـﻠـﺔ‬
‫‪٣٦‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟـﻔـﻘــﺮ‬
‫‪٣٧‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻹﻣـــﻼﻕ‬
‫‪٣٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻭﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫‪٤١‬‬ ‫˚ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٤١‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‬
‫‪٤٥‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻷﺑـﻌــﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺧــــﺮﻯ‬
‫‪٤٥‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟـﻔـﻘـﺮ ﺍﳌـﻄـﻠــﻖ‬
‫‪٤٧‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟـﻔـﻘـﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒـﻲ‬
‫‪٥٤‬‬ ‫˚ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﳌﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮ‬
‫‪٥٤‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ )ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ(‬
‫‪٥٥‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ )ﺍﻷﱈ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ(‬
‫‪٥٧‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌـﻌـﺎﻳـﻴـﺮ ﺍﳌـﺰﺩﻭﺟﺔ‬

‫ﺙ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺘــﻮﻳــﺎﺕ‬

‫‪٥٩‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻋﺐ ﺑﺎﻟـﺒـﻴـﺎﻧــﺎﺕ‬

‫‪٦١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺗﺪﺍﻋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬
‫‪٦٣‬‬ ‫˚ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫‪٦٦‬‬ ‫˚ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬
‫‪٦٦‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٦٩‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺃﺳـﺒــﺎﺏ ﺍﻟـﻔـﻘــﺮ‬
‫‪٧١‬‬ ‫˚ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟـﻔـﻘــﺮ‬
‫‪٧١‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫‪٧٢‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ‬
‫‪٧٣‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫‪٧٤‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟـﺤـﻠــﻮﻝ‬
‫‪٧٤‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺣـﻠـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻴـﺴـﺎﺭ‬
‫‪٧٥‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ‬
‫‪٧٥‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗــﺪﺍﻋـﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﳊـﻠـﻮﻝ‬
‫‪٧٥‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻧﻘﺪ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻣﻲ‬
‫‪٧٦‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻟﻠﺨﺼﺨﺼﺔ‬
‫‪٧٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫‪٨١‬‬ ‫˚ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻣـﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤـﺪﺓ‬
‫‪٨١‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒـﻨـﻚ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫‪٨٢‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬
‫‪٨٦‬‬ ‫˚ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٨٦‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻣـﻢ ﺍﳌـﺎﻧـﺤـﺔ‬
‫‪٨٧‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﳊﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪٨٩‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻹﻧﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫‪٩٣‬‬ ‫˚ ﺑـﻨـﻚ ﺟـﺮﺍﻣـﻴـﻦ‬
‫‪٩٤‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬
‫‪٩٥‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﻚ‬
‫‪٩٨‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺇﻧــﺠــــﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫‪٩٩‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ‬

‫ﺥ‬
 ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺘــﻮﻳــﺎﺕ‬

‫‪٩٩‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﻴـﺔ‬

‫‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻛﻘـﻮﺓ ﻋـﻤـﻞ‬
‫‪١٠١‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺑﺘـﻜــﺎﺭ‬
‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬

‫‪١٠٣‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫‪١٠٤‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟـﺸــﻮﺭﻯ‬
‫‪١٠٥‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫‪١٠٧‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﻓـﻌـﻞ ﻋـﺎﳌﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪١٠٨‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻣﻦ‬
‫‪١٠٩‬‬ ‫˚ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺟـﺮﺍﻣـﻴـﻦ‬
‫‪١١٠‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻳﻮﻧﺲ‬
‫‪١١٠‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺒـﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﻴـﻦ ‪ -‬ﺟﻤﻴـﻞ‬
‫‪١١١‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳـﺔ‬
‫‪١١٣‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺒـﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺗـﻮﻧـﺲ‬
‫‪١١٣‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ‬
‫‪١١٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ‪ :‬ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬
‫‪١١٩‬‬ ‫˚ ﺍﻫﺘﻤـﺎﻡ ﻣﻠـﻜـﻲ‬
‫‪١١٩‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬
‫‪١٢٠‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻟﻮﺍﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻟﻺﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻱ‬
‫‪١٢١‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﳋﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ‬
‫‪١٢٤‬‬ ‫˚ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬
‫‪١٢٤‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬
‫‪١٢٧‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻓﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ‬
‫‪١٣٠‬‬ ‫˚ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬
‫‪١٣٠‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫‪١٣١‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬
‫‪١٣٢‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ‬
‫‪١٣٣‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫‪١٣٤‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ ﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‬
‫‪١٣٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌــﺮﺍﺟــﻊ‬

‫ﺫ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳉــــﺪﺍﻭﻝ‬

‫‪٨‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ .(١‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ )ﺍﳉﻮﻉ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠١‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪٢٠٠٢‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫‪٩‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ .(٢‬ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻼﻳﲔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢٦‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ .(٣‬ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ )‪.(٪‬‬

‫‪٤٩‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ .(٤‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪٥٦‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ .(٥‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﻝ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺷﻜـــﺎﻝ‬

‫‪٦‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(١‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢٩‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(٢‬ﻫـﺮﻡ ﺍﳊـﺎﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸـﺮﻳـﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤٣‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(٣‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﻘﺪﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺰﻣـﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤٣‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(٤‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ؛ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﺾ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤٨‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(٥‬ﻣـﻌـﺎﻣـﻞ ﺟـﻴـﻨـﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤٨‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(٦‬ﺧﻂ ﻟﻮﺭﻧﺰ ﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪٥٣‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(٧‬ﻣﻌـﻴــﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﺑـﻴـﻦ ﻫــﻮﻭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻍ‬
ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e
ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e

٢
 ‫ﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻘﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺣﻴﺰﺍ ﹰ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺑﺎﺀ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻘﻼﺑﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ؛ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺛﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺒﺰ؛ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺸﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﺪﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫‪á```````````eó`````````≤````````ª``dG‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﲤﺨﺾ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺷﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﻮﺿﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻂ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺸﺮﻯ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻔﺤﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺿﺎﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻴﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٣‬ﻡ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻝ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﹰ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬

‫ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫ﺧﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻟﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻡ ﺯﻋﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺮ ﻣﺪﻗﻊ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺩﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ‪ -‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺑﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٥‬ﻡ؛ ﻭﻗﺪ‬

‫ﻧﻮﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٤‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻔﺰﺓ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٥‬ﻡ)‪ .(١‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬

‫ﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﻭﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻸﱈ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻬﺘﻤﺔ ﲟﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻋﺪﺓ ﳉﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ )‪(ECA‬؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳﺒﻲ )‪ ،(ECLAC‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ‬

‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ )‪(ESCWA‬؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻵﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺩﺉ )‪،(ESCAP‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﱈ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋﻲ )‪(UNDP‬؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ )‪(IFAD‬؛‬

‫ﻭﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ )‪ ،(IMF‬ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺴﻜﻮ؛ ﻭﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ)‪ .(١‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ‬

‫‪٣‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺀﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ)‪(٢‬؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻭﺻﻞ‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﻮﻋﻰ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٧٠٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺣﻜﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺸﺮﻯ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ؛ ﻓﻔﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫‪١٩٩٣‬ﻡ ﻭﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٢‬ﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٪١٢٫١‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٢‬ﻡ‬

‫ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٪١٢٫٥‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٣‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ)‪(٣‬؛ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪ ٣٥٫٩‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ‪ ١٢٫٩‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻃﻔﻞ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﲢﺖ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻭﻓﻖ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٨‬ﻡ)‪:(٤‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ‪.٪١٢٫٣‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﻤﲔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ‪.٪١٨٫٥‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﻤﲔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺣﻲ ‪.٪٨٫٧‬‬

‫˚ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ‪.٪١٨٫٩‬‬

‫˚ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٪٣٩‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﳝﺜﻠﻮﻥ ‪ ٪٢٦‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺷﺮﻳﺤﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﲔ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ‬

‫ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٦‬ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﹰ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺯﻭﺝ ‪ .٪٥٤٫٨‬ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻭﺟﲔ ‪.٪١٠٫١‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ‪.٪٢٦٫١‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺃﺳﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﺰﺭ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺩﺉ ‪.٪١٢٫٥‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪.٪٢٥٫٦‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪.٪٨٫٢‬‬

‫‪٤‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻲ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ)‪(٥‬؛ ﻓﺎﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ)‪:(٤‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻃﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺋﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٪١٤‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٤‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﳝﻜﻦ‬

‫ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺳﻮﻯ ‪ ٪٢٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﻋﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬

‫)‪ (United States Conference of Mayors‬ﻓﻲ ‪ ٢٧‬ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪á```````````eó`````````≤````````ª``dG‬‬

‫˚ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺧﺒﺰ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ )‪ ،(Bread for the World Institute‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ ٪٣٫٥‬ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ‪ ٩٫٦‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ‪ ٣‬ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﻃﻔﻞ‬

‫ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻳﻀﻄﺮﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻏﻔﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻗﻼﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻱ ﻃﻌﺎﻡ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻃﻌﺎﻡ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٣٣‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٠‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﻠﺚ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺃﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻭﻛﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ ﺃﻣﺴﻮﺍ ﺟﻮﻋﻰ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺳﺠﻠﺖ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ )‪ ،(Second Harvest‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺑﻨﻮﻙ ﻃﻌﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻃﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﺘﻮﺯﻋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﳉﻮﻋﻰ ‪ -‬ﺃﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٢٣٫٣‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﳉﺄﻭﺍ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻮﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

‫‪٢٠٠١‬ﻡ؛ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ‪ ٪٤٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٧‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﳉﻮﻉ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻭﺟﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻮﻋﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻀﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﻳﺤﺲ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺑﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﻌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺿﻤﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﺘﺪ ﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﳉﻮﻉ‬

‫ﻳﺤﺲ ﺑﺂﻻﻡ ﺣﺎﺩﺓ؛ ﳑﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﻡ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻏﺬﺍﺀ)‪.(٦‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲟﻘﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬

‫ﻋﻦ ‪ ٥٠‬ﻳﻮﻣﺎ ﹰ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻃﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺤﻴﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪٥‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﻴﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻐﺬﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺪﺍﻋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬

‫ﻛﻠﻪ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﹰ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ )‪ (FAO‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﱈ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ؛ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

‫‪٢٠٠٥ - ١٩٩٩‬ﻡ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ ٨٥٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ‬

‫ﻣﻄﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﺷﺮﻳﻄﺎ ﹰ ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﲟﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ)‪ (٧‬ﺷﻜﻞ )‪.(١‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(١‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺤﺎﻝ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻗﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ )‪ (Food First‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ )‪ (Institute for Food and Development Policy‬ﻓﻲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤـﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻓـﻊ ﺷﻌﺎﺭ »ﺳﻴـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ« ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺭﲟﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ‪ -‬ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻣﺎ‬

‫‪٦‬‬
 ‫ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻹﻃﻌﺎﻡ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﲟﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻳﻘﻒ ﻋﻘﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺟﻪ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻳﺪﻋﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﻓﻚ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺳﺘﻌﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ)‪ .(٨‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺳﻴﻌﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪á```````````eó`````````≤````````ª``dG‬‬

‫ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻌﺎﻣﺎ ﹰ ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬

‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻣﺎﺭﺗﻴﺎ ﺳﻦ )‪ (Amartya Sen‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٨‬ﻡ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺑﺤﻮﺛﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻧﻘﺺ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻧﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ )‪.(٢٣-٩‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (١‬ﻳﺮﺻﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠١‬ﻡ ﻭﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٣‬ﻡ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﹰ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ؛ ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﺼﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ،٪١٩٫٦‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬

‫‪ ،٪١١‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﳒﻮﻻ ﻓﺘﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ .٪٤٢‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (٢‬ﳒﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻼﻳﲔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٦٩‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٣‬ﻡ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬

‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﺸﻬﺪ ﻗﺪﺭﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻸﱈ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺷﻚ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﻭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٧٠‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٧‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﻮﻋﻰ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٩٥٩‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﺎ ﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪٧٩١‬‬

‫‪٧‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻔﺾ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮﺀ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﻮﻋﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪٢٠٠٢ - ٢٠٠٠‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٨٥٢‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﺎ ﹰ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬

‫‪ ٨١٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭ ‪ ٢٨‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲤﺮ ﲟﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﻴﺮﺍ ﹰ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻞ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﺎﺟﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﻌﻴﺶ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﺸﻴﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﻭﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻳﺸﻜﻼﻥ‬

‫ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻬﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺿﻲ ﺍﻹﻳﺪﺯ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ .(١‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ )ﺍﳉﻮﻉ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٢ - ٢٠٠١‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ájò¨àdG Aƒ°S ä’ÉM OóY‬‬ ‫‪ájò¨àdG Aƒ°S ä’ÉM OóY‬‬

‫‪á```````dhó````````dG‬‬ ‫‪á```````dhó````````dG‬‬
‫)‪(¿ƒ«∏e‬‬ ‫)‪(¿ƒ«∏e‬‬
‫‪11^5‬‬ ‫‪Éjôé«f‬‬ ‫‪212‬‬ ‫‪óæ¡dG‬‬
‫‪9^7‬‬ ‫‪É«æ«c‬‬ ‫‪150‬‬ ‫‪Ú°üdG‬‬
‫‪8^8‬‬ ‫‪¿GOƒ`` ` °ù`` dG‬‬ ‫‪43^1‬‬ ‫‪¢ûjOÓéæH‬‬
‫‪8^3‬‬ ‫‪≥«ÑeGRƒe‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪ƒ‚ƒµdG‬‬
‫‪7^9‬‬ ‫‪á«dɪ°ûdG ÉjQƒc‬‬ ‫‪35^2‬‬ ‫‪¿Éà°ùcÉH‬‬
‫‪7^1‬‬ ‫‪øª«dG‬‬ ‫‪31^5‬‬ ‫‪É«Hƒ«KEG‬‬
‫‪6^5‬‬ ‫‪ô≤°ûZóe‬‬ ‫‪16^1‬‬ ‫‪É«fGõæJ‬‬
‫‪5^9‬‬ ‫‪É«Ñeƒdƒc‬‬ ‫‪15^2‬‬ ‫‪ÚÑ«∏ØdG‬‬
‫‪5^7‬‬ ‫‪…ƒHÉÑÁR‬‬ ‫‪14^4‬‬ ‫‪πjRGÈdG‬‬
‫‪5^1‬‬ ‫‪∂«°ùµŸG‬‬ ‫‪13^8‬‬ ‫‪É«°ù«fhófEG‬‬
‫‪5^1‬‬ ‫‪É«ÑeGR‬‬ ‫‪13^8‬‬ ‫‪ΩÉæà«a‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪’ƒ‚CG‬‬ ‫‪13^4‬‬ ‫‪ófÓjÉJ‬‬

‫‪٨‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ .(٢‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻼﻳﲔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪2004-2003‬‬ ‫‪2002-2001‬‬ ‫‪1997-1995‬‬ ‫‪1992-1990‬‬ ‫‪1981-1979‬‬ ‫‪1971-1969‬‬ ‫‪ó````∏```Ñ````dG‬‬

‫‪1^4‬‬ ‫‪1^5‬‬ ‫‪1^7‬‬ ‫‪1^3‬‬ ‫‪1^7‬‬ ‫‪6^8‬‬ ‫‪ôFGõ÷G‬‬
‫‪0^5‬‬ ‫‪0^5‬‬ ‫‪0^3‬‬ ‫‪0^3‬‬ ‫‪0^2‬‬ ‫‪0^1‬‬ ‫‪ôª≤dG QõL‬‬
‫‪0^2‬‬ ‫‪0^2‬‬ ‫‪0^2‬‬ ‫‪0^3‬‬ ‫‪0^2‬‬ ‫‪0^1‬‬ ‫‪»JƒÑ«L‬‬
‫‪2^6‬‬ ‫‪2^4‬‬ ‫‪2^2‬‬ ‫‪2^5‬‬ ‫‪3^6‬‬ ‫‪9^1‬‬ ‫‪ô°üe‬‬
‫‪0^3‬‬ ‫‪0^4‬‬ ‫‪0^3‬‬ ‫‪0^1‬‬ ‫‪0^1‬‬ ‫‪0^3‬‬ ‫‪¿OQC’G‬‬
‫‪0^1‬‬ ‫‪0^1‬‬ ‫‪0^1‬‬ ‫‪0^5‬‬ ‫‪0^1‬‬ ‫‪0^1‬‬ ‫‪âjƒµdG‬‬
‫‪á```````````eó`````````≤````````ª``dG‬‬

‫‪0^1‬‬ ‫‪0^1‬‬ ‫‪0^1‬‬ ‫‪0^1‬‬ ‫‪0^2‬‬ ‫‪0^5‬‬ ‫‪¿ÉæÑd‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪--‬‬ ‫‪0^0‬‬ ‫‪0^0‬‬ ‫‪0^0‬‬ ‫‪0^2‬‬ ‫‪É«Ñ«d‬‬
‫‪0^3‬‬ ‫‪0^3‬‬ ‫‪0^3‬‬ ‫‪0^3‬‬ ‫‪0^6‬‬ ‫‪0^7‬‬ ‫‪É«fÉàjQƒe‬‬
‫‪1^8‬‬ ‫‪1^9‬‬ ‫‪1^7‬‬ ‫‪1^5‬‬ ‫‪1^9‬‬ ‫‪2^5‬‬ ‫‪Üô¨ŸG‬‬
‫‪0^6‬‬ ‫‪0^6‬‬ ‫‪0^3‬‬ ‫‪Ú£°ù∏a‬‬
‫‪1^0‬‬ ‫‪0^9‬‬ ‫‪0^8‬‬ ‫‪0^7‬‬ ‫‪0^2‬‬ ‫‪2^6‬‬ ‫‪ájOƒ©°ùdG‬‬
‫‪8^7‬‬ ‫‪8^8‬‬ ‫‪6^5‬‬ ‫‪7^9‬‬ ‫‪5^7‬‬ ‫‪5^4‬‬ ‫‪¿GOƒ°ùdG‬‬
‫‪0^6‬‬ ‫‪0^6‬‬ ‫‪0^6‬‬ ‫‪0^7‬‬ ‫‪0^3‬‬ ‫‪1^0‬‬ ‫‪É`` jQƒ`` °S‬‬
‫‪--‬‬ ‫‪--‬‬ ‫‪0^1‬‬ ‫‪0^1‬‬ ‫‪0^2‬‬ ‫‪0^6‬‬ ‫‪¢ùfƒJ‬‬
‫‪--‬‬ ‫‪--‬‬ ‫‪0^1‬‬ ‫‪0^1‬‬ ‫‪0^0‬‬ ‫‪0^0‬‬ ‫‪äGQÉeE’G‬‬
‫‪7^6‬‬ ‫‪7^1‬‬ ‫‪5^6‬‬ ‫‪4^2‬‬ ‫‪3^2‬‬ ‫‪3^4‬‬ ‫‪øª«dG‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻪ ﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﻳﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬

‫ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺘﺎﺣﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﻔﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﺳﻴﺌﺔ ﻧﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﺏ ﻭﺿﺤﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ ٪٨‬ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺿﺤﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻛﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻘﺪ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﻭﺿﻮﺣﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﺒﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻭﺭﺍ ﹰ ﲟﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﻨﻮﻡ ﺑﻨﻪ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩﻳﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ ﺍﳉﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﻭﻧﻴﺒﺎﻝ؛ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﺪﺓ ﺧﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﱈ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺿﺤﺎﻳﺎ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﳌﺪﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺷﻬﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢١٠٠‬ﺳﻌﺮ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﻫﻮ‬

‫‪٩‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﺃﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻴﻌﻴﺶ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺆ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳉﺴﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳒﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﻊ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺐ ﺃﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ؛ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ؛ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻼﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻬﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺳﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﻃﻔﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺴﻮﺀ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﻭﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﲟﺮﺽ ﻛﻮﺍﺷﻴﺮﻛﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺴﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻧﻴﻤﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻘﺮﺑﻮﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺽ ﺑﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻼﺟﺮﺍ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺟﻔﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٤‬ﻡ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ)‪ ،(٢٤‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ )ﺃ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻧﻚ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺭﻭﺩﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺿﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﳌﺴﺒﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ)‪ .(٢٥‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ‪:‬‬

‫‪١٠‬‬
 ‫˚ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻧﺼﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻷﻧﻴﻤﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﻞ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﻌﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ‪،‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٪٦٠ - ٪٤٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪á```````````eó`````````≤````````ª``dG‬‬

‫˚ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ )ﺃ(‪ :‬ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎﺓ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﻲ ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺳﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻨﺬﺭ ﺑﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﻢ‬

‫ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﲔ )ﺃ(‬

‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳊﺼﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺭﻳﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ .٪٢٤ - ٪٢٠‬ﻭﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ١٤٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻃﻔﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻦ ﻣﺒﻜﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ‪ ١١٨‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ‬

‫ﺳﻴﺪﺓ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﺳﺒﺒﺎ ﹰ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٧٨٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻋﺮﺍﺿﻪ ﻭﺿﻮﺣﺎ ﹰ ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﺦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻷﺑﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻷﱈ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﻟﺪ‬

‫ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻃﻔﻞ ﻭﻫﻢ ﻣﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﻬﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻴﻮﺩ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﻚ‪ :‬ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﻚ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺰﻧﻚ ﺑﺨﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻺﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬

‫ﻳﺴﻔﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٨٠٠‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪١١‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻌﺼﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻐﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻀﻮﺭ ﺟﻮﻋﺎ ﹰ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﻠﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﻭﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺴﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺑﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﻞ‬

‫ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺑﻲ )‪ ،(Bulimia‬ﻭﻣﺮﺽ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼـﺎﺑﻲ‬

‫)‪ (Anorexia Nervosa‬ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﻥ ﻳﺼﻴﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺩﻳﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻫﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﺇﺩﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﻠﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻫﻘﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ‬

‫ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺑﺌﺔ ﻭﻣﺰﺍﻭﻟﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻳﺪﺧﻠﻮﻥ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ‬

‫ﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﱈ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ‪" :‬ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻢ ﺇﻧﻲ ﺃﻋﻮﺫ ﺑﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺑﺌﺲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺌﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ" )ﺭﻭﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﺟﻪ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﻊ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺟﺎﺋﻌﺎ ﹰ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﻛﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﻴﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺪ ﺟﻮﻋﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳉﺎﺋﻊ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺟﺎﻫﻼﹰ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﻴﺪﻩ ﺃﻭﻳﻀﺮﻩ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﻞ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻐﺮﻳﺰﺗﻪ ﳝﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﺒﻴﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻄﻌﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻔﺴﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺰﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻄﺎﺩ ﻭﻳﺰﺭﻉ ﻭﻳﺮﺑﻲ ﺃﻧﻌﺎﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻳﺄﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺼﺎﺀ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺃﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻻ ﻣﺨﺮﺝ ﻷﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﻟﻪ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ‬

