Sterile

Mixing of
Active and Sterile Neutrinos
Takehiko Asaka (Niigata Univ.)
In collaboration with
Shintaro Eijima (Niigata Univ.)
Hiroyuki Ishida (Niigata Univ.)
Reference: arXiv:1101.1382
Contents 2
§ Introduction
 The MSM (Neutrino Minimal Standard Model)
 The MSM + three RH neutrinos
§ Mixing elements of sterile neutrinos
§ Neutrinoless double beta decay
§ Search for light sterile neutrinos
§ Summary
Takehiko Asaka (Niigata Univ.) 07 March, 2011

3
§1
Introduction

Neutrino oscillations 4
 Neutrino mass scales

 Atmospheric: ≃ 2.5 10 eV
 Atmospheric neutrino exps. (…, SuperK)
 Long-baseline accelerator exps. (K2K, MINOS)
 Solar： ≃ 8.0 10 eV
 Solar neutrino exps. (…, SuperK, SNO)
 Reactor exp. (KamLand)
 Need for physics beyond the MSM !

Extension by RH neutrinos 5
 Introduce three RH neutrinos , ,

 MI
 L  i RI    RI  F I L RI    RI RIc + h.c. I  1, 2,3
2
  e,  ,
 Mass terms of neutrinos
1 c 
0 M D   Lc 
 L  ( L , N )  T     h.c.
2 MD M M  N 
 Dirac masses MD  F 
 Majorana masses M M  diag ( M 1 , M 2 , M 3 )
 We shall assume:
≪ ⟹ Seesaw mechanism works

Seesaw mechanism Minkowsi (77), 6
Yanagida (79),Gell-Mann, Ramond,
Slansky (79), Glashow (79),…
 If Majorana masses » Dirac masses,

 0 MD   M 0 
MT   
 D MM   0 M M 
1
M   M T
MD
 Active neutrinos D
MM
, , U M U  diag ( m1 , m2 , m3 )
T
 Sterile neutrinos
, , M M  diag ( M 1 , M 2 , M 3 )
 Flavor mixing in CC current
active-sterile mixing

Scale for Majorana mass 7
 Neutrino oscillations are explained by

flavor mixing between active neutrinos !
 Masses of active neutrinos
1 Δ ≃ 2.5 10 eV

Δ ≃ 8.0 10 eV
 Where is the scale of Majorana mass ??

 Two “natural” options
 The conventional seesaw scenario M M ???

 The MSM

Scale of Majorana mass 8
1
M   M M D  F 2  M M M / H T 2
D
MM
102
Coupling
F = Ft
100
Yukawa Coupling
10-2 M  matm
2
10-4
Yukawa
F = Fe
-6
10
10-8
Neutrino
-10
Neutrino
10
10-12
10-14
10-10 10-5 100 105 1010 1015
Majorana Mass
M ajorana M ass[GeV]
[GeV]

Conventional seesaw scenario: 9
 Neutrino Yukawa couplings are comparable to those

of quarks and charged leptons

.
≃
 Explain “naturally” smallness of neutrino masses

[Minkowski, Yanagida; Gell-Mann, Ramond, Slansky]
 Decays of RH neutrino(s) can account for BAU

through leptogenesis
[Fukugita, Yanagida]
 Physics of RH neutrinos can ＮＯＴ be tested

directly by experiments

The MSM: [TA, Blanchet, Shaposhnikov ʻ05;
TA, Shposhnikov ʻ05]
10
 No new mass scale is introduced

 GeV
≃4 10
100GeV 2.5 10 eV
 One keV sterile neutrino can be DM

[Dodelson, Widrow ʻ93,…]
 Oscillation
of quasi degenerate sterile neutrinos
can account for BAU
[Akhmedov, Rubakov, Smirnov ʻ98]
 Physics of RH neutrinos can be tested

directly by experiments !

