COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

Comparative

 Denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a property or
quality greater or less in extent than that of another.

Police

Police typically are responsible for maintaining public order and safety, enforcing the law, and
preventing, detecting, and investigating criminal activities. These functions are known as policing.
Police are often also entrusted with various licensing and regulatory activities. The word comes via
French word Policier, from Latin politia ("civil administration"), from ancient Greek polis ("city").

Characteristics common to most police forces include a quasi-military organization, a uniformed

patrol and traffic-control force, plainclothes divisions for criminal investigations, and a set of
enforcement priorities that reflects the community’s way of life. Administration may be centralized
at the national level downward, or decentralized, with local police forces largely autonomous.

Recruits usually receive specialized training and take an exam. The modern metropolitan police
force began with Sir Robert Peel in Britain c. 1829. Secret police are often separate, covert
organizations established by national governments to maintain political and social orthodoxy, which
typically operate with little or no control.

The study of comparative police system, criminal justice and law is a fairly new field and has
corresponded with rising interest in a more established field, comparative criminology. However,
in this chapter, we will present some issues which will bring you to discover ideas useful in the
conceptualization of successful crime control policies.

System

 Combination of parts in a whole; orderly arrangement according to some common law;

collection of rules and principles in science or art; method of transacting business (Webster)

Comparative Police System

 It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of nations. It covers the
study of police organizations, trainings and methods of policing of various nations.

The Need for Innovation Policing

Theories and practices in law enforcement have been compared in several studies under diverse
circumstances, the goal is to test whether the theory and practices in policing needs innovation to meet the
demands of the present trends in crime fighting.
Comparative research is usually carried out by the:

 Safari method - researcher visit another country

 Collaborative method - the researcher communicates with a foreign researcher
 Historical-comparative method – the method most often employed by researchers
 Published world tend to fall into (3) categories
a. Single-culture studies
 b. Comprehensive textbooks – which cover there or more countries
What is Globalization?
 Is the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to develop the global
economy. Globalization refers to the integration of economics and societies all over the
world.

Globalization involves technological, economic, political, and cultural exchanges made possible
largely by advances in communication, transportation, and infrastructure.
Globalization is a package of transnational flows of people, production, investment, information, ideas and
authority.
Alison Brysk stated, Globalization is the growing interpretation of states, markets, communications and
ideas. It is one of the leading characteristic of the contemporary world.
How to measure globalization?

 Floods and services

 Labor/people
 Capital
 Technology
If you visit several countries, you can easily feel the effect globalization has on our daily lives. The
following are some of the most significant effects of globalization.

Industry: The world has become a huge market where you can buy and sell things produced in any
part of the world. There are a lot of international brands operating worldwide.

Culture: Globalization means a decrease in the cultural diversity that used to exist in the world
earlier.

Legislation: There has been an increase in the establishment of International courts of justice where
someone accused could be dealt with in any part of the world.

Language: With increased globalization, people tend to forget their mother tongue and use English
instead as there is an idea that it makes them superior in some way. This might also help them in job
searches etc.

Information: With the wide use of Internet and other kinds of information technology, it has become
much easier and faster to share information worldwide.

Finance: Globalization has made it easier to raise finance through individuals and firms outside the
country.

Politics: Powerful countries and individuals nowadays have political control over the whole world,
not only their country. The United States is an example of a country that influences the whole of the
world politics.
It is believed that globalization is a positive development generating more trade and hence welfare
of the whole world. Nevertheless it also has some significant disadvantages which should not be
forgotten.
These include:

 Increasing trends in migration of labor to developing countries as large firms shift their
production to developing countries.
 Some powerful people and countries control the whole world
 Loss of jobs in countries that cannot compete with larger firms
 Increased dependency on each other. The recent financial crisis is a good example of that.

Effects of Globalization on Law Enforcement

Every law enforcement agency in the world is expected to be the protector of the people’s human right.
Globalization has great impact on every human right.

 Threats on Law Enforcement

1. Increasing volume of human rights violations evident by genocide or mass killing
2. Conflict between nation
3. The underprivileged gain unfair access to global mechanism on law enforcement and security
4. Transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking, money laundering, terrorism, etc.
 Opportunities for Law enforcement
1. Creation of International tribunals to deal with human rights problems
2. Humanitarian interventions that can promote universal norms and link them to the enforcement
power of states
3. Transnational professional network and cooperation against transnational crimes
4. Global groups for conflict monitoring and coalitions across transnational issues

What is Transnational Organized Crime?

Transnational organized crime is a crime perpetuated by organized criminal groups with the aim of
committing one or more serious crimes or offenses in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a
financial or other material benefit. In order to be considered as transnational, a crime must involve
the crossing of borders or jurisdictions.

Criminal Organizations
http://www.interpol.int/Public/OrganisedCrime/default.asp

Definitions of what constitutes organized crime vary widely from country to country. Organized
groups are typically involved in many different types of criminal activity spanning several
countries. These activities may include trafficking in humans, weapons and drugs, armed robbery,
counterfeiting and money laundering.

Major Transnational Organized Crime Groups

Transnational crime often operate in well-organized groups, intentionally united to carry out illegal actions.
Groups typically involve certain hierarchies and are headed by a powerful leader. These transnational
organized crime groups work to make a profit through illegal activities. Because groups operate
internationally, their activity is a threat to global security, often weakening governmental institutions or
destroying legitimate business endeavors.

Well-known organized crime groups include:

  Russian Mafia.
Around 200 Russian groups that operate in nearly 60 countries worldwide. They have been
involved in racketeering, fraud, tax evasion, gambling, drug trafficking, ransom, robbery and
murder.
 La Cosa Nostra
Known as the Italian or Italian-American mafia. The most prominent organized crime group in the
world from the 1920’s to the 1990’s. They have been involved in violence, arson, bombings,
torture, sharking, gambling, drug trafficking, health insurance fraud, and political and judicial
corruption.
 Yakuza
Japanese criminal group. Often involved in multinational criminals activities, including human
trafficking, gambling, prostitution, and undermining licit businesses.
 FukChing
Chinese organized group in the United States. They have been involved in smuggling, street
violence, and human trafficking.
 Triads
Underground criminal societies based in Hong Kong. They control secret markets and bus routes
and are often involved in money laundering and drug trafficking.
 Heijin
Taiwanese gangsters who are often executives in large corporations. They are often involved in
white collar crimes, such as illegal stock trading and bribery, and sometimes run for public office.
 Jao Pho
Organized crime group in Thailand. They are often involved in illegal political and business
activity.
 Red Wa
Gangsters from Thailand. They are involved in manufacturing and trafficking methamphetamine.