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 ‫ﺳﻴﻈﻞ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺃﻟﻔﻪ ﻭﻛﺮﺱ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻧﺎﺱ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﻥ ﺃﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺣﻮﻟﺖ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻗﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻭﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ)‪ ،(٢٨-٢٦‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻟﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻛﻬﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ)‪.(٢٩‬‬

‫‪á```````````eó`````````≤````````ª``dG‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﲡﻤﻌﻬﻢ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺎﻣﺸﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺒﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﻤﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﻤﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﺎﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎﺀ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼﺩﻫﻢ ﻳﺆﻣﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻬﻢ؛ ﻭﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺷﻌﻮﺭﺍ ﹰ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺎ ﹰ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻌﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻟﻬﻢ ﻭﻻ‬

‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﲟﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻜﺴﻴﻜﻮ ﺳﻴﺘﻲ ‪ -‬ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻜﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﳑﻴﺰﺓ ﻭﻻ‬

‫ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬

‫ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﻢ ﻓﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ)‪.(٢٨‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺟﺬﺑﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺧﺺ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ؛ ﺍﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ‬

‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺻﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﲔ ﻭﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺎﳊﺮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ)‪.(٣٤-٣٠‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﻳﻬﺎﺟﻤﻮﻥ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬

‫ﻛﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺣﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻳﺜﺒﺘﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺯﻳﻒ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ)‪ ،(٣٥‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻘﻮﺩﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﳝﻴﲔ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺭﻓﻀﻮﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﺪﺍﻋﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ‬

‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ)‪.(٣٦‬‬

‫‪١٣‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ »ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ«‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ؛‬

‫ﻛﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺼﻴﺒﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻳﺒﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻴﻼﹰ ﻷﻥ ﻳﺒﻘﻮﺍ‬

‫ﻓﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﻢ ﺑﻞ ﻭﻋﺒﺮ ﺃﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﺗﺘﻐﺬﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻹﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﻭﺝ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺃﻱ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻻ ﺣﺒﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻠﻚ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺟﺬﻭﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﳝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻛﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻼﺣﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻋﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻔﻠﺤﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻟﺼﺎﺣﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻮﺍ‬

‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﺻﻴﻠﻬﻢ ﻟﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻛﺈﻳﺠﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻛﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﻢ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﳌﻌﺎﺷﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻻ ﳝﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺣﺎﻟﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺩﺧﻞ‬

‫ﻟﻬﻢ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻋﲔ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬

‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﹰ ﲟﺼﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ)‪.(٣٧‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺗﻠﻚ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺑﺎﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺗﺰﺍﻭﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻛﺘﻨﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ؛ ﻭﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻘﺮﻫﻢ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻮﺍﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺴﻼﻣﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻓﻘﺮﻩ؛ ﻭﺭﺿﺎﺋﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﳊﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ؛ ﻳﺮﻭﻯ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﺲ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﺭﺟﻼﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﺃﺗﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﻳﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﻓﻘﺎﻝ‪) :‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺘﻚ ﺷﻲﺀ؟( ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺑﻠﻰ ﺣﻠﺲ‪ :‬ﻧﻠﺒﺲ ﺑﻌﻀﻪ ﻭﻧﺒﺴﻂ‬

‫ﺑﻌﻀﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻌﺐ ﻧﺸﺮﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻝ‪" :‬ﺍﺋﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﻬﻤﺎ"‪.‬ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻓﺄﺗﺎﻩ ﺑﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺧﺬﻫﻤﺎ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ‬

‫‪١٤‬‬
 ‫ﺍﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﺑﻴﺪﻩ ﻭﻗﺎﻝ‪":‬ﻣﻦ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ؟"‪.‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﺭﺟﻞ‪ :‬ﺃﻧﺎ ﺁﺧﺬﻫﻤﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﻫﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﻫﻢ؟"ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺛﺎ ﹰ‪.‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﺭﺟﻞ‪ :‬ﺃﻧﺎ ﺁﺧﺬﻫﻤﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﻫﻤﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻋﻄﺎﻫﻤﺎ ﺇﻳﺎﻩ‪،‬‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ‪" :‬ﻣﻦ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻭﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻫﻤﲔ ﻓﺄﻋﻄﺎﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﻧﺼﺎﺭﻱ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ‪" :‬ﺍﺷﺘﺮ ﺑﺄﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﻃﻌﺎﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻓﺎﻧﺒﺬﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻫﻠﻚ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﺷﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻵﺧﺮ ﻗﺪﻭﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻓﺄﺗﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ"‪.‬ﻓﺄﺗﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺸﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﷲ ‪ -‬ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ‬

‫‪ -‬ﻋﻮﺩﺍ ﹰ ﺑﻴﺪﻩ ﺛﻢ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ‪" :‬ﺍﺫﻫﺐ ﻓﺎﺣﺘﻄﺐ ﻭﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺃﺭﻳﻨﻚ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻳﻮﻣﺎ ﹰ"‪.‬ﻓﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ‬
‫‪á```````````eó`````````≤````````ª``dG‬‬

‫ﻳﺤﺘﻄﺐ ﻭﻳﺒﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﺠﺎﺀﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺻﺎﺏ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺩﺭﺍﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺷﺘﺮﻯ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺛﻮﺑﺎ ﹰ ﻭﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻃﻌﺎﻣﺎ ﹰ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ‪" :‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺧﻴﺮ ﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲡﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻧﻜﺘ ﹰﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻭﺟﻬﻚ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﺇﻻ ﻟﺜﻼﺛ ﹴﺔ‪ :‬ﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﻘﺮﹴ ﻣﺪﻗ ﹴﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻟﺬﻱ ﻏﺮ ﹴﻡ ﻣﻔﻈ ﹴﻊ‪،‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﻟﺬﻱ ﺩ ﹴﻡ ﻣﻮﺟﻊ" )ﺭﻭﺍﻩ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﻨﻪ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺍﻛﻞ ﻓﻠﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ‪" :‬ﺃﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻓﻴﻌﺠﺒﻨﻲ‪،‬‬

‫ﻓﺄﺳﺄﻝ ﺃﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ؟ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﻻ‪ ،‬ﺳﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﻗﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﺘﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻻ‬

‫ﲤﻄﺮ ﺫﻫﺒﺎ ﹰ ﻭﻻ ﻓﻀﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻌﺮﺽ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﻌﺮﺝ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﺬﺓ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻌﺮﺽ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٥‬‬
ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e

١٦
‫‪äÉ````«````Ø````∏````N . . ∫hC’G π°üØdG‬‬

‫‪äÉ«Ø∏N‬‬
‫˚ ﺗـﻌـﺮﻳـﻒ ﺍﻟﻔـﻘـﺮ ˚ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤـﺎﺕ ﻗـﺮﺁﻧـﻴـﺔ‬

‫‪١٧‬‬
ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e

١٨
 ‫ﺗﻌـﺮﻳـﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮ‬
‫‪á`©`FÉ`°T äÉ``Ø`jô`©J‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ؛ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﹰ‬
‫‪äÉ````«````Ø````∏````N . . ∫hC’G π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ)‪» :(٣٨‬ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻔﺘﻘﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻠﺒﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻻﺋﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ«‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻗﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪» :‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺄﻭﻯ ﻳﺆﻭﻱ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺣﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻭﺟﻬﻞ« )ﺃﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫»ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻴﻘﻆ ﺑﻼ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻳﺴﻠﺒﻚ ﺗﻄﻠﻌﻚ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ« )ﳑﺜﻞ‬

‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫»ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺜﺮﻯ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻧﺎ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺘﻨﺎ ﺳﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻫﺸﺔ‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺼﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ؛ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﺐﺀ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ« )ﻧﻴﻠﺴﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻳﻼ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻧﺎﰋ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﳝﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺩﺧﻞ ‪ -‬ﻷﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﺎﻥ‪ -‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﹰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﻥ ﻓﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻃﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺪﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪١٩٩٤‬ﻡ)‪:(٣٨‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻫﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﻼﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ‬

‫ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺳﲔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﲔ ﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻜﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ‬

‫‪١٩‬‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬

‫‪١٩٩٠‬ﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻛﻜﻞ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ؛ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺷﻌﺮ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ‪ -‬ﺑﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﻓﻘﻴﺮﺍ ﹰ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ :‬ﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺤﺼﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬

‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬

‫ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺷﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺪ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‬

‫ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ؛ ﻓﻤﻦ ﻳﻘﻌﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻳﻮﺻﻔﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﻢ ﻓﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬

‫ﻳﻘﻌﻮﻥ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﻫﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٢‬ﻡ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ‪ ٤٠٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٠‬ﻡ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺍﺯﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٠‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﱈ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺑﺒﻌﺪ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻋﻤﻖ؛ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺇﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺭﻓﺾ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬

‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﺶ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﺒﺪﻋﺔ ﻭﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﻧﻴﻞ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻛﺮﳝﺔ)‪.(٣٨‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻀﻢ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٦٠٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﹰ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ‪ ٦٣٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺮ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ )ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‬

‫‪٢٠‬‬
 ‫ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٢٧٥‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﹰ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺗﺴﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﹰ ﳌﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺸﻤﻠﺖ ‪٢‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٦‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻏﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺼﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺷﺮﺏ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬

‫ﻃﻔﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪١٣‬‬
‫‪äÉ````«````Ø````∏````N . . ∫hC’G π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻃﻔﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﳝﻮﺗﻮﻥ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﹰ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻫﻢ ﻟﺴﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ‬

‫ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻔﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻡ)‪.(٣٩‬‬

‫‪ô`«`≤`ØdG‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻣﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺟﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺪ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﹰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﲢﺖ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻔﻈﺔ ﻓﻘﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺯﻫﺎﺩ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﲤﺘﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺪﺳﺔ ﺻﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻨﺪﻭﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻄﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﳝﻀﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻋﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﺸﻲ ﺣﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻣﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺟﺎﻟﺴﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺄﻛﻞ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺸﺮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺎﺩ‬

‫ﻳﻘﻠﺪﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﺴﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻄﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻭﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﳑﺎ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻘﻴﺮ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﻐﺘﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺮﺍﺩﻑ ﳌﺘﺴﻮﻝ)‪.(٤٠‬‬

‫‪Iô`«`≤`Ø`dG ∫hó``dG‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺰﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ)‪.(٣٩‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﻳﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٦٠٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫‪ ١٥‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٣٠٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﹰ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺀ ﻟﻸﱈ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻳﻀﻴﻒ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ )‪ .(Livelihood‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻭﺳﻊ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﲟﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﺘﻀﻢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ ‪ ٧٠‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٪٤٥‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻷﻏﻨﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﺘﻔﻰ ﻫﻨﺎ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﺑﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ‪ ٣٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﲢﺖ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ )‪٪ ١٥‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ()‪.(٣٩‬‬

‫‪ô```¶``f äÉ``¡```Lh‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺩﻻﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻭﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎﺗﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺪﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ؛ ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﺳﻴﺔ ﺛﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ٣٠‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻭﻥ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻵﺧﺮ ﻓﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬

‫ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺇﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٥‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ)‪.(٤١‬‬

‫ﻭﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﺛﻤﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ؛ ﺑﻞ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻋﻴﺒﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻭﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬

‫ﻧﻘﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺛﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﹰ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ »ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ« ﺃﻱ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺭﻓﻀﻮﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺧﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻈﻬﺮ ﻭﺍﻧﻄﻠﻘﻮﺍ ﻳﺴﺒﺤﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﺕ ﺍﷲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻫﻢ )ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ( ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ ﹰ؛ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺩﻻﻟﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻨﻘﺼﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﻮﺯﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻲ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺼﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻋﻴﺒﺎ ﹰ ﻭﺑﻌﺪﺋﺬ ﻳﺼﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺿﺎ ﹰ‬

‫ﻳﺬﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻼﺟﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢٢‬‬
 ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻫﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﺴﺐ‬

‫ﻗﻮﺕ ﻳﻮﻣﻪ ﺑﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻈﻞ ﻋﻀﻮﺍ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﹰ‬

‫ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﺰﻟﻪ ﻭﺗﻬﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺵ‪.‬‬
‫‪äÉ````«````Ø````∏````N . . ∫hC’G π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻭﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺻﻔﺔ ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ؛ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻌﲔ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ‪:‬‬

‫˚ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻘﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻓﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻘﺘﺮﺏ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ؛ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺍ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﺍﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ‬

‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻌﻴﺸﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺼﻨﻒ ﺃﻱ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺩﺧﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻪ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻘﻴﺮﺍ ﹰ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﲔ‪:‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻻﲡـﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﲡـﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨـﺪﻡ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺇﻧﻔﺎﻗﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺃﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢٣‬‬
‫˚ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻼ ﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻘﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺘﲔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫˚ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻀﻊ ﺣﺪﺍ ﹰ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺩ ﺇﺣﺮﺍﺯﻩ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻌﻴﺸﻲ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ )ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺼﻨﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ‬

‫ﻓﻘﻴﺮﺍ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻫـﻮ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣـﺚ ﺃﻭ ﺻﺎﻧـﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴـﺎﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ‪ -‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﲟﻌﺪﻝ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ‪ -‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺸﻜﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﻓﻘﺮ‬

‫‪ ٪٢٥-٢٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ ٪٥٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻌﻴﺪ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍ ﹰ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪،‬‬

‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪﺕ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻣﻔﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ‬

‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻼﻧﻜﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺎﺡ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﲔ ﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺿﻌﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪:‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻘﺼﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﺮﺍ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ‬

‫‪٢٤‬‬
 ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻃﺎﺑﻌﺎﻥ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻹﺧﻔﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳊﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻴﺰ‬

‫ﻭﺍﳉﻬﻞ ﻭﺗﻌﺬﺭ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ؛ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫‪äÉ````«````Ø````∏````N . . ∫hC’G π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﲢﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﻭﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﺩ ﻭﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ‪ . .‬ﺇﻟﺦ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﳊﺎﻟﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳌﺮﺀ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻓﻘﻴﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺲ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻛﺒﻌﺪ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺨﻄﻲ ﻓﻘﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺩﺕ‬

‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺰﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﺃﻗﻮﻯ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻪ‬

‫ﺇﺣﺴﺎﺳﺎ ﹰ ﺯﺍﺋﻔﺎ ﹰ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﹰ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ؟‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﳊﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻊ‬

‫ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﻤﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ؛ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻗﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ؛ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﺒﺮﺭﺍ ﹰ ﻷﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻘﻮﻥ ﻓﻘﺮﻫﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻞ ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﺃﺿﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ)‪.(٤١‬‬

‫‪»`°SÉ`«`≤`dG ∞``jô``©àdG‬‬

‫ﰎ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻋﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٠‬ﻡ)‪(٤٢‬؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪(٣‬؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ‬

‫ﺑﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ﲢﺖ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺷﺪﺓ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﱈ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢٥‬‬
 ‫‪π``eÉ``°û``dG ∞``jô``©`à`dG‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺶ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺄﻭﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﺎﺵ ﺣﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﻣﲔ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺗﻌﺘﺒـﺮ ﻣﺆﺷـﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺤـﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﻘـﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻬـﺬﺍ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌـﺮﻳـﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﻤﲔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ)‪.(٤٣‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ .(٣‬ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ )‪.(٪‬‬

‫‪óæY ô≤ØdG Iƒéa‬‬ ‫‪∫ó©e â– ¿Éµ°S‬‬ ‫‪óæY ô≤ØdG Iƒéa‬‬ ‫‪∫ó©e â– ¿Éµ°S‬‬ ‫‪ádhódG‬‬
‫‪Ék «eƒj Q’hO 2‬‬ ‫‪Ék «eƒj Q’hO 2‬‬ ‫‪Ék «eƒj Q’hO 1‬‬ ‫‪Ék «eƒj Q’hO 1‬‬
‫‪31^8‬‬ ‫‪77^8‬‬ ‫‪5^9‬‬ ‫‪29^1‬‬ ‫‪¢``û` jOÓ``é` æ` H‬‬
‫‪13^5‬‬ ‫‪38^6‬‬ ‫‪2^2‬‬ ‫‪11^3‬‬ ‫‪É`` ` «` ` `Ø` ` `«` ` `dƒ`` ` H‬‬
‫‪50^9‬‬ ‫‪85^8‬‬ ‫‪25^5‬‬ ‫‪61^2‬‬ ‫‪ƒ°SÉa Éæ«cQƒH‬‬
‫‪5^9‬‬ ‫‪20^3‬‬ ‫‪0^7‬‬ ‫‪4^2‬‬ ‫‪»`` ` ∏` ` ` «` ` ` °` ` ` û` ` ` J‬‬
‫‪11^6‬‬ ‫‪28^7‬‬ ‫‪3^2‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪É`` «` `Ñ` `eƒ`` dƒ`` c‬‬
‫‪11^4‬‬ ‫‪52^7‬‬ ‫‪0^3‬‬ ‫‪3^1‬‬ ‫‪ô`` ` ` ` ` °` ` ` ` ` `ü` ` ` ` ` `e‬‬
‫‪22^6‬‬ ‫‪66^1‬‬ ‫‪2^5‬‬ ‫‪15^2‬‬ ‫‪É``«` °` ù` «` fhó``fEG‬‬
‫‪3^9‬‬ ‫‪15^3‬‬ ‫‪0^3‬‬ ‫‪1^5‬‬ ‫‪É`` ` ` `«` ` ` ` æ` ` ` ` «` ` ` ` c‬‬
‫‪36^8‬‬ ‫‪87^4‬‬ ‫‪12^0‬‬ ‫‪37^9‬‬ ‫‪≥`` `«` ` Ñ` ` eRƒ`` `e‬‬
‫‪5^4‬‬ ‫‪18^1‬‬ ‫‪0^5‬‬ ‫‪3^0‬‬ ‫‪Gƒ`` `LQÉ`` `µ` ` «` ` f‬‬
‫‪54^8‬‬ ‫‪85^3‬‬ ‫‪33^9‬‬ ‫‪61^4‬‬ ‫‪ô`` ` `é` ` ` «` ` ` æ` ` ` dG‬‬
‫‪10^2‬‬ ‫‪25^1‬‬ ‫‪3^2‬‬ ‫‪10^3‬‬ ‫‪É`` ` ` ` ` ` ª` ` ` ` ` ` æ` ` ` ` ` ` H‬‬
‫‪18^8‬‬ ‫‪38^5‬‬ ‫‪8^3‬‬ ‫‪19^4‬‬ ‫‪iƒ`` ` ` ` LGQÉ`` ` ` ` H‬‬
‫‪51^8‬‬ ‫‪74^5‬‬ ‫‪39^5‬‬ ‫‪57^0‬‬ ‫‪¿ƒ`` «` `dGÒ`` °` `S‬‬
‫‪13^5‬‬ ‫‪45^4‬‬ ‫‪1^0‬‬ ‫‪6^6‬‬ ‫‪É``µ` fÓ``jÒ``°` S‬‬
‫‪5^0‬‬ ‫‪18^0‬‬ ‫‪0^5‬‬ ‫‪2^4‬‬ ‫‪É`` ` ` ` ` «` ` ` ` ` `cô`` ` ` ` ` J‬‬

‫‪٢٦‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ »ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ« ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ ﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﳊﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻨﻊ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﺳﺒﻞ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺶ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﺎﳉﺪﻝ‬

‫ﺣﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪äÉ````«````Ø````∏````N . . ∫hC’G π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺴﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻻ ﺷﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻘﺮ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻭﺻﻔﻬﻢ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﻢ ﻓﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺪﻣﲔ‪ .‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻳﺮﻯ‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻝ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﻳﺮﻭﻧﻪ ﺃﻣﺮﺍ ﹰ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﻴﺎ ﹰ‪،‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ﹰ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ »ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ«‬

‫ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻟﻪ »ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ« ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ »ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻣﺮﻫﺎ« ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﻟﻦ ﺗﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺪﻟﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ)‪:(٤٣‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺍﳊﺮﻣﺎﻥ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﺻﻒ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ )ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ؛ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ؛ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬

‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ »ﺍﻟﻨﺄﻱ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ« ﺃﻭ »ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ«‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ »ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ« ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ؛ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺑﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻭﻧﻔﺴﻴﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢٧‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﹰ ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﻮﻁ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﻻ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻛﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ؛ ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳋﻔﺾ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﺀﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬

‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﲔ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﻓﺘﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ »ﺍﻟﻨﺄﻱ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ« ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻋﻦ ﺩﺧﻞ ﳝﺜﻞ ‪ ٪٥٠‬ﺃﻭ ‪ ٪٦٠‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ؛ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺩﺧﻠﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻫﺪﻓﺎ ﹰ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﻥ ﻟﻢ‬

‫ﻳﻜﻦ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻗﺴﺎﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻮ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺧﻄﻂ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﺘﺢ ﻓﺮﺹ‬

‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺗﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﻉ ﺟﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ »ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ« ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬

‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴـﻢ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﻗﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺭﺍﺳﺨـﺔ ﺑـﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ؛ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳـﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ ﻭﻓـﻖ ﻫﺮﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪(٤٧-٤٤)(٢‬؛‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﳌﻨﺰﻝ ﺁﻣﻦ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻠﺒﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢٨‬‬
 ‫–≤«≥‬
‫‪äGòdG‬‬
‫‪ádõæŸG‬‬
‫)‪(¢ùØædG IõYh AÉHE’G‬‬
‫‪äÉ````«````Ø````∏````N . . ∫hC’G π°üØdG‬‬

‫‪(Ö`` ` ` ë` ` `dG) AÉ`` ` ` ªàfE’G‬‬

‫‪(á`` ` `eÓ`` `°ùdG) ¿É`` ` ` `eC’G‬‬

‫‪(á«Lƒdƒ«°ùØdG) ájƒ«◊G äÉLÉ◊G‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(٢‬ﻫﺮﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺮﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺪﺭﺟﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﳋﻤﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻲ؛ ﺃﻱ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ؛‬

‫ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺰﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﳕﻮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﳊـﺎﺟـﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻋﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﳌﺰﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‪:‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ )ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ(‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﺴﺪ )ﺍﳌﻠﺒﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﺩ(‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺏ )ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ(‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟﻨـﻮﻡ )ﺍﳌـﺄﻭﻯ(‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻷﻛﻞ )ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ(‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺴﺪ )ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﻂ(‪.‬‬