Roles of three sterile (RH) neutrinos 11
[Laine, Shaposhnikov ʼ08]

 Dark Matter Candidate
 4-50 keV
5 ∙ 10 -4 ∙ 10
 Negligible contribution to
 Test by X-rays from ⟶
 and
 Neutrino Oscillation data
 Masses and mixings of active neutrinos
 Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe (BAU)
 Mechanism via RH neutrino oscillation
Takehiko Asaka (Niigata Univ.) 22/07/2010

Mass region of and 12
 BAU requires quasi-degenerate and

[Canetti, Shaposhnikov ʼ10]
IH
eV
NH
GeV
 Experimental test of and is crucial to reveal

the origin of masses and BAU !
Purpose of this talk 13
 Study the mixing elements for and

 Interactions of sterile neutrinos
 Yukawa int. ∝
 Weak gauge int.
⟹ determine the strength of int.
 Discuss
 How depend on neutrino parameters?
 Impacts on
 Neutrinoless double beta decay

 Search for and ( , )

14
§2
Mixing elements
of sterile neutrinos

Mixing elements of 15
 Flavor mixing in the CC interaction

Φ
Θ
 Model with one pair of active and sterile neutrinos

1GeV
Θ 5 10
 In the MSM, Θ can be much larger / smaller !
 Parameterization of Θ ( ) for ,
, , ,
Essentially no contribution from
Dark matter ⟹ " 0”
Neutrino Yukawa couplings for ,
16
[Casas, Ibarra ʼ01]

F  U PMNS D  D 1/2 1/2
N /  (in NH)
 Parameters of active neutrinos

Dirac phase 
D 1/2
 diag( m1  0, m2 , m3 ): active  masses
 i
 c12 c13 s12 c13 s13 e 1 
 
s23 c13  
i i i
U PMNS   c23 s12  s23 c12 s13 e c23 c12  s23 s12 s13 e e
  
 s s  c c s ei c23 c13  
i
 23 12 23 12 13  s23 c12  c23 s12 s13 e 1
 Parameters of sterile neutrinos Majorana phase 

D1/N 2  diag( M 2 , M 3 ) : sterile  masses
 0 0 
: complex number
   cos   sin     1
 
  sin   cos  
  Im

Enhancement of 17
 In the MSM, can be larger!

 Im in Ω matrix is important
[cos cos Re cosh Im sin Re sinh Im
 For ≫ ,Ω∝
Enhancement of
by large
Cf. U(1) flavor symmetry model [Shaposhnikov ʼ06]
 Masses of active neutrinos do not change
 Large is crucial for

 larger production/detection rates of ,
 shorter lifetimes of ,

Mixing elements in NH case 18
 Leading terms
Θ cos tan 2 sin sin tan sin
4
Θ cos sin 1
4
≃ 0.18
Θ cos cos 1
4
 and types
 ≃ /4 and ≪1
100MeV
Θ ≃ Θ ≃ 6 10
8
 ≃ ∝ !!
type behaves differently !

Mixing elements in NH case 19
 type
Θ cos tan 2 sin sin tan sin
4
 and terms in vanish, when

sin 0.041~0.070 3 , 0.046~0.065 2
tan sin
sin 0.053 3 , 0.039 2
sin 1 [Schwetz, Tortola, Valle ʼ08]
1 100MeV
Θ ≃3 10
 In this case, ≃ ∝ ≫ ∝ !!
 When 0, ≃ ≃2 sin ≃ 0.11

[Shaposhnikov ʼ08]
NH case [TA, Eijima, Ishida ʼ11]
20
13 and CP phases are important !

-5 -5 -5
10 10 10
10-6 sin2θ 13=0 10-6 sin2θ 13=0.05 10-6
cr
θ 13=θ 13
10-7 10-7 10-7
-8 -8 -8
10 10 10
10-9 10-9 10-9
|Θα2|2
|Θα2|2
|Θα2|2
-10 -10 -10
10 10 10
-11 -11 -11
10 10 10
-12 -12 -12
10 10 10
10-13 10-13 10-13
-14 -14 -14
10 10 10
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
Xω Xω Xω
Cancellation in |Θ |
 For Im ≫ 1, we can obtain occurs if
 Very Large ≃ tan sin

 Very suppressed
sin 1

IH case [TA, Eijima, Ishida ʼ11]
21
 No cancellation (suppression) for large

 “sin” is important !
-4 -4
10 10
-5 -5 ξsinη=−1
10 ξsinη=+1 10
10-6 10-6
10-7 10-7
|Θα2|2
|Θα2|2
10-8 10-8
10-9 10-9
-10 -10
10 10
-11 -11
10 10
10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
Xω Xω
[Shaposhnikov ʼ08]

