Periodic Waves and Phasor Analysis

PERIODIC WAVES AND PHASOR ANALYSIS
Civil Aviation Training Center

David Lee(DooHyun Lee) 1
Introduction
Overview
To understand the operation of ac circuits, it is very helpful to be
able to illustrate the circuit parameters. A visual representation
will greatly aid in the mathematical calculations necessary to
measure and evaluate the operation of ac circuits.
Two general methods of illustration used are wave-shape graphs

and phasors. Each of these methods offers certain advantages to
aid in the understanding of ac circuits. In light of this, we will
consider phasor presentations and wave-shape graphs.
2
Introduction
Objectives
Given a formula sheet, without references you will:
l Determine phasor sums for multiple voltages and currents

l Apply trigonometry functions
l Apply rotating phasors in determining voltage-phase
relationships
l Determine total magnitude by combining phasors
3
Introduction to Periodic Waves and Phasors
Introduction
Currents and voltages that vary in a rhythmic (sinusoidal) manner are
periodic and may be represented by phasors.
4
Definitions
Periodic Function: Any function that repeats itself in magnitude and
direction as time goes on is called a periodic function. In alternating
current circuits, current and voltage repeat over and over in a smooth,
rhythmic manner called periodic waves.
Vector Quantity: A vector quantity* is defined as one which has

magnitude and direction. Vectors are useful for representing the
amplitude and phase of current, voltage, resistance, reactance,
impedance, or admittance in a circuit being analyzed.
Scalar Quantities: vector quantities must not be confused with scalar

quantity is one having only magnitude and whose effect does not
depend upon direction (or phase).
5
Generation of a Voltage Sine Wave
Figure 1-2. Generation of a sine wave of Voltage by Phasor Rotation of a Wire in a

6
uniform magnetic Field
Time, Period, And Frequency
Figure 1-3. Sine Wave Shape Graph Showing More Than One Cycle
7
Period and frequency are related by the expression:

1
=

1
 = or

∗ =1
T in seconds for 1 cycle, f in Hz
8
Example 1:
What is the frequency of a wave if its period (T) is 16670 μs?
Example 2:
What is the period (T) of a wave if its frequency(f) is 100 MHz?
9
Expression of Wave Values
A sine wave of voltage or current may be expressed in instantaneous,
peak, rms, or average values.
• Instantaneous Values
The instantaneous values of current or voltage in an ac circuit are
computed at a certain instant of time(t) or at a certain angle(θ).
 =   θ (Equation 1-2)
10
Example 3:
Referring to the waveform in Figure 1-3, find the instantaneous

value  if  is 100 volts and (a) θ = 135°, (b) θ = 315°.
Generally, using some instant of time t rather than the angle θ is more
useful when calculation various values of instantaneous voltage.
A more practical expression for calculating e is:
 =  ωt (Equation 1-3)

11
Example 4:
Find e if  = 100v
Given:  = 1000,  = 0.3μs
• Peak Values: The peak value of a voltage or current is equal to its

greatest magnitude in the positive direction. This is indicated by
using subscript m or max with the letters E or I; i.e.,
 ,  , and  , or  .
12
• Effective or rms Values
The effective or rms (root mean square) value of a voltage or current
is indicated by omitting the subscripts; such as E or I.
0.707 times the maximum value of the current or voltage.
Rms values are important because this is the value read on a common
ac voltammeter.
Power in a dc circuit is found by E times I.
13
Since the effective values of E and I are used to find average power,
this power is sometimes referred to as effective power.
Average power = effective power.
Peak power ( ) is found by  ×  and is sometimes called

maximum instantaneous power.
* Peak power = 2 × the average or effective power
14
The following relationships are useful in sine wave ac circuits
E = effective voltage
E = 0.707
I = effective current
I = 0.707
P = average or effective power
P = EI
 = peak power or maximum instantaneous power
 =  × 
15
Example 5:
What is the maximum value of a sine wave voltage if its

effective value is 115v?
Example 6:
What is the rms value of a current sine wave if the maximum

value is 1.414 amperes?
16
Example 7:
Find the peak power and the average or effective power if

