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Classic Diplomacy PDF
Classic Diplomacy PDF
Sorin Gabriel FETIC
feticsorin@yahoo.com
“Carol I” National Defence University, Bucharest, Romania
A BSTRACT
The main purpose of this paper is to identify, on the one hand,
the common aspects of def ence diplomacy and two fields of classic
diplomacy, namely preventive and coer cive diplomacy, and the
elements that distinguish them, on the other hand. Defence diplomacy
is a field currently experiencing a rapid growth and, unfortunately,
many times it is confused with coercive or preventive diplomacy. That
is why the goals pursued by defence diplomacy are misperceived, both
by certain political and military decision-makers and by publi c
opinion.
KEYWORDS: defence diplomacy, coercive diplomacy, preventive diplomacy
1. Introduction discussion partners in the framework of
In the contemporary security diplomatic negotiations, thus helping the state
environment, defence diplomacy is becoming possessing them to have a say in the equation
an important instrument in the process of of international relations.
preserving international security, given the In the contemporary security
stimulation of international actors to environment, the role of defence diplomacy
communicate and negotiate instead of is to manage military forces of states from a
initiating violent acts. Although a series of diplomatic point of view, in the sense that
modern procedures and methods for using defence diplomacy must accurately predict
diplomacy in different situations of crisis are the moment when the idea of the possibility
being implemented, it is worth taking into to engage military forces can be induced in
account the idea expressed by Frederick the diplomatic negotiations, in order to achieve
Great, who stated that: “Diplomacy without a strategic objective or a national interest of
arms is like music without instruments” [1]. a state.
This idea outlines the need for a pragmatic
approach from states that have understood, by 2. Converging Aspects of Defence
and large, that possessing armed forces with a Diplomacy and Preventive Diplomacy
great fighting power will become an Converging aspects of defence
argument taken into consideration by diplomacy and preventive diplomacy
mostly arise from the definition of the two In the contemporary security
concepts and especially from the fact that environment, despite the fact that states
the two types of diplomacy, both falling realised they are closely connected in terms
within the scope of classic diplomacy, focus of security and interdependent regarding
to a great extent on “trust” and “early their capacity of response to threats, they
warning”, which are interpreted and sometimes behave in a selfish manner,
implemented differently by each of them. finding immoral justifications in order to
In the paper called “Report of the obtain great, but short-term profits, even to
Secretary-General pursuant to the the detriment of losing stable partners.
statement adopted by the Summit Meeting Trust is hard to earn; it takes time and
of the Security Council on 31 January great efforts; most times, it is advisable for
1992”, an official definition of preventive a state not to change “over night” the
diplomacy can be identified, namely: alliance it entered into or its attitude
“action to prevent disputes from arising towards an international event. The
between parties, to prevent existing predictability of foreign and defence policy
disputes from escalating into conflicts and of a state can be considered to be the most
to limit the spread of the latter when they appropriate feature to induce the feeling of
occur” [2]. The same document also trust to a certain partner.
mentions that preventive diplomacy: Defence diplomacy, through the wide
“requires measures to create confidence, it range of activities it promotes and through
needs early warning based on information which it is actually put into practice, aims to
gathering and informal or formal fact- promote trust among states. Cooperation and
finding and it may also involve preventive partnership relations among states would be
deployment and, in some situations, devoid of substance without “trust”.
demilitarized zones” [3]. Alliances formed among sovereign states are
The most important feature common to the result of defence diplomacy, which was
preventive and defence diplomacy is the able to create the platform on which states
fostering of a climate of “trust among can develop trust in order to cooperate at
states”, and, in terms of specific goals, it can political and military levels and set up a
be noticed that defence diplomacy, through regulatory mechanism (treaties, strategic
its operationalisation process, is designed to concepts, strategies, regulations, directives,
build “trust” so that preventive diplomacy provisions, orders, documents related to
can take it over, after it has already been internal management), but also at operational
developed or in the process of being level (headquarters, fighting units, support
developed, and use it in its undertakings or its units and logistic support units).
conflict prevention process. In order for a state to be accepted as
It takes a lot of time to build this member of an alliance, it must earn the trust
confidence; more precisely, a series of of each of its members, proving its capacity
clearly established historical events are to observe both the rules set by the alliance
taken into consideration, which, after an (including the Treaty establishing the
objective assessment, can lead to the alliance, that needs to meet citizens’
conclusion that a certain state is support, expressed by free vote within a
trustworthy. At the same time, building and referendum, in tandem with the ratification
maintaining trust between two states in of the respective treaty by the national
relation to the mutual respect of their Parliament) and the efficiency standards of
national interests could generate situations military staff and of the technique adopted
in which one of the parties might be by the states that are already members.
disappointed. There are situations in which “trust” is
earned by doing favours, but this earning trust, while preventing slippages in
considerably erodes the functioning of the the behaviour of states, which can cause
respective alliance (a suitable example can significant prejudice to the preservation of
be the situation in which a state that wants regional security.
to be integrated into an interstate Certain states ruled by a totalitarian
organisation is suggested to purchase a regime are viewed with distrust by
series of military equipment from the states neighbouring countries and even by the
that are already members in order to win international community if they were proved
their good will and vote of approval). to pursue a policy of excessive arming, to
In the contemporary security finance nuclear proliferation and to carry out
environment, in order for a state to be unreasonably intense informative activities.