What are the examples of Transnational Crimes?

 Pharmaceutical crime
 Trafficking in Persons
 Environmental Crime
 Economic Crime
 Cyber Crimes
 Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships
 Intellectual Property Theft
 Cultural Property Theft
 Illegal Trafficking of Small Arms
 Money Laundering
 Terrorism
 Drug trafficking

The Effects of Globalization on Human Rights http://www.ehow.com/info_8491128_effects-

human-rights-globalization.html

Human rights and globalization are profoundly, though not always positively,
linked. When countries export labor or increase international co-operation, human
rights are sometimes trampled. Subsequently, many of the effects of human rights
on globalization are reactions to the exploitation of people.
Would globalization enhance the implementation of human rights as stated in the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, particularly the covenant on civil and
political rights and the covenant on economic, social and cultural rights?

Attempting an answer to this question is not an easy task, mainly because of the
different and contradictory connotations of the term globalization.

If globalization is conceived as turning the whole world into one global village in
which all peoples are increasingly interconnected and all the fences or barriers are
removed, so that the world witnesses a new state of fast and free flow of people ,
capital , goods and ideas then the world would be witnessing unprecedented
enjoyment of human rights every where because globalization is bringing
prosperity to all the corners of the globe together with the spread of the highly
cherished values of democracy, freedom and justice .

On the other hand if globalization is conceived as turning the world into a global
market for goods and services dominated and steered by the powerful gigantic
transnational corporations and governed by the rule of profit then all the human
rights of the people in the world, particularly in the south would be seriously
threatened.

Literature on globalization, in general, by both the so called advocates and

opponents of globalization is abundant. However the critics of globalization lay
much more emphasis on its impact on human rights, particularly of the poor
people and of the developing countries. Their analysis and conclusions are usually
supported by facts and figures drawn from international reports and statistics to
prove that human rights have been adversely affected by globalization.

They usually relate one or the other aspect of human rights to one or the other
aspect of globalization, such as relating poverty in developing countries to debt or
relating unemployment to privatization, or relating health deterioration to the
monopoly of medicine patents, or they enumerate the aspects of deteriorations in
human rights, such as impoverishment and lowering standards of living,
increasing inequality discrimination , deprivation of satisfaction of basic needs
such as food clean water and housing , illiteracy, etc and explain these facts by
globalization in general through making comparisons between the state before
globalization ( usually before the 1990s ) and after it , such as stating that “
progress in reducing infant mortality was considerably slower during the period of
globalization (1990-1998) than over the previous two decades.

The advocates of globalization do not deny the fact that in some regions basic
human rights are not respected during the past decade but they explain this by
the resistance of some countries and peoples to globalization and they claim that
globalization must have winners and losers. The loser’s resistance to globalization
is attributed to their state of stagnation and rigidity or to their traditional culture
or even to the nature of their religions which is anti democratic and anti
modernization.

So both advocates and critics of globalization agree on the fact that human rights
are in some way or the other adversely affected by globalization particularly in the
south , but they differ in their explanation of this fact and hence in their
prescription for the remedies . While the advocates prescribe more absorption of
peoples and countries in the global system, the critics of globalization prescribe
opposition and resistance of the hegemony of the transnational corporations and
the injustice inherent in the globalization process.

Globalization and Terrorism

The nature of the threat, it’s targets and impact and the response all indicate the growing power of
globalization as a parameter of political action. The emergence of transnational civil networks capable of
state-level crimes against humanity depends upon the globalizing patterns of connection, communications
and even commoditization (via financial networks). It is inspired by a transnational ideology of a radical
extremist version of Islamic fundamentalism that is largely reactive to economic and cultural globalization,
and thus targets sites and symbols of cosmopolitanism. The scattering impact of threats of globalizing flows
such as air travel on the world economy and daily life demonstrate how deeply dependent we have become
on the connection.
And even the U.S.-sponsored against terrorism and all its form has gone beyond the historical standard
reaction of great under direct attack; it is more internationalist, multi-sectoral in its treatment of areas like
migration and finance, and much more conscious of Human rights issues as law of war, refugees and
humanitarian assistance.
Countries with lesser or no crime?

a. Switzerland
For many years used to have travel brochures saying “there is no crime in Switzerland”,
and criminologist were stumped on why this was so, whether because of the high rate of
firearm ownership or the extensive welfare system. It turned out that the Swiss (along with
some other welfare nations, like Sweden) were not reporting all their crime rate. However, it
was true that their crime rate was fairly low.

Reasons of having low crime rates

1. They did not remarkable job managing their underclass population, the poor
people who lived the ghettos and slums.
2. Swiss crime control is highly effective in using an “iron fist, velvet glove” approach
toward those who commit crime and come from the bottom echelons of Swiss
society.
For example, when a poor person commits a crime, the government goes to work
analyzing the family, educational, and employment needs of everyone in that
poor person’s family. Then, after some punishment (which the offender
frequently agrees with as deserved, a long term treatment plan is put into effect
to raise that family out of poverty.

b. Japan
Another country with an interestingly low crime rate is Japan where the crime rates are
not necessarily that low, but stable and resistant to fluctuating spikes.
Some reasons of having low crime rates are the characteristics of this country which
include:
  community policing
 a patriarchal family system
 the importance of higher education,
 and the way businesses serve as surrogate families.

Asian societies are also “shame-based” rather than guilt-based” as Western societies are. For
example, it is unthinkable to commit a crime in such places because of shame it would bring upon
one’s family and the business or corporation with which that family is associated with.

c. Ireland
Ireland is another place with a unexpectedly low crime rate. Despite a serious
unemployment, the presence of large urban ghettos, and a crisis with religious terrorism, the
Irish pattern of urban crime is no higher than its pattern or rural crime.