 = 70.7 volts and I = 0.707 amperes.
17
Phasor Representation of Periodic Waves
Introduction
The length of the phasor represented the maximum value of the
voltage  , and its position indicated the angular distance .
Phasors may be used to represent the phase difference between two

or more voltages or currents of the same frequency
18
Phasors Representing Sine Waves
Figure 1-4. A sine Wave Graph of several Cycles

and the Phasor Position representing Values
19
Every 45° During 855° of the Graph
Phasors Representing Sine Waves
Figure 1-5. Phasor Representation of a sine Wave Graph on a Polar Graph
20
Phasors Representing by sine waves and Phasors
• Initial Phase of sine Waves
 =  sin(ωt ± ∅) (Equation 1-4)
 =  sin(ωt ± ∅) (Equation 1-5)
21
Figure 1-6. Phase Represented by Sine Waves

22
Example 7:
What is the instantaneous value of 60 Hz voltage  = 200

sin  − 90° , at the instant t=0? What is e when
t=0.02 seconds?
23
• Positive Cosine Waves
Figure 1-7. Graph of Sine and Cosine Waves

(a)Illustration of +Cosine and Sine Waves 24
• Negative Cosine Waves
Figure 1-7. Graph of Sine and Cosine Waves

(b)Illustration of –Cosine and Sine Waves 25
• Phasor Plots of Sine and Cosine Waves
Figure 1-8. Phasors Representing +and –Cosine Waves with Sine Wave Referenced to 0°
26
Phase Difference
Figure 1-9. Phasor Representation of Two Sine Wave Quantities

Occurring in the Same Circuit
27
Phase Difference
Figure 1-10. Plots of Voltage and Current Waveforms with Phase

Difference of 45°
28
Phase at Difference Reference Positions
The phasor difference between two waves is represented by the angle
between their representative phasors.
Phase difference may be either leading or lagging, depending upon
which sine wave or phasor is chosen as a reference.
29
Figure 1-11(a) illustrates the following three voltages as phasors
on a polar graph at t=0:
 =  sin(ωt + 30°)

 =  sin(ωt + 60°)
 =  sin(ωt − 30°)
Figure 1-11. Phasor Representation of Sine Waves 30

(a) Three phasors representing three sine waves.
Figure 1-11(b) shows  referenced to 0° with the other phasors
redrawn to maintain their original phase.
 =  sin(ωt)
 =  sin(ωt + 30°)
 =  sin(ωt − 60°)
Figure 1-11. Phasor Representation of Sine Waves 31

(b) Three phasors redrawn so  is referenced to 0°
Phasors Representing Quantities having the same Frequency
Figure 1-13. Graphical Plot of Three Voltage Figure 1-14. Three Phasors representing Three
Sine Waves Voltage Sine Waves
32
Graphic Addition of Waves
Graphic Addition of Sine Waves
 = 100sin(ωt + 10°)
 = 200sin(ωt + 40°)
 + 
= 291sin(ωt + 30.1°)
Figure 1-15. Graphical Addition of Two Voltage Sine Waves 33

Graphic Addition of Phasors
Phasors are graphically added by two general methods. These are the
string method and completing the parallelogram
Phasor A =  = 100sin(ωt + 10°)

Phasor B =  = 200sin(ωt + 40°)
34
The string method consists of connecting the tail of a second phasor
to the head of a first phasor.
The result is a third phasor drawn from the tail of the first phasor to
the head of the second phasor.
Figure 1-16. Graphical Addition of the Two Phasors in (a) Showing 35

phasors May Be Added in Any Order (b) and (c)
The parallelogram method is illustrated in Figure 1-17. Here the two
phasors are plotted on a polar graph.
Figure 1-17. Phasor Addition of Two Phasors by the Parallelogram 36

Method
Application of Complex Algebra to Phasor
Calculations
Phasor Notation
Two ways to express phasors are:
Ÿ Polar Form
Ÿ Rectangular Form
37
Calculations
Phasor Notation
Ÿ Polar Form
The phasors illustrated so far have generally been in polar form,
which is simply the mathematical expression of a phasor of
magnitude A directed at some angle θ from a reference axis
It is expressed as:
Phasor A = A∠θ° (Equation 1-7)
38
Calculations
Phasor Notation
Ÿ Polar Form
Example 8:
Convert -25∠30° to a positive polar form.
39
Calculations
Phasor Notation
Ÿ Rectangular Form
The rectangular form is expressed by resolving any phasor into its
components along a horizontal and vertical axis.
This is expressed as:

