MORPHOLOGY,MODERN LING
ISTICS SERIES
Sere tors
Poesor Noel Ruston Roberts
Univer of Newcastle pon Tyne
ach txtook inthe Mun Linguists src is designed to provide &
‘arefily graded introduction to atop in contemporary linguists ae
Sled disciples, presented ia aster that acca and trate 10
"ede with no previous experince of the tpi bat kading them some
Imderstading of erent ses, The text are desipned to engage te active
print of the reader, fvouring a peobemsolving approach and
‘clang Wr nd varied exerci mater
Ties publ the series
glh Symes and Argumetaion (acond eiion) Bas Aarts
Phenaogy Pip Cart
“Lingus and Second Language Agustin Vivian Cook
‘Soelingutes’ Rea and Cowsebook
"Nikolas Coupland sn Adam Jaworst
Morphology (cond edition) Franc Katamba ap os Stonkam
‘Sonar Kate Keats
Symiacte They Geofiey Poole
Comact Lanewages: Pid ant Cres" Mark Sebba
Further tiles preparaion
Sos Dein, lo Dito La
gtk Hone Ro NS Ed
Morphology
Second Edition
Francis Katamba and John Stonham
StesUle
Wace
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Cana ace copra anteContents
Prface
Prface 0 the Scond Eton
Acknledrmene
‘Aiteratonr end Syboe
‘he Internal Phonetic Alphabet
PART 1 BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
LL The Emergence of Morphology
112. Morphology in American Stata Lingus
13 The Coney of Chomshyan Generate Grama
BIL The place of morphology early senerative
1.32 The morphology-phonology intriction
133 The mombology-tytaximeracton
134 The morphology-semantics interface
135 The leon
14 Orzanisation of the Book
INTRODUCTION TO WORDSTRUCTURE,
21 What ia Word
21 The lewne
212 Word
213 The erammatial word
2.2, Morphemew The Smallest Unis of Meaning
22.2 Morphemes, morphs and allomorphs
223 Grammatical condoning, lxkal conditioning
and supletion
2. “The Natre of Morpher
24 Sanmary
rte Reading
TyPES OF MoRPHEMES
ME Ks ties, Stems and
Sia Roots
S12 Atenwit Conon
Contets
3.13 Roots, seme and bases
LIA. Stem extenders
32. ifectinal and Dettloal Morphemes
33. Mute finan
vy
ae
1X7. Morphol Type
Ag WP the Conrlit ofthe Word
4 PRODUCTIVITY IN WoRD-FORMATION
{AD The Open-Ended of he Lesion
1 What fe productive?
12. Semipredactsty
{N13 Prodaciaty and ret
rit on Prodctiy
421 Blocking
43 Does Proustity Separate Insti from Derivation?
4 The Natre ofthe Leicon
41 Potential words
422 Kowa of language andthe role ofthe exon
Further Read |
PART I MORPHOLOGY AND ITS RELATION
10 PHONOLOGY,
5 INTRODUCING LEXICAL MORPHOLOGY
2) The Lesical Phootlogy and Morpology Model
2 Lexa Strata
S21 "Derivation nese morphology
2.2 Inston ales! morphology
‘33 Lexa Res
124.ilferccesbtneen Lexa and Pest Lencal Rls
Farther Reading
Eyerehes
6 INSIGHTS FROM LEXICAL MORI
2 ies
GET Stator ordering refecting morpeme sequencing
(622 Stratum onering und prodctity
aepaeaeens
aeecezcausess
SeeEiseee 4
nL
1p
(623. Suatum ordering and conversion
G24. The Sit Cy Condition
Farber Reading
Exerees
LEXICAL MORPHOLOGY: AN APPRAISAL,
71 ntedacton: The Claims Made by Lexical Phonology
72 Creins f Leia! Phonlors
‘TELT" Are les! stata determined by affine aber
‘han rots
122. Doafizsusiguly belong t one stratum?
724 How many sent are neal?
724 Are phonologal rules estited one statu?
735 Are morholosical ales resicted to one stu
78 Conason
Exerc
TEMPLATIC MORPHOLOGY
A ntodscton|
2 Phonolgit Poade: Antosymental Phonology
AZT Atosepmentl ptoology: mapping principles
422. The able er
2 Root and Paters Morphlogy
S31 "Anbie Biyanir
832, Prosodic morphology and non-oneuterative
rmorpbology
433 Thermorpheme er hypothesis
4 Conton
Faeries
TEMPLATIC AND PROSODIC MORPHOLOGY
91 What Redpleation? |
92 1 Redaction Cominst Copying?