The key reason of having low crime rate is the factor that appears to be:
a. A sense of hope and confidence among the people Legitimate surveys, for example,
show that 86% of more of the population believe that the local authorities are well-
skilled and doing everything they can.
b. People felt like they had a high degree of population participation in crime control.

d. Egypt
The Siwa Oasis in Egypt is another place with little or no crime. The population of 23,000
consists of 11 tribes who are the descendants of ancient Greeks, and it is said that Plato
himself fashioned his model or perfect government in the Republic there. The inhabitants
practice a moderate form of Islamic justice, rejecting Shariah punishment and embracing Urrf
law (the law of tradition). Conflicts are resolved by a tribal council, and there are no jails or
prisons. The last known crime occurred around 1950, and was an act of involuntary
manslaughter. The typical punishment of wrong doing is social ostracization (shunning). This
type of society is an excellent example of the folk-communal, or informal justice system.

Societal Type And Police System

There are four kinds of societies in the world: (1) folk-communal societies, which are also called primitive
societies; (2) urban-commercial societies, which rely on trade as the essence on their market system; (3)
urban-industrial societies, which produce most ad the foods and services they need without government
interference; and (4) bureaucratic societies, or modern post-industrial societies where the emphasis is upon
technique or the “technologizing” of everything, with government taking the lead.
1. Folk-communal society – has little codification of law, no specialization among police, and a
system of punishment that just let things to for awhile without attention until things become too
much, and then the harsh, barbaric punishment is resorted to. Classic examples include the early
Roman gentiles African And Middle Eastern tribes and Puritan settlements in North America.
2. Urban-commercial society – has civil law (some standards are customs are written down),
specialized police forces (some for religious offenses, others for enforcing the King’s law), and
punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh, sometimes lenient. Most of Continental Europe
developed along this path.
3. Urban-industrial Society – not only codified laws (statutes the prohibit) but laws that prescribe
food behavior, police become specialized in how to handle property crimes, and the system of
 punishment is run on market principles of creating incentives and disincentive. England and the
U.S. followed this positive legal path.
4. Bureaucratic society – has a system of laws (along with armies of lawyers), police who tend to
keep busy handling political crime and Terrorism, and a system of punishment characterized by
over criminalization and overcrowding. The U.S. and perhaps only eight other nations for the
bureaucratic society.
Some people also talk about the fifth type: Post-modern Society, where the emphasis is upon the meaning
of words and the deconstruction of institutions.
Types of Police System
It is the consensus of experts that there are four types of criminal justice systems in the world:
a. Common
b. Civil
c. Socialist
d. Islamic
This classifies all 185 nations in the world. It is important to compare nations that have a similar legal
traditions because crimes may not be defined the same.
Interpol and the U.N. have health with this problem for years. Even something as simple as murder is
defined differently by different nations. In some countries crime data is based on offenses known to police,
and in other countries, statistical data is based on convictions. Certain countries ( much as this in Central
Africa)do not even collect crime statistics. In other countries (mostly socialist ones), crime statistics are
collected, but the data are classified. It is also difficult to compare punishments, since in some countries,
the family members of the offender are punished, and the range of punishment includes such things as
stoning and mutilation.
Common Law System are also known as Anglo-American Justice and exist in most English-speaking
countries of the world, such as the U.S., England, Australia and New Zealand. They are distinguished by a
strong adversarial system where lawyers interpret as judges are bound by precedent. Common Law systems
are distinctive in the significance they attach to precedent (the importance of previously decided cases).
They primarily rely upon oral system of evidence on which the public trial is a main focal point.
Civil Law Systems are also known Continental Justice or Romano-Germanic justice, and practices
throughout most of the European Union as well as elsewhere, in places such as Sweden, Germany, France
and Japan. They are distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system, where less right is granted to the accused
and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation. For example, a French maxim goes
like this: “If a judge knows the answer, he must not be prohibited from achieving it by undue attention to
regulations of procedures and evidence.” Romano-Germanic system are founded in the basis of natural law
which is a respect for tradition and custom.
Socialist system are also known as Marxist-Leninist justice and exist in many places, such as Africa and
Asia, where there has been a Communist revolution or the remnants of one. They are distinguish by
procedures designed to rehabilitate or refrain people onto fulfilling their responsibilities to the state. It is
the ultimate expression of positive law, designed to move the state forward toward the perfectibility of state
and mankind. It is also primarily characterized by administrative law, where non-legal officials makes most
of the decisions.
Islamic System are also know as Muslim or Arabic justice and derive all their procedures and practices
from interpretation of the Koran. Islamic systems in general are characterized by the absence of positive
law and are based more on the concept of natural justice (crimes are considered acts of injustice that conflict
with tradition).
Police System Vs. Criminal Justice System
With these influences of societal system. Police System and Criminal Justice Systems around the world
varies depending on the kind of legal system. With the exceptions of Japan and the Common Law nations,
few countries hold their police officers accountable for violations of civil rights. In Socialist and Islamic
countries, the police hold the enormous political and religious power. In fact, in such place, crime is always
seen as political crime or co-occurring religious problem.
What are the types of police in the world?
1. Uniformed police
2. Detectives
3. Auxiliary
4. Special police
5. Military police
6. Religious police
7. Border police
8. Transport police

Democratic Police System – is categorized into three (3) distinct patterns or paradigms
1. Fragmented system of policing is sometimes referred to as “non-system” or as being “extremely
decentralized”. Nations that exemplify this system include Belgium, Canada, Netherlands,
Sutherlands and US.
Characteristics:
a. Numerous (autonomous) police agencies
b. Limitation of authority

Decentralized Law Enforcement

 Decentralized police refers to a system where police administrations and operations are
independent from one state to another. It is more applicable to countries with federal government.

2. Centralized system of policing is considered under the direct control of the National Government.
Nations that exemplify the system includes France, Italy, Finland, Israel, Thailand, Denmark and
Sweden.
A country with only one recognized police force which operates entire that country is called is
called centralized police.

Characteristics:
a. National government hold accountable for success or failure of law enforcement
b. Rights of society outweigh those of individual citizens.

