UNICEF Latrine Options Flyers

Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP)
Item Qty Unit Rate Amount

Cement (50 Kgs bags) 6 bags
Pour-flush squatting pa 1 No
Pipe 100mm or 150mm diameter 1 No
Sliding bolt 1 No
Tower bolt 1 No
Material Estimate
Handle 2 No
Nails 3 Kgs
Hinges 3 No
Timber 5 pcs
Sand 3 cubic meters
Gravel 2 Cubic meters
Stone 2 Cubic meters
Roofing nails 0.5 Kg
Nails 4” and 3” 2 Kg
Wood 1 x 12 3 pcs
Wood 2 x 3
3 feet roofing sheet
5
2
pcs
pcs GHS
Skilled labour 2 work-day
Unskilled labour 2 work-day
Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP)
The VIP technology comprises of a pit, cover slab, privy room and a vent pipe. The pit and cover slab forms the
sub structure and the privy room and vent form the superstructure. The pit may be lined or unlined depending
on the stability of the soil. Also the pit may be elevated above ground based on the level of the water table.
Continuous airflow through the top-structure and above the vent pipe removes smells and vents gases to the
atmosphere. A darkened interior is maintained causing insects entering the pit to be attracted towards the light
at the top of the vent pipe and trapped by the fly screen.
Principles of Operation
Excreta and anal cleansing material drops into the pit where the organic material decomposes and excess liquids
percolate into the surrounding soil. Natural airflow through the top-structure and moving across the top of the
vent pipe removes smells and vents gases from the pit to the atmosphere. A darkened interior is maintained
causing insects entering the pit to be attracted towards the light at the top of the vent pipe and trapped by the
fly screen. The faecal Sludge that is generated from the pit is manually removed and buried or may be transported
for further treatment by composting. This latrine technology is best suited to rural, peri-urban and some parts of
urban areas where there is land available for possible relocation when pits get full.
Advantages and disadvantages
No. Advantages Disadvantages
1. Can be built and repaired with locally available Flies and odours are normally noticeable
materials
2. Low (but variable) capital costs depending on Low reduction in BOD and pathogens with
materials and pit depth possible contamination of groundwater
3. Small land area required Costs to empty may be significant compared to
capital costs
4. Flies and odours are significantly reduced Sludge requires secondary treatment and/or
(compared to non-ventilated pits) appropriate discharge
Simple Pit Latrine

Tower bolt 1 Number
Handle 2 Number
Material Estimate
Nails 3 Kilograms
Hinges 3 Number
Wood 1 x 8 3 Pieces
Wood 2 x 3 5 Pieces
Skilled labour 10 Work-day
Roofing material (thatch, etc) As needed
Unskilled labour 3 Work-day
GHS
Simple Pit Latrine
Simple pit latrines are one of the oldest forms of formal sanitation in the world. It is the basic form of improved
sanitation. The pit latrine is based on the use of a single dug pit to collect and store excreta. It consists of a
square, rectangular or circular pit dug into the ground, covered by a slab with a hole through which excreta
and sometimes anal cleansing material fall into the pit. A seat or a squat hole with foot rests may be installed
depending on the user preference. The latrine may be covered with a superstructure with a door to provide
privacy and protection from bad weather and “unwanted guests” eg snakes and other reptiles. A latch may be
provided or improvised to ensure privacy. This latrine technology is best suited to rural and peri-urban areas
where there is land available for possible relocation when pits get full.
Principles of operation
Excreta and anal cleansing material in the pit decompose through bacterial action, fungal attack and
consumption by other organisms. The decomposition process may take place in the presence of oxygen (aerobic)
or without oxygen (anaerobic). In most pits fresh excreta is initially decomposed aerobically but as it is covered
by new layers of excreta conditions rapidly turn anaerobic. There are several options for managing the sludge
when the pit is full. If there is space, the pit can be filled with soil and planted with a tree, as per the fill and Cover,
and a new pit latrine built. This is generally only possible when the superstructure is mobile. Alternatively, the
Faecal Sludge that is generated from the pit is manually removed and buried or may be transported for further
treatment by composting. This latrine technology is best suited to rural and peri-urban areas where there is land
available for possible relocation when pits get full.

No Advantages Disadvantages
1 Can be built and repaired with locally available Poor design and prone to collapse because pits are
materials not lined. Collapse is common in areas where the
soil is unstable.
2 Does not require a constant source of water Nuisance from flies and mosquitoes (and
sometimes cockroaches);
3 Low (but variable) capital costs depending on Bad odours;
materials
4 Easy to operate and maintain Difficulty with emptying pits once they are full.
5 Slab and shelter can be reused Low reduction in BOD and pathogens
6 Separates excreta from users
Kumasi Ventilated Improved Pit (KVIP)

Cement (50 Kilograms bags) 6 Bags
Pipe 100mm or 150mm diameter 2 Number
(3m long)
Sliding bolt 1 Number
Tower bolt 2 Number
Material Estimate
Roofing nails 0.5 Kilograms