92 Cy Templates an Redapication
531" Undenpecicaton
9532 Redupieaton as pretation
533 Redupention aaton
934 ner edupeation
933 Redupintion and fod sepmentsm
9.4 Prod Maran)
Other Prod Phenomena
OT” Subactve merphcogy
982 Rng expletive ina
us
Rh
rr
ry
ba
bo
0
1
1st
1
1
155
162
18
1685
m
a
0
180
1
18
se
has
9
180
192
199x omens
omens
26 Cochaien
Faeries
OPTIMALITY THEORY AND MORPHOLOGY
02 The Bas
03.1 Notation
10222 The interaction of ensues
103 Morpoloy in Opinalty They
PART IIL MORPHOLOGY AND
LEXICON AND SYNTAX
RELATION TO THE,
112 Inflscton ad Desvation
121 Diffeentadng beewen ifeton and derivation
1122 Relevance an geneity
1123. temorpholoeynecenary?
113 Vesa neta Categories
USB lnkeent verbal proper
1132 Agreement properties of ves
13.3. Cenfgustionalpropertion of ers
Ua Inherent eatporie of nouns
1142 _Agreameat extegorie of nouns
143 Configurations etegores of ans
eerie
12 MORPHOLOGICAL MAPPING OF GRAMMATICAL
FUNCTIONS
122, Prediaen, Aguments and Lexical tin
123 Theol and Leica Eats
124 Grammatical Relations
125. Grammatical Funcion-ChangngRales
1252 Antipasive
2m
am
my
ma
a
x
21
mm
76
1253 Apnliative
1254. Camative
126 The Miro Principle
127 incorporation
IRI Noun incomoraion|
1272 Verh incorporation
12.73 Prepon nsomportion
128 Conc
13 THE INTERPRETATION OF THE LEXICON,
MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX
1 nrodctn: The Intertce Between Modules
152 Phonologlal Factors In Compodnding
133 Are Compounds Diferent fom Syatacie
133.1 "Toe notion "word svi
1333, Lene
333, Unoted mompologia objets
1334 Syntace objets and sytacuc atoms
134 The Character of Wort Formation Ras
T341 Headenes of compounds
1342 The righthand head rle (RHR)
1343 Lefteaded compounds
1344. Headless compounds
135 Compounding and Derivation
Tas Crasberey won
1382. Neos compounds
136 Cc.
137 Conchson
goa Tex
Sale Ide
2
26
=
Bs
296
Fa
ou
310
316
08
a
ue
nl
mi
mIPreface
“This books an eoducson to morphology that pesuppses ile previo
Verbs NP) whigh enumerate permisible com
Tuts of word in phrases ad Setenss fom russ of word-stuetre
Ite the oe in (13 ht ives wale from ul, All ese rs ae banded
Inesher bose they are sonserned. nih ceumerating permissible
‘Stubiaton of mores eabove)- Note, however, hat this reatent
Sr Sptactialy motivate eration in the or of words controversial.
‘Welhve moey ied the probe Torte present. We pospone detaled
“scion wnt Chapter 1
1.34 The Morphology Semants Interface
Turning to semantic, the connection between morphology aad the lexcon|
mth on had wih sung on the oer obvious ie a major role of
the xeon o tomar to nthe meanings of words This because
ually the rsaioshipbetwsen word and is meaning is arbiter.Onan ofthe Book 6
‘Theze sno reason why a word asthe particule meaning that it has. For
‘msn, yo jn veto memorie the fact tha the word alert
ind of beaddrex worn nthe seventeenth century. Tete no way tat
{you could dacoer ths far fom the sods or he sree ofthe word
‘We will come back to this loi a Seton 13.32.