3. Integrated system of policing is referred to as “moderately decentralized system”, “combined

system” or “compromise system”. This provide a means for national and local government to
share control. Nations that exemplify this system includes Japan, Australia, Brazil, Germany and
Philippines.
Characteristics:
 a. National and local government share control
b. Local control of police service with national standards are adhered to.

Comparative Court System

1. Adversarial, where the accused is innocent until proven guilty.
2. Inquisitorial, where the accused is guilty until proven innocent or motivated, have more secret
procedures.

Theories of Comparative Criminology/Comparative Policing

According to Scheider (2001), the various theories that exist with empirical support are
the following theories of comparative Criminology:

1. Alertness to crime theory is that as a nation develops, people’s alertness to crime is

heightened, so they report more crime to police and also demand the police become more
effective at solving crime problems.
2. Economic or migration theory is that crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration
and over population in urban areas such as ghettos and slums.
3. Opportunity theory is that along with higher standards of living, victims become more
careless of their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.
4. Demographic theory is based on the event of when a greater number of children are being
born, because as these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the
adolescent identity crisis.
5. Deprivation theory holds that progress comes along with rising expectations, and people at
the bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top don’t see themselves
rising fast enough.
6. Modernization theory sees the problem as society becoming too complex.
7. Theory of anomie and synomie (the latter being a term referring to social cohesion on
values), suggests that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegration of older
norms that once held people together (anomie)

Comparative Criminal Justice

 It is subfield of the study of Criminal Justice that compares justice systems worldwide. Such study
can take a descriptive, historical , or political approach. It studies the similarities and differences in
structure, goals, punishment and emphasis on rights as well as the history and political stature of
different systems.
3 main functions
1. Policing
2. Adjudication
3. Correction

International Criminal Justice

 It involves the study and description of one country’s law, criminal procedure, or justice (Erika
Fairchild).

Model system
 Model system is used to described the countries being used as topics of discussion. These countries
are chosen not because they are greater than others but because they are the focus of comparison
being studied.
Different Police Global Organizations
 ASEAN Chiefs of Police
 Europol
 IACP
 Interpol
 UN policing

Member of countries of ASEAN CP

 Indonesia
 Malaysia
 Philippines
 Singapore
 Thailand
 Brunei Darussalam
 Vietnam
 Lao PDR
 Myanmar
 Cambodia

THE INTERNATIONAL POLICE ORGANIZATION (INTERPOL)

http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/default.asp

INTERPOL is the world’s largest international police organization, with 188 member countries.
Created in 1923, it facilitates cross-border police co-operation, and supports and assists all
organizations, authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or combat international crime.

INTERPOL aims to facilitate international police co-operation even where diplomatic relations do
not exist between particular countries. Action is taken within the limits of existing laws in different
countries and in the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Interpol’s constitution
prohibits ‘any intervention or activities of a political, military, religious or racial character.’

Interpol’s Four Core Functions

Interpol’s activities are guided by the following four core functions:
a. Secure global police communication services
Interpol’s global police communications system, known as I-24/7, enables police in all
member countries to request, submit and access vital data instantly in a secure environment.
b. Operational data services and databases for police
Member countries have direct and immediate access to a wide range of databases
including information on known criminals, fingerprints, DNA profiles and stolen or
lost travel documents. INTERPOL also disseminates critical crime-related data
through a system of international notices.
c. Operational police support services
INTERPOL provides law enforcement officials in the field with emergency support
and operational activities, especially in its priority crime areas. A Command and Co-
ordination Centre operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week and can deploy an
Incident Response Team to the scene of a serious crime or disaster
d. Police training and development
 INTERPOL provides focused police training initiatives with the aim of enhancing the
capacity of member countries to effectively combat transnational crime and terrorism. This
includes sharing knowledge, skills and best practices in policing and establishing global
standards.

Interpol’s Leadership and Governance

The President of INTERPOL and the Secretary General work closely together in providing strong
leadership and direction to the Organization.

Interpol’s Structure

As defined in Article 5 of its Constitution, INTERPOL (whose correct full name is 'The
International Criminal Police Organization – INTERPOL’) comprises the following:

 General Assembly
 Executive Committee
 General Secretariat
 National Central Bureaus
 Advisers
 The Commission for the Control of Interpol’s Files

The General Assembly and the Executive Committee form the organization’s
Governance.

General Assembly

Compose of delegates appointed by the governments of Member Countries. As Interpol’s supreme

governing body, it meets once a year and takes all the major decisions affecting general policy, the
resources needed for international co-operation, working methods, finances and program of
activities. It also elects the Organization's Executive Committee. Generally speaking, the Assembly
takes decisions by a simple majority in the form of resolutions. Each Member State represented has
one vote.

Executive Committee

The Executive Committee is Interpol’s select deliberative organ which meets three times a year,
usually in March, July and immediately before the General Assembly.
Its role, in accordance with Article 22 of the Constitution, is to:
 supervise the execution of the decisions of the General Assembly
 prepare the agenda for sessions of the General Assembly
 submit to the General Assembly any program of work or project which it considers
useful
 Supervise the administration and work of the Secretary General.

In accordance with Article 15 of the Constitution, the Executive Committee has 13 members
comprising the president of the organization, 3 vice-presidents and 9 delegates. These members are
elected by the General Assembly and should belong to different countries; in addition, the president
and the 3 vice-presidents must come from different regions.

The president is elected for 4 years, and vice-presidents for 3. They are not immediately eligible for
re-election either to the same posts, or as delegates to the Executive Committee.

Voting is by secret ballot. A two-thirds majority is required for the election of the president. If this
majority is not obtained after the second ballot, a simple majority is then sufficient. Vice-Presidents
and delegates are elected on a simple majority. Each member state has one vote; those member states
attending the General Assembly are eligible to take part in the election, providing they are not
prevented from doing so under Article 52 of the General Regulations.

Composition of the Executive Committee

 President
 Vice Presidents
 Delegates

The former Filipino President of INTERPOL in 1980 – 1984 - Jolly R. Bugarin (Philippines)

General Secretariat

Located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is run
by the Secretary General. Officials from more than 80 countries work side-by-side in any of the
Organization’s four official languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish. The Secretariat has
seven regional offices across the world; in Argentina, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, El Salvador, Kenya,
Thailand and Zimbabwe, along with Special Representatives at the United Nations in New York and
at the European Union in Brussels.