‫‪٢٩‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ؛ ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﻧﻘﺼﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴـﺎﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛـﺎﻥ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺄﺛﻴـﺮ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎ ﹰ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ؛ ﺃﻭ ﲟﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺧـﺮ‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳـﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓـﻲ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﺃﻓﻜـﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺗـﻪ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺗـﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺎﻇﻢ ﺷﻌﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻢ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺿـﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻳﺾ ‪ . .‬ﺇﻟﺦ)‪.(٤٤‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻓﻮﻕ‬

‫ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ؛ ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻮﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺠﺪ ﺣﺎﺟﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‪:‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻧﻲ )ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﺪﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﻡ(‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻠﻘﻲ )ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ(‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻲ )ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ(‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺎ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻱ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩﻩ؛ ﺑﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺗﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻸﻣﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ؛ ﻓﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎﺀ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﺷﻲﺀ‬

‫ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺼﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻜﻔﺮ ﺑﺄﻧﻌﻢ ﺍﷲ ﻫﺪﻡ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺘﲔ )ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ(‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻡ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻘﻮﺽ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﱈ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ؛ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪} :‬ﻭﺿﺮﺏ ﹼ ﹸ‬
‫ﺍﷲ ﹶﻣ ﹶﺜﻼﹰ‬ ‫ﹶ ﹶ ﹶ ﹶ‬

‫‪٣٠‬‬
 ‫ﻢ ﹼﹺ‬
‫ﺍﷲ ﹶﻓﺄ ﹶ ﹶﺫﺍ ﹶﻗ ﹶﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻬﺎ ﺭ ﹾﹺﺯ ﹸﻗ ﹶﻬﺎ ﺭ ﹶ ﹶﻏ ﹰﺪﺍ ﱢﻣﻦ ﻛﹸ ﻞﱢ ﹶﻣﻜﹶ ﺎ ﹴﻥ ﹶﻓﻜﹶ ﹶﻔﺮﹶ ﹾﺕ ﺑﹺﺄ ﹶ ﹾﻧ ﹸﻌ ﹺ‬
‫ﻄ ﹶﻤ ﹺﺌ ﱠﻨ ﹰﺔ ﻳ ﹶ ﹾﺄﺗﹺ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺖ ﹺ‬
‫ﺁﻣ ﹶﻨ ﹰﺔ ﱡﻣ ﹾ‬ ‫ﹶﻗ ﹾﺮﻳ ﹶ ﹰﺔ ﻛﹶ ﺎﻧ ﹶ ﹾ‬
‫ﹸﻮﻉ ﹶﻭ ﹾﺍﳋ ﹾﹶﻮ ﹺ‬ ‫ﹼﹸ‬
‫ﻮﻥ{ ]ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻞ؛ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ‪.[١١٢ :‬‬ ‫ﻑ ﲟﹺ ﹶﺎ ﻛﹶ ﺎﻧﹸﻮ ﹾﺍ ﻳ ﹶ ﹾ‬
‫ﺼ ﹶﻨ ﹸﻌ ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ ﻟﹺ ﹶﺒ ﹶ‬
‫ﺎﺱ ﹾﺍﳉ ﹺ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺎﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻌﻢ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﻳﺶ ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪} :‬ﺍﻟ ﹺﱠﺬﻱ ﺃ ﹶ ﹾﻃ ﹶﻌ ﹶﻤ ﹸﻬﻢ‬

‫ﺁﻣ ﹶﻨ ﹸﻬﻢ ﱢﻣ ﹾﻦ ﹶﺧ ﹾﻮ ﹴ‬
‫ﻑ{ ]ﻗﺮﻳﺶ؛ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ‪.[٤-٣ :‬‬ ‫ﻮﻉ ﹶﻭ ﹶ‬
‫ﱢﻣﻦ ﹸﺟ ﹴ‬
‫‪äÉ````«````Ø````∏````N . . ∫hC’G π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬

‫ﻋﻘﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ؛ ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ )ﺇﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻃﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﺋﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ )ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ(‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ )ﺍﻷﻫﻞ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ(‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟـﻮﻃـﻦ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ )ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﺯﺩﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻻﻣﺘﻬﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎﺀ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻱ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻻﹰ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﺲ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﻤﺎﺀ؛ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﻤﺎﺀ‬

‫ﳌﻨﺘﺪﻯ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺳﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﺼﺎﺑﺔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ‪ . .‬ﺇﻟﺦ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻮﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺑﺎ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻘﺒﻼﹰ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ؛ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ‬

‫ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﺭﻣﺔ ﻭﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻶﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ؛ ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺿﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﻌﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﻨﺎ ﹴﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﻖ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﻛﺘﺌﺎﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻼﺀ ﺍﷲ ﺧﺴﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ )ﺍﻹﻧﺘﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬

‫ﹺﺸ ﹾﻲ ﹴﺀ ﱢﻣ ﹶﻦ‬
‫}ﻭﻟ ﹶﹶﻨ ﹾﺒﻠ ﹶﹸﻮﻧﱠﻜﹸ ﹾﻢ ﺑ ﹶ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺰﻋﺰﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺻﻄﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﹶ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﹺﺮ ﹶ‬
‫ﹺﻳﻦ{ ]ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮﺓ؛ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ‪.[١٥٥ :‬‬ ‫ﺸﺮﹺ ﱠ‬ ‫ﺲ ﹶﻭﺍﻟ ﱠﺜ ﹶﻤﺮﹶ ﹺ‬
‫ﺍﺕ ﹶﻭﺑ ﹶ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻔ ﹺ‬
‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺺ ﱢﻣ ﹶﻦ ﺍﻷﹶ ﹶﻣ ﹶﻮﺍﻝﹺ ﹶﻭ‬ ‫ﹶﻮﻑ ﹶﻭ ﹾﺍﳉ ﹺ‬
‫ﹸﻮﻉ ﹶﻭﻧ ﹶ ﹾﻘ ﹴ‬ ‫ﹾﺍﳋ ﹾ‬

‫‪٣١‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﻈﻮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﳝﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﺤﻂ ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺎﺅﻩ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻮﺍﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻘﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻧﺎﺀﺓ ﺃﻭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﻔـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌـﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻠـﻖ‪ .‬ﻗـﺎﻝ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‪" :‬ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻢ ﺇﻧﻲ ﺃﻋﻮﺫ ﺑﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﻮﺫ ﺑﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻇﻠﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻇﻠﻢ"‬

‫)ﺭﻭﺍﻩ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻭﺃﺑﻮﺩﺍﻭﺩ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺣﺎﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﻮﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﺘﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﻢ‬

‫ﲢﺠﻴﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﻮﻕ؛ ﺃﻱ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ‬

‫ﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻏﺮﻳﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻞ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﺓ‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﻄﻠﻊ ﻷﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ)‪ .(٥٠-٤٨‬ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬

‫ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺤﻘﻘﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻏﺮﻳﺰﺓ ﳕﻮ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺑﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‬

‫)‪(٥١‬‬

‫ﺫﺍﺗﻬﻢ؛ ﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻢ‪:‬‬

‫˚ ﻳﺤﺘﻀﻨﻮﻥ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﻬﻢ )ﲟﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ( ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺇﻧﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻼﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻭﺇﻗﺪﺍﻣﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﺒﺪﻋﻮﻥ ﻭﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮﻭﻥ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻳﻬﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺤﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ؛ ﺑﻞ ﺇﻥ ﺣﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣٢‬‬
 ‫˚ ﻳﺸﻌﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﺘﻼﺣﻢ ﻣﻊ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻫﻢ ﻳﻘﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻳﺤﻤﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﷲ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻌﻤﻪ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻟﺪﻳﻬـﻢ ﻧﻈـﺎﻡ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻐـﺮﻭﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬـﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻠـﺔ ﻋـﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺳﻠﻄـﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪äÉ````«````Ø````∏````N . . ∫hC’G π°üØdG‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺤﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﲢﻴﺰ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺼﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻳﻜﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﻛﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺧﺒﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﺍﻑ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻃﻤﺢ‬

‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ؛ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻛﻬﺪﻑ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﻛﻤﻌﻘﺐ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻮﻕ)‪.(٤٧‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﺒﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﻴﺮﺓ ﻛﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻠﻌﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺣﺪ ﻭﺗﻔﻀﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻔﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﺰﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺨﺒﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻘﻮﺍ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﻢ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﶈﻨﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺻﺤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻠﻴﺎﺕ؛‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻭﻟﺌـﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﳝﻠﻜـﻮﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳋﺒـﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﻔﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻨﻜﺮﻭﻧﻬﺎ)‪ .(٥٢‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺗﻀﺢ‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﺤـﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨـﻮﺭﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻫـﻢ ﺍﻷﻓـﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳـﻦ ﺣﻘﻘـﻮﺍ ﺫﺍﺗﻬـﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﻘﻘﻮﺍ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﻗﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺍ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺧﺒﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻠﻲ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ )‪.(٥٤-٥٣‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺎﺭﻕ ﺑﲔ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺤﻘﻘﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬

‫‪٣٣‬‬
‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛﻪ‪ :‬ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻷﺻﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺣﻈﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺒﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﻲ ﻭﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫ﻟﻬﻢ ﺧﺒﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﺍ ﹰ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎ ﹰ ﻭﻫﺎﻣﺎ ﹰ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺤﻘﻘﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﻫﻢ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﺨﺒﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮ ﺑﻞ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻧﺎﺱ ﻟﻴﺴﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺤﺎﺀ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﻮﺍ ﳑﻦ ﺣﻘﻘﻮﺍ‬

‫ﺫﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﺧﺒﺮﻭﺍ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﻲ)‪.(٥٣‬‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻓﺴﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳋﺒﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻭﺃﻥ‬

‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﺮ ﺑﺨﺒﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻛﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ؛ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﻗﺘﺔ؛ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ‬

‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﳝﺔ)‪ .(٦٤-٥٥‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﳒﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻼﺕ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻫﻮ »ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ« ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﺧﺒﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺨﻄﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﺒﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ)‪.(٨٣-٦٥‬‬

‫ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺣﺮﺯﺗﻪ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻫﺮﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻬﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻮﺍﻓﺰ؛ ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻘﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‬

‫ﺑﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﻳﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻬﺮ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ؛ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺒﺪﺓ‪،‬‬

‫ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻨﻜﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻟﻬﺎ)‪ .(٤٦‬ﻭﻟﻌﻞ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﻗﺖ ﻫﺠﻮﻣﺎ ﹰ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﲔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺪﻑ)‪.(٨٤‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ‬

‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻄﻤﺢ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻯ‬

‫‪٣٤‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻱ)‪ ،(٤٧‬ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ‬

‫ﻳﺒﺤﺜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﺧﻔﻴﺔ)‪ ،(٨٥‬ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﻳﺒﺤﺜﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺧﻴﺮ ﻳﺆﺩﻭﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﻳﺠﺘﺬﺑﻬﻢ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﻲ ﻓﻴﻠﻘﻰ‬

‫ﻫﺠﻮﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻲ)‪.(٥٢‬‬
‫‪äÉ````«````Ø````∏````N . . ∫hC’G π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻗﺮﺁﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﳒﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻣﻼﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺩﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻬﺎ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﲢﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﻴﺔ)‪.(٨٦‬‬

‫‪á``°UÉ``°üî`dG‬‬
‫ﻭﺭﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﻓﻲ ﺁﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﻣﺪﺡ‬

‫ﺎﺻ ﹲﺔ ‪{..‬‬
‫ﺼ ﹶ‬‫ﺎﻥ ﺑﹺﻬﹺ ﹾﻢ ﹶﺧ ﹶ‬
‫ﺴﻬﹺ ﹾﻢ ﹶﻭﻟ ﹾﹶﻮ ﻛﹶ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭﻥ ﹶﻋﻠﹶﻰ ﺃ ﹶ ﹸ‬
‫ﻧﻔ ﹺ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺼﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻮﻗﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ‪ ..} :‬ﹶﻭﻳﹸ ﹾﺆﺛﹺﺮﹸ ﹶ‬
‫]ﺍﳊﺸﺮ؛ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ‪.[٩ :‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﺨﺼﺎﺻﺔ ﻫﻮ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺟﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ؛ ﻭﺍﳋﺼﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳋﺼﺎﺻﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﳋﻠﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ؛ ﺛﻢ ﺃﻃﻠﻘﺖ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺻﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳋﻠﺔ؛ ﻭﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺻﺔ‪ :‬ﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﳋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻓﻀﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ‪ :‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺑﺄﻧﺎﺱ‬

‫ﻳﺨﺮ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺻﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﺬﻱ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﻳﺨﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﻮﻟﻬﻢ‪ :‬ﺭﺟﻌﺖ ﺍﻹﺑﻞ ﻭﺑﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺧﺼﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺮﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ؛ ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻬﻢ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺮﺟﻞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺸﺒﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣٥‬‬
 ‫‪á``∏`«``©dG‬‬
‫ﻭﺭﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺤﻘﻮﻗﻬﻦ‪،‬‬

‫ﻚ ﺃ ﹶ ﹾﺩﻧﹶﻰ ﺃﹶﻻﱠ‬
‫ﺖ ﺃ ﹶ ﹾﳝﹶﺎﻧﹸﻜﹸ ﹾﻢ ﹶﺫﻟﹺ ﹶ‬
‫ﺍﺣ ﹶﺪ ﹰﺓ ﺃ ﹶ ﹾﻭ ﹶﻣﺎ ﹶﻣﻠﹶﻜﹶ ﹾ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪ ..} :‬ﹶﻓﺈ ﹺ ﹾﻥ ﹺﺧ ﹾﻔ ﹸﺘ ﹾﻢ ﺃﹶﻻﱠ ﺗﹶ ﹾﻌ ﹺﺪﻟﹸﻮ ﹾﺍ ﹶﻓ ﹶﻮ ﹺ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﺗﹶ ﹸﻌﻮﻟﹸﻮﺍﹾ{ ]ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ؛ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ‪.[٣ :‬‬

‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺧﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺆﻣﻨﲔ‪ ..} :‬ﹶﻭﺇ ﹺ ﹾﻥ ﹺﺧ ﹾﻔ ﹸﺘ ﹾﻢ ﹶﻋ ﹾﻴﻠﹶ ﹰﺔ ﹶﻓ ﹶ‬
‫ﺴ ﹾﻮ ﹶ‬

‫ﻀﻠﹺ ﹺﻪ ‪] {..‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺑﺔ؛ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ‪.[٢٨ :‬‬ ‫ﹼﹸ‬

‫ﻳﹸ ﹾﻐ ﹺﻨﻴﻜﹸ ﹸ‬
‫ﻢ ﺍﷲ ﹺﻣﻦ ﹶﻓ ﹾ‬

‫}ﻭ ﹶﻭ ﹶﺟ ﹶﺪﻙﹶ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒﺎ ﹰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ‪ :‬ﹶ‬
‫ﹶﻋﺎﺋ ﹺ ﹰﻼ ﹶﻓﺄ ﹶ ﹾﻏ ﹶﻨﻰ{ ]ﺍﻟﻀﺤﻰ؛ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ‪.[٨ :‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻠﺔ ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺢ ‪ -‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻗﺔ؛ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻳﻌﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻓﺘﻘﺮ؛ ؛ ﻭﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ‪" :‬ﺇﻧﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﻉ ﻭﺭﺛﺘﻚ ﺃﻏﻨﻴﺎﺀ ﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺮﻛﻬﻢ ﻋﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻜﻔﻔﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ" )ﺭﻭﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﺎﻳﺎ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪ :‬ﻓﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻳﺴﺄﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪.‬‬

‫‪ô```≤```ØdG‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺝ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺷﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ؛ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻈﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻘﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﻟﻠﺤﺰﻭﺯ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ؛ ﻗﺎﻟﻮﺍ‪ :‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﺷﺘﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﻓﻘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻭﻓﺎﻗﺘﻪ؛ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻮﻟﻬﻢ‪ :‬ﻓﻘﺮﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻗﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻫﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺳﺮﺓ ﻟﻔﻘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺮ‪،‬‬

‫ﻈ ﱡﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﹸ ﹾﻔ ﹶﻌﻞﹶ ﺑ ﹶﹺﻬﺎ ﹶﻓﺎ ﹺﻗﺮﹶ ﹲﺓ{ ]ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻣﺔ؛ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ‪.[٢٥ :‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪} :‬ﺗﹶ ﹸ‬

‫ﻭﺳﺪ ﺍﷲ ﻣﻔﺎﻗﺮﻩ‪ :‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻏﻨﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﻓﻘﺮﻩ ﻭﺣﺎﺟﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ‪" :‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻣﺔ ﻏﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻘﻴﺮ ﺇﻻ ﻭﺩ ﺃﳕﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻭﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻗﻮﺗﺎ"‬

‫)ﺭﻭﺍﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻡ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﻨﺪ(‪.‬‬

‫‪٣٦‬‬
 ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺩﻋﺎﺋﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ‪" :‬ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻢ ﺇﻧﻲ ﺃﻋﻮﺫ ﺑﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﻋﺬﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺮ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻟﺔ" )ﺭﻭﺍﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻡ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﻨﺪ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻦ ﺃﺑﻲ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻡ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺟﻬﻪ‪» :‬ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺭﺟﻼﹰ ﻟﻘﺘﻠﺘﻪ«‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻫﻨﺎ‬
‫‪äÉ````«````Ø````∏````N . . ∫hC’G π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻭﻃﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﻭﺣﺸﻴﺘﻪ ﺣﲔ ﻳﻀﺮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪¥Ó````eE’G‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﻣﻼﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺃﻣﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻓﻬﻮ ﳑﻠﻖ؛ ﻭﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻹﻣﻼﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﻠﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺇﻣﻼﻗﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻠﻘﻪ ﻣﻠﻘﺎ ﹰ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺧﺮﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺒﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪،‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﺍ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺻﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ؛ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﺎﺋﺸﺔ‬

‫ﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺃﺑﻴﻬﺎ ﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ‪» :‬ﻭﻳﺮﻳﺶ ﳑﻠﻘﻬﺎ« )ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺮﺍﻧﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪ :‬ﻳﻐﻨﻲ‬

‫ﻓﻘﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻹﻣﻼﻕ‪ :‬ﻛﺜﺮﺓ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﺒﺬﻳﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻮﺭﺙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ؛ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﺳﺄﻟﺖ ﺍﺑﻦ‬

‫ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻟﺖ‪» :‬ﺃﺃﻧﻔﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺌﺖ؟ ﻓﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻧﻌﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ‬

‫ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﺸ ﹶﻴ ﹶﺔ ﺇ ﹺ ﹾﻣﻼﻕﹴ ﻧﱠ ﹾﺤ ﹸﻦ ﻧ ﹶ ﹾﺮﺯ ﹸ ﹸﻗ ﹸﻬ ﹾﻢ ﹶﻭﺇﹺﻳﱠﺎﻛﹸ ﻢ ﱠ‬ ‫}ﻭﻻﹶ ﺗﹶ ﹾﻘ ﹸﺘﻠﹸﻮ ﹾﺍ ﺃ ﹶ ﹾﻭ ﹶ‬
‫ﻻﺩﻛﹸ ﹾﻢ ﹶﺧ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺷﺌﺖ«‪ .‬ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﹶ‬
‫ﺎﻥ ﹺﺧ ﹾ‬
‫ﻂ ﹰﺀﺍ ﻛﹶ ﺒﹺﻴﺮﹰ{ ]ﺍﻹﺳﺮﺍﺀ؛ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ‪ ،[٣١:‬ﺃﻱ‪ :‬ﺧﺸﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹶﻗ ﹾﺘﻠ ﹸﹶﻬ ﹾﻢ ﻛﹶ ﹶ‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻹﻣﻼﻕ‪ :‬ﺍﻹﺳﺮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻣﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪ :‬ﺃﺳﺮﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ؛ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻓﺴﺎﺩ‪ :‬ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺃﻣﻠﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪ :‬ﺃﻓﺴﺪﻩ؛ ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﻗﺘﺎﺩﺓ ‪ :‬ﺍﻹﻣﻼﻕ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻗﺔ؛ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪ ..} :‬ﹶﻭﻻﹶ ﺗﹶ ﹾﻘ ﹸﺘﻠﹸﻮ ﹾﺍ‬

‫ﻢ ‪] {..‬ﺍﻷﻧﻌﺎﻡ؛ ﺍﻵﻳﺔ‪.[١٥١ :‬‬

‫ﺎﻫ ﹾ‬
‫ﻧﱠ ﹾﺤ ﹸﻦ ﻧﹶﺮﺯ ﹸ ﹸﻗﻜﹸ ﹾﻢ ﹶﻭﺇﹺﻳﱠ ﹸ‬
‫ﹾ‬ ‫ﺃ ﹶ ﹾﻭﻻ ﹶﹶﺩﻛﹸ ﻢ ﱢﻣ ﹾﻦ ﹾ‬
‫ﺇﻣﻼﹶﻕﹴ‬

‫‪٣٧‬‬
ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e

٣٦
٣٨
‫‪äÉ`Ñ``Ñ`°ù`eh ô``«``jÉ``©``e . . ÊÉãdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫‪äÉÑÑ°ùeh ô`«jÉ©e‬‬
‫˚ ﻣﻘـﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﳌﻴـﺔ ˚ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﳌـﻌـﺎﻳـﻴـﺮ ﺍﻟـﻔـﻘـﺮ‬

‫‪٣٩‬‬
ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e

٤٠
 ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪∑Ó`¡`à°S’G iƒ``à°ùe‬‬
‫‪äÉ`Ñ``Ñ`°ù`eh ô``«``jÉ``©``e . . ÊÉãdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻓﻘﻴﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺩﺧﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺪﻧﻰ ﲢﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻫﻮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ؛ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺶ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬

‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﺎﳌﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎ ﹰ ﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬

‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ؛ ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻛﻠﻪ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺣﺪﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺃﻗﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺃﻗﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ)‪.(٨٧‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ )‪ ،Purchasing Power Parity (PPP‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻤﻠﺘﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬

‫ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﺘﲔ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳـﺔ ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧـﻮﻥ ﻭﺣـﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﹰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ »ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ« ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ »ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ« ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬

‫ﺑﲔ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﲔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ‪‬ﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺕ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼﺩﻫﺎ ﻟﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ‬

