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Qip Ice 01 Introduction PDF
Qip Ice 01 Introduction PDF
Heat Engine
• Convert Thermal Energy in fuel into
Mechanical Energy for motion
2
Classifying Engines
3
Internal Combustion Engines
• Combustion occurs Inside the engine
• Internal combustion directly touches
the parts that must be moved in order
to produce mechanical energy
• Examples: Lawnmower engines,
Motorcycle engines, automotive
engines
4
External Combustion Engines
5
External Combustion
6
Intermittent Combustion Engines
7
Continuous Combustion Engine
8
I C Engines
9
History
• The internal combustion Nikolaus Otto patented
the 4-stroke engine
engine was first conceived when he was only 34!
and developed in the late
1800’s
• The man who is considered
the inventor of the modern
IC engine is pictured to the
right ...Nikolaus Otto (1832-
1891).
• Otto developed a four-
stroke engine in 1876, most
often referred to as a Spark
Ignition, since a spark is
needed to ignite the fuel air
mixture.
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• Another important
cycle is the Diesel
cycle developed by
Rudolph Diesel in
1897. This cycle is
also known as a
compression ignition
engine.
12
Rotary Engines
Examples:
Wankel engines
Turbine engines
13
Forms of Kinetic Energy
• Reciprocation
– motion that is defined on a linear path
– up-and-down; back-and-forth
• Rotation
– Motion that is defined on a circular
path
– spinning; turning
14
Kinetic Energy within Intermittent
Combustion Engines
• Piston Movement
– intermittent
– Reciprocating
– Not useful enough
• Crank shaft
– Connected to piston
– turns linear motion into rotation motion
15
Thermodynamic Principles
• Diesel engine
– Compressed ignition
– Compresses air only
16
Parts of an
I C Engine
Name as many
parts as you can
Your name:_________________
• Cylinder Block
– Part of engine
frame that
contains
cylinders in
which piston
moves
– Supports
liners & head
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Structural Components
• Cylinder Head/Assembly
– Serves to admit, confine, and release
fuel/air
– Cover to cylinder block
– Supports valve train
• Crankcase
– Engine frame section that houses the
crankshaft
• Oil sump
– Reservoir for collecting and holding
lube oil 19
Moving Components
20
Moving Components
• Piston
– Acted on by combustion
gases
– Lightweight but
strong/durable
• Piston Rings
– Transfer heat from piston to
cylinder
– Seal cylinder & distribute
lube oil
• Piston Pin
– Pivot point connecting piston
to connecting rod
• Connecting Rod
– Connects piston & crankshaft
– reciprocating rotating
motion 21
Moving Components
• Crankshaft
– Combines work done by each piston
– Drives camshafts, generator, pumps, etc.
• Flywheel
– Absorbs and releases kinetic energy of
piston strokes, and smoothens rotation of
crankshaft
22
Moving Components
• Valves
– Intake: open to admit air
to cylinder (with fuel in
Otto cycle)
– Exhaust: open to allow
gases to be rejected
• Camshaft & Cams
– Used to time the addition
of intake and exhaust
valves
– Operates valves via
pushrods & rocker arms
23
Cylinder head
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Definitions – contd.
• Top Dead Center -
when the piston is at its
highest point in the
cylinder. The volume of
the working fluid is a
minimum.