22
§3
Neutrinoless
Double
Beta Decay

Effective neutrino mass 23

Θ
, , , ,
active neutrinos sterile neutrinos
/ 0 [Blennow, Frenandez-Martinez,
Pavon, Mnendez ʼ10]

Constraint on ?? 24
 Benes, Faessler, [Atre, Han, Pascoli, Zhang ʼ09]

Simkovic,
Kovalenko (ʼ05)
derived a stringent
limit on Θ
 We will show
the MSM receives no such a limit !
 Bezrukov (ʼ05) considered , ≫ 100 MeV
 We also consider , ≲ 100 MeV

in the MSM 25
Θ Θ
, , ,
[Laine, Shaposhnikov ʼ08]

 DM Sterile Neutrino
 Relic density requires
4-50 keV
5 ∙ 10 -4 ∙ 10
≃ Θ
10 ~10 eV
negligible contribution !
[Bezrukov ʼ05]

in the MSM 26
Θ Θ
, , ,
 Sterile Neutrinos and

 BAU requires mass degeneracy Δ ≪
, , ,
,
Θ
,
,
Θ ∝Δ /
,
,
gives negligible contribution !
[TA, Eijima, Ishida ʼ11]

in the MSM 27
, ,
Θ
, ,
 Active neutrinos and sterile neutrinos N and N

0
 6x6 neutrino mass matrix
0 Θ
, , ,
,
Θ
, , ,
≃ 1 independent on !
, ,
[TA, Eijima, Ishida ʼ11]
in the MSM [TA, Eijima, Ishida ʼ11]
28
NH case IH case
10 -1 10-1
10-2 10-2
|meff|[eV]
|meff|[eV]
-3 -3
10 10
10-4 10-4
10-5 10-5
-2 -1 0 1 -2 -1 0 1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
MN[GeV] MN[GeV]
 in the MSM is smaller than active ʼs one
 No significant constraint on Θ in the MSM !

29
§4
Search for
and
with

Limits on light sterile neutrinos 30
 Direct search experiments put

 Upper bounds on Θ
 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis puts

 Upper bounds on lifetimes
⇒ Lower bounds on Θ
 Allowed range of Θ
 Gorbunov, Shaposhnikov (ʼ07) claimed
 No allowed region for , !
 Let us reconsider this point

Search for light sterile neutrinos 31
 Production by meson decays

→
→ , →
events
→ ν
 Peak search [Shrock ʼ80]
 Measure in →
→
2
 Decays inside the detector

→ ⟶ ℓ ℓ . .
CERN
PS191

Experimental Upper bounds 32
 Bounds on Θ are much weaker and irrelevant

 Bound on Θ is severer than others
 Θ ∝ ⟹ Upper bound on
Upper bounds on X 33
NH case IH case
 Due to cancellation in Θ for the NH case,

bound in NH is much weaker than IH
 , are long-lived particles ⟹ BBN constraint!

BBN constraint on lifetime 34
 Long-lived , may spoil the success of BBN

 Speed up the expansion of the universe
 ⇒
,
 p-n conv. decouples earlier ⟹ overproduction of He
⟷ ,…
 Distortion of spectrum of active neutrinos
 , → ̅ , , …
 Additional neutrinos may not be thermalized
⇒ Upper bound on lifetime
 Dolgov, Hansen, Rafflet, Semikoz (ʼ00)

 One family case: sec 128.7 /MeV .
1.828

Bounds on lifetime 35
NH case IH case
allowed search
BBN
BBN
search
No allowed region
seesaw
 Allowed region 34MeV~ in the NH case.
 The suppression of Θ in the NH is crucial !