Secretary General

The Secretary General of the Organization is appointed by the General Assembly for a period of 5
years. He may be re-elected.

The Secretary General is effectively the Organization’s chief full-time official. He is responsible for
seeing that the day-to-day work of international police co-operation is carried out, and the
implementation of the decisions of the General Assembly and Executive Committee.

National Central Bureaus (NCB) - Each INTERPOL member country maintains a Nationa Central
Bureau staffed by national law enforcement officers. The NCB is the designated contact point for
the General Secretariat, regional offices and other member countries requiring assistance with
overseas investigations and the location and apprehension of fugitives.

Advisers – these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the Executive
Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.

Commission for the Control of Interpol’s Files (CCF) – this is an independent body whose
mandate is threefold:

 to ensure that the processing of personal information by INTERPOL complies with

the Organization's regulations,
 to advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter
involving the processing of personal information and
 To process requests concerning the information contained in Interpol’s files.

INTERPOL 188 Member Countries

Afghanistan | Albania | Algeria | Andorra | Angola | Antigua & Barbuda | Argentina |

Armenia | Aruba | Australia | Austria | Azerbaijan Bahamas | Bahrain | Bangladesh |
Barbados | Belarus | Belgium | Belize | Benin | Bhutan | Bolivia | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Botswana | Brazil | Brunei | Bulgaria | Burkina - Faso | Burundi Cambodia | Cameroon |
Canada | Cape Verde | Central African Republic | Chad | Chile | China | Colombia |
Comoros | Congo | Congo (Democratic Rep.) | Costa Rica | Côte d'Ivoire | Croatia | Cuba |
Cyprus | Czech Republic Denmark | Djibouti | Dominica | Dominican Republic Ecuador |
Egypt | El Salvador | Equatorial Guinea | Eritrea | Estonia | Ethiopia Fiji | Finland |
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Gabon | Gambia | Georgia | Germany | Ghana |
Greece | Grenada | Guatemala | Guinea | Guinea Bissau | Guyana | France Haiti |
Honduras | Hungary Iceland | India | Indonesia | Iran | Iraq | Ireland | Israel | Italy
Jamaica | Japan | Jordan Kazakhstan | Kenya | Korea (Rep. of) |Kuwait | Kyrgyzstan Laos |
Latvia | Lebanon | Lesotho | Liberia | Libya | Liechtenstein | Lithuania | Luxembourg
Madagascar | Malawi | Malaysia | Maldives | Mali | Malta | Marshall Islands | Mauritania |
Mauritius | Mexico | Moldova | Monaco | Mongolia | Montenegro | Morocco | Mozambique |
Myanmar Namibia | Nauru | Nepal | Netherlands | Netherlands Antilles | New Zealand |
Nicaragua | Niger | Nigeria | Norway Oman Pakistan | Panama | Papua New
Guinea |Paraguay | Peru | Philippines | Poland | Portugal Qatar Romania | Russia |
Rwanda St Kitts & Nevis | St Lucia | St Vincent & the Grenadines | Samoa | San Marino |
Sao Tome & Principe | Saudi Arabia | Senegal | Serbia | Seychelles | Sierra Leone |
Singapore | Slovakia | Slovenia | Somalia | South Africa | Spain | Sri Lanka | Sudan |
Suriname | Swaziland | Sweden | Switzerland | Syria Tajikistan | Tanzania | Thailand | Timor
- Leste | Togo | Tonga | Trinidad & Tobago | Tunisia | Turkey | Turkmenistan Uganda |
Ukraine | United Arab Emirates | United Kingdom | United States | Uruguay | Uzbekistan
Vatican City State | Venezuela | Vietnam Yemen Zambia | Zimbabwe

Sub Bureaus

United Bermuda | Gibraltar | Cayman Islands | Anguilla | Montserrat | British Virgin

Kingdom: Islands | Turks and Caicos
United Puerto Rico | American Samoa
States:
China: Hong Kong, Macao
Interpol’s distinctive signs
(http://www.interpol.int/Public/icpo/LegalMaterials/emblem/default.asp#1)

The official abbreviations

O.I.P.C - Stands for Organization internationale de police criminelle'

ICPO - Stands for International Criminal Police Organization'.

The official name is 'ICPO-INTERPOL'

The word 'INTERPOL' is a contraction of 'international police', and was chosen in 1946 as
the telegraphic address. In 1956, the International Criminal Police Commission changed its
name to become the International Criminal Police Organization - INTERPOL.

The Emblem

The emblem, in use since 1950, comprises the following elements:

 The GLOBE represents the worldwide activities of the INTERPOL

 The olive branches in either sides of the globe symbolize PEACE
 the name 'INTERPOL' below the globe in the center of the olive branches
 The Vertical Sword behind the globe, representing police action
 The Scales below the olive branches symbolize JUSTICE

The flag

The flag has been in use since 1950, it has a light-blue background the emblem is
in the center the four lightning flashes arranged symmetrically around the emblem
represent telecommunications and speed in police action.
Background to the organization's distinctive signs

 At the 1947 General Assembly session in Paris, it was recommended that all member
states adopt the name 'INTERPOL' as the telegraphic address (Resolution
AGN/16/RES/12)
 At the 1949 General Assembly session in Berne, the organization (then known as the
International Criminal Police Commission) adopted the INTERPOL emblem and
flag
 At the 1956 General Assembly session in Vienna, the name 'International Criminal
Police Organization' was adopted
 At the 1958 General Assembly session in London, member states were asked to take
measures to protect the word 'INTERPOL' (AGN/27/RES/1)
 At its 1961 session in Copenhagen, the General Assembly recommended that
members take further measures to protect the name 'ICPO-INTERPOL' from
unauthorized use (AGN/30/RES/6)
 At the 1972 General Assembly session in Frankfurt, Indonesia proposed that
Interpol’s emblem be modified so that all regions would be represented.
 At the 1973 General Assembly session in Vienna, the emblem was modified, and
now depicts all the regions of the world.