‫‪٤١‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﰋ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺳﻼﺕ ﺑﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﺄﺭﺟﺢ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻳﺘﻀﺨﻢ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﻘﺮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ؛ ﳒﺪ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻳﻨﻔﻖ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻓﺮﻕ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ؛ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﰋ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻫﻮ ‪ ١٫٥٠٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٦٫٢٠٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﰋ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ‬

‫‪ ٣٧٫٦٠٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ‪ ٣١٫٤٠٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺪﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ ١٫١‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠١‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ ٢٫٧‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٠‬ﻡ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻘﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺪﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٪٢٨‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٠‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٪٢١‬ﻋﺎﻡ‬

‫‪٢٠٠١‬ﻡ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﲢﺴﻨﺖ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫ﻋﺒﺮ ﺻﺤﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٪٤١‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٨١‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٪٤٦‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠١‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﻭﺳﻂ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﺎ ﹰ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﳑﺎ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪.(٣‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٪٦‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻘﻠﺺ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫)‪(٨٩-٨٨‬‬

‫‪٤٢‬‬
 ‫‪(¿ƒ«∏e) Ωƒ«dG ‘ Q’hO iƒà°ùe â– ¿ƒ°û«©j øjòdG OóY‬‬
‫‪äÉ`Ñ``Ñ`°ù`eh ô``«``jÉ``©``e . . ÊÉãdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫‪⁄É©dG á«≤H‬‬

‫‪É`` «` °SBG ¥ô`` `°T‬‬

‫‪AGôë°üdG â– É«≤jôaCG‬‬

‫‪É`` «` °SBG ܃``æ` `L‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(٣‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﻘﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ‪ :‬ﻣﺪﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺴﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺪﻗﻊ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺩﺧﻠﻬﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ١‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪(¿ƒ«∏e) Ωƒ«dG ‘ Q’hO iƒà°ùe â– ¿ƒ°û«©j øjòdG OóY‬‬
‫‪OôØ∏d ∑Ó¡à°S’G §°Sƒàe å∏K ¿ƒµ∏¡à°ùj øjòdG hCG‬‬

‫‪⁄É©dG á«≤H‬‬
‫‪»ÑjQɵdGh á«æ«JÓdG ɵjôeCG‬‬

‫‪AGôë°üdG â– É«≤jôaCG‬‬

‫‪É`` «` °SBG ¥ô`` `°T‬‬

‫‪É`` «` °SBG ܃``æ` `L‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(٤‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ؛ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﺾ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤٣‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٤‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻗﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻗﻊ ﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻝ ‪‬ﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ‬

‫ﺻﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﻡ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺄﻭﻯ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬

‫ﻳﻘﺘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ)‪.(٩٩-٩٠‬‬

‫ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺷﻬﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻗﻊ ﺳﻴﻤﺤﻰ ﺧﻼﻝ‬

‫ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ‪ ٨‬ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﳝﻮﺗﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ)‪.(١٠٠‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺩﺧﻞ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪ ١‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ ‪ ٢‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﻣﺮﺍ ﹰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎ ﹰ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﺴﻰ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻗﻊ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ؛ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬

‫ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﺟﺎﺯﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ )ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ(‬

‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﺼﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﺄﻭﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻛﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻘﻂ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﻮﺫﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﲡﻤﻊ‬

‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﻋﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﺴﺒﺎﻧﻴﲔ )‪(Hispanic‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﻨﺎﻣﻴﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺭﻳﲔ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻬﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻟﻨﺪﻥ ﻭﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﺃﻭ ﲟﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﺷﻤﻞ ﺍﳉﻴﺘﻮ )‪،(Ghettos‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ‬

‫‪٤٤‬‬
 ‫ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺴﺮﺍ ﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺮﻏﺒﺘﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﲡﻤﻊ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻘﻴﺮﺓ؛ ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫‪äÉ`Ñ``Ñ`°ù`eh ô``«``jÉ``©``e . . ÊÉãdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ »ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ« ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﻣﻎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪iô``NC’G OÉ``©`HC’G‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﻣﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ)‪ (١١٥-١٠١‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ؛ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻭﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﻌﻘﺐ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺃﺧﺮﻱ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻫﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺬ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ)‪.(١١٦‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﻘﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻭﻓﻘﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪≥`∏`£`ŸG ô``≤`Ø`dG‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﻻ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ؛ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٢٫٠٠٠‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٢٫٥٠٠‬ﺳﻌﺮ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ ﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ‬

‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻧﺎﺱ ﻳﺤﺼﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻬﻢ ‪ . .‬ﺇﻟﺦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ؛ ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ‪:‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻮﺓ ﺑﲔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺴﺎﺭ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﲡﺮﻱ ﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﺃﻗﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤٥‬‬
 ‫˚ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ)‪.(١١٨-١١٧‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٢,٢٠٠‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٪٥٦‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٪١٠‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫˚ ﺯﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٪٥٢‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٥٠‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٪٨١‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٩‬ﻡ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺙ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٪٥٩‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٧٠‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٪٨٠‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٠‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻧﺴﺒـﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻔـﺎﻝ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠـﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٪٧٦‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٦٠‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪٪٩٠‬‬

‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٠‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺬﻳﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ؛ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ)‪ .(١١٩‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ)‪،(١٣٩-١٢٠‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺃﻭ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﻛﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻓﺘﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﻌﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ؛‬

‫ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫˚ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻘﻴﺲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻭﻭﻓﻖ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺤﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ‬

‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﻷﻱ ﻣﻨﺰﻝ )ﺃﺳﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ( ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺛﻠﺜﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﺄﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﳌﻠﺒﺲ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤٦‬‬
 ‫˚ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ )‪ (١‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﲢﺖ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬

‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭ )‪ (٢‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬
‫‪äÉ`Ñ``Ñ`°ù`eh ô``«``jÉ``©``e . . ÊÉãdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﲢﺖ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﲢﺖ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ )‪.(١٣٦-١٣٥‬‬

‫‪»`Ñ°ùædG ô`≤`Ø`dG‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻀﻤﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻓﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻷﻓﻘﺮ ﺛﻠﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻷﺛﺮﻯ ‪ ٪١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬

‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ )‪ (١٥٠-١٤٠)(Gini Coefficient‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ )‪(Gini Index‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﻝ‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻷﻭﻓﺮ ﺣﺎﻻﹰ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬

‫ﺑﲔ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻟﻮﺭﻧﺰ )‪ (Lorenz Curve‬ﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ)‪ ،(١٥٠-١٤٥‬ﻭﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪،‬‬

‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ؛ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(٥‬ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺻﻔﺮ )‪ (٠‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ )‪ (١‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻛﻠﻪ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺼﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺷﻲﺀ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﳝﺜﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﺍﺀ ﺳﻠﺒﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤٧‬‬
 ‫‪‹ÉãŸG ™jRƒàdG‬‬
‫‪áLQO 45 §N hCG‬‬

‫‪Ö°ùൟG πNódG Ö«°üf ºcGôJ‬‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫‪»æ«L ô°TDƒe‬‬

‫‪õfQƒd ≈æëæe‬‬

‫‪ÊóàŸG πNódG ÜÉë°UCG øe OGôaC’G Ö«°üf ºcGôJ‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(٥‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻟﻮﺭﻧﺰ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٦‬ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﻲ ﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻟﻮﺭﻧﺰ ﳑﺜﻼﹰ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪á«dÉãŸG IGhÉ°ùŸG §N‬‬

‫‪π``Nó`` `dG á``Ñ` ` °ù`` f‬‬

‫‪™jRƒàdG §N‬‬
‫‪…hÉ°ùàŸG ÒZ‬‬
‫‪¥ÓWE’G ≈∏Y‬‬

‫‪õfQƒd ≈æëæe‬‬

‫‪∫RÉæŸG á`` Ñ` `°ùf‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(٦‬ﺧﻂ ﻟﻮﺭﻧﺰ ﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤٨‬‬
 ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻳﺘﺪﺭﺝ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ‪ ٠٫٢٥‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ،٠٫٧١‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺼﻒ‬
‫‪äÉ`Ñ``Ñ`°ù`eh ô``«``jÉ``©``e . . ÊÉãdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﲟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ؛ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ .(١٥١)٠٫٤٠‬ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ‬

‫ﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٠٫٢٤‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ،٠٫٣٦‬ﻓﺎﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ‪ ،٠٫٤‬ﲟﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٠٫٣٩٤‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٧٠‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٠٫٤٠٣‬ﻋﺎﻡ‬

‫‪١٩٨٠‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٠٫٤٢٨‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٠‬ﻡ ﻭﻭﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٠٫٤٦٣‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٠‬ﻡ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﺤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٪٧٠‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٪٣٥‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٠‬ﻡ)‪.(١٥٢‬‬

‫ﻭﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (٤‬ﻳﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﳕﺎﺭﻙ ﻭﺃﻗﻞ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﺑﺄﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ .(٤‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪%20 ≈æZC’G‬‬ ‫‪%10 ≈æZC’G‬‬

‫‪ΩÉ````©`````dG‬‬ ‫‪»æ«L πeÉ©e‬‬ ‫‪á````dhó````dG‬‬ ‫‪á```Ñ``Jô```ŸG‬‬
‫‪%20 ô≤aC’G ¤EG %10 ô≤aC’G ¤EG‬‬
‫‪Ω1997‬‬ ‫‪4^3‬‬ ‫‪8^1‬‬ ‫‪0^247‬‬ ‫‪∑QɉódG‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Ω1998‬‬ ‫‪5^6‬‬ ‫‪8^6‬‬ ‫‪0^334‬‬ ‫‪øª«dG‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬
‫‪Ω1999‬‬ ‫‪5^1‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪0^344‬‬ ‫‪ô°üe‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬
‫‪Ω1995‬‬ ‫‪6^1‬‬ ‫‪9^6‬‬ ‫‪0^354‬‬ ‫‪ôFGõ÷G‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬
‫‪Ω1997‬‬ ‫‪5^9‬‬ ‫‪9^1‬‬ ‫‪0^364‬‬ ‫‪¿OQC’G‬‬ ‫‪54‬‬
‫‪Ω2000‬‬ ‫‪7^4‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪0^39‬‬ ‫‪É«fÉàjQƒe‬‬ ‫‪66‬‬
‫‪Ω1998‬‬ ‫‪7^2‬‬ ‫‪11^7‬‬ ‫‪0^395‬‬ ‫‪Üô¨ŸG‬‬ ‫‪67‬‬
‫‪Ω2000‬‬ ‫‪7^9‬‬ ‫‪13^4‬‬ ‫‪0^398‬‬ ‫‪¢ùfƒJ‬‬ ‫‪69‬‬
‫‪IóëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG‬‬
‫‪Ω2000‬‬ ‫‪8^4‬‬ ‫‪15^9‬‬ ‫‪0^466‬‬ ‫‪92‬‬
‫‪᫵jôeC’G‬‬
‫‪Ω1993‬‬ ‫‪56^1‬‬ ‫‪128^8‬‬ ‫‪0^707‬‬ ‫‪É«ÑeÉf‬‬ ‫‪124‬‬

‫‪٤٩‬‬
 ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ‪:‬‬

‫˚ ﳝﺜﻞ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﺪﺩ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴـﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻻ ﳝﺜـﻞ ﻏـﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺧـﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﰋ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫˚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳊﻀﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﳊﻀﺮ(‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘﻪ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻩ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺠﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﰋ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﺇﺷﻬﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻐﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ؛ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺎ ﹰ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﰋ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺒﺊ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﲢﺴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﺇﻏﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻻ ﻳﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻭﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻴـﺎﺱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻌﲔ‪ :‬ﻓﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻻ ﻳـﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻘﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٣‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪٥٠‬‬
 ‫‪ .٤‬ﺃﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪ :‬ﻟﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺧﻼﹰ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻏﻨﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻓﻘﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﰋ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪äÉ`Ñ``Ñ`°ù`eh ô``«``jÉ``©``e . . ÊÉãdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻛﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﺘﺸﻤﻞ‪:‬‬

‫˚ ﺇﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﺘﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻳﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ؛ ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻺﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻗﺪ ﲤﻨﺢ ﻫﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺩﺧﻠﻬﻢ‬

‫ﺑﻄﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻏﺬﺍﺀ )‪ (Food Stamps‬ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻛﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻟﻮﺭﻧﺰ ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺗﻐﻔﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ‬

‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﲟﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺠﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻟﻮﺭﻧﺰ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺑﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ؛ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﲟﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﺪﻡ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺗﻮﺧﻲ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻝ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻛﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻗﻞ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺪﺍﻗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻯ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻟﻮﺭﻧﺰ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ‬

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‫ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺩﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﻘﺘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬

‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪٠٫٥‬؛ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﺰﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺛﺮﻱ ﳝﺘﻠﻚ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ ٠٫٥‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺩﺧﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﻔﺤﺸﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻲ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺄﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬

‫ﺑﺨﺸﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻤﺲ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬

‫‪) ٪٢٠‬ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ( ﺳﻴﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪) ٪٥‬ﻏﺰﻳﺮ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ( ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻴﺎ )‪ (Entropy Measures‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺛﻴﻞ )‪ ،(١٥٤-١٥٣)(Theil‬ﻭﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﺗﻜﻨﺴﻮﻥ )‪ .(١٥٨-١٥٥)(Atkinson‬ﻫﺬﻩ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﲢﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻻﻋﺒﲔ ﺃﺫﻛﻴﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ‬

‫ﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻬﺪﺭﺓ ﺗﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺫﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺛﻴﻞ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬

‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻬﺪﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﻮ ﳝﺎﺛﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ‬

‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ ﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺛﻴﻞ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻀﻢ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﺮﻯ؛ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ‬

‫‪٥٢‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺧﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺯﻭﻧﺎ ﹰ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻛﻜﻞ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ‬
‫‪äÉ`Ñ``Ñ`°ù`eh ô``«``jÉ``©``e . . ÊÉãdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﻨﺼﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺛﻴﻞ ﻷﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺃﺗﻜﻨﺴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﺗﻜﻨﺴﻮﻥ ﺑﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻠﲔ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻭﺯﻧﺎ ﹰ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻛﺮﺍﻫﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ﺻﻔﺮ )‪ (٠‬ﻭﻭﺍﺣﺪ )‪ .(١‬ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺃﺗﻜﻨﺴﻮﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺼﻞ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻛﺮﺍﻫﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ )‪ ،(١‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻳﺆﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ )‪ (٠‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﺗﻜﻨﺴﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫)‪(١٦١-١٥٩‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﺑﲔ ﻫﻮﻭﺩ )‪(Robin Hood Index‬‬

‫ﻫﻮﻓﺮ )‪ (Hoover‬ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻃﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻳﻬﺠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻣﻼﻙ ﺍﻷﻏﻨﻴﺎﺀ ﻟﻴﺴﺮﻕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﺼﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻲ‬

‫ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﲟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﻘﻴﺲ ﺷﻄﺮ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ‬

‫ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ؛ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪.(٧‬‬

‫‪‹ÉãŸG ™jRƒàdG‬‬

‫‪QÉ«©e‬‬
‫‪Ö°ùൟG πNódG Ö«°üf ºcGôJ‬‬

‫‪Ohƒg ÚHhQ‬‬

‫‪»æ«L ô°TDƒe‬‬ ‫‪õfQƒd ≈æëæe‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫‪πNódG øe ∫RÉæª∏d ᫪cGÎdG áÑ°ùædG‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(٧‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﺑﲔ ﻫﻮﻭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪٥٣‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻴﺲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ؛ ﻏﻴﺮ‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﻴﺮ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻟﺴﻮﺀ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﳌﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬
‫‪(‹hódG ∂æÑdG) ô≤ØdG iƒà°ùe‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ؛ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ‬
‫)‪-١٦٣‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﱈ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ)‪ (١٦٢‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬

‫‪ .(١٧٤‬ﻭﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺣﺪ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺑﺈﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ‪ -‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﻟﻴﺴﻮﺍ ﺑﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ‬

‫ﺧﻔﺾ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﳉﻤﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫)‪-١٧٥‬‬

‫‪ .(١٧٦‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﺎﺯ ﻳﺘﻘﺮﺭ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ)‪ .(١٧٧‬ﺛﻢ ﺇﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ؛ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻋﻘﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺩﺧﻠﻬﺎ ‪ ٢‬ﺃﻭ ‪ ٣‬ﺑﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ ٤‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺗﺒﻘﻲ ﻣﻬﺰﻭﻣﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻭﻃﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻃﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﻣﻠﺒﺲ ﻭﻣﺄﻭﻯ ﻭﺻﺤﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺐ ﺑﺎﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺳﻬﻞ‬

‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺪ ﺧﻄﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲤﺮﻳﻨﺎ ﹰﹶ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﲡﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﻣﻘﻴﺪ‬

‫ﲟﺒﻠﻎ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪٥٤‬‬
 ‫ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ‪ ١٫٣‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻨﺒﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫‪äÉ`Ñ``Ñ`°ù`eh ô``«``jÉ``©``e . . ÊÉãdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺧﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﹰ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ؛ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﻟﻌﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﻓﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ)‪:(١٧٨‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٪٢٠‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٨٥‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٪٢٫٩‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٠‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٪٥٥‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٨٥‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٪٢٥‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٠‬ﻡ؛ ﺭﻏﻢ‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﺃﻥ ‪ ٪٨٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺼﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻨﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﳊﺸﻮ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬

‫ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻢ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺄﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ‬

‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳊﻀﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ‪.‬‬

‫‪(IóëàŸG ·C’G) ô≤ØdG iƒà°ùe‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﱈ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﲟﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٧‬ﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺭﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺌﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ )‪ Human Poverty Index (HPI‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﻗﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﳊﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ)‪.(١٧٨‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻳﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﹰ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﻭﺗﺎﻳﻼﻧﺪ‪،‬‬

‫‪٥٥‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ‪ ٪١١-٪١٠‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ .(٥‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻹﳒﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﺗﺘﻀﺎﺭﺏ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ)‪.(١٧٨‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﱈ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻪ ﻳﻔﻮﻕ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎﺀ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ)‪.(١٨١-١٧٨‬‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ .(٥‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﻝ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪(ô≤ØdG §N â– ¿Éµ°ùdG áÑ°ùf) ô≤ØdG iƒà°ùe‬‬ ‫‪(á«æZh á«eÉf) IQÉà ∫hO‬‬

‫‪% 4^1‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٧) ƒéHƒWh OGó«fôJ‬ﻡ(‬

‫‪% 10^9‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٧) ∂«°ùµŸG‬ﻡ(‬

‫‪% 11^7‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٧) ófÓjÉJ‬ﻡ(‬

‫‪% 10^7‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٧) É«Ñeƒdƒc‬ﻡ(‬

‫‪% 17^7‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٧) ÚÑ«∏ØdG‬ﻡ(‬

‫‪% 10^9‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٧) ¿OQC’G‬ﻡ(‬

‫‪% 27^2‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٧) GƒLGQɵ«f‬ﻡ(‬

‫‪% 12^1‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٧) ɵjÉeÉL‬ﻡ(‬

‫‪% 30^7‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٧) ¥Gô©dG‬ﻡ(‬

‫‪% 37^9‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٧) GófGhQ‬ﻡ(‬

‫‪% 32^0‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٧) É«æ«Zƒ«f GƒHÉH‬ﻡ(‬

‫‪% 41^6‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٧) ÉjÒé«f‬ﻡ(‬

‫‪% 17^3‬‬ ‫‪١٩٩٧) GƒHÉÑeR‬ﻡ(‬

‫‪% 13^7‬‬ ‫‪(Ω1996) ᫵jôeC’G IóàëŸG äÉj’ƒdG‬‬

‫‪% 17^8‬‬ ‫‪(Ω1995) Góæc‬‬
‫‪% 20^0‬‬ ‫‪(Ω1993) IóëàŸG áµ∏ªŸG‬‬
‫‪% 17^0‬‬ ‫‪(Ω1993) É«dÉ£jEG‬‬
‫‪% 13^0‬‬ ‫‪(Ω1993) É«fÉŸCG‬‬
‫‪% 17^0‬‬ ‫‪(Ω1993) É°ùfôa‬‬

‫‪٥٦‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ‪٪١٠٫٩‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻀﺎﺭﺏ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪äÉ`Ñ``Ñ`°ù`eh ô``«``jÉ``©``e . . ÊÉãdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﺠﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺻﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻋﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺿﺨﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎ ﹰ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻋﻘﺐ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ‬

‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑـ »ﻧﻔﺘﺎ«)‪.(١٨٢‬‬

‫‪á`LhOõ`ŸG ô`«`jÉ`©`ŸG‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﳌﺰﺩﻭﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ ﺗﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ‪:‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺑﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﱈ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻳﻔﻮﺗﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬

‫ﻓﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﻟﻺﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﻣﻠﺒﺲ ﻭﻣﺄﻭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﺤﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ »ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻢ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﳌﻄﻌﻢ«)‪ .(١٨٣‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬

‫‪ -‬ﻃﻔﻠﲔ ﻭﺃﻡ ﻭﺃﺏ ‪ -‬ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٦‬ﻡ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪١٦٫٠٣٦‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﹰ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪١١‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ )ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ‪١‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻛﺤﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﱈ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ .(٥‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻀﻌﺎ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺗﻼﻓﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺝ‬

‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻭﻝ ﻏـﺮﺏ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺍ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺮ ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٧‬ﻡ ﻟﺒﺮﻧـﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﻓـﻖ ﺍﻹﺣﺼـﺎﺀﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ ٪١٧٫٤‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٪١٠٫٩‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٪٤٫١‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻧﻴﺪﺍﺩ‬

‫ﻭﻃﻮﺑﺠﻮ؛ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪.(٥‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮ ﻃﺒﻘﺖ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ )ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﲢﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ؛ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻘﺐ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ‬

‫ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﻥ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺳﻔﺮﺕ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺢ ﳌﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ‪ ٪٦٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺼﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺪ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺑﻴﺮﻭ؛ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﻋﻘﺐ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺻﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻮﺟﻲ )‪ (Fujishock‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٠‬ﻡ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ ٪٨٣‬ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ)‪ .(١٨٤‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺃﺷﺪ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨﲔ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺣﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪äÉ``fÉ``«`Ñ`dÉH Ö``YÓ`à``dG‬‬

‫ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻮﺍﻫﻨﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫‪äÉ`Ñ``Ñ`°ù`eh ô``«``jÉ``©``e . . ÊÉãdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﲤﺮﻳﻨﺎ ﹰ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﺗﺐ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻥ)‪ .(١٧٥‬ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻓﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ‬

‫ﺗﻀﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳊﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ)‪.(١٩٠-١٨٥‬‬

‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٧‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﺄﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺭﻏﻢ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺧﻔﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻏﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﺮﺩ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺣﻼﻟﻬﻢ ﲟﺘﻄﻮﻋﲔ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺃﻣﻴﲔ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻗﺪ‬