Phasor A = a + jb (Equation 1-8)
40
Calculations
Operator j
The operator j has been defined as a special sign that moves a
phasor 90° counterclockwise. It is also defined in algebra as the −1,
and when multiplied by itself, it behaves as follows:
 = −1
  = −1
  = −
and   = 1
41
Calculations
Equivalent Polar And Rectangular Relationship
Figure 1-19 illustrates a phasor of polar form A∠θ and its rectangular
components a and +jb.
Figure 1-19. Phasor A Resolved into Its Rectangular Components on 42

Combined Polar and Rectangular Graph
Calculations
Vector = A∠θ

=  +   ∠ 

=  + 
= Acosθ + jAsinθ
Figure 1-19. Phasor A Resolved into Its Rectangular Components on 43

Combined Polar and Rectangular Graph
Calculations
Example 9: Converting from Polar to Rectangular Form

Convert the phasor 50∠75° to rectangular form.
44
Calculations
45
Figure 1-20. A Phasor ∠° Resolved into its Rectangular Components
Calculations
Example 10: Converting from rectangular to Polar Form

Express in polar form the phasor whose rectangular form is
12.94+j48.3.
46
Calculations
47
Figure 1-21. Polar Form of Phasor 12.94+j48.3
Calculations
Addition and Subtraction of Phasor
Mathematical addition of phasors can be accomplished directly only
if they lie in the same or opposite directions.
Since this seldom happens, most phasors must be resolved into their
rectangular components, which will then lie along the real and j axis,
before either addition or subtraction may be performed.
This means that phasors should be in rectangular form for addition

and subtraction. Addition is accomplished by algebraically adding
real terms to real terms and j terms to j terms
48
Calculations
Addition and Subtraction of Phasors
Example 11:
Add 8.1∠60.4° to 7.8∠39.8°
49
Calculations
Addition and Subtraction of Phasors
Example 12:
Add 100∠10° to 200∠40°
Example 13:
Subtract 3.6∠ − 56.3° from 6.09∠9.46°
50
Calculations
Multiplication of Phasors
Multiplication of phasors can be accomplished in rectangular or polar
form.
Example 14:
Multiply 6∠20° by 3∠135°
Example 15:
Multiply 8 + 3 × 3 − j7
51
Calculations
Multiplication of Phasors
Whether phasors are multiplied in rectangular or polar form depends
on the information given and the form in which the answer is desired.
The two phasors being multiplied MUST always be in the same form.
The polar form is usually most convenient as shown in the following
example.
Example 16:
Multiply 28∠30° by 4 − 3
52
Calculations
Division of Phasors
Division is easier to perform in polar form. Divide the magnitudes then
subtract the angle of the denominator from the angle of the
numerator.
Example 17:
Divide 12∠ − 70° by 4∠33°
53
Calculations
Division of Phasors
Example 18:
Divide the phasor 139 –j16.75 by 4-j3
54
Special Application of Phasor
Phasors Application to Antenna Currents and Field Intensity
The phase difference is not always a comparison between a curren
t and a voltage wave but may be a comparison of two or more curr
ent waves or between two or more voltage waves.
A practical case where these concepts are applied is found in comp

aring the phase of antenna currents in an antenna pair. The antenn
a currents may be expressed in the trigonometric form…
I =  sin  + ∅
Or in the polar form…
I =  ∠ + ∅
55
The current in the carrier antenna pair of the localizer array bears
some certain preset phase relationship to the current in the
sideband antenna pairs.
Using the phase of the current in the carrier antenna pair as a

reference, the current in each of the sideband antennas either lead
or lag the reference current by some preset angle ∅.
Another practical case is a comparison of the relative field intensities

of the radiations from different antennas at some particular point in
space.
56
For instance, if the field intensity from the reference antenna at s

ome particular point in space is represented by the formula:
 =  ∠∅ + 
Then, the field intensities at the same point due to an additional
antenna might be:
 =  ∠∅ − 
The total field intensity at that particular point would then be…
 =  + 
57
Example 19:
The field intensity from the antennas of an antenna pair at so
me particular point in space are:
 = 2∠0°
 = 2∠90°
What is the total field intensity  at this point?
58
Example 20:
For a pair of point source antennas located in free space and f
ed equal currents of the same phase, the field intensity at a ce
rtain point is given by the expression:
 = 2 ( )∠∅
Given: I = 3 units
a = 90°
 = 60°
∅ = 45°
For the conditions given, what is the value of the field
59
intensity  ?
Summary
Review
These are the main points:

l Scalar quantities do NOT include the concept of direction or phase.
l Phasor quantities involve both magnitude and direction.
l The generation of a voltage sine wave may be represented by a phasor rotating.
l The sine wave is constantly changing magnitude and periodically changing direction.
l The frequency of an alternating current is defined as the number of electrical cycles
per second.