Protection of the distinctive signs

As an international organization, Interpol’s distinctive signs are protected by the

1883 Paris Convention.

Under the terms of Article 6 of this Convention, which has been ratified by the
majority of Interpol’s member states, the signatory countries have agreed to refuse to
register as trademarks and ban the use of coats of arms, flags, emblems, initials and names
of states and intergovernmental organizations.

The organization's emblem and the name 'INTERPOL' have, in addition, been
registered as European Community and US trademarks.

Authorization to use Interpol’s distinctive signs

 In exceptional cases, the organization may authorize a third party to use its
distinctive signs. Authorization can only be given by Interpol’s Secretary General.

In any event, authorization to use the organization's distinctive signs is limited:

 authorization is given for a specific, identified project

 the duration of the authorization is specified
 authorization does not confer any exclusive rights
 The authorization specifies that the organization's signs may not be modified or
adapted.

Where appropriate, the media (documents, films, etc.) must be submitted to the
organization for approval before publication.

The organization may automatically revoke the entitlement to use its distinctive
signs if it transpires that the project for which the organization has given its agreement is
likely to prejudice its reputation or image.

The Interpol National Central Bureau – Manila

Director General Philippine National Police ---------Chairman

Director, National Bureau of Investigation -----------Member
Commissioner, Bureau of Customs ---------------------Member
Commissioner, Bureau of Internal Revenue ---------Member
Commissioner, Bureau of Immigration -----------------Member
Governor, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas -----------------Member
Executive Director, Dangerous Drug Board ----------Member
Commissioner, EIIB ---------------------------------------------Member

The first four were designated by the President, and the last four were unanimously chosen
by members of the NATIONAL Law Enforcement

Coordinating Committee (NALECC) as authorized by the President thru NALECC

Resolution 93-10 dated 21 July 1993.
SELECTED POLICE SYSTEMS

CANADIAN POLICE

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police is the Canadian national police service and an agency of the Ministry
of Public Safety Canada. The RCMP is unique in the world since it is a national, federal, provincial and
municipal policing body. We provide a total federal policing service to all Canadians and policing services
under contract to the three territories, eight provinces (except Ontario and Quebec), more than 190
municipalities, 184 Aboriginal communities and three international airports.

JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM

KOBANS are substations near major transportation hubs and shopping areas and in residential
districts—form the first line of police response to the public. The Koban system is composed of
about 6000 police boxes (Koban) and about 7000 residential police boxes (Chuzaisho). Koban is
staffed by relatively small number of police officers (3-5 officers in usual), and also Chuzaisho is
usually staffed by a single officer. About 20 percent of the total police force is assigned to koban.
Staffed by officers working in eight-hour shifts, they serve as a base for foot patrols and usually
have both sleeping and eating facilities for officers on duty but not on watch. In rural areas,
residential offices usually are staffed by one police officer who resides in adjacent family quarters.
These officers endeavor to become a part of the community, and their families often aid in
performing official tasks.

Ranking system
Police officers are divided into nine ranks: superintendent general, superintendent supervisor, chief
superintendent, senior superintendent, superintendent, police inspector, assistant police inspector,
police sergeant and police officer.
Educational Qualification
Education is highly stressed in police recruitment and promotion. Entrance to the force is
determined by examinations administered by each prefecture. Examinees are divided into two
groups: upper-secondary-school graduates and university graduates. Recruits underwent rigorous
training—one year for upper-secondary school graduates and six months for university graduates—
at the residential police academy attached to the prefectural headquarters. On completion of basic
training, most police officers are assigned to local police boxes. Promotion is achieved by
examination and requires further course work. In-service training provides mandatory continuing
education in more than 100 fields. Police officers with upper-secondary school diplomas are eligible
to take the examination for sergeant after three years of on-the-job experience. University graduates
can take the examination after only one year. University graduates are also eligible to take the
examination for assistant police inspector, police inspector, and superintendent after shorter periods
than upper-secondary school graduates. There are usually five to fifteen examinees for each
opening.
About fifteen officers per year pass advanced civil service examinations and are admitted as senior
officers. Officers are groomed for administrative positions, and, although some rise through the
ranks to become senior administrators, most such positions are held by specially recruited senior
executives.
The police forces are subject to external oversight. Although officials of the National Public Safety
Commission generally defer to police decisions and rarely exercise their powers to check police
actions or operations, police are liable for civil and criminal prosecution, and the media actively
publicizes police misdeeds. The Human Rights Bureau of the Ministry of Justice solicits and
investigates complaints against public officials, including police, and prefectural legislatures could
summon police chiefs for questioning. Social sanctions and peer pressure also constrain police
behavior. As in other occupational groups in Japan, police officers develop an allegiance to their
own group and a reluctance to offend its principles.

Police-Community Relations
Despite legal limits on police jurisdiction, many citizens retain their views of the police as authority
figures to whom they can turn for aid. The public often seeks police assistance to settle family
quarrels, counsel juveniles, and mediate minor disputes. Citizens regularly consult police for
directions to hotels and residences—an invaluable service in cities where streets are often unnamed
and buildings are numbered in the order in which they have been built rather than consecutively.
Police are encouraged by their superiors to view these tasks as answering the public's demands for
service and as inspiring community confidence in the police. Public attitudes toward the police are
generally favorable, although a series of incidents of forced confessions in the late 1980s raised
some concern about police treatment of suspects held for pretrial detention

SINGAPORE POLICE SYSTEM

Rank
Constable
Special Constable
Lance Corporal
Corporal Sergeant
Staff Sergeant
Senior Staff Sergeant
Station Inspector
Senior Station Inspector
Senior Station Inspector (2)
Senior police officers
Rank
Inspector
Chief Inspector
Assistant Superintendent
Deputy Superintendent
Superintendent
Deputy Assistant Commissioner
Assistant Commissioner
Senior Assistant Commissioner
Deputy Commissioner of Police
Commissioner of Police

QUALIFICATION
Police officers commence their careers as Sergeants (Full GCE 'A' level or Diploma holders) or
Corporals (other qualifications, while senior police officers start as either Assistant Superintendent
of Police (2nd Upper Honours Degree and above) or Inspectors (2nd Lower Honours degree and
lower). Reviews of an officer's performance for promotion consideration are conducted annually.
Interviews conducted for promotion to certain ranks were phased out since 1995. It takes
approximately five years for a police officer to be promoted to the next rank, although the system
allows for accelerated promotion for outstanding officers.

AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL FORCE

Community Policing
A Traffic Operations vehicle, with Traffic Operations and other officers in ceremonial dress at the
2008 National Anzac Day Service at the Australian War Memorial, Canberra.
The largest community policing element is that provided to the Australian Capital Territory. This
arrangement is contractual and is an agreement between the Australian Government and the ACT
Government. This AFP portfolio, ACT Policing, reflects the ACT Police history as one of the key
components of the AFP in 1979. The mission of ACT Policing is to keep the peace and preserve
public safety for the citizens of the ACT. Key sections of ACT Policing include general duties,
crime and safety management, criminal investigations, crime prevention, traffic operations and
criminal intelligence. The head of ACT Policing is known as the Chief Police Officer of the
Australian Capital Territory.

US AND OTHER EUROPEAN MODELS

UNITED STATES
Styles of Policing

Given the broad mandates of police work, and yet having limited resources, police administrators
must develop policies to prioritize and focus their activities. Some of the more controversial policies
restrict, or even forbid, high-speed vehicular pursuits.
Three styles of policing develop from a jurisdiction’s socioeconomic characteristics, government
organization, and choice of police administrators. According to a study by James Q. Wilson
(”Varieties of Police Behavior”, 1968, 1978, Harvard University Press), there were three distinct
types of policing developed in his study of eight communities. Each style emphasized different
police functions, and were linked to specific characteristics of the community the department
served. (Wilson’s field of study was in the United States, and it is not clear if similar studies have
been done for other countries with different governmental organization and laws.)
  Watchman. Emphasizes maintaining order, usually found in communities with a declining
industrial base, and a blue-collar, mixed ethnic/racial population. This form of policing is
implicitly less pro-active than other styles, and certain offenses may be “overlooked” on a
variety of social, legal, and cultural grounds, as long as the public order is maintained.
Smith and Cole comment the broad discretion exercised in this style of policing can result
in charges of discrimination, when it appears police treatment of different groups results in
the perception that some groups get better treatment than others;
 Legalistic. Emphasizes law enforcement and professionalism. This is usually found in
reform-minded cities, with mixed socioeconomic composition. Officers are expected to
generate a large number of arrests and citations, and act as if there were a single community
standard for conduct, rather than different standards for different groups. However, the fact
that certain groups are more likely to have law enforcement contact means this strict
enforcement of laws may seem overly harsh on certain groups;
 Service. Emphasizes the service functions of police work, usually found in suburban,
middle-class communities where residents demand individual treatment. Police in
homogeneous communities can view their work as protecting their citizens against
“outsiders”, with frequent but often-informal interventions against community members.
The uniform make-up of the community means crimes are usually more obvious, and
therefore less frequent, leaving police free to deal with service functions, and traffic control.

ITALY
Policing System

National Police Forces

Arma dei Carabinieri Carabinieri in Venice, 1924
The Carabinieri is the common name for the Arma dei Carabinieri, a Gendarmerie-like military
corps with police duties. They also serve as the Italian military police.
The Carabinieri have become a separate armed force (alongside the Army, Navy and Air Force),
thus ending their long standing tradition as the First Corps (Arma) of the Italian Army (Esercito).
They are referred to as the Arma or La Benemerita (The Meritorious Corps), and are unrivalled in
popular affection and national pride.
Carabinieri units have been dispatched all over the world in peacekeeping missions, including
Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq.
In 2004, twelve Carabinieri were killed in a suicide bomb attack on their base in Nasiriyah, in
southern Iraq. This was Italy's largest military loss in a single action since World War II.
Until 2001, only men were allowed to become part of the Arma (or any military force, for that
matter), but military reforms allow women to serve in the Italian military, including Carabinieri.

Guardia di Finanza
Guardia di Finanza officers on parade
The Guardia di Finanza, (English: Financial Guard) is a corps of the Italian Army under the
authority of the Minister of Economy and Finance, with a role as police force.
The Corps is in charge of financial, economic, judiciary and public safety: tax evasion, financial
crimes, smuggling, money laundering, international illegal drug trafficking, illegal immigration,
customs and borders checks, copyright violations, anti-Mafia operations, credit card fraud,
cybercrime, counterfeiting, terrorist financing, maintaining public order, and safety, political and
military defense of the Italian borders.
The Guardia di Finanza has around 68,000 militaries among agents, NCOs and officers. Its agents
are in service in the Europol and the European Anti-Fraud Office. Its Latin motto since 1933 is Nec
recisa recedit (English: Not Even Broken Retreats). The Guardia di Finanza also maintains over
600 boats and ships and more than 100 aircraft to fulfill its mission of patrolling Italy's territorial
waters.

Polizia di Stato
The Polizia di Stato (State Police) is the civil National Police of Italy. Along with patrolling,
investigative and law enforcement duties, it patrols the Autostrada (Italy's Express Highway
network), and oversees the security of railways, bridges and waterways.
It is a civilian police force, while the Carabinieri are military. While its internal organization and
mindset is somewhat military, its personnel is composed of civilians. Its headquarters are in Rome,
and there are Regional and Provincial divisions throughout Italian territory.
A program Polizia di Quartiere has been implemented which increases police presence and deter
crime. Pairs of poliziotti (policemen) or carabinieri patrol areas of major cities on foot. Its critics
contend that these efforts are ineffective, as the areas with the greatest concentration of crime are
being neglected.

Polizia Penitenziaria
The Polizia Penitenziaria (Prison Guards, literally Penitentiary Police) operate the Italian prison
system and handle the transportation of inmates. The training academy for the Polizia Penitenziaria
is located in Aversa.

Corpo Forestale dello Stato

Similar to Park Rangers in the United States, the Corpo Forestale dello Stato (National Forestry
Department) is responsible for law enforcement in Italian national parks and forests. Their duties
include enforcing poaching laws, safeguarding protected animal species and preventing forest fires.
Founded in 1822, the Corpo Forestale dello Stato is a civilian police force specialised on the
environmental protection. A recent law reform expanded its duties to food controls[3]. In Italy it
has the responsibility to manage the activities related to the CITES (Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species)

Coast Guard
The Guardia Costiera (Coast Guard), under the control of the Ministry of Infrastructure and
Transport, provides law enforcement on the sea and is part of the Italian Navy.

