Structure concrete

Unified theory of concrete

Chapter - one

# The unified theory is divided into six model components based on the fundamental principles employed and the degree of
adherence to the rigorous principles of mechanics of materials. The six models are: (1) the struts-and-ties model; (2) the
equilibrium (plasticity) truss model; (3) the Bernoulli compatibility truss model; (4) the Mohr compatibility truss model; (5) the
softened truss model; and (6) the softened membrane model.
#
#From a scientific point of view, a main region is one where the stresses and strains are distributed so regularly that they can be
easily expressed mathematically. That is, the stresses and strains in the main regions are governed by simple equilibrium and
compatibility conditions. For columns that are under bending and axial load, the equilibrium equations come from the parallel
force equilibrium condition, while the compatibility equations are governed by Bernoulli’s hypothesis of the plane section
remaining plane. In the case where beams are subjected to shear and torsion, the stresses and strains should satisfy the two-
dimensional equilibrium and compatibility conditions, i.e. Mohr’s stress and strain circles.
#In contrast, a local region is one where the stresses and strains are so disturbed and irregular that they are not amenable to
mathematical solution. In particular, the compatibility conditions are difficult to apply. In the design of the local regions the
stresses are usually determined by equilibrium condition alone, while the strain conditions are neglected.
#Numerical analysis by computer (such as the finite element method), can possibly determine the stress and strain
distributions in the local regions, but it is seldom employed due to its complexity.
#the main regions of a structure are designed directly by the four sectional actions, M, N, V and T, according to the four
sectional action diagrams obtained from structural analysis. On the other hand, the local regions are designed by stresses
acting on the boundaries of the regions. These boundary stresses are calculated from the four action diagrams at the boundary
sections. A local region is actually treated as an isolated free body subjected to external boundary stresses.
#1.3.1.1 Struts-and-ties Model
Principles: Equilibrium condition only Applications: Design of local regions
#1.3.1.2 Equilibrium (Plasticity) Truss Model
Principles: Equilibrium condition and the theory of plasticity
Applications: Analysis and design of M, N, V and T in the main regions at the ultimate load stage
#1.3.1.3 Bernoulli Compatibility Truss Model
Principles: 1-D Equilibrium condition, Bernoulli compatibility condition and 1-D or uniaxial constitutive law for concrete and
reinforcement. The constitutive laws may be linear or nonlinear
Applications: Analysis and design of M and N in the main regions at both the serviceability and the ultimate load stages
#1.3.1.4 Mohr Compatibility Truss Model
Principles: 2-D Equilibrium condition, Mohr compatibility condition and1-D or uniaxial constitutive law (Hooke’s Law is preferred)
for both concrete and reinforcement
Applications: Analysis and design of V and T in the main regions at the serviceability load stage
#1.3.1.5 Softened Truss Model
Principles: 2-D Equilibrium condition, Mohr’s compatibility condition and the 2-D softened constitutive law for concrete. The
constitutive law of reinforcement may be linear or nonlinear
Applications: Analysis and design of V and T in the main regions at both the serviceability and the ultimate load stages
#1.3.1.6 Softened Membrane Model
Principles: 2-D Equilibrium condition, Mohr’s compatibility condition and the 2-D softened constitutive law for concrete. The
constitutive law of reinforcement may be linear or nonlinear. The Poisson effect is included in the analysis Applications:
Analysis and design of V and T in the main regions at both the serviceability and the ultimate load stages
#Reinforced concrete originated four decades after Navier’s book. Its birth was credited to Joseph Monier, a French gardener,
who obtained a patent in 1867 to reinforce his concrete flower pots with iron wires.
#

Fig. Strut and tie model

#