AS The Lexicon
113 es inmeditly obvious hat, nation tinting the msg of|
‘words and morphems, the licon mas ala stor other Kinds of infor
tion reevant to te application of ntact and phonclogkal rues. Satan
reeds to have acest 10 morpiosyntctic properties (Le, popes tht
tre partly morphological and partly synticte) sich as wheter noun
iS oumtahe te spades or uncountable like eownment ‘This aes it
haviour in phases and senenes. We may sy he paleo tes spe
but we can only sy sequen (nt "these eum)
ertermore some phonolorial rules apply to worde dren depend
ing on thar moron tactic proper. Fer example, sane phonological
rly ae sesitve tothe flees tween nan and verbs Thi, the
‘Nord pri the main ses falom te Ba sla the word fenton
2 nw (petit Bue Fanci sa er (mig) in ses
fllson the tt sible. Obvios for phonological rules hat sign ese
apply correc, acceso such morphonymtatc information resi.
‘This afemation must frm part of he ety ofthe word inte lexicon
"Tae study of nopholgy thesore, cannot be el contned The 4
turalist doctrine of teri separation of Knguisti bv skated 1}
Unteable Trae, thar are sme sss tate fhe ners concths of
‘morbolgy, but many torptologial problems involve the intracton
tetween morphology ad other modules ofthe amma Fer his reason,
mck ofthe space the capers that follow devoted othe eration
etmen the leicon and merpholog wih the eter modules
14 ORGANISATION OF THE BOOK
The book i nears Follows:
Pare 1 (Chapters 1-4) ineoduces basic concepts and tains otons
hich ae fundamen oll morphologtaldions,
Part (Chapters 5-10} explores the relationship between epopboloy.
phonology and th lexicon in arent generative theory, examining sever
odes of morphology.
Part IM (Chapters 11-13) deals withthe eationship betwcen morphology
and syotx in eaten generative theory
‘Ove he yar, hee ve been several morphological theories that have
teen propose by linguists, One way of introducing ou to morphology
Would be to preset sore! and comparative survey. We could Bave
‘hamine varows theorie i arm apd perape compared them. Or lr
tative, we ould ave ben poem td peeeyising. trying operands
outta a preted theory isthe best thor. Tha snot what me shal Jin
this book
Tasted, we present yoo, sympathetily, Sata the sme tine eal
swith one theosesaly cert approach 0 morphology. namely tether)