‫ﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ)‪.(١٧٥‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ؛‬

‫ﻓﻤﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻻ ﲤﺜﻞ ﲟﺼﺪﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻻ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ؛ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺗﻬﻢ ‪ ٪٢٠‬ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﻨﺒﺆﺍﺕ ﺗﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﺮﺋﺔ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺮﺓ ﻭﺩﻋﻢ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ‬

‫ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ ﻛﺤﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺂﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻜﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻭﺟﺎﻥ ﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ )‪.(١٧٦‬‬

‫‪٥٩‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺰﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺐ ﺑﺎﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲡﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ؛ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻠﲔ ﻋﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻠﻘﻮﻥ ﺑﺪﻝ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺼﺮﻑ ﺇﻻ ﳌﺪﺓ ﻻ‬

‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻀﻌﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﻳﺸﻄﺐ ﺇﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻻﺋﺤﺔ ﺃﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻠﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺠﺪ ﻋﻤﻼﹰ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻄﻮﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻧﺮﻭﻥ )‪ ،(Enron‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﳕﻮ ﺿﺨﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﻟﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺮ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺷﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺒﺜﺎ ﹰ ﺑﺎﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪٦٠‬‬
‫‪ô`≤`Ø``dG äÉ`«``YGó`Jh ÜÉ`Ñ`°SCG . . ådÉãdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫‪ô≤ØdG äÉ«YGóJh ÜÉÑ°SCG‬‬

‫˚ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ˚ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬

‫˚ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟـﻔـﻘـﺮ‬

‫‪٦١‬‬
ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e

٦٢
 ‫ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬
‫‪ô`≤`Ø``dG äÉ`«``YGó`Jh ÜÉ`Ñ`°SCG . . ådÉãdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﺇﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺜﻴﺮ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ »ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ« ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌـﺪﻳـﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ)‪ .(١٩١‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬

‫»ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﻝ‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ«‪.‬‬

‫ﻓـﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌـﺮﻳـﻒ ﻳﻨﻄـﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻤـﻮﺽ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻩ "ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﻴﺔ")‪.(١٩٢‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻌﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻀﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻦ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺷﻬﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻭﺗﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬

‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳌﺬﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺻﺎﺏ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻣﺎﺯﺍﻝ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻱ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﲢﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺯ ﹴ ﻟﺘﺤﺪ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺣﺜﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺳﻮﺀ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻳﺸﻜﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻱ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺭﺏ‬

‫‪ ١٫٢‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ١٫٣‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ‪ -‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﺎﺯﺍﻟﻮﺍ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻭﻥ ﻓﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺟﺪﺍ ﹰ‪،‬‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻮ ﰎ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻗﻠﻴﻼﹰ ﻓﻘﻂ‬

‫ﻟﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬

‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻠﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻳﻘﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪٧٠‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﻳﻘﻌﻮﻥ ﲢﺖ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪٦٣‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﻒ ﺣﻘﺎ ﹰﺃﻧﻪ ﺭﻏﻢ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﻄﻂ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﻮﺽ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺧﻠﺼﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪١٩٨٠-١٩٥٠‬ﻡ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻛﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﺎﺩ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻦ‬

‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺞ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬

‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺪﻗﻊ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺮﻭﺯﺍ ﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺗﺒﻌﻬﺘﺎ‬

‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺮ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻓﺎﻗﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ‬

‫ﲢﺴﻨﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ﻣﺼﺮ ﳊﻘﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﲔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻻ ﺗﺒﺘﻌﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﻴﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺷﻬﺪﻩ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪١٩٨٦-١٩٨٠‬ﻡ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﻋﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪١٩٩٢‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ‪ ،٪١١٫٩‬ﻭﻓﺠﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ )ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ( ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ ،٪٣٫٤‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﰋ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪.(١٩١)٪٨٫٨‬‬

‫‪٦٤‬‬
 ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺨﺺ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ‬
‫‪ô`≤`Ø``dG äÉ`«``YGó`Jh ÜÉ`Ñ`°SCG . . ådÉãdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻣﺄﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﻧﺎﰋ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺞ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪١٩٩١‬ﻡ ﻭﺍﳊﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳊﻘﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﺽ‬

‫ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺭﻗـﺎﻡ ﺇﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٪٧٢٫١‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬

‫ﺍﳊﻀﺮﻳﺔ ﻭ ‪ ٪٨١٫٨‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٣‬ﻡ‪ ,‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ ٪ ٢٤٫٩‬ﻭ ‪ ٪٣٣٫٩‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٨٨‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻗﺘﺎﻣﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﻣﻮﺭﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻛﻞ ﻃﻔﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺓ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺳﻦ‬

‫ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﲢﺖ ﺳﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮﺀ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ ‪ ٤٧‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﲔ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺛﻠﺜﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﲔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻭﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺔ ‪-‬‬

‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻭﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﺠﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺛﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺧﻼﻑ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳋﻼﻓﻴﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ‪،‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻳﺠﺰﻡ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﻣﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﺪﺩ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﹴ‬
‫ﺃﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺑﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﻜﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﳉﺪﻝ ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻸﺭﻗﺎﻡ ‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬

‫‪٦٥‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ -‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺗﲔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﺤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻘﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﺩ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ،٪٢٦٫٦‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﲔ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻏﻨﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪.٪٦٥٫١‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﻗﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ؛ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﲔ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﻟﻒ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٨‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻦ ﺗﻘﻒ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ‬

‫‪ ٣٥٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﺍ ﹰ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬

‫‪᫪æàdG á«ŸÉYh ô≤ØdG‬‬
‫ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮﺕ ﺑﻼﺩ ﻭﺃﱈ ﺑﺄﺳﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻴﺮﺓ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻦ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺒﺮﺍﺀ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻢ‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ)‪.(٤١‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺃﻋﻴﺪ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺩﻯ ﲢﻄﻴﻢ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﺛﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻋﻦ‬

‫ﺟﺬﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺧﻀﻊ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‬

‫ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﻴﺮ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻷﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺧﻠﻪ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻧﺎﺱ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻭﺃﺩﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﻟﺬﺍﺗﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫‪ô`≤`Ø``dG äÉ`«``YGó`Jh ÜÉ`Ñ`°SCG . . ådÉãdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﻼﹰ ﻛﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﹰ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﻻ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺇﻃﻼﻗﺎ ﹰ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺬﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﻌﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﻂ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺗﻄﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﹰ ﲡﺎﻭﺯﻩ ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺽ ﺍﳋﺒﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﻟﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﳝﺘﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﺒﺮﺍﺀ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻫﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ ﺑﻬﻢ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﺗﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﺒﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﳋﺒﺮﺍﺀ‬

‫ﺍﳊﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﺯﺍﻋﻤﲔ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺣﻞ‬

‫ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﻮﻱ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺻﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻣﻌﻀﻠﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﺘﺤﻞ ﺣﻼﹰ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﺍ ﺳﻤﺤﺖ ﺑﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ؛ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﺠﺮﺩﺓ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﲤﺖ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﳕﻄﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﰎ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻭﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‬

‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﹰ ﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﺍﳋﺒﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﳕﻂ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﹰ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺛﻤﺔ‬

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‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﻤﺔ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ ﻭﺩﺍﻓﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺗﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻓﺸﻠﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺳﺘﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺰﻳﺪﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺤﺬﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺎ ﹰ ‪ -‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ ‪ -‬ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ؛ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺗﻀﺢ‬

‫ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﻭﻫﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻞ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻩ ﻭﺍﳉﺸﻊ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻔﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻳﻮﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻮﻓﺎﺀ ﲟﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﺪﻣﺮ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺤﻄﻢ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﻞ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺣﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﻣﺪﻣﺮﺍ ﹰ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﹰ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ‬

‫ﻳﻔﻲ ﺑﻮﻋﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻳﻬﺪﻡ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺣﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﺠﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺯ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺄﻣﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻻ ﺷﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﺘﺮﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﻔﺮﺽ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﺯﻕ ﻭﻋﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﺗﺮﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﻏﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺯﻕ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ‬

‫ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻗﺎﺕ)‪.(٤١‬‬

‫‪٦٨‬‬
 ‫‪ô``≤`Ø``dG ÜÉ``Ñ``°SCG‬‬
‫‪ô`≤`Ø``dG äÉ`«``YGó`Jh ÜÉ`Ñ`°SCG . . ådÉãdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﺰﻯ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﲔ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪:‬‬

‫˚ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﲢﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺮﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺿﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺘﺸﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺿﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺮﺝ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍ‪‬ﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﻣﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﳋﻤﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻌﻮﺩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﺯﻕ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻭﻧﻬﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﺎﳌﻲ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻭﺗﺮﺩﻯ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬

‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺰﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﻔﺸﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻨﻮﻉ‪.‬‬

‫‪٦٩‬‬
‫˚ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺰﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ؛ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺰﻋﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﺴﺘﺎﻧﺘﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﻋﺪﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫˚ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬

‫ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺮﺍﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﻴﺮ ﺍﳌﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ‪،‬‬

‫ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻳﺮﺓ‬

‫ﻟﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻀﻮﺭ ﺟﻮﻋﺎ ﹰ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺟﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﻀﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻐﺬﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺃﺳﺒﺎﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﺒﻞ ﻋﻼﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻴﺌﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ؛ ﻓﻨﻈﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻌﲔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻨﻴﲔ ﻳﺮﺟﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﲤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﺑﻮﻱ ﺳﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ‪ . .‬ﺇﻟﺦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻻ‬

‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ؛ ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻧﺎﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ؛ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺗﻘﺎﻋﺲ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺆﻣﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻲ ﲢﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﶈﺘﺎﺟﲔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﳉﺰﻡ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫‪ô`≤`Ø``dG äÉ`«``YGó`Jh ÜÉ`Ñ`°SCG . . ådÉãdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﺍﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﻼ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻊ ﳕﻮ ﻣﻄﺮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﺓ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﲢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺛﻢ ﺇﻥ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻭﺷﺪﺓ ﻭﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳒﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺩﺍﺀﺓ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺘﺮﻥ‬

‫ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﻮﺡ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺲ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺸﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﺛﻢ ﺇﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺅﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﺩﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺑﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﺪﻱ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺡ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺩﺧﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻫﻲ‬

‫ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻐﻠﲔ ﺑﺎﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻠﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ‬

‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺩﺧﻮﻟﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪﻱ ﻟﻬﻢ‬

‫ﻟﻐﻴﺎﺏ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮ‬
‫‪…OÉ°üàb’G ƒªædG ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG‬‬

‫ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺩﺧﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ؛ ﻭﻓﻖ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺀ)‪ ،(١٩٨-١٩٣‬ﻧﻘﺺ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻀﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﰋ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺀ ﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬

‫ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﺛﺮ )‪.(١٩٨‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺗﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﻻ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ‪ .‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺗﺮﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻔﺾ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﻮﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻼﻗﻞ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺭﺿﺎ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻮﻕ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺟﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻖ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬

‫ﻭﻣﺤﻠﻴﲔ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻌﺴﻜﺮﺍﻥ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻲ‬

‫ﻳﺠﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻰ ﻭﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﳝﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺛﺮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺮﻭﺟﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﺭﻭﺭﻥ )‪ (Libertarians‬ﻓﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬

‫ﻳﻨﺤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻘﻀﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﻟﻺﺛﺮﺍﺀ)‪.(٣٧‬‬

‫‪Ihô`ã`dG ™``jRƒ``J ¿RGƒ``J Ωó``Y‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ؛ ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻫﻮ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﳕﺎﺀ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ô`≤`Ø``dG äÉ`«``YGó`Jh ÜÉ`Ñ`°SCG . . ådÉãdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺤﺪﺭﻭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﻓﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬

‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﺠﺎﻧﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻜﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺷﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺸﺠﻌﺔ ﻭﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺨﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﲡﻠﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ؛ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺘﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﻈﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺣﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﻨﻘﺼﻬﻢ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺩﺧﻠﻬﻢ؛ ﻭﺑﻐﻴﺎﺏ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ádhódG øe ójGõàŸG πNóàdG‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﺪﺩ )‪ (Neoliberals‬ﻳﺮﺟﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ‬

‫ﻭﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﲟﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﺩﻕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺳﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻭﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻌﻒ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺗﻨﻌﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺮﻭﺟﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺿﺨﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ)‪(٢٠٠-١٩٩‬؛ ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺎﺕ ﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ؛ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺬﺭ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺛﺮﻭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺷﺮﻋﻲ ﻣﻜﺘﻆ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻓﺈﻥ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻬﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻨﻌﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﻳﺤﻮﻝ‬

‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻻﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﲔ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺗﺐ‬

‫ﻭﺿﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﺍﻻﺩﺧﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺣﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﻣﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻟﻺﺛﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﺴﻲﺀ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﻲﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ؛ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻲ)‪ .(٢٠١‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺛﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺧﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻬﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﻨﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ‬

‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺣﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺟﲔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺿﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﻝ‬

‫ﻳﺆﻳﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﻛﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲤﻨﻊ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﺨﻄﻰ ﺩﺧﻮﻟﻬﻢ ﺣﺪﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺣﺪ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﳌﻦ‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﺘﺨﻄﺎﻩ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻳﺤﻔﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﺴﺐ ﺃﻗﻞ ﳑﺎ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﺄﻫﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﻹﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻘﻞ‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺿﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺩﺧﻞ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺒﻪ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻳﺨﺼﻢ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ؛ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺒﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ؛ ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻬﺒﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪∫ƒ``∏`ë`dG‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻠﻮﻻﹰ ﻋﺎﺟﻠﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬

‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪QÉ`°ù`«dG ∫ƒ`∏`M‬‬
‫ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻐﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ‬
‫‪٧٤‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ‬
‫‪ô`≤`Ø``dG äÉ`«``YGó`Jh ÜÉ`Ñ`°SCG . . ådÉãdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻹﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰎ‬

‫ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺧﻠﻴﻄﺎ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ‬

‫ﻛﺤﻞ ﳑﻜﻦ ﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺘﲔ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ)‪.(٢٠٣-٢٠٢‬‬

‫‪Iô`ë`dG ¥ƒ`°ùdG ∫ƒ`∏`M‬‬

‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ ﻳﺼﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﻄﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻢ ﲢﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺑﻞ ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﺗﻬﺎ؛ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻳﻈﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺄﺗﻰ ﺑﺰﺣﺰﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻪ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺛﺮﺍﺀ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺛﺮﺍﺀ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪﺧﻠﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﺟﻮﺭ ﻭﺇﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺳﻴﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﲔ‪.‬‬

‫‪∫ƒ`∏`ë`dG äÉ`«`YGó`J‬‬
‫‪»eó`≤àdG ìÓ`°UE’G ó`≤f‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﺪﺧﻼﹰ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺎ ﹰ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﻙ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻷﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻟﻦ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﲡﺎﻭﺯ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﻣﺤﺎﺻﺮﻭﻥ؛ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﻯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺛﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎ ﹰ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻭﺩﻳﻨﻴﺎ ﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳝﻴﻠﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺤﲔ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺨﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻔﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺘﻌﻤﺪ ﺇﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﳋﻴﺮ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﺭﲟﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎﻫﻢ ﻭﺗﺮﺩﻱ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﻟﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﻮﻥ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﻠﻜﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﳝﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﺣﺎﻟﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﻟﻲ ﺯﻣﺎﻡ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﺼﻴﺮﻫﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺩﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺿﻮﻳﻮﻥ ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳊﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﲢﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻦ‬

‫ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﳊﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺸﻔﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪á°üî°üî∏d è`jhô`à`dG‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻛﺤﻞ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻭﻧﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ ﻛﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﻞ ﺇﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻣﺎ ﹰ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ﺷﺮﻁ‬

‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎ ﹰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺪﻓﻊ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ‬

‫ﺍﳋﺒﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻭﺍﺯﻉ ﻟﻪ ﻛﻲ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻳﺒﺬﻝ ﻗﺼﺎﺭﻯ ﺟﻬﺪﻩ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺗﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺧﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﻳﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ‬

‫ﻣﺠﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻘﻀﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﻻﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﲔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ)‪.(٢٠٥-٢٠٤‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺳﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎ‬

‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺧﺎﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﺩﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ‬

‫‪٧٦‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺑﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺧﺎﺿﻊ‬
‫‪ô`≤`Ø``dG äÉ`«``YGó`Jh ÜÉ`Ñ`°SCG . . ådÉãdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﺑﺎﺀ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻜﺒﻞ ﺑﺒﻴﺮﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ)‪.(٢٠٦‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻣﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ؛‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﳝﻠﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻋﺎﻣﻼﹰ ﻫﺎﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ ﹰ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺛﺮﻭﺓ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻗﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﻔﻘﻮﺍ ﺃﻭ‬

‫ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺪﻭﺍ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺭﻏﺒﺘﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻳﺒﻨﻮﻥ ﺛﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﻨﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺛﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺩﺧﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﻰ ﺑﺤﺎﻟﻪ)‪.(٢٠٧‬‬

‫‪٧٧‬‬
ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e

٧٨
‫‪⁄É©dG ‘ ô≤ØdG áëaɵe èeGôH . . ™HGôdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫‪⁄É©dG ‘ ô≤ØdG áëaɵe èeGôH‬‬

‫˚ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻣـﻢ ﺍﳌـﺘـﺤــﺪﺓ ˚ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﳌـﻌــﻮﻧـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻟـﻴـﺔ ˚ ﺑـﻨـﻚ ﺟــﺮﺍﻣـﻴـﻦ‬
‫˚ ﻣـﺆﺳـﺴـﺔ ﺟــﺮﺍﻣـﻴـﻦ‬

‫‪٧٩‬‬
ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e

٨٠
 ‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻣـﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤـﺪﺓ‬
‫‪⁄É©dG ‘ ô≤ØdG áëaɵe èeGôH . . ™HGôdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻷﱈ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ‪٢٠٠٠‬ﻡ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻧﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﺃﻃﻔﺎﻻﹰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﹰ‬ ‫»ﻟﻦ ﻧﺪﺧﺮ ﺟﻬﺪﺍ ﹰ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺭﻓﺎﻗﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﺟﺎﻻﹰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ«‪.‬‬

‫‪‹hódG ∂æÑdG‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻤﻴﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫)‪(٢٠٨‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﺑﻠﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ »ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ«‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻳﻠﻘﻲ ﺑﻈﻼﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺧﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ١٫١‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﳑﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ‪ ٢٫٧‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻻﺭﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﺍ ﹰ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺘﺨﻄﻰ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻌﺮﺿﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌـﻨـﻒ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﻳـﻤـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﹰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤـﺮﻣـﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴـﻢ ﻭﺍﳋـﺪﻣـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﳌـﻴـﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔـﺔ ﻭﺃﻧﻈﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺼـﺮﻑ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻈﺮﻭﻑ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺣﺼﻮﻟﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٠‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﱈ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ‪ ١٨٩‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍ ﹰ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ )‪ ،Millennium Development Goals (MDGs‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬

‫‪٨١‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺄﻣﻮﻝ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺑﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٥‬ﻡ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٠‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺇﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻻﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٣‬ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٤‬ﺧﻔﺾ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺜﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺠﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٠‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٥‬ﺧﻔﺾ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻭﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻬﺎﺕ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

‫‪١٩٩٠‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٦‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻹﻳﺪﺯ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٧‬ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٨‬ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺷﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ô`≤`Ø`dG á`HQÉ` ‘ ∂æÑdG QhO‬‬

‫ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﺥ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺧﻔﺾ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻭﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺃﺳﺮﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺃﻥ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﲔ ﺗﻌﺰﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﹰ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺰﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺴﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ‬

‫‪٨٢‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻃﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺑﺤﻮﺙ‬
‫‪⁄É©dG ‘ ô≤ØdG áëaɵe èeGôH . . ™HGôdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﳋﺒﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﻃﻴﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ‬

‫ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺷﻬﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺇﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍ ﹰ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍ ﹰ‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪ ٢٫٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪٢٠٠٣‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬

‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ‬

‫ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﲤﻜﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﹰ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﺮﺭﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ‪ ٧‬ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﻣﺰﺍﺭﻉ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﺗﺎﻛﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﺼﻜﻮﻙ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ )ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻜﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﻭﺽ‬

‫ﺑﻨﻜﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻜﻮﻙ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ‪١٠‬‬

‫ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٧٧‬ﻛﺸﻚ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﲢﺼﻞ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺑﻠﺪ‬

‫ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ )‪ Country Assistance Strategy (CAS‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ‬

‫ﺃﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺀ‬

‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﲔ ﻟﺘﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻃﺮﺣﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺩﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺜﻘﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﻮﻥ‬

‫)‪ ،The Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC‬ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺃﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺃﻓﻘﺮ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ‪ ٣٨‬ﺑﻠﺪﺍ ﹰ ﻣﺆﻫﻼﹰ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ‬

‫‪٨٣‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺜﻘﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﻮﻥ ﺑﺪﺀﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪٢٠٠٤‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ‬

‫ﺑﻠﺪﺍ ﹰ ﺷﻤﻠﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺳﻴﺤﺼﻞ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺑﻠﺪﺍ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬

‫ﺳﻴﺤﺼﻞ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺑﻠﺪﺍ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻭﺛﺎﺋﻖ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ )‪Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻋﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻊ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻭﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ‬

‫ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﻳﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬

‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻧﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﺎ ﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﻋﺪ ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﺭﺑﻌﻮﻥ ﺑﻠﺪﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪٢٠٠٤‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﺃﻣﺮﺍ ﹰ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪٢٠٠٣‬ﻡ‬

‫ﺃﻧﺸﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺩﻋﻤﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻣﻼﹰ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﺯﻳـﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﻈﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬

‫)‪ World Trade Organization (WTO‬ﳌﺪﻟﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﺳﻴﺎ؛ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻧﻲ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﲟﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻭﻳﺤﺬﺭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ‪٢٠٠٤‬ﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪⁄É©dG ‘ ô≤ØdG áëaɵe èeGôH . . ™HGôdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺨﻔﻖ ﻓﻲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬

‫ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٥‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻳﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻋﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ »ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ«‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻧﺘﻴﺮﻱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٢‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

‫‪ ٠٫٢٢‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٠٫٢٦‬ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺧﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ‬

‫ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬

‫ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺇﻣﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺟﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪٢٠٠١‬ﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺣﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻤﻴﻢ ﺟﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺣﺔ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺳﺎﻧﺤﺔ‬

‫ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺣﺔ ﺗﻌﺜﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭﻱ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ‪٢٠٠٣‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﻮﺍ‬

‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﻔﺘﺎﺣﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻠﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﰎ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ »ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ« ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺷﻨﻐﻬﺎﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪٢٠٠٤‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺒﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻳﺪﻋﻮ‬

‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪٨٥‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﻭﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﲢﻈﻰ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﲡﺎﻧﺲ ﻭﺗﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻧﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻷﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٣‬ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻓﻘﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻭﺍﳌﺜﻘﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻜﲔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺯﺧﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٤‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺑﲔ‬

‫ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻭﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫‪á``ë`fÉ``ŸG º``eC’G‬‬
‫ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﻔﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻮﻥ ﻧﻮﻗﺸﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻗﻤﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻠﻴﻨﻴﺠﻠﺰ ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺘﻠﻨﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪٢٠٠٥‬ﻡ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ‬

‫ﺍﺣﺘﻠﺖ ﻗﻀﻴﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺻﺮﺡ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﳋﺰﺍﻧﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﻮﺭﺩﻭﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻭﻥ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ‬

‫ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﺼﻴﺮ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‪ .‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﻛﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﲤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺷﻌﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻻﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺗﻬﻢ ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ؛ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻗﻀﻴﺘﲔ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺘﲔ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺇﻋﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻘﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺩﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪.٪١٠٠‬‬

‫‪٨٦‬‬
 ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺒﻠﺖ ‪ ١٣‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺯﻣﻨﻲ ﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ‪ ٪٠٫٧‬ﻣﻦ ﺩﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫‪⁄É©dG ‘ ô≤ØdG áëaɵe èeGôH . . ™HGôdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ ‪ ٣٠‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﹰ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺬﻟﺖ؛ ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺣﺪﺙ‬

‫ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺛﻨﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﲟﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻠﻴﺮ »ﳉﻨﺔ ﺇﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ« ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﺍ ﹰ‬

‫ﺃﻭﺻﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺈﻋﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻘﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ،٪١٠٠‬ﻭﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻹﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﲡﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ؛ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﻄﲔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﺳﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﺑﻮﺵ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻹﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻟﺘﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٨٫٦‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺑﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٠‬ﻡ؛ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻬﻢ‬

‫ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﺰﻳﻬﺔ ﻭﻃﺒﻘﻮﺍ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ؛ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬

‫ﻳﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﺗﺮﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ »ﺃﻛﺸﲔ ﺍﻳﺪ« ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺿﻌﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﹰ ﻟﻸﻣﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﻔﺰﺓ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ)‪.(٢٠٩‬‬

‫‪á«ŸÉ©dG á«Ñ©°ûdG äÓª◊G‬‬

‫ﺍﺣﺘﺸﺪ ﺍﳌﻼﻳﲔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺣﻔﻼﺕ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷﺿﺨﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪ ،‬ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻫﺎ ﳒﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺎﺀ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬

‫ﻻﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺩﻳﻮﻥ ﺇﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻓﻘﺮ ﻗﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺧﻞ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻔﻼﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺣﻤﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫‪٨٧‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻒ ﺣﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﳊﺎﳌﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺘﻌﻮﺍ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﲟﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ﻭﻏﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﻴﻨﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻟﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻰﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﻯ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻮﺍﻟﻢ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﺎﳌﺎ ﹰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ ﹰ؟ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬

‫ﺍﺭﺗﺄﻯ ﺃﻥ ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺣﻠﻤﺎ ﹰ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﳝﻠﻚ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﳉﻌﻠﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﺎ ﹰ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻔﻼﺕ ﺣﻔﻠﺔ ﻏﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﺃﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻓﻲ ‪ ١٣‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪١٩٨٥‬ﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬

‫»ﺃﻃﻌﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ« ‪Feed the World‬؛ ﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﻴﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻐﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﲔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﲔ ﻭﻭﺯﻋﺖ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻼﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻓﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ ﺟﻤﻊ‬

‫ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻃﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﺪﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳉﻮﻋﻰ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ؛ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺘﻬﻢ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻳﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺋﻌﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﻤﻮﺍ‬

‫ﺍﳊﻔﻠﺔ ﻧﺸﻄﲔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻧﺸﺄﻭﺍ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﲢﺮﻙ ﻭﺃﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺑﺄﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﺀ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺮﺕ ﺑﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻀﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﺟﻮﻋﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﲟﺮﺽ ﺍﻹﻳﺪﺯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﺍﻻﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻸﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺄﻛﻞ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٣٠٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﹰ ﺃﻛﺒﺮﺍ ﹰ ﳑﺎ‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻔﻘﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﹰ)‪.(٢١٠‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﺍ ﹰ ﺑﺤﺜﺖ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻃﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﻹﻟﻐﺎﺀ‬

‫ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ٥٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﻄﺐ ‪ ٪١٠٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺩﻳﻮﻥ ﺃﻓﻘﺮ ‪ ١٨‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺇﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢٠‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻮ ﺣﺴﻨﺖ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﺣﻤﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻳﺠﺎﺩﻟﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺷﻄﺐ ‪٪١٠٠‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻮﻥ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻗﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪٨٨‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺷﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻮﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻞ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳊﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﻳﻜﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪⁄É©dG ‘ ô≤ØdG áëaɵe èeGôH . . ™HGôdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﹰ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﳕﻮ ﲤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﺷﻌﻮﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻭﺣﺼﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﺎﺋﻖ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻣﻞ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻞ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻟﻴﺲ‬

‫ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻧﺰﻳﻔﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ)‪.(٢١٠‬‬

‫‪⁄É©dG ∫ƒM ô≤ØdG AÉ¡fE’ …OÉ°üàb’G ¿ƒ©dG‬‬

‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﺟﻔﺮﻱ ﺳﺎﻛﺲ )‪ (Jeffrey D. Sachs‬ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎ ﹰ ﻹﻧﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﺎﺡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺼﺪ ﺃﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢٠‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ ﹰ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﲔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺳﺎﻛﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍ ﹰ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻜﻮﻓﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬

‫ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﺑﻨﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﺑﺤﺬﻗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻌﻖ )‪(Shock Therapy‬‬

‫ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻛﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺳﺎﻛﺲ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﲔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﲔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺸﺮﻉ ﺇﻻ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻔﻴﻀﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺴﻘﺔ)‪ .(١٠٠‬ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺯﺍﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﲤﺜﻞ ‪ ٪٩٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‬

‫ﻭﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺇﻧﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﻠﻢ‬

‫‪٨٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻪ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻨﻰ؛‬

‫ﻓﻤﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺗﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻭﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻧﺊ ﻭﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺻﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬

‫ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻢ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺒﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺛﻢ ﺇﻧﻬﻢ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﳊﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻌﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﺑﺮﺻﺪ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻃﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٣‬ﺷﻄﺐ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﻼ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﺮﺍﺋﺪ ﳌﻌﺴﻜﺮ »ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ« )‪(Utopian Social Engineering‬‬

‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﻛﺲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺧﻄﻄﺎ ﹰ ﻣﻜﺜﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﺪﺯ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﺪﺯ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﲢﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻄﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﻜﻞ‬

‫ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﻊ‬

‫ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻄﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻄﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ)‪(٢٠٨‬؛ ﻭﻫﻨﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﲔ ﻭﻋﻼﺝ ﺍﻹﻳﺪﺯ ﻭﺧﻼﻓﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ )‪ .(Piecemeal Democratic Reform‬ﻭﻳﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺍ‪‬ﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﲟﺴﺘﻬﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٢٥‬ﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪٩٠‬‬
 ‫˚ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻸﱈ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳋﻄﺔ ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫‪⁄É©dG ‘ ô≤ØdG áëaɵe èeGôH . . ™HGôdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻟﻸﻣـﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻨﺪﻭﺑـﻲ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﻲ ﻭﺻﻨـﺪﻭﻕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺼﺮ ﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﲢﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻓﻊ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﻧﺤﺔ ﺑﺴﺪ ﻓﺠﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ )‪ (Financing Gap‬ﲟﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٦‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٥‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﻋﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ؛‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﲔ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ)‪ .(٢١١‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺳﺘﺤﺠﻢ ﻋﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﺑﺔ ﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻷﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺠﺎﻟﺔ؛ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬

‫ﺑﻘﻮﻯ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻷﺣﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺫﺟﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻘﺪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬

‫ﺍﳋﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬

‫ﻳﺤﺪﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻠﻮ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺛﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬

‫‪٩١‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺴﻨﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ‬

‫ﺑﺎﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺗﺎ ﹰ ﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ؛ ﺑﻞ ﺇﻥ ﺍﳋﻄﺔ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺍ‪‬ﻄﻄﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻮﺍ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺳﺎﻛﺲ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﻗﺎﻣﻮﺍ ﺑﺤﺼﺮ‬

‫ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﻓﻌﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻃﺎﻟﺒﻮﺍ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﺎ ﲤﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺛﺮﻭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ؛‬

‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺑﻨﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ )‪ (USAID‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﱈ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺳﺎﻛﺲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﻓﺎﺿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﻕ ‪ ٢٫٣‬ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﻘﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻧﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻐﺰﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺴﺎﺩ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻬـﺬﺍ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳋﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒـﺮﻯ ﻟﻢ‬

‫ﲢﻘﻖ ﳒﺎﺣﺎ ﹰ ﺑﺎﻫﺮﺍ ﹰ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺜـﺎﻟﻴـﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﻔﺸﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺜﻤﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ)‪.(٢١١‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌـﻮﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻌـﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ)‪.(٢٠٨‬‬

‫‪٩٢‬‬
 ‫ﺑﻨـﻚ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﻴـﻦ‬
‫‪⁄É©dG ‘ ô≤ØdG áëaɵe èeGôH . . ™HGôdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ )‪ (Grameen Bank‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺔ؛ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻐﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﻛﺈﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺢ ﻟﻴﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬

‫ﺑﻜﺪﻩ ﻭﻋﺮﻗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﺈﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺍﺗﻪ‬

‫ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﺳﻌﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻹﺧﺮﺍﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﺓ ﻛﻔﺎﺡ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ‬

‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺃﻳﻪ ﻭﺟﻬﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﻣﺎﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﻞ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻐﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﻨﺤﻬﺎ ‪ ٧‬ﺟﻮﺍﺋﺰ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﺢ‬

‫ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻬﺎ ‪ ٦٠‬ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٢٧‬ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﺓ ﻓﺨﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ ١٥‬ﺗﻜﺮﳝﺎ ﹰ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﹰ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﺝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺠﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺼﻞ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻐﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻓﻴﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻳﻮﻧﺲ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٦‬ﻡ؛ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺟﻬﻮﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ)‪.(٢١٤-٢١٢‬‬

‫ﻭﻭﻓﻖ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰﺓ‪» :‬ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﻭﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻓﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﻮﺳﻌﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ«‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﻘﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻓﻴﺴﻮﺭ ﻳﻮﻧﺲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻮﺯﻩ ﺑﺠﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﺳﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻧﺸﺄﻩ)‪:(٢١٤‬‬

‫»ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ‪ ..‬ﺍﻵﻥ ﺳﺘﺸﺘﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺘﻰ ﺃﻧﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺘﻌﺰﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﺎﻝ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ«‪.‬‬

‫‪٩٣‬‬
 ‫‪ô`≤`Ø`dG á`«`°†`b‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﳒﺪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ »ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﺗﺮﺳﺖ« ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﺮﻭﻳﺠﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺎ ﹰ‬

‫ﻭﻋﺎﳌﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺮﺓ ﺩﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺘﺐ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺧﺒﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﺆﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳊﻤﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﲢﺎﺭﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻮﻃﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ‬

‫ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺅﻯ ﻭﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻯ ﻭﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﺘﻠﻚ ﺇﻻ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ‬

‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻐﺎﻟﻄﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﺓ ﻫﻢ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﻭﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﻥ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﹰ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﺩﺍﺗﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻏﻤﻮﺽ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ؛ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬

‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﻭﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺸﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ؛ ﺃﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻋﻦ‬

‫ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻗﺮﻭﺿﺎ ﹰ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺗﻌﺠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺣﻖ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻛﺎﳌﻄﻌﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﻠﺒﺲ‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﺄﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺧﻠﻖ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﳊﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ‬

‫‪٩٤‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﻻ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﻟﻪ‬
‫‪⁄É©dG ‘ ô≤ØdG áëaɵe èeGôH . . ™HGôdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﺋﻀﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻋﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﺛﻢ ﺇﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﹰ ﻣﺎ ﲢﺠﺐ‬

‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﳝﺎﺭﺳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﻓﺘﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ)‪.(٢١٥‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ؛ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺘﻪ ﻛﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ)‪:(٢١٥‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺑﲔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫˚‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺶ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻤﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻭﺩﻋﻢ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺩﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﻣﻦ‪ :‬ﺩﺧﻞ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺪﺧﺮﺍﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ‬

‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺧﻞ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻧﺴﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻣﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺧﻞ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﺋﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺩﺧﻞ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺋﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪∂`æ`Ñ`dG AÉ``°û`fEG‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻓﻴﺴﻮﺭ ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﺑﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٧٢‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﺑﻨﺠﻼﺩﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﲔ ﺃﺻﻴﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﲟﺠﺎﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﳝﻮﺗﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﺌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺮﻯ ﺑﻨﺠﻼﺩﻳﺶ ﻳﻜﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ‬

‫‪٩٥‬‬
‫ﺻﺮﺍﻋﺎ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻣﺒﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬

‫ﲢﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻜﺎﺩ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﻮﺟﺒﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺘﺮﺽ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺟﺮ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻳﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻓﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺛﻨﲔ ﻭﺃﺭﺑﻌﲔ ﺷﺨﺼﺎ ﹰ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺔ ﳑﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﲔ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻓﺦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺑﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﺋﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺛﻼﺛﲔ ﺩﻭﻻﺭﺍ ﹰ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﻗﺮﺿﻬﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺍﻧﺒﺜﻘﺖ‬

‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ؛ ﻟﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﺹ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻓﻴﺴﻮﺭ ﻳﻮﻧﺲ؛ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٧٦‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎ ﹰ ﺑﺤﺜﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ‬

‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﺄﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﻧﻬﻀﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﻘﻖ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﳒﺎﺣﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺷﻴﺘﺎﺟﻮﱋ )‪(Chittagong‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٩٧٦‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪١٩٧٩‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺍﻣﺘﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﲟﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﻨﺠﻼﺩﻳﺶ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺗﺎﳒﻴﻞ )‪ ،(Tangail‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٩٧٩‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪١٩٨٣‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﺩﻛﺎ )‪ ،(Dhaka‬ﻭﺭﺍﳒﺒﻮﺭ )‪ ،(Rangpur‬ﻭﺑﺎﺗﻮﺍﺧﺎﻟﻲ )‪ .(Patuakhali‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ‬

‫‪١٩٨٣‬ﻡ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﺎﻫﻤﺖ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٪٦٠‬ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﳑﻠﻮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺿﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

‫‪١٩٨٦‬ﻡ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٪٢٥‬ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭ‪ ٪٧٥‬ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺘﺮﺿﲔ)‪.(٢١٥‬‬

‫ﻭﻭﺻﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺿﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٦‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٦٫٦١‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ؛‬

‫ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ‪ ٪٩٧‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﺘﻠﻜﻮﻥ ‪ ٪٩٤‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺃﻱ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻄﺎﻟﺒﻬﻢ ﺑﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺠﺞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺎﻕ ﺃﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬

‫‪٩٦‬‬
 ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺳﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ‪٪٩٨٫٨٥‬؛‬
‫‪⁄É©dG ‘ ô≤ØdG áëaɵe èeGôH . . ™HGôdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺯﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻪ ‪ ٥٫٧٢‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﰎ ﺭﺩ ‪٥٫٠٧‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ)‪.(٢١٦‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻓﻴﺴﻮﺭ ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪﻳﺔ ﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﲤﺲ‬

‫ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺣﻖ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻴﺾ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻗﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻻ ﳝﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻗﺮﺍﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻧﺤﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻏﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﻏﻨﻴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﺮﻳﺲ ﻓﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻓﻌﻪ ﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺑﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ »ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ« ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺠﺴﺪﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ‬

‫ﺑﺎ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ :‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻭﺍ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻓﻬﻲ‬

‫ﺍﶈﺮﻙ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺧﺮﺍﺟﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺟﻌﻠﺘﻬﻢ ﻳﺪﻣﻨﻮﻥ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ »ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﺎ ﹰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ«‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٤‬ﺍﳌﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﻫﻮ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻋﺎﻩ‬

‫ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬﻦ ﻛﻘﻮﺓ ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﺄﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺪﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺻﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﻫﻮ ﻃﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺓ‬

‫ﻟﻌﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻼﻳﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺃﺟﻤﻊ ﻭﻷﺳﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ؛ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ‬

‫‪٩٧‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺑﻨﺠﻼﺩﻳﺶ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻴﺒﲔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ؛ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﺍ ﹰ ﺑﺒﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﺰﺍﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫ﻭﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻛﻲ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻭﺍ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ؛ ﻭﺩﻓﻊ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺰﺍﻕ ﺑﺠﻬﺪﻩ ﻛﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ)‪»:(٢١٧‬ﻋﻠﻤﻨﻲ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺃﺻﻴﺪ ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻨﻲ ﺃﻟﻒ ﺳﻤﻜﺔ«‪.‬‬

‫‪äGRÉ````é`fEG‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺇﳒﺎﺯﺍﺕ؛ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ‪١٩٨٣ :‬ﻡ‪١٩٩١ ،‬ﻡ‪١٩٩٢ ،‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

‫‪٢٠٠٥‬ﻡ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ١١٢٫٤٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ‪ ٩٧٫١٧‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻠﻎ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ‪ ١٥٫٢١‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺑﻨﺠﻼﺩﻳﺶ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٪١٠‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ‪ ١٫٥‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻗﺮﺽ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ١٥‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٪٨‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٪٥‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻗﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻗﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﻮﻟﲔ ﻓﻼ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ‪ ٪٥٨‬ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺃﺳﺮ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻗﺪ ﳒﺤﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﻄﻲ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻀﻄﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﲡﺎﻭﺯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳋﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﳒﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﺒﻖ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻓﻲ؛‬

‫ﻛﺴﻴﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻓﺮﻭﻋﻪ ﻭﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻪ ﺑﺈﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻴﺰﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﹰ ﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﻗﻤﻲ ﻟﻺﳒﺎﺯ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺼﻞ ‪ ١٫٢٤٦‬ﻓﺮﻋﺎ ﹰ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﺀ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ‪ ٪١٠٠‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺳﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺼﻞ ‪ ١٫٤٣١‬ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ‬

‫‪٩٨‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻗﺎﺀ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﻢ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺣﺼﻞ ‪ ١٫١٧٩‬ﻓﺮﻋﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﺔ‬
‫‪⁄É©dG ‘ ô≤ØdG áëaɵe èeGôH . . ™HGôdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻛﻞ ﲤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻳﺪﺍﻋﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻡ ‪٣٠٨‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ‪ ٪١٠٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﺳﺮ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺿﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻡ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ؛ ﻷﻥ ﻛﻞ‬

‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺟﺎﻭﺯﻭﺍ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻬﻢ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺇﳒﺎﺯﻫﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﻗﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺭﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﳝﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﺪﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻓﺮﻉ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﻉ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ø`«`eGô`L ∂`æ`Ñ`d Iõ`«`ªŸG äɪ°ùdG‬‬

‫‪á`«`YÉ`ªàL’G ±Gó``gC’G‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﻚ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺫﻭ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺻﺮﻓﺔ؛ ﻳﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺭﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺀ ﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳـﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳـﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺼﺎﻋـﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﲟﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬـﺎﺀ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﻓﺘﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﳝﺘﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ‬

‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﺤﺪ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺣﻴﺎﺯﺗﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻓﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻛﺤﺪ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ؛ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﳑﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﻟﻮ ﺑﻴﻌﺖ ﳌﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺕ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﺪﺍﻧﺎ ﹰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﲟﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺰﻑ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻓﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻻ ﳝﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻃﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪٩٩‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻤﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺿﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻗﻊ ﳝﺘﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻵﻥ ‪ ٪٩٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﻬﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺇﺫ ﳝﺜﻠﻬﻢ ‪ ٩‬ﻣﻦ ‪١٣‬ﻋﻀﻮﺍ ﹰ ﺃﻱ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬

‫‪ ٪٦٩‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻘﻮﻥ ﻷﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﻮﻥ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻨﻚ‪.‬‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺭﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﻀﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﺌﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺅﺳﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٨٤‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﺪ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﻚ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﻔﻈﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻭﻳﻄﺒﻘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺍ ﹰ ﲟﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﻧﻀﺒﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺃﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻟﻶﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬

‫ﲢﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺮﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ؛ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻄﻬﻴﺮ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﻭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻛﺰ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﲢﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺃﺳﺮ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﳌﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺣﺜﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻬﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻐﻴﻀﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺗﺪﻓﻌﻪ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺠﻼﺩﻳﺶ ﻟﻠﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﺘﺰﻭﺟﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬

‫ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﻬﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺑﻨﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻤﻴﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ)‪.(٢١٥‬‬

‫‪π`ª`Y Iƒ`≤`c AÉ`°ùædG‬‬

‫ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٪٩٤‬ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻬﻦ ﳝﺜﻠﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻲ ﺃﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﻦ ﳝﺜﻠﻦ ‪ ٪٦٩‬ﻣﻦ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﻣﺒﺮﺭﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﻫﻲ)‪:(٢١٥‬‬

‫‪١٠٠‬‬
 ‫˚ ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻑ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﻤﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫‪⁄É©dG ‘ ô≤ØdG áëaɵe èeGôH . . ™HGôdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻭﺟﺐ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻮﺓ ﻟﻘﻬﺮ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﻻﹰ‪ :‬ﻷﻧﻬﻦ ﻓﻘﻴﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﹰ‪ :‬ﻷﻧﻬﻦ‬

‫ﻧﺴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺿﻦ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺐﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ‪ ٪٥٠‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺧﺒﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺩﻟﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﲢﻘﻖ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻻ‬

‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﺗﻀﻊ ﺃﺳﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﻻﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺳﻠﻢ ﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ‬

‫ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺳﻠﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻟﻸﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ)‪.(٢١٨‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻻﻗﻰ ﺗﺮﺣﻴﺒﺎ ﹰ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍ ﹰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ‬

‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﺑﻼ ﺟﺪﺍﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺯ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ‬

‫ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺃﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﺛﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ )‪(٢١٩‬؛ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺠﻼﺩﻳﺶ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﳕﻮﺫﺟﺎ ﹰ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻋﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻲ ﺃﻃﻔﺎﻻﹰ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻀﻄﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻬﻦ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻃﻔﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻹﻋﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﺗﺪﺍﻋﻴﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ)‪.(٢٢٢-٢٢٠‬‬

‫‪QÉ`µ`à`H’G‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﺳﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺑﻨﻚ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺄﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻼﺋﻪ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻪ ﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺗﺴﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ)‪:(٢١٥‬‬

‫‪١٠١‬‬
‫˚ ﻏﺮﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺭﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺪﻱ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺗﻪ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻴﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻨﺸﺎﻃﻪ؛ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻋﻘﻠﻪ ﻭﺣﻮﺍﺳﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻤﺔ ﻳﻘﻈﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ‪ :‬ﻳﺤﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺭﺑﲔ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﹰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻞ‪،‬‬

‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﹰ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻥ ﲡﺘﻬﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﺃﻫﻢ‬

‫ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﻛﺒﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻧﻈﻢ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺑﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻏﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻟﺒﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﹰ ﺻﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﲔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﻈﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﻳﻔﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﻘﻲ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻟﻼﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺼﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﺜﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺇﺷﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ‪ :‬ﳋﻠﻖ ﺟﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺻﻞ‬

‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ »ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ« ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺟﻮ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬

‫ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻛﻞ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻭﲡﺎﺭﺑﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ :‬ﻳﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻄﺒﻘﻮﺍ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺠﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﻮﻗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﻨﺼﺤﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻋﲔ‬

‫‪١٠٢‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ؛ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬
‫‪⁄É©dG ‘ ô≤ØdG áëaɵe èeGôH . . ™HGôdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺪﻭﺍ ﻣﺒﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺑﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻜﺘﺒﻮﻥ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺐ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﻌﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻗﺪ ﳒﺤﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺸﻠﺖ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﺨﺘﺎﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ ﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪á«°ù°SDƒŸG‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺍﳊﻠﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ؛ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ‬

‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‪:‬‬

‫˚ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺿﲔ‬

‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺿﲔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٨-٦‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺿﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﻨﺒﻊ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﻛﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳑﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟـﻔـﺮﻉ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﲔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺿﲔ ﻭﻣﻮﻇﻔﲔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٦٠‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺍ ﹰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣٦٠‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٤٨٠‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٫٨٠٠‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪٢٫٤٠٠‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻋﺪﺩ ‪ ٩‬ﻣﻮﻇﻔﲔ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ‪ ٦‬ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﲔ ﻭﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻓﺮﻉ‬

‫ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺳﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﺮﻑ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻮﻇﻒ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ١٠‬ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻛﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻘﺪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻛﺰ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﲟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ‪ ٦‬ﻣﻮﻇﻔﲔ ﻭﻳﺸﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﲟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ‪ ٣٥‬ﻣﻮﻇﻔﺎ ﹰ ﻭﻳﺸﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪٩‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٠٣‬‬
 ‫˚ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‪ :‬ﻳﺸﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ١١‬ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎ ﹰ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻓﻬﻲ‪:‬‬

‫˚ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ‪ :‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺸﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺗﺪﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻭﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ؛ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ؛ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻨﺌﺔ ﺗﺬﻫﺐ ﳌﺪﻳﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺳﻴﺊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ؛ ﻳﻨﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻡ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﻭﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪iQƒ``°û`dG‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺭﻯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﲔ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﻭﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺩﻋﻤﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﳌﺴﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﺰﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﻃﺮ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺴﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﺭﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺭﺅﺳﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺫﺍ‬

‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﻮﻯ ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺃﻥ‬

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 ‫ﻳﺮﺳﻠﻮﺍ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﻌﻘﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻟﻘﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺀﻭﺳﻴﻪ ﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫‪⁄É©dG ‘ ô≤ØdG áëaɵe èeGôH . . ™HGôdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺮﺳﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻟﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻠﻘﺎﻫﺎ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻮﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻄﺎﻟﻌﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺛﻢ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺴﻮﺩﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﲤﺮﺭ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻻﻗﺖ ﺍﳌﺴﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺭﺿﺎ ﺻﺪﺭ‬

‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﲟﺤﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﻭﺇﻻ ﺗﻜﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﲢﻆ ﺍﳌﺴﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺿﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﺘﻢ‬

‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻘﺪ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﹰ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ ﳌﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻭﻳﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﳌﺪﺓ ﻳﻮﻣﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﲤﺮ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﺑﺸﻬﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻟﻪ ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﺧﻄﻄﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﺍ ﹰ‬

‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﳌﻤﺜﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻻ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺈﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺿﺎ‬

‫ﻋﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻓﺸﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﻟﻴﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭﺍ ﺷﻜﺎﻭﺍﻫﻢ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺘﺘﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﻋﻼﺝ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺢ ﻻ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﲤﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ ﳌﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺘﺘﺒﻌﲔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ‪.‬‬

‫‪á`jƒ`ªæàdG á`Hô`éàdG‬‬
‫ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻰ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬

‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ‪:‬‬

‫˚ ﻧﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ؛ ﺑﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻳﺤﺘﺬﻯ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺌﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ )‪(٢٢٦-٢٢٣‬؛‬

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‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺮﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﲢﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻵﺳﻴﻮﻳﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﻮﻥ)‪.(٢٢٧‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻀﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬

‫ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﲢﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ)‪.(٢٣٣-٢٢٨‬‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫˚ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﺗﻜﺎﻓﻠﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ‬

‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ)‪.(٢٣٤‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺧﻠﻘﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺑﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺨﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ)‪(٢٣٥‬؛ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻀﻔﻲ ﺑﻌﺪﺍ ﹰ ﺭﻭﺣﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻝ)‪.(٢٣٦‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﺮﺳﺦ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ)‪ ،(٢٣٧‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻠﻂ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺛﻤﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﺸﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺑﺨﻠﻂ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ)‪.(٢٣٨‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ)‪(٢٣٩‬؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻃﺮﺓ)‪ ،(٢٤٣-٢٤٠‬ﻣﻊ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺃﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ)‪.(٢٤٤‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﻋﺠﺰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺩ)‪.(٢٤٦-٢٤٥‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﺎﺩ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺤﻮ ﻣﻨﺤﺎ ﹰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﲤﻜﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﻭﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺥ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺠﻊ ﻟﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ ﹰ ﳊﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺣﺎﺩ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ ﻃﺒﻘﻲ ﺣﺎﺩ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺗﺖ‬
‫‪⁄É©dG ‘ ô≤ØdG áëaɵe èeGôH . . ™HGôdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺠﻼﺩﻳﺶ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺭﺃﺳﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻘﺐ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ)‪.(٢١٥‬‬

‫‪á`«`ª`dÉ`Y π`©`a OhOQ‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﹰ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺑﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺫﻫﺐ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﹰ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺳﺘﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻨﻚ‬

‫ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ؛ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪﺛﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﳌﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ)‪ .(٢٤٧‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮ ﳝﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻬﻢ؛ ﻷﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﻓﺰﺍ ﹰ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻮﺳﻊ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺤﺼﻠﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮﺕ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺇﻻ‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻓﻴﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻻﺩﺧﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﻗﺮﻭﺿﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻹﺩﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﳒﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺈﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻴﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻣﺎ ﹰ‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻳﻄﻮﺭ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﺍ ﹰ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ)‪.(٢١٧‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺳﻬﻢ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬

‫‪١٠٧‬‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺧﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺪﻡ ﳕﻮﺫﺟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺠﻼﺩﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻓﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺒﻨﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﻨﺠﻼﺩﻳﺶ‬

‫ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪﺓ ﶈﺎﺭﺑـﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪ø`eÉ`°†`àdG è`eÉ`fô`H‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺑﺔ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭﲤﻠﻚ ‪ ٦‬ﻓﺮﻭﻉ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﺸﺊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﻛﻠﺔ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺪﺍﺭ‬

‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻱ ﺑﻨﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﻓﻴﻪ‪:‬‬

‫»ﺑﻨﻚ ﺫﻭ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﺮﺑﺢ«‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﲤﻨﺢ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ)‪.(٢٤٨‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﳝﺘﻨﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ؛ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﻞ ﺃﺳﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﻻﺩﻫﺎ‪،‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﺩﺧﻠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺳﺮﺗﻪ ﻭﺃﻭﻻﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻘﺮﺍ ﹰ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﲤﻨﺢ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻦ ‪١٨‬‬

‫ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻓﺄﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﻦ ﻭﻳﻌﻤﻠﻦ ﻭﻳﻌﻠﻦ ﺃﺳﺮﻫﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻳﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻫﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻨﺤﻬﻦ ﻗﺮﻭﺿﺎ ﹰ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ‪٢٥٠‬‬

‫ﺟﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺟﻨﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ‪ ٪٢٫٥‬ﺷﻬﺮﻳﺎ ﹰ‬

‫ﳌﺪﺩ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺳﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ‪ .٪١٠٠‬ﻭﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﳒﺎﺡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬

‫»ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ« ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻋﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﲤﻨﺢ ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﻀﻢ ﻛﻞ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ٧‬ﺳﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﺮﺑﻄﻬﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺻﺪﺍﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﻤﻦ ﺑﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ ﹰ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺇﺫﺍ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺜﺮﺕ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﻫﻦ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺛﻢ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﲤﻨﺢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺪﺭﺝ‪،‬‬

‫‪١٠٨‬‬
 ‫ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺑـ ‪ ٢٥٠‬ﺟﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﹰ‪ ٥٠٠ ،‬ﺟﻨﻴﻪ‪ ٧٥٠ ،‬ﺟﻨﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﻫﻮ‬
‫‪⁄É©dG ‘ ô≤ØdG áëaɵe èeGôH . . ™HGôdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫‪ ٤‬ﺁﻻﻑ ﺟﻨﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺩ؛ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻦ‬

‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺴﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﳕﻮ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ١٠‬ﻣﻨﺴﻘﺎﺕ ﻳﻘﻤﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺞ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺟﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﺽ ﻭﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬

‫ﺳﺪﺍﺩﻩ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻴﺪﺓ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻳﻮﻗﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻤﻦ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻌﻀﻬﻦ ﻳﻘﻤﻦ ﺑﺤﻴﺎﻛﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻳﻘﻤﻦ ﺑﺒﻴﻊ ﺑﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﺎﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﻦ‬

‫ﺗﻘﻤﻦ ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻄﺮﻳﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺪﻥ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ؛ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ‬

‫ﻟﻬﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻀﻊ ﺷﺮﻭﻃﺎ ﹰ ﻻ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﻨﺴﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻨﺰﻟﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﻠﱭ ﻗﺮﻭﺿﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻬﻦ‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺖ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﻫﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺟﻨﻴﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻱ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺮﺽ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ‪ ٦‬ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺟﻨﻴﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ )ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺮﻭﺽ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺠﻼﺩﻳﺶ ﻣﻨﺬ ‪ ٣‬ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻗﺮﺽ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ‪ ٢٫٣‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺟﻨﻴﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ‪٢٠٠٥‬ﻡ)‪.(٢٤٨‬‬

‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺭﺑﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﻧﺸﺌﺖ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٧‬ﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﻀﺪ ﺃﻓﻘﺮ‬

‫‪١٠٩‬‬
‫ﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﺛﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﻮﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٥٢‬ﺷﺮﻳﻚ ﻓﻲ‬

‫‪ ٢٢‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﺛﺎﺭ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ‪ ١١‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﺣﻲ ﻧﻬﺠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺠﻼﺩﻳﺶ؛‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﺴﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﺪﺃﺗﻪ ﺑﺮﺃﺱ ﻣﺎﻝ ‪ ٣١‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٥‬ﻡ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ »ﺳﻴﺘﻴﺠﺮﻭﺏ« ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ‪ ١٨٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺪﻯ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ‬

‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ)‪.(٢٤٩‬‬

‫‪¢ùfƒj èeGôHh π«ªL èeGôH ÜQÉ≤J‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ ﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻓﻴﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻳﻮﻧﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬

‫ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻭﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ)‪.(٢٥٠‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻓﻴﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ ﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‬

‫ﻟﻺﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺑﺈﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ)‪ .(٢٥١‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻓﻴﺴﻮﺭ‬

‫ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺗﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻻ ﺗﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺛﻠﺚ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻭﺃﻥ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﺣﺮﺻﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻟﺘﺘﻼﺋﻢ‬

‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺫﻱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪π«ªL - ÚeGôL IQOÉÑe‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﻭﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ‪ -‬ﺟﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٣‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻫﻲ ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‬

‫‪١١٠‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻋﻢ ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫‪⁄É©dG ‘ ô≤ØdG áëaɵe èeGôH . . ™HGôdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻀﻮﺍ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺇﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﲢﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ‬

‫ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﲔ ﻛﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﻪ‬

‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻛﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻜﺎﺗﻔﻮﺍ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺜﺮ ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﺪﺍﺩ ﻗﺮﺿﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﺧﺮﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﻞ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺒﻨﺎﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ؛ ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻳﺘﻘﺎﺳﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﻇﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﶈﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﳒﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ)‪.(٢١٧‬‬

‫‪á``jô```°üŸG IQOÉ``Ñ``ŸG‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﺳﺴﺖ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻬﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٥‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ‬

‫ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻗﺮﻭﺿﺎ ﹰ ﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ‪٣١‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪٢٠٠٦‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ‪ ٦٣٫٢٨٨‬ﻋﻤﻴﻼﹰ ﻧﺸﻄﺎ ﹰ ﻣﻨﺤﺘﻬﻢ ﻗﺮﻭﺿﺎ ﹰ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪٩٫٧‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻄﻤﺢ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻋﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٨‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺠﺎﻧﺐ‬

‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨﻲ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺤﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠١‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﲡﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ)‪.(٢٤٩‬‬

‫‪١١١‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ‪ -‬ﺟﻤﻴﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺮ ﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ)‪ .(٢٤٩‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻨﻜﻲ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬

‫‪ ٢‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺭﺟـﺎﻝ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻬﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﺽ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٢٫٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺑﻲ ﺇﻥ ﺑﻲ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺒﺎﺱ )‪(BNP Paribas‬؛‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﺘﺴﺘﺨـﺪﻡ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨـﺢ ﻗـﺮﻭﺽ ﳊﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ١٦‬ﺃﻟـﻒ ﻓﻘـﻴﺮ ﻓـﻲ ﺃﻣﺲ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻋﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺻﻔﻘﺔ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬

‫ﲟﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﺑﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﲔ ﻳﻮﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﳊﺼﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻋﻢ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻬﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﲟﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﺐ‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺄﻣﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻨﺢ‬

‫ﻗﺮﻭﺽ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺿﻌﺔ ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٦‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺳﻴﺸﺠﻊ ﺑﻨﻮﻛﺎ ﹰ ﻣﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ؛ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١١‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻗﺮﻭﺽ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﻋﻤﺎ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﻮﻙ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺗﻀﺎﺀﻟﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻐﺎﻣﺮﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﻀﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ؛ ﻛﻤﺎ‬

‫ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﲢﺎﻟﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ‪.‬‬

‫‪١١٢‬‬
 ‫‪¢ù``fƒ``J IQOÉ`Ñ`e‬‬
‫‪⁄É©dG ‘ ô≤ØdG áëaɵe èeGôH . . ™HGôdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ »ﺇﻧﺪﺍ«ﻣﻦ ﺭﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺲ؛ ﻭﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻹﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﺃﻟﻒ‬

‫ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﲟﺴﺘﻬﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٩‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺲ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

‫‪١٩٩٥‬ﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﲔ‬

‫ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺳﻨﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ‪ ٣٦‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﳌﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٣٨‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺗﺎﺟﺮ‬

‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ)‪.(٢٥٢‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ‪ -‬ﺟﻤﻴﻞ ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ »ﺇﻧﺪﺍ« ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍ ﹰ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٣٧٥‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻘﺮﺽ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﻉ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﻮﻙ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ )‪ ،Union Internationale de Banques (UIB‬ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬

‫»ﺇﻧﺪﺍ« ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ)‪ .(٢٥١‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ٪٥٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠١٥‬ﻡ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ô¨°üdG á«gÉæàŸG ¢Vhô≤dG áHGƒH‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ‪ -‬ﺟﻤﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺳﻨﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ »ﺳﻴﺠﺎﺏ«ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺻﻤﻤﺖ ﻭﻓﻖ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺑﺎﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻓﺮ)‪:(٢٥٢‬‬

‫˚ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‬

‫‪١١٣‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﲤﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺀ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺳﺒﻴﻼﹰ ﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻉ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺘﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍ ﹰ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ ﹰ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻮﻕ ﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﳋﻔﺾ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍ ﹰ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎ ﹰ ﻷﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻓﺘﺢ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺑﻨﻚ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﻦ‪.‬‬

‫‪π`HÉ`æ`°S‬‬

‫ﺳﻨﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ٪٨٠‬ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٧٧٥‬ﺃﻟﻒ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺟﺮ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻼﺀ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﻨـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ)‪.(٢٥٢‬‬

‫‪١١٤‬‬
 ‫›‪Ò≤ØdG IóYÉ°ùŸ äGQÉ°ûà°S’G áYƒª‬‬
‫‪⁄É©dG ‘ ô≤ØdG áëaɵe èeGôH . . ™HGôdG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ »ﺳﻴﺠﺎﺏ« ‪Consultative Group to Assist‬‬

‫)‪ the Poor (CGAP‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﻀﺎﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٣٠‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺮﻋﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻧﺤﻮ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻧﻈﻢ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻘﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬

‫»ﺳﻴﺠﺎﺏ« ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺍ ﹰ ﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﻜﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪١١٥‬‬
ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e
⁄É©dG ‘ ô≤ØdG áëaɵe èeGôH . . ™HGôdG π°üØdG

áµ∏ªŸG ‘ ô≤ØdG áëaɵe

‫˚ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ ˚ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ˚ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬
ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e

١١٨
 ‫ﺍﻫﺘﻤـﺎﻡ ﻣﻠﻜـﻲ‬
‫‪á`µ`∏ªŸG »``a ô``≤`Ø`dG á`ë`aÉ`µe . . ¢ùeÉÿG π°üØdG‬‬

‫‪áµ∏ªŸG »`a ô≤ØdG ádÉM ó≤ØJ‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺘﻔﻘﺪ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﻘﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻦ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﺜﻠﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﺩﻡ ﺍﳊﺮﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻔﲔ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪٢٠٠٢‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﻩ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﺟﺘﺜﺎﺙ ﺟﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻴﺒﺎ ﹰ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺧﻔﺎﺋﻪ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺗﻌﻴﺸﻪ‬

‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﹰ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻋﻤﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺇﻋﻼﻣﻲ ﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ)‪.(٢٥٣‬‬

‫ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﺩﺭﻛﺖ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﺭﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺋﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺃﻗﺮ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻠﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺧﺎﺩﻡ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺮﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻔﲔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﺛﻨﲔ ‪ ٢٤‬ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻥ‬

‫‪١٤٢٧‬ﻫـ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ‪ ١٦‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪٢٠٠٦‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ‬

‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻟﻮﺍﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻟﻺﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ‬

‫ﺍﳋﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺠﺰﺀ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﻌﺘﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻗﻊ‬

‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٩‬ﻡ ﺇﻥ ﺷﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ‪.‬‬

‫‪١١٩‬‬
 ‫‪…ƒªæàdG ¿Éµ°SEÓd ¬jódGƒd õjõ©dGóÑY øH ˆGóÑY ∂∏ŸG á°ù°SDƒe‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﺩﻡ ﺍﳊﺮﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻔﲔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ‬

‫ﻟﻮﺍﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻟﻺﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﺍ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬

‫ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﻋﺎ ﹰ ﺑﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻭﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺧﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﺾ)‪.(٢٥٤‬‬

‫‪á«é«JGΰS’G ±GógC’G‬‬
‫˚ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻢ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺳﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻭﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻓﺮﺻﻬﻢ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺗﻬﻢ‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﳑﺎ ﺳﻴﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺧﻠﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻬﻦ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺮﺽ ﲡﺮﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻱ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻭﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻭﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ ﹰ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻭﺩﻋﻢ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻭﺇﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺧﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬

‫ﺑﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﻨﻤﻮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٢٠‬‬
 ‫˚ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺃﺻﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﺬﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻬﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫‪á`µ`∏ªŸG »``a ô``≤`Ø`dG á`ë`aÉ`µe . . ¢ùeÉÿG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﻟﻸﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫˚ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﲤﻜﲔ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻋﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺑﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﺍ ﹰ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻮﻳﺎ ﹰ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﻠﻮﻍ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‬

‫ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺟﻬﻮﺩﺍ ﹰ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬

‫ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻹﳒﺎﺯ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬

‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٥‬ﻡ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺗﻀﻢ ‪١٢٩٤‬‬

‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺳﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺤﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﳋﻄﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ‪ ٧٠٠٠‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺳﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺳﻜﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ ٤٩‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪»æWƒdG …ÒÿG ¥hóæ°üdG‬‬

‫ﺃﺛﻤﺮﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﺩﻡ ﺍﳊﺮﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻔﲔ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﳋﻴﺮﻱ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺴﻤﺎﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﳋﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﺃﺳﻪ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺑﺄﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ‬

‫‪١٢١‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻧﺨﺮﺍﻁ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨﲔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺪﺭﻭﻥ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ)‪.(٢٥٥‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ‪:‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫˚ ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻛﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺃﺻﻮﻟﻪ ﻭﳑﺘﻠﻜﺎﺗﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪±Gó```gC’G‬‬
‫˚ ﺇﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺘﺎﺟﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﳊﺴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺘﺎﺟﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻹﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﺮﺹ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻃﻠﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻠﻴﺎ ﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ ﹰ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﺎﺟﲔ ﻭﺩﻋﻤﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﶈﺘﺎﺟﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺗﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺘﺎﺟﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪،‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٢٢‬‬
 ‫‪è``eGô`Ñ`dG‬‬
‫‪á`µ`∏ªŸG »``a ô``≤`Ø`dG á`ë`aÉ`µe . . ¢ùeÉÿG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺭﻭﻋﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫˚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬

‫ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﲟﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺃﺳﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻛﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻭﺍﻻﺩﺧﺎﺭ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺧﻄﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺪﺭﻭﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬

‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻃﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺗﻮﻇﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻬﻢ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺼﺒﺤﻮﺍ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﲔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﺳﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻭﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ )ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺴﻦ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﺽ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬

‫ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬

‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﶈﺘﺎﺟﺔ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻭﺇﺧﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻭﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ‬

‫ﳌﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻭﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ )ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺬﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﺽ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﲡﺎﻭﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ‬

‫‪ ٣٤٠‬ﻗﺮﺿﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ‬

‫ﻭﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺃﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬

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 ‫˚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﻭﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺍﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﻏﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻛﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺭﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺪﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺻﻞ‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺭﺑﲔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ١٠٨‬ﺷﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬
‫‪ô`≤`Ø`dG ôgɶe‬‬

‫ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﺭﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻧﻘﻠﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﺖ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﺍ ﹰ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻭﻣﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻰ‬

‫ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻳﻌﻢ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻔﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ‬

‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳉﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻘﺮ ﺃﻱ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﻧﺘﻤﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺂﺯﺭ ﻭﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﺪﺙ‬

‫ﺷﻌﻮﺭﺍ ﹰ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺪﺓ )ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

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 ‫ﺗﻀﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﻭﺟﲔ ﻭﺻﻐﺎﺭﻫﻢ( ﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺷﺒﺎﻉ‬
‫‪á`µ`∏ªŸG »``a ô``≤`Ø`dG á`ë`aÉ`µe . . ¢ùeÉÿG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺄﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ)‪.(٢٥٦‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺷﻬﺪﻫﺎ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ‬

‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻷﻏﻠﺐ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻔﺘﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺳﺮ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻗﺘﻀﺖ‬

‫ﺣﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﳕﻂ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻘﻠﺺ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﲢﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﻓﺮﺿﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻭﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٥‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺭﺻﺪﺕ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬

‫ﺑﺎﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﻣﻼﻣﺤﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ)‪:(٢٥٧‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪ :‬ﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﺍ ﹰ ﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٥‬ﻡ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﲤﺜﻞ ‪ ٪٨٫٥‬ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ،٪١٢‬ﺃﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻃﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬

‫ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٪١٥‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪.٪٢٠‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﻦ ﳑﻦ ﻳﺘﻘﺎﺿﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪ :‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ‪ ٪٦٠‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺭﻭﺍﺗﺒﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٣‬ﺁﻻﻑ ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ﺳﻌﻮﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﻛﺪﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻑ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ‪ ٪٤٠‬ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﻜﻨﺎ ﹰ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﹰ ﺑﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٪٥٨‬ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬

‫ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺕ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻘﻖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫˚ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﻌﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻘﺎﺿﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻭﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٥٫٤٠٠‬ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺒﻠﻎ ‪ ١٦٫٧٠٠‬ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ﻟﻸﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪،‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪.٪٦‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﻓﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻧﺎ ﹰ ﺑﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ؛ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‬

‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ‪ -‬ﻛﻔﺌﺔ ﺻﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭﻫﻢ ‪ ١٦‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻓﺄﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ‬

‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺎﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﻼﻥ ‪ ٪٧٥‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ‪ ،٪٢٥‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﻥ ﻟﻢ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﹰ‬

‫ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺷﺎﺭﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ‪١٫١٢٠‬‬

‫ﺭﻳﺎﻻﹰ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﺟﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﲔ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻑ ‪ ١٫٦٦٠‬ﺭﻳﺎﻻﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻷﺟﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺸﻘﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺻﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٦٫٥٠٠‬ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪١٠٫٥٠٠‬ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ﻟﻸﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﺩﻳﻦ‪،‬‬

‫‪١٢٦‬‬
 ‫ﻭ ‪ ١١٫٠٠٠‬ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪ ١٢٫٠٠٠‬ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ﻟﻸﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪á`µ`∏ªŸG »``a ô``≤`Ø`dG á`ë`aÉ`µe . . ¢ùeÉÿG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻟﺸﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﺎﺀ ﻭﻫﺎﺗﻒ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ)‪.(٢٥٨‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻟﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ‪ ٢٤‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪٢٠٠٥‬ﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﲟﺴﺢ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﺷﻤﻞ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺪﻥ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺔ؛ ﻫﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻈﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳋﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﺗﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺃﻥ ‪ ٪٥١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬

‫ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٪٤٠‬ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺩﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ٦‬ﺁﻻﻑ ﺭﻳﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﲔ‬

‫ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ‪ ٪٩‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ)‪.(٢٥٨‬‬

‫‪AÉ`°ùædG ô`≤`a‬‬

‫ﺣـﻴـﺚ ﺣﻈﻴﺖ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﻭﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ‬

‫ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪،‬‬

‫ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻬﻦ ﻳﺸﻜﻠـﻦ ﺃﻏـﻠـﺐ ﺍﳊـﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣـﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﳋﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﻭﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺇﻥ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻨﻌﺪﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﺤﺎﺙ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻘﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﺻﻌﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ)‪.(٢٥٦‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﺑﺼﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺎﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﻣﺎ ﳊﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻭﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﻗﻴﻢ ﻭﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺕ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺡ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺎﻧﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻘﻴﺖ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻀﺮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻫﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻗﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬

‫ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﳌﻜﺎﺗﺐ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ)‪:(٢٥٦‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻘﺎﻗﻬﺎ ‪‬ﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬

‫ﺑﺼﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﺭﻣﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻬﺠﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﻻ ﻋﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﺳﺠﲔ ﺃﻭ‬

‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻧﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺍ‪‬ﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﻟﻎ‬

‫ﺍ‪‬ﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬

‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺃﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺯﻭﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻃﻔﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﻦ )ﻭﻗﺪ‬

‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﹰ( ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺴﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺃﺓ ﺃﻭﻻﺩﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺯﻭﺟﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻃﻠﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺒﻠﻐﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ‪ ١٨‬ﺳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﺼﺒﺤﻮﺍ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻘﺎﻕ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺗﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

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 ‫˚ ﺩﻟﺖ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﻳﺘﺎﻡ‬
‫‪á`µ`∏ªŸG »``a ô``≤`Ø`dG á`ë`aÉ`µe . . ¢ùeÉÿG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻫﻢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﳌﺎ ﲢﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ‬

‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻐﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﲢﻤﻞ ﻋﺐﺀ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﺮﻣﻠﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﻃﻼﻗﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺠﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻢ ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻘﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﲔ ﻣﻬﻤﲔ؛ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺧﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻗﺼﻴﺮ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺧﻄﻂ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ؛ ﺃﻱ)‪:(٢٥٦‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﻜﺜﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﺑﺤﻘﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﲡﺎﻩ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻭﺃﺳﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﻜﺜﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﻼﺩﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬

‫ﻟﺘﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﺸﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻢ ﲢﻮﻟﻬﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﳌﻴﺴﺮﺓ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺠﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻠﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ‬

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‫ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﻭﺟﲔ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪﺗﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼﺗﻬﻢ ﻣﻊ‬

‫ﺃﺑﻨﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﺳﺮﻫﻢ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺫﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪﺗﻬﻦ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻬﻦ ﻭﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻬﻦ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺪﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬

‫‪êÉ```à``fE’G á``aÉ``≤`K‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‬

‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺣﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮﻱ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ؛ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻤﻠﻮﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺇﻻ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻭﺭﺵ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﻣﻬﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ؛ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻳﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺄﻫﻞ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻬﻨﻲ ﻣﺠﺰﻱ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﻫﻮ‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻟﻴﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﲔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﻘﻄﻌﻮﺍ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻭﻋﻲ‬

‫ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﳒﺎﺣﺎ ﹰ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍ ﹰ‪،‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻻ ﺗﻼﻡ‬

‫‪١٣٠‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﲤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ؛‬
‫‪á`µ`∏ªŸG »``a ô``≤`Ø`dG á`ë`aÉ`µe . . ¢ùeÉÿG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﲤﻮﻳﻠﻲ ﻭﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﲤﻮﻳﻠﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ؛ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ)‪.(٢١٧‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻤﻼﹰ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻄﻴﺎ ﹰ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺎ ﹰ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﳋﺒﺮﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ؛ ﻭﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﹰ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ)‪.(٢١٧‬‬

‫‪IÒ¨°üdG ™jQÉ°ûŸG πjƒ“ äÉ°ù°SDƒe‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﻠﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬

‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺭﺑﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﱈ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ ﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﳝﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻭﻣﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲤﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻼ ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ)‪.(٢٥٩‬‬

‫‪١٣١‬‬
 ‫‪…Oƒ©°ùdG á«YÉæ°üdG ᫪æàdG ¥hóæ°U‬‬
‫ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﺮﻭﺽ ﻣﻴﺴﺮﺓ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺿﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ)‪.(٢٦٠‬‬

‫‪ádÉØc èeÉfôH‬‬

‫ﰎ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻛﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺇﺧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﶈﺎﺳﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬

‫ﰎ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﲟﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺑﻨﻮﻙ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ‬

‫ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫˚ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻓﺎﺋﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺷﺮﻳﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻓﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٣٢‬‬
 ‫‪á`jƒ`Ä`ŸG ¥hó`æ`°U‬‬
‫‪á`µ`∏ªŸG »``a ô``≤`Ø`dG á`ë`aÉ`µe . . ¢ùeÉÿG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺭﺑﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﻧﺸﺌﺖ ﻟﺘﺴﺪ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻣﺘﻼﻙ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻣﺮ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪١٤٢٥/٥/٢٠‬ﻫـ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪٢٠٠٤‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﲟﺴﺎﻧﺪﺓ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﲔ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺎﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﻜﻔﻞ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨﲔ)‪.(٢٦١‬‬

‫ﺃﻫـﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ‬

‫˚ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻋﻤﻞ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﺮﺹ ﳒﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳋﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺧـﺪﻣـﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺭﺷــﺎﺩ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪﺓ‬

‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﻟـﺘـﺪﺭﻳــﺐ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٣٣‬‬
 ‫˚ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪.‬‬

‫‪™ªàéŸG áeóÿ π«ªL ∞«£∏dG óÑY èeGôH‬‬

‫‪IÒ¨°üdG ™jQÉ°ûŸGh äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG ºYód π«ªL ∞«£∏dGóÑY ¥hóæ°U‬‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬

‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ ﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺷﺮﻳﺤﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﲔ ﺍﳉﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻃﻤﻮﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬

‫ﻭﻳﻔﺘﻘﺮﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺪﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪﺗﻬﻢ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ)‪.(٢٦٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻫــﺪﺍﻑ‬

‫˚ ﺇﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻐﺎﺭ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﲔ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺪﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﳌﺎ‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌــﺰﺍﻳــﺎ‬

‫˚ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ١٠٠٫٠٠٠‬ﺭﻳﺎﻝ ﺳﻌﻮﺩﻱ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪.‬‬

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 ‫˚ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ ٦ - ٣‬ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪﺀ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪á`µ`∏ªŸG »``a ô``≤`Ø`dG á`ë`aÉ`µe . . ¢ùeÉÿG π°üØdG‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺪﺩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻁ ﻣﻴﺴﺮﺓ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﺎ ﹰ‪.‬‬

‫˚ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ‬

‫ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻗـﺴـﺎﻡ‬

‫˚ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬

‫˚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ ﻟﺘﻤﻠﻴﻚ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﺮﺓ‬

‫˚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ ﻟﺘﻤﻠﻴﻚ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬

‫˚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ ‪ -‬ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﻟﻸﺳﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬

‫˚ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴـﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﻱ‬

‫˚ ﺣﺎﺿﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺎﻝ‬

‫‪ô≤ØdG áëaÉμŸ π«ªL ∞«£∏dG óÑY πª©e‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﺸﺊ ﻣﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﺷﻌﺎﺭ »ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ« )‪ (Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab‬ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪٢٠٠٣‬ﻡ‪،‬‬

‫ﻛﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻣﺎﺳﺸﻮﺳﺘﺲ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫)‪ ،(MIT‬ﻭﻳﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺓ ﺇﺳﺘﺮ ﺩﻭﻓﻠﻮ )‪ (Esther Duflo‬ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﻛﺮﺳﻲ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻴﻞ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻤﻞ ﳝﺜﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬

‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺑﺘﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺻﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬

‫‪١٣٥‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﺸﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻋﲔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫‪á````«```fhô````à```µ``dE’G äÉ`````©````eÉ``````é``dG‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ)‪.(٢٦٤-٢٦٣‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍ ﹰ ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ »ﲢﺪﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻳﻮﻧﺲ« ﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻱ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺡ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻫﻮ »ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ‬

‫ﺑﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﳌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ«‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬

‫ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻃﻼﺏ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻣﺎﺳﺎﺷﻮﺳﺘﺲ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ )‪ (MIT IDEAS Competition‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ )‪ .(D-Lab Service Learning Course‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺰ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬

‫ﺳﻴﻘﺪﻡ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻓﻘﺮ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﳉﻌﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﲢﺘﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﳝﻴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻨﺒﻨﻲ ﻭﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻀﻤﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺑﲔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻣﺎﺳﺎﺷﻮﺳﺘﺲ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ)‪.(٢٦٥‬‬

‫‪١٣٦‬‬
 ١٣٧
. . ¢SOÉ°ùdG π°üØdG
ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e

١٣٨
 .(‫ﻡ‬٢٠٠٤/٩/٢٠) ‫ ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﺃﻭﻥ ﻻﻳﻦ‬،‫ ﻗﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ‬،‫ ﻭﻻﺀ‬،‫ﺣﻨﻔﻲ‬ 1
http://www.islamonline.net/arabic/economics/2004/09/article12.shtml

Sundberg, Mark, Bourguignon, François, Gelb, Alan and 2

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™```````````LGô``````````ª`dG

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Poverty Up, Numbers of Americans With and Without Health Insurance
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١٣٩
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ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e
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١٤٠
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™```````````LGô``````````ª`dG

،‫ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬،‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻟﻸﱈ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ 24

‫ﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﶈﺮﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻟﻸﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
.(‫ﻡ‬٢٠٠٤) ‫ﻟﻸﻟﻔﻴﺔ‬

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١٤١
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.(‫ﻡ‬١٩٩٩ ‫ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‬١٧) ،‫ ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﺃﻭﻥ ﻻﻳﻦ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬،‫ﳕﺎﺀ‬ 38

http://www.islamonline.net/iol-arabic/dowalia/morajaat.asp

.(‫ﻡ‬٢٠٠٦ ‫ ﻣﺎﻳﻮ‬٨) ،‫ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ‬،‫ ﻭﻳﻜﻴﺒﻴﺪﻳﺎ‬،‫ ﻓﻘﺮ‬،‫ﻭﻳﻜﻴﺒﻴﺪﻳﺎ‬ 39

http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D981%%D982%%D8%B1

.(‫ﻡ‬٢٠٠٦ ‫ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ‬١٥) ،‫ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ‬،‫ ﻭﻳﻜﻴﺒﻴﺪﻳﺎ‬،‫ ﻓﻘﻴﺮ‬،‫ﻭﻳﻜﻴﺒﻴﺪﻳﺎ‬ 40

http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D981%%D982%%D98%A%D8%B1

١٤٢
 .(‫ﻡ‬٢٠٠٠ ‫ ﻓﺒﺮﺍﻳﺮ‬٧) ‫ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻓﻘﻴﺮﺍ ﹰ! ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﺃﻭﻥ ﻻﻳﻦ؛‬:‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬،‫ ﺳﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬،‫ﺧﺎﻥ‬ 41
http://www.islamonline.net/iol-arabic/dowalia/mafaheem-16.asp

‫ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬،‫ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻺﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﺮ‬ 42

.(‫ﻡ‬٢٠٠٠ ‫ )ﻣﺎﺭﺱ‬٦٤ ‫ ـ‬٦٢ ‫ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬،(‫ﻗﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ )ﻣﻴﺮﻳﻚ‬

Wikipedia Contributors, Poverty, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia 43

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‫ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬.‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺯﺍﻕ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﺱ‬ 191
.(‫ﻡ‬٢٠٠١) ‫ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﺕ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

.‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬،‫ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﺒﺮﺩﺝ ﺑﻮﻙ ﺭﻳﻔﻴﻮ‬ 192

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™```````````LGô``````````ª`dG

‫ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ‬٥) ٩٧١٦ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‬،‫ ﺇﺟﻌﻠﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﺎ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻲ‬،‫ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬ 210
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‫ ﺇﺳﻼﻡ‬،‫ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺠﻼﺩﺵ ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﻳﻔﻮﺯﺍﻥ ﺑﺠﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﻡ‬،‫ﺭﻭﻳﺘﺮﺯ‬ 214
.(‫ﻡ‬٢٠٠٦ ‫ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‬١٣) ‫ﺃﻭﻥ ﻻﻳﻦ‬
http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/news/2006-10/13/03.shtml

.‫ ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﺃﻭﻥ ﻻﻳﻦ‬،‫ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺠﻼﺩﻳﺶ‬،‫ ﻣﺠﺪﻱ‬،‫ﺳﻌﻴﺪ‬ 215

http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/contemporary/Economy/2001/
article2.shtml

١٦١
‫ ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﺃﻭﻥ ﻻﻳﻦ‬،‫ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‬٣٠ ‫ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ‬.. ‫ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ‬،‫ ﻣﺠﺪﻱ‬،‫ﺳﻌﻴﺪ‬ 216
http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/economics/project/2006/10/03.
shtml

٢١) ،١٣٩٩٨ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ‬،‫ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻄﻴﺔ‬:‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬،‫ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻴﻢ‬ 217

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Eradicating Poverty Through Profits, Wharton School Publishing
(August 15, 2004).

Bornstein, David, How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs 243

and the Power of New Ideas, Oxford University Press, USA
(February 5, 2004).

١٦٤
 Black, Jan Knippers, Development in Theory and Practice: 244
Paradigms and Paradoxes, Westview Press (July 1999).

Yunus, Muhammed, Banker to the Poor: Micro-Lending and the 245

Battle Against World Poverty, Public Affairs (October 14, 2003).

Yunus, Muhammed and Jolis, Alan, Banker to the Poor: The 246
Autobiography of Muhammad Yunus, Founder of Grameen Bank,
Oxford University Press, USA (May 1, 2001).
™```````````LGô``````````ª`dG

‫ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓ‬:‫ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﺧﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬،‫ ﺇﺫﺍﻋﺔ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻱ‬،‫ ﺑﻴﺮﻭ ﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﻜﺮ‬،‫ﺟﻮﱋ‬ 247
‫ ﻋﻨﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ؛ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‬:‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬.‫ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﳌﺆﺳﺲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻳﻮﻧﺲ‬
.(‫ﻡ‬٢٠٠٦ ‫ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‬١٤) ‫ﺑﺘﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ‬

Grameen Foundation USA, Grameen-Jameel Initiative Engineers 248

$2.5 Million Investment in DBACD: Will provide loans to poor
Egyptians just in time for Ramadan, Grameen Foundation: Resource
Center: News; Washington, D.C. (September 26, 2006).

.(‫ﻡ‬٢٠٠٦/١٠/١٩) ‫ ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﺃﻭﻥ ﻻﻳﻦ‬،‫ ﻗﺮﻭﺽ ﺟﺮﺍﻣﲔ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻓﻘﻂ‬،‫ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ‬ 249
http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/news/2006-10/18/10.shtml

‫ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‬١٥) ١٠١٨٣ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‬،‫ ﺃﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ‬،‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺷﺪ‬ 250
.(‫ﻡ‬٢٠٠٦

Grameen Foundation USA, Grameen-Abdul Latif Jameel Initiative 251

Makes Historic Investment in ENDA: US$375,000 Guarantee Will
Help Boost Microfinance in Tunisia, Grameen Foundation: Resource
Center: News; Washington, D.C. (February 03, 2006).

Grameen Foundation USA, CGAP, Sanabel and Grameen-Abdul 252

Latif Jameel Initiative Launch New Microfinance Portal for Arabic

١٦٥
‫‪Speakers Website will Provide Information Resources for the‬‬
‫‪Arab World, Arabic Microfinance Gateway; Washington D.C. (8‬‬
‫‪September 2005).‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺳﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ‪ ..‬ﺑﺴﺎﻃﺘﻪ ﻭﻋﻔﻮﻳﺘﻪ ﻭﺻﺮﺍﺣﺘﻪ ‪..‬‬ ‫‪253‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﺧﻠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ ٥) ٩٧٤٧‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪٢٠٠٥‬ﻡ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e‬‬
‫‪http://www.kingabdullahfoundation.org.sa/ar/homepage.asp‬‬ ‫‪254‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ‪ ٣٠٠ ،‬ﻗﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﳋﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻸﺳﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫‪255‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ ٧) ١٠٢٣٦‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪٢٠٠٦‬ﻡ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺃﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫‪256‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﺃﻭﻥ ﻻﻳﻦ )‪ ٨‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪٢٠٠٤‬ﻡ(‪.‬‬
‫‪http://www.islamonline.net/arabic/in_depth/women/articles/‬‬
‫‪wordfiles/11.doc‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺗﺪﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫‪257‬‬
‫‪ ٪٤٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﲔ ﻻ ﳝﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﻜﻨﺎ ﹰ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﹰ ﻭ ‪ ٪٥٨‬ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﺕ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻘﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ ١٢) ١٦٨٦‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪٢٠٠٥‬ﻡ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃﺣﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ‪ ..‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﺃﻭﻥ ﻻﻳﻦ )‪ ٩‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ‬ ‫‪258‬‬
‫‪٢٠٠٥‬ﻡ(‪.‬‬
‫‪http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/ECONOMICS/200508 //‬‬
‫‪article06.shtml‬‬

‫ﻋﻄﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺣﺴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪259‬‬
‫)‪ ٥‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪٢٠٠٦‬ﻡ(‪.‬‬
‫‪http://www.sidf.gov.sa/‬‬ ‫‪260‬‬
‫‪http://web.tcf.org.sa/CentennialFund/Arabic/‬‬ ‫‪261‬‬

‫‪١٦٦‬‬
 http://www.aljprog.org/ar/index.asp 262
MIT alumnus backs Poverty Action Lab with 3 major endowments, 263
MIT Tech Talk 50(5) (October 19, 2005).

Duflo, Esther, Abdul Latif Jameel Professor of Poverty Alleviation 264

and Development Economics; Director, Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty
Action Lab, Fighting Poverty: What Works? The Work of the Abdul
Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab at MIT (June 10, 2006).
™```````````LGô``````````ª`dG

http://aljprog.org/ar/bernameg_abdulatif/mit.htm 265

١٦٧
ô`````≤`````Ø`````dG á````ë````aÉ````µ````e

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