=

l The instantaneous value of a sine wave of voltage is the value of the emf generated a
t any instant in time.
l The effective or rms value of a sine wave of voltage is equal to 0.707 .
l The average value of one-half cycle of a sine wave of voltage is equal to 0.637Em.
60
Summary
Review
l Phase is the difference in time between any point on a cycle and the beginning of
that cycle.
l Phase difference is the difference in time between any two cycles and may be
represented as a phase lead or lag.
l Initial phase is an expression indicating what part of the cycle is occurring at the
instant the reference time is considered to be zero.
l Phasors may be used to represent quantities having the same or different
frequencies.
l Sine waves may be added graphically or vectorially.
l Phasors may be expressed in polar or rectangular form.
61
Summary
Review

l A phasor quantity may be resolved into horizontal (real) and vertical (imaginary or j)
components.
l Use of rectangular coordinates enables the solution of phasors by the properties of
right triangles.
l The vertical and horizontal components of any number of phasors are added
algebraically to determine the vertical and horizontal components of the resultant.
l Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of phasors may be accomplished
using the rules of complex algebra.
l Phasors may be used to represent phase difference between a current and a voltage,
between two voltages or currents, or to represent two waves moving in opposite
directions on a transmission line.
62
Thank You
^.^
63

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PERIODIC WAVES AND PHASOR ANALYSIS

Civil Aviation Training Center

Two general methods of illustration used are wave-shape graphs

l Determine phasor sums for multiple voltages and currents

Vector Quantity: A vector quantity* is defined as one which has

Scalar Quantities: vector quantities must not be confused with scalar

Figure 1-2. Generation of a sine wave of Voltage by Phasor Rotation of a Wire in a

Period and frequency are related by the expression:

T in seconds for 1 cycle, f in Hz

What is the frequency of a wave if its period (T) is 16670 μs?

What is the period (T) of a wave if its frequency(f) is 100 MHz?

 =   θ (Equation 1-2)

Referring to the waveform in Figure 1-3, find the instantaneous

 =  ωt (Equation 1-3)

• Peak Values: The peak value of a voltage or current is equal to its

Power in a dc circuit is found by E times I.

Peak power ( ) is found by  ×  and is sometimes called

What is the maximum value of a sine wave voltage if its

What is the rms value of a current sine wave if the maximum

Find the peak power and the average or effective power if

Phasors may be used to represent the phase difference between two

Figure 1-4. A sine Wave Graph of several Cycles

Figure 1-5. Phasor Representation of a sine Wave Graph on a Polar Graph

 =  sin(ωt ± ∅) (Equation 1-4)

 =  sin(ωt ± ∅) (Equation 1-5)

Figure 1-6. Phase Represented by Sine Waves

What is the instantaneous value of 60 Hz voltage  = 200

Figure 1-7. Graph of Sine and Cosine Waves

Figure 1-7. Graph of Sine and Cosine Waves

Figure 1-9. Phasor Representation of Two Sine Wave Quantities

Figure 1-10. Plots of Voltage and Current Waveforms with Phase

 =  sin(ωt + 30°)

Figure 1-11. Phasor Representation of Sine Waves 30

Figure 1-11. Phasor Representation of Sine Waves 31

Figure 1-15. Graphical Addition of Two Voltage Sine Waves 33

Phasor A =  = 100sin(ωt + 10°)

Figure 1-16. Graphical Addition of the Two Phasors in (a) Showing 35

Figure 1-17. Phasor Addition of Two Phasors by the Parallelogram 36

This is expressed as:

Figure 1-19. Phasor A Resolved into Its Rectangular Components on 42

Figure 1-19. Phasor A Resolved into Its Rectangular Components on 43

Example 9: Converting from Polar to Rectangular Form

Example 10: Converting from rectangular to Polar Form

This means that phasors should be in rectangular form for addition

A practical case where these concepts are applied is found in comp

Using the phase of the current in the carrier antenna pair as a

Another practical case is a comparison of the relative field intensities

For instance, if the field intensity from the reference antenna at s

What is the total field intensity  at this point?

 = 2 ( )∠∅

These are the main points:

These are the main points:

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