‘morphology ncuron maisacam aeerave ganar. Tie decsion
‘Soule nt only tossed ete dominant model nthe Bi oda, bat
tk beans ws thik eff he mot promising solos to the prea
[woblens in morphological analysis
ven 20 the book it intl sete, We have aot attempted 0
ssprvet every shade of opinion wih the gveratv school Rater we
fe cas a ides and races that sce to orm part of the emerging
“nonin mainsteam generative morphology. Obviously, to some extent
‘his fea matter of abjecive judgement In some cam the jdgements hee
ay not be the me thw of se ter ng
Th pacclr, we have only brief dicised What now the dominant
‘woud of phonaogy, Opiality Theory in Chaper 10 The main reason
{or hiss that the tcatment of morphology in Optimality Thecey remains in
“rather cent ste wih many question remaining undid. o ee
‘sepiored. Where curent Optimality Theol analyse ae avalible
Peipally with respect to redupication, they will be discussed inthe et
(Of couse, morphological theory in. cucresk minsream generative
rammar docs ot enjoy a monopoly of sigh. The deb owed to ater
“nproaces wil he cede in hs Book xpeclly in the eanychaptes and
sth ecommended readings ad iho phy
‘A‘major fre ofthe Book i tht ou wil Be asked fo be an active
issn, not passe reader. We have endeavoured to engige 308
sctnely and prety in dong morphology rather than in merely ening
shout is hiory apd watching om the al how its done. As yu read
tchehaple, you are ssked (o pause a pees and answer i-iet questions
exces before proceeding (he questions abd etre re ial by
lise sro the pags), Each caper ae ths one) ends wth Tate
‘eres deine with ois ied nthe body of he tex. Thisnesence on
felling you to analy dats is du to our feb conviction tha the best
ition for nyo who wih to ocome Hingis todo ngs
inal ight rom the st rather thant rd abo
inthe ett new morphological terns appear in Wad type ad they are
expluinad when They te hist ittadced They Wil als appa in he
Hossary at thee of this hook whereby fern from other branches of
Hnguintc re abo explained. Transco of Standard RP, English arefa Introduction
srawn from Jones and colleagues (203). For any other Hngusi temas
that ae unimii,apood dictonary of ngustcs, sich as Davi Crystal's
4 Ditonary of Lingus and Phones (2003) or Laure Baers A Gla
“ry of Morsolog (200), shoul be cosa
2 Introduction to
Word-Structure
2.1 WHAT IS A WORD?
“The sumption that Languages contuin words is takon for grated by
nowt people Eve ilieratespenter know that thee are word the
lingutge. Tru, smetines there te difrenes of opinion ao what ite
ue tobe tet as words Fr instance, English speakers gh not agree
‘ether alright tone word oto a at rest dips may are 38
teople can ealyeeogase a word of thls lngusge when they se or tt
‘me! And aormaly their Judgements a6 to what Is oF isnot a word. do
side Engsh speakers are, for example that the frm od i the
Se Ty ct ihe manta Eh ned
21 The Lexeme
owever, loser examination ofthe nate ofthe word’ eval somewhat
tore empl ltare than pant above What we mci by "word not
nays Gear. Aa we shall fein the next few paragapte, eas fa
Taig the ature of the word are largely de tothe fae ha he tr
‘nod used ina variety of senses hat wll ae not early dstagused
In faking the existence of words for granted, we tnd (0 oveook the
‘tuple of whit we ae taking fr arated
What would you do i you were reading «Book and you encountered the
‘wn poked forthe st ine in this conte?
He went to dhe pub for pit an thes peck of
¥ would probably look up chat unui word in a ditonary, ne
Ur poker pack Tis Bsn you Know that pckied i
Told you hat the words peng un poker wll ho ei. Farherore,i Intron to WordStractone
Morphemse The Sales Unt of Meaning »
you know that poking. poke, pokes and poked are
fre maniestions of he sme absent Vocus em
‘Weakall efr othe won inthe sense of watutvocbulaty em sing
the ter lxene, The Tors pocing, poole, pokes and. poled ce
iret ealsatos (or representations or manifestations of te exeme
oCKLE exmes wile wien seat eters) Tey al share core
Inesnng although they ae spel se pronoun aileelly. Less ate
the yoabuluy Hes tht are listed the dhconry (ef, Di Slllo und
Wis, 1989),
xr
‘Which one of he words i [22] Rlow telons to te same lexeme?
2} see catches ler boy caching ses
Sleps woman catch saw tallest seeping
oye sleep seen tall amped ashe
sec jump women Sept Jumps amping
We sald all gare that
The physi! nondomns
se relstions of the eee
ep spn. spt Steer
tc ctche, etc, cught caret
The physi wordforne she exeme
Jp, jam, jonped. ning iM
‘al alert ran
bo, bye mv
212 Wonkonm
[As we bave just seen above, sometimes, when we ue the em “word i
fot the abst robo) em with common core of meaning, the
KEteme ht we want refer to. Rater we aye the tem wonder
to putiodar physical elation of iat acne i spech oc wing that
5,4 parseularwordfrm, Ths, e can refer to see, ese, so and
“bea ve dileent words, In this sen, the ferent osrenses
‘one of these word-foms would count a thee words, We ca lo say that
the word ir ave hn tice tr ad the word Ton eight And
we wot counting dhe member of wor ina psi, me woul daly count
Ste ae, ig 0 ane five dierent words belousng Lo Re
as ene)
2.13 The Grammatical Word
The wor! can also be sen as representation ofa lereme that is associated
with eeain morpharytactc properties (partly morphological and
uty mtatie proper) such a6 noun, active, verb, tense, ender,
‘mber, ee Wes we he em grammatal word offer tea
‘Poercise
Siow why ew should be repre representing two distin! grammatical
de the win
Ry. Usually Feu the bread onthe abe
1. esterday Tet the Bre nthe sh
The same word orm ct, beloging to the verbal lexeme CU, can represt|
to diferent rammatial words. In [23a eu reprsents the grammatical
Wor lye ep ot pr apa Ra the reset tense, nowt
In singular form’ of fe verb Cor. But im [3] st repesets the
[mati word eon poy wich eles the pas tate of CUT.