credible and build a capital of trust, it needs: Any state that does not meet a set of
– to align its domestic legislation with minimum requirements, so that the
the provisions of public international law; neighbouring countries or the international
– to respect a series of human rights community regard it as a state with peaceful
and freedoms (right to life, right to freedom intentions, may be a subject of interest for
of opinion and expression, property right, preventive diplomacy, whose clear role is to
freedom of movement); prevent a conflict without using force or
– to comply with the treaties and threats with the use of force.
agreements it already ratified; The discontinuation of diplomatic
– to have implemented a reform of relations between two states, mutual
the army that resulted in the improvement withdrawal of diplomats and of defence,
of this system; military, air and navel attachés, the
– to participate with military forces discontinuation of trade relations (exports and
in the operations deployed by the alliance, imports of military equipment, armaments,
including military drills and exercises; fuel) of military relations (military exercises,
– to refrain from an aggressive, joint military drills, exchanges of trainees)
expansionist and anti-democratic foreign automatically triggers preventive diplomacy,
policy; since these are among the first signs that the
– to comply with international functioning of defence diplomacy failed and
agreements concerning arms reduction, the that, without any specific measures taken by
neutralisation of weapons of mass- preventive diplomacy, the escalation into a
destruction and nuclear non-proliferation. conflict becomes imminent.
Some of the above-mentioned Regarding “early warning”, referred
requirements are achieved by means of to at the beginning of this sub-chapter as
defence diplomacy; to be more specific, all one of the needs of preventive diplomacy, it
the elements related to the negotiation of can be also achieved by means of defence
treaties and agreements, the assistance and diplomacy, under certain circumstances.
advice received from other countries which One of the main tasks of defence, military
are more experienced in the field of army air, navel attachés, who are essentially one
reformation, the participation in the of the most important instruments by which
negotiation of and the subsequent defence diplomacy is operationalised, is to
compliance with arms reduction treaties, the understand social, military and political-
participation in exercises and drills military realities in the states where they
conducted jointly by various states can be carry out their activity, to understand the
considered to be activities that fall within foreign and defence policy of a state, its
the scope of responsibility of defence national interests, to identify its friends and
diplomacy and their role is to encourage enemies and to timely identify its hostile
intentions towards a neighbouring or nearby through the threat to use force or through
country, this way managing to ensure the the use of limited force” [4].
“early warning” of decision-makers in the The common feature of defence
country that sent them and, in turn, these diplomacy and coercive diplomacy is the
decision-makers are able to inform military instrument, namely they both use
intergovernmental organisations in which the army to achieve their goals. The
the respective state is a member and even significant difference between the two types
the United Nations Organisation. After of diplomacy is that, while defence
having benefited from this “early diplomacy focuses on preparing armed
warning”, preventive diplomacy can forces to fight, coercive diplomacy does not
develop its algorithm of stages necessary to refrain from the threat to use force and
prevent the emergence of a crisis or even of sometimes even from using force, in order
a conflict. “Early warning” is a stage that to achieve certain political goals.
plays the most important role within Defence diplomacy significantly
preventive diplomacy since it is cheaper focuses on human resources policies, on
and easier to prevent a conflict that to seek acquiring military technology and
solutions to end it after it has started. conducting joint military exercises and drills
In conclusion, the most important between partner states, in order to train its
converging elements of defence and human resources and standardise the action
preventive diplomacy are the fact that both procedures. The human resources in the
types of diplomacy are promoted in order to army are one of the greatest and most
maintain peace, they use “trust” to avoid important concerns of political and military
conflict escalation, they use “early decision-makers who operationalise defence
warning” to be able to counter the diplomacy (an idea resulting from the
emergence of conflicts and they both identification of efforts made to specialise
promote the friendly settlement of disputes. and upgrade the skills of the military staff,
through training courses, with a view to
3. Converging Aspects of Defence achieve all types of missions, ranging from
Diplomacy and Coercive Diplomacy war-fighting missions to peacekeeping
Coercive diplomacy is a manner of missions).
tackling issues related to the change of Defence diplomacy is deeply rooted
behaviour of a state or non-state actor, by in reality and does not exclude the fact that,
using a series of methods to persuade it that at a certain point, force can be used to
starting a conflict can have very serious achieve political objectives, but it is not as
consequences on it. These methods include: concerned with this matter as it is with
the threat to use force; exposing, in the promoting cooperation among states in the
most realistic manner possible, the impact fields of military education and training,
that the use of force will have on it and its exchanges of trainees, cooperation in the
population and economy; exposing the areas of scientific research, military
disadvantages of starting a conflict caused engineering and military equipment
by it or in which it is involved; exposing manufacturing industry.
human and material costs incurred by not Through the series of actions putting
giving up its violent intentions. it into effect, coercive diplomacy can be
Robert Jeffrey Art defined coercive considered to be the beneficiary of the
diplomacy in the book “The United States efforts and results obtained following the
and Coercive Diplomacy” as follows: operationalisation of defence diplomacy. If
“coercive diplomacy has two attributes: it the latter is concerned with training and
seeks to get a target to change its behaviour professionalising the human resources
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REVISTA ACADEMIEI FORŢELOR TERESTRE NR. 1 (73)/2014
16 Military Art and Science