LOCAL POLICE FORCES

 Provincial Police
Polizia Provinciale operate in only some of the 109 provinces of Italy. Their main duties
are to enforce regional and national hunting and fishing laws but they have also expanded
into wildlife management and environmental protection. The forces' vehicles are white,
with a green stripe along the side.

 Municipal Police
In addition, each comune has its own Polizia Municipale (municipal police) whose main
duty is to enforce local regulations and control traffic, but who also deal with petty crime
and anti-social behaviour, especially in the largest metropolitan areas. These forces can be
called Polizia Municipale, Polizia Locale, Polizia Comunale, Polizia Urbana or Vigili
Urbani.
In some regions Polizia Provinciale and Polizia Municipale are grouped into the Polizia
Locale name, although they keep their own internal organisation. Very little comunes can
merge their local police forces in a consortium.
Historical
The OVRA, Organizzazione di Vigilanza Repressione dell'Antifascismo Organization for Vigilance
in Repression of Anti-Fascism was a secret police organization in Italy during fascism.
The Polizia dell'Africa Italiana or PAI, ...also known as Police of Italian Africa) (1936-1944).
The Italian Republican National Guard (Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana, or GNR) was a
paramilitary force of the Italian Social Republic created by decree on December 8, 1943, replacing
the Carabinieri and the MVSN.
Zaptié were locally raised gendarmerie units in the Italian colonies of Tripolitania, Cyrenaica,
Colonia Primigenia and Somalia between 1889 and 1942.

BELGIUM
Policing System

Federal Police
The federal police (French: Police Fédérale; Dutch: Federale Politie; German: Föderale Polizei)
conducts specialized law enforcement and investigation missions that cover more than one region
in Belgium. The federal police have approximately 12,500 personnel that provide support units for
the local police and the federal police itself.
There are three operational divisions within the Federal Police:
1. Administrative Police have two functions: they perform specially assigned law
enforcement tasks and deliver all kinds of support to the other departments and the Local
Police: the traffic police, air police, railway police, the waterway police, the reserve (riot
police, prisoners transport), the Royal Escort, dog support unit and the air support unit.
2. Criminal Investigation Police (Federal Judicial Police) investigate heavy, organised and
interregional crimes (local crimes are investigated by the Local Police), and conduct
proactive and reactive investigation. These investigations involve human and drug
trafficking, criminal organisations and groups, murder, armed robbery, fraud, corruption,
forgery and missing persons.
3. Support and Management Department delivers human resources, financial and general
management to the police organization: recruitment, training, staff management, medical,
legal affairs, internal affairs, equipment (standards for both Federal and Local Police are
the same), logistics, infrastructure, finance...

The Federal Police is led by a Commissioner General. The commissioner General's Office is
responsible for contacts with the local police, integrated police operations, coordination and
external communication. The International Police Cooperation Division (CGI) is Belgium’s
national central bureau for the European Police Office (Europol), Schengen Information System
and International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol).
The Commissioner General is also in charge of the CGSU special units (SWAT and covert
surveillance teams) and the national criminfo database.

Local Police
A police car from Antwerp
The local police (French: Police Locale; Dutch: Lokale Politie; German: Lokale Polizei) is made
up of 196 police forces constituted from the former communal and gendarmerie brigades. 50 police
forces cover the territory of one municipality (one-city zone) and 146 cover more than one
municipality (multi-city zone).[4] The local police can be compared to municipal police forces.
Each local police chief is responsible for the execution of local law enforcement policy and ensures
the management, organization and distribution of missions in the local police force. She or he works
under the authority of the mayor in one-city zones, or under a police board composed of all the
mayors from the different municipalities in a multi-city police zone.
Its philosophy envisions a global and integrated approach to security based on maximum visibility
focusing police activities on a limited area, which should optimize contact between the police and
the population. It aims to restore public confidence in the police force and of improve the objective
and subjective feeling of security in communities.

Structure
Each police force consists of an operational cadre of police and auxiliary police plus civilian
personnel for administrative and logistic work. At the moment, approx. 33,000 local police and 900
civilians work in the 196 regional police forces. The numerical strength of the police is determined
by the police board for multi-city zones or by the town council for one-city zones, which must match
the minimal standards set by law. Also a Permanent Commission for the Local Police represents all
local police services at national level and provides advice on all problems relating to the local police.

UNITED KINGDOM

Policing System
Law enforcement in the United Kingdom is organized separately in each of the legal systems of the
United Kingdom: England & Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland (administration of police
matters is not generally affected by the Government of Wales Act 2006).

Types of law enforcement agency

There are four general types of agency, the first mostly concerned with policing the general public
and their activities and the rest concerned with policing of other, usually localized, matters:
1. Territorial police forces, who carry out the majority of policing. These are police forces
that cover a 'police area' (a particular region) and have an independent Police Authority.
The Police Act 1996, the Police (Scotland) Act 1967 and the Police (Northern Ireland) Act
2000, prescribe a number of issues such as appointment of a Chief Constable, jurisdiction
and responsibilities, for police forces in England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland
respectively.
2. Special police forces, which are national police forces that have a specific, non-regional
jurisdiction, such as the British Transport Police. The Serious Organized Crime and Police
Act 2005 refers to these as 'special police forces'.
3. Non-police law enforcement agencies, whose officers are not police constables, but still
enforce laws.
4. Miscellaneous police forces, mostly having their foundations in older legislation or
Common Law. These have a responsibility to police specific local areas or activities, such
as ports and parks and before the passing of recent legislation such as the Serious Organized
Crime and Police Act 2005 were often referred to as 'special police forces'; care must
therefore be taken in interpreting historical use of that phrase. These constabularies are not
within the scope of the legislation applicable to the previously-mentioned organizations but
can still be the subject of statutes applicable to e.g. docks, harbors or railways. Until the
passing of Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003, the British Transport Police was such
a force.