Tee he two aie words elo y the word-form cu which
te menoned above, teeisa thd one which you can obese in Jane
It on fer nger This grammatical wor ya gry BeOS
{i sopaate seme CUT he noun, Obviously, eT he nou rated a
cians Yo CU the ver. Hlometer, CUT, the noun, is «separate seme
Thom eur. the ye, baaueit bloat diferent wordt (ee Section
Vsti
The natare ofthe grammatical word is mporant inthe discussion of
‘he tclaonship Dewan words and setener and the boundary between
12 MORPHEMES: THE SMALLEST UNITS
OF MEANING
Morphology isthe say of wordstructre. The clam that words have
Airtore might some as arse becouse oemally speakers thik of‘words a invisible units of meaning. This is probably du othe at that
many words are morphologkaly simple. For example th fre. lephant,
‘at oon, fs, mou, et, came pment 2, vid up) io
Scaler ani that are thet sein is spss to sy what he
“tute pc f asp sre at fre tana
But very many Engh words are morphological complex. They canbe
broken dow into stiller units tat are meaning. This steve of wort,
like deter and fon, formance, whore desk reer to one pice
{urine ad boo sft to one lem of footwenr, we in bth as th
serves the gemma function of iadiating pelt
"The feat morpeme is wed to refer tothe sale, indivisible units of
semantic content o grammatical Santon Irom which words are mie wp
By dfmton, 1 norpheme eunno! be decomposed into smaller ute Wich
‘te cer ncaniagil by females or mak t gamit ncn Uke
finglar or pal outber inthe noun, I we dived up the word fo (8)
(hich contains just ose mopheme) into, sy, (and ft wuld be
Impose to say hat each ofthe sounds] and mene by it, sce
Sounds in themes donot have ani.
Ho do we how when to cogs a sige sound or «group of sounds
as tepesnting morphs? Wheto area sound oe sing of sounds
isto be regarded as « manifestation ofa morpheme depends on the word in
‘whch it appears. So, wile wn represents a negative merpbeme ad has 3
‘meaning th can roughly be plod at Words sh a ut! ad
‘ry, has mo claim fo meepeme status when i ccc in wl o a
ier, sine in these later wore it docs not hive any Went gras
rnc or seman vale, Beni -le andr on tei no not mesh
Snsthine(Morpbemes il be separated with hypben nthe exp)
Tego provide auf analogy! morphomes canbe compared to pers of
{Lego that ca be wed aga and aguas buling Hoes o frm ieeat
‘words, Resarent prs of werd that have the same meuning ie lata
{and recognised as manifestations ofthe se morpheme. Ths the negative
‘orphan oscars ina indefinitely age mune of words, bees hose
Tied above. We hi iin sgl, wap. at nce
over, eeureoe ina ive number of Words is not ab eset
propery’ of morphs. Sometines « morpeme may be retried To ree
vey few word. This i tre ofthe morpheme “bm, mssnine ‘conn,
Se dig, which oun in words ike marordom, Kingda, chen
‘te (Gloss, bare and elsoubete ia the book, are based on defaitons athe
(Oxford Bgl Dietary OED.)
Tefus ben aged tha, nan extreme cas, a morpheme may osc in
sinale word. Lightner (1975) as cles thatthe mere ric mcaing
“Miscou only found in the word Pho. Bu ths clay is dpe
‘by Bauer (193) who agg Instead tht ethape re snot dint
Monphemes: The Smal Unt of Meng 2
imorpeme and that ishopie shoul! be titel in the dictionary’ 3s an
namapsable word. We mil leave this controversy at that and instead ee
Now morpane re ienifed ia less problematic cise.
{ere
[iste other words that contain ech morpheme represented belo.
Ral a