All measures of variation

x-x / x-x
Class F x fx / f/ x-x / (x-x)² f(x-x)² d fd d² fd² <cumf
45-51 17 48 816 -30.08 30.08 511.36 904.8064 15381.7088 -5 -85 25 425 17
52-58 21 55 1155 -23.08 23.08 484.68 532.6864 11186.4144 -4 -84 16 336 38
59-65 27 62 1674 -16.08 16.08 434.16 258.5664 6981.2928 -3 -81 9 243 65
66-72 29 69 2001 -9.08 9.08 263.32 82.4464 2390.9456 -2 -58 4 116 94
73-79 32 76 2432 -2.08 2.08 66.56 4.3264 138.4448 -1 -32 1 32 126
80-86 34 83 2822 4.92 -4.92 -167.28 24.2064 823.0176 0 0 0 0 160
87-93 28 90 2520 11.92 -11.92 -333.76 142.0864 3978.4192 1 28 1 28 188
94-100 22 97 2134 18.92 -18.92 -416.24 357.9664 7875.2608 2 44 4 88 210
101-107 16 104 1664 25.92 -25.92 -414.72 671.8464 10749.5424 3 48 9 144 226
108-114 13 111 1443 32.92 -32.92 -427.96 1083.7264 14088.4432 4 52 16 208 239
TOTAL 239 18,661 73,594.35 -168 1620

1. Range

HRL-LRL

114.5-44.5= 70

2.Mean

=18,661/239

=78.09
MAD= f/x-x//n

=3520.04/239

=14.73

3. s²= f(x-x)²/n

s²= 73,594.26/239

s²= 307.93

4. s= square root of 307.93

S= 17.55

5. QD= Q3-Q1/2

Q3= 3(239)/4 =179.25

Median

=16+{179.25-160/28}7

=91.31
Q1= 239/4 =59.75

Median

=58.5+{59.75-38/27}7

=64.14

QD= 91.31-64.14/2

QD=13.59

6. PR= P90-P10

P90 =90(239)/100

=215.1

Median

=100.5+{215.1-210/16}7

=102.73

P10= 10(239)/100

=23.9

Median

=51.5+{23.9-17/21}7

=53.8
PR= 102.73-53.8

PR =48.93

7. CV= S/X*100

CV= 17.55/78.08*100

=22.48%

ANOVA

Calcium is an essential mineral that regulates the heart, is important for blood clotting and for building healthy bones. The National
Osteoporosis Foundation recommends a daily calcium intake of 1000-1200 mg/day for adult men and women. While calcium is
contained in some foods, most adults do not get enough calcium in their diets and take supplements. Unfortunately some of the
supplements have side effects such as gastric distress, making them difficult for some patients to take on a regular basis.

A study is designed to test whether there is a difference in mean daily calcium intake in adults with normal bone density, adults with
osteopenia (a low bone density which may lead to osteoporosis) and adults with osteoporosis. Adults 60 years of age with normal
bone density, osteopenia and osteoporosis are selected at random from hospital records and invited to participate in the study. Each
participant's daily calcium intake is measured based on reported food intake and supplements. The data are shown below.

Normal Bone Density Osteopenia Osteoporosis

1200 1000 890
1000 1100 650
980 700 1100
900 800 900
750 500 400
 800 700 350

Is there a statistically significant difference in mean calcium intake in patients with normal bone density as compared to patients with
osteopenia and osteoporosis? We will run the ANOVA using the five-step approach.

 Step 1. Set up hypotheses and determine level of significance

H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3 H1: Means are not all equal α=0.05

 Step 2. Select the appropriate test statistic.

The test statistic is the F statistic for ANOVA, F=MSB/MSE.

 Step 3. Set up decision rule.

In order to determine the critical value of F we need degrees of freedom, df 1=k-1 and df2=N-k. In this example, df1=k-1=3-1=2 and
df2=N-k=18-3=15. The critical value is 3.68 and the decision rule is as follows: Reject H0 if F > 3.68.

 Step 4. Compute the test statistic.

To organize our computations we will complete the ANOVA table. In order to compute the sums of squares we must first compute the
sample means for each group and the overall mean.

Normal Bone Density Osteopenia Osteoporosis

n1=6 n2=6 n3=6

If we pool all N=18 observations, the overall mean is 817.7.

We can now compute:

Substituting:

Finally,

Next,

SSE requires computing the squared differences between each observation and its group mean. We will compute SSE in parts. For
the participants with normal bone density:

Normal Bone Density (X - 938.3) (X - 938.3)2

1200 261.7 68,486.9
1000 61.7 3,806.9
980 41.7 1,738.9
900 -38.3 1,466.9
750 -188.3 35,456.9
800 -138.3 19,126.9
Total 0 130,083.4
Thus,

For participants with osteopenia:

Osteopenia (X - 715.0) (X - 715.0)2

1000 285.0 81,225.0
1100 385.0 148,225.0
700 -15 225.0
800 85.0 7,225.0
500 -215.0 46,225.0
700 -15 225.0
Total 0 283,350.0

Thus,

For participants with osteoporosis:

Osteoporosis (X - 715.0) (X - 715.0)2

890 90 8,100.0
650 -150 22,500.0
1100 300 90,000.0
900 100 10,000.0
400 -400 160,000.0
350 -450 202,500.0
 Total 0 493,100.0

Thus,

We can now construct the ANOVA table.

Source of Variation Sums of Squares (SS) Degrees of freedom (df) Me

Between Treatments 152,429.6 2
Error or Residual 906,533.4 15
Total 1,058,963.0 17

 Step 5. Conclusion.

We do not reject H0 because 1.26 < 3.68. We do not have statistically significant evidence at a =0.05 to show that there is a
difference in mean calcium intake in patients with normal bone density as compared to osteopenia and osterporosis. Are the
differences in mean calcium intake clinically meaningful? If so, what might account for the lack of statistical significance?