• Increased pressure of
combustion gases acts on piston,
and is converted to rotary motion
• Can be 2 or 4 stroke engines
– 2-stroke: 1 power stroke per 1
crankshaft rev
– 4-stroke: 1 power stroke per 2
crankshaft rev
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Four Stroke SI Engine
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Induction Stroke
• Engine pulls piston out of cylinder
• Low pressure inside cylinder
• Atmospheric pressure pushes fuel
and air mixture into cylinder
• Engine does work on the gases
during this stroke
Compression Stroke
• Engine pushes piston into cylinder
• Mixture is compressed to high
pressure and temperature
• Engine does work on the gases
during this stroke
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Power Stroke
• Mixture burns to form hot gases
• Gases push piston out of
cylinder
• Gases expand to lower pressure
and temperature
• Gases do work on engine during
this stroke
Exhaust Stroke
• Engine pushes piston into cylinder
• High pressure inside cylinder
• Pressure pushes burned gases out
of cylinder
• Engine does work on the gases
during this stroke
33
Ignition System
34
Four-Stroke Diesel Engine
• Intake stroke
– Intake valve open, exhaust valve shut
– Piston travels from TDC to BDC
– Air drawn in
• Compression stroke
– Intake and exhaust valves shut
– Piston travels from BDC to TDC
– Temperature and pressure of air increase
• Power stroke
– Intake and exhaust valves shut
– Fuel injected into cylinder and ignites
– Piston forced from TDC to BDC
• Exhaust stroke
– Intake valve shut, exhaust valve open
– Piston moves from BDC to TDC
– Combustion gases expelled
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36
Summary
37
FUEL
A
I Ignition
R
Fuel/Air
Mixture Combustion
Products
S
Intake Compression Power Exhaust
u Stroke Stroke Stroke Stroke
m Four Stroke Spark Ignition Engine
m A
I Fuel Injector
R
a
r Air Combustion
Products
y
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References
1. Crouse WH, and Anglin DL, DL (1985), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Eastop TD, and McConkey A, (1993), Applied Thermodynamics for Engg.
Technologists, Addison Wisley.
3. Fergusan CR, and Kirkpatrick AT, (2001), Internal Combustion Engines, John
Wiley & Sons.
4. Ganesan V, (2003), Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Gill PW, Smith JH, and Ziurys EJ, (1959), Fundamentals of I. C. Engines, Oxford
and IBH Pub Ltd.
6. Heisler H, (1999), Vehicle and Engine Technology, Arnold Publishers.
7. Heywood JB, (1989), Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill.
8. Heywood JB, and Sher E, (1999), The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine, Taylor & Francis.
9. Joel R, (1996), Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison-Wesley.
10. Mathur ML, and Sharma RP, (1994), A Course in Internal Combustion Engines,
Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi.
11. Pulkrabek WW, (1997), Engineering Fundamentals of the I. C. Engine, Prentice Hall.
12. Rogers GFC, and Mayhew YR, YR (1992), Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison
Wisley.
13. Srinivasan S, (2001), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
14. Stone R, (1992), Internal Combustion Engines, The Macmillan Press Limited, London.
15. Taylor CF, (1985), The Internal-Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice, Vol. 1 & 2,
The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Web Resources
1. http://www.mne.psu.edu/simpson/courses
2. http://me.queensu.ca/courses
3. http://www.eng.fsu.edu
4. http://www.personal.utulsa.edu
5. http://www.glenroseffa.org/
6. http://www.howstuffworks.com
7. http://www.me.psu.edu
8. http://www.uic.edu/classes/me/ me429/lecture-air-cyc-web%5B1%5D.ppt
9. http://www.osti.gov/fcvt/HETE2004/Stable.pdf
10. http://www.rmi.org/sitepages/pid457.php
11. http://www.tpub.com/content/engine/14081/css
12. http://webpages.csus.edu
13. http://www.nebo.edu/misc/learning_resources/ ppt/6-12
14. http://netlogo.modelingcomplexity.org/Small_engines.ppt
15. http://www.ku.edu/~kunrotc/academics/180/Lesson%2008%20Diesel.ppt
16. http://navsci.berkeley.edu/NS10/PPT/
17. http://www.career-center.org/ secondary/powerpoint/sge-parts.ppt
18. http://mcdetflw.tecom.usmc.mil
19. http://ferl.becta.org.uk/display.cfm
20. http://www.eng.fsu.edu/ME_senior_design/2002/folder14/ccd/Combustion
21. http://www.me.udel.edu
22. http://online.physics.uiuc.edu/courses/phys140
23. http://widget.ecn.purdue.edu/~yanchen/ME200/ME200-8.ppt -
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