Allowed regions (search  BBN) 36
NH case 120 MeV
Large CP phases are aligned as

sin 1
Large
sin 0
Branching ratios in NH case 37
→ → →
allowed allowed allowed
1 sec

38
§5
Summary

Summary 39
 We considered the MSM

 The MSM + 3 RH neutrinos with 10 GeV
 : dark matter
 and : seesaw + BAU
 Mixing elements Θ and Θ
 Θ can be very large for large
 Cancellation of Θ is possible in NH
 Neutrinoless double beta decay
 Effective neutrino mass is smaller than that of active neutrinos
 No significant constraint on Θ
 Search for and with ,
 Allowed region ( , ≃ 34MeV~ ) in NH
 ⟶ , is promising to test
 Br( ⟶ , ) and Br( ⟶ , ) may be very small

NH case M N  120 MeV
40
 sin(   )  1  sin(   )  1
Cancellation in |eI|
occurs if
 sin(   )  1
tan 13  rm sin 12

IH case M N  120 MeV
41
 sin   1  sin   1
Cancellation in |I| and |I| Cancellation in |eI|

occurs if occurs if
 sin   1  sin   1
tan 12  (1  rm2 )1/4 tan 12  (1  rm2 )1/4
Branching ratios M N  120 MeV
42
NH case
IH case

Branching ratios 43
NH case
allowed
allowed allowed
IH case

Sterile

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Mixing of

Active and Sterile Neutrinos

Takehiko Asaka (Niigata Univ.)

§ Mixing elements of sterile neutrinos

§ Neutrinoless double beta decay

§ Search for light sterile neutrinos

Takehiko Asaka (Niigata Univ.) 07 March, 2011

Takehiko Asaka (Niigata Univ.) 07 March, 2011

 Neutrino mass scales

 Need for physics beyond the MSM !

Takehiko Asaka (Niigata Univ.) 07 March, 2011

 Introduce three RH neutrinos , ,

Takehiko Asaka (Niigata Univ.) 07 March, 2011

 If Majorana masses » Dirac masses,

 Flavor mixing in CC current

Takehiko Asaka (Niigata Univ.) 07 March, 2011

 Neutrino oscillations are explained by

 Where is the scale of Majorana mass ??

 The conventional seesaw scenario M M ???

Takehiko Asaka (Niigata Univ.) 07 March, 2011

Takehiko Asaka (Niigata Univ.) 07 March, 2011

 Neutrino Yukawa couplings are comparable to those

 Explain “naturally” smallness of neutrino masses

 Decays of RH neutrino(s) can account for BAU

 Physics of RH neutrinos can ＮＯＴ be tested

Takehiko Asaka (Niigata Univ.) 07 March, 2011

 No new mass scale is introduced

 One keV sterile neutrino can be DM

 Physics of RH neutrinos can be tested

Takehiko Asaka (Niigata Univ.) 07 March, 2011

[Laine, Shaposhnikov ʼ08]

 Test by X-rays from ⟶

Takehiko Asaka (Niigata Univ.) 22/07/2010

 BAU requires quasi-degenerate and

 Experimental test of and is crucial to reveal

 Study the mixing elements for and

 Neutrinoless double beta decay

Takehiko Asaka (Niigata Univ.) 07 March, 2011

Takehiko Asaka (Niigata Univ.) 07 March, 2011

 Flavor mixing in the CC interaction

 Model with one pair of active and sterile neutrinos

 In the MSM, Θ can be much larger / smaller !

[Casas, Ibarra ʼ01]

 Parameters of active neutrinos

 Parameters of sterile neutrinos Majorana phase 

Takehiko Asaka (Niigata Univ.) 07 March, 2011

 In the MSM, can be larger!

Cf. U(1) flavor symmetry model [Shaposhnikov ʼ06]

 Masses of active neutrinos do not change

 Large is crucial for

Takehiko Asaka (Niigata Univ.) 07 March, 2011

type behaves differently !

Takehiko Asaka (Niigata Univ.) 07 March, 2011

 and terms in vanish, when

 When 0, ≃ ≃2 sin ≃ 0.11

13 and CP phases are important !

 Very Large ≃ tan sin

Takehiko Asaka (Niigata Univ.) 07 March, 2011

 No cancellation (suppression) for large

Takehiko Asaka (Niigata Univ.) 07 March, 2011

Takehiko Asaka (Niigata Univ.) 07 March, 2011

Takehiko Asaka (Niigata Univ.) 07 March, 2011

 Benes, Faessler, [Atre, Han, Pascoli, Zhang ʼ09]