Handle 2 Number
Nails 4” and 3” 2 Kilograms
Hinges 3 Number
Wood 1 x 8 3 Pieces
Wood 2 x 3 5 Pieces
3 feet roofing sheet 2 Pieces
Sand 1.5 Cubic meters
Wood 2 x 3 5 pcs GHS
3 feet roofing sheet 2 pcs
Kumasi Ventilated Improved Pit (KVIP)
An improvement to the traditional VIP is the Kumasi Ventilated Improved Pit (KVIP) which is designed with
double pits. The double Pit VIP has almost the same design as the Single Pit VIP with the added advantage of a
second pit that allows it to be used continuously and permits safer and easier emptying. By using two pits, one
pit can be used, while the content of the second rests, drains, reduces in volume, and degrades. When the second
pit is almost full (the excreta is 50 cm from the top of the pit), it is covered, and the content of the first pit is
removed. Due to the extended resting time (at least 1 or 2 years after several years of filling), the material within
the pit is partially sanitized and humus-like.
Principle of Operation
The principles of operation are the same as for the VIP toilet. One pit is used until filled to within about half a
meter of the top. The pedestal and vent pipe holes are to be completely sealed before the other pit is used. The
contents of the first pit are dug out after a period of at least two years, once the contents have become less
harmful. Due to the extended resting time (at least 1 or 2 years after several years of filling), the material within
the pit is partially sanitized and humus-like.
The faecal Sludge that is generated from the pit is manually removed and buried or may be transported for
further treatment by composting. This latrine technology may be appropriate for rural, peri-urban and urban
areas where there is land available for possible relocation when pits get full.

No. Advantages Disadvantages
1. Longer life than Single VIP (indefinite if maintained Manual removal of humus is required
properly)
2. Excavation of humus is easier than faecal sludge Possible contamination of groundwater
3. Significant reduction in pathogens Higher capital costs than Single VIP; but reduced
operating costs if self-emptied
4. Potential for use of stored faecal material as soil
conditioner
5. Flies and odours are significantly reduced
(compared to non-ventilated pits)
6. Can be built and repaired with locally available
materials
Enviro Loo waterless Toilet
Contact for further information

South Africa Local Contact
Enviro Options (PTY) Ltd. Holbrook Environs Ltd.
Tel: +27 (0)11 762 1624 Tel: +233 (0)24 426 2610
Email: info@envirooptions.co.za
GHS
Enviro Loo waterless Toilet
The Enviro Loo is a dry or waterless sanitation system that employs a dehydrating process over a lengthy retention
period with an ancillary, lesser composting process. It uses no water and chemicals. It enables the processes of
dehydration and evaporation to occur naturally without any soil or water contamination as the decomposition
takes place in a sealed unit. In the design there is no contact between people and the system. The annual
maintenance and servicing costs are minimal. The Enviro Loo comprise a superstructure, urinal evaporative tank,
ventilation extracting unit, outlet vent pipe, vent pipe wall bracket, urinal bowl and toilet bowl.
The system separates liquid and excreta as it enters the container through a custom designed ceramic toilet bowl.
Liquid waste drains to the bottom of the container while excreta remains on the drying plate. Both the liquid and
excreta are exposed to a continuous flow of air that is driven through the unit by the forced aeration ventilation
system. The movement of air is assisted by the ventilation extraction unit positioned on top of the outlet vent
pipe with air being drawn into the container through the inlet vent pipes and toilet bowl. As air moves through
the system, it dehydrates the excreta as it migrates down the sloped, ridged, perforated drying plate. This causes
the liquid that has drained to the bottom of the container to evaporate. The sunlight absorbed by the black
inspection cover increases the ambient temperature within the container. The intense heat, prolonged retention
periods and oxygen-rich air drawn in through the toilet bowl and side air inlets, dehydrate and decompose the
excreta. Through biological activities, excreta is converted to an odourless dry stabilised material.

1 It is odourless Cannot be built and repaired with locally available
materials
2 Does not require a constant source of water High capital/ initial cost
3 Permanent installation, does not require
relocation
4 No chemicals required
5 No sewage treatment facility required
6 Separates excreta from users
Composting latrine

Cement (50 Kgs bags) 15 Bags
Pipe 100mm or 150mmdiameter (10’long) 2 No
Sliding bolt 2 No
Tower bolt 1 No
Handle 1 No
Material Estimate
Nails 5 Kgs
Hinges 3 No
Wood 1 x 12 3 pcs
Wood 2 x 3 10 pcs
Stone 3.5 Cubic meters
Wood 1 x 12 3 pcs
Wood 2 x 3 5 pcs
Skilled labour
2
2
pcs
work-day
GHS
Composting latrine
In this latrine, excreta fall into a watertight tank to which ash or vegetable matter is added. If the moisture
content and chemical balance are controlled, the mixture will decompose to form a good soil conditioner in
about four months. Pathogens are killed in the dry alkaline compost, which can be removed for application to the
land as a fertilizer. There are two types of composting latrine: in one, compost is produced continuously, and in
the other, two containers are used to produce it in batches.
This type of latrine recycle nutrients from human excreta for agricultural production. The deposited faecal
matter is dried by exposure to heat or the sun and the addition of lime, ash, sawdust or earth, which controls
the moisture content. Vegetable or other organic waste can also be added to control the chemical balance. The
latrine contents are then isolated from human contact for a specified period to reduce the presence of pathogens
and make the waste safe for handling. This period should be at least one year.
1 A valuable humus is produced. More difficult to construct than simple pit
latrines.
2 Considerable odour reduction High level of user awareness required
Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT)

Cement (50 Kilogramss bags) 15 bags
Eco-san squatting pan 2 Number
(3m long)
Tower bolt 1 Number
Material Estimate
Handle 1 Number
Nails 5 Kilogramss
Hinges 3 Number
Wood 1 x 8 3 Pieces
Wood 2 x 3 10 Pieces
Stone 3.5 Cubic meters
Wood 2 x 3
5
2
pcs
pcs
GHS
Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT)
The urine diverting dry toilet (UDDT) is a sanitation facility for households and public facilities. A Urine Diverting
Dry Toilet (UDDT) is a toilet that operates without water and has a divider so that the user, with little effort can
divert the urine away from the faeces. UDDTs may be constructed with two (2) adjacent dehydration vaults or
one single vault with interchangeable containers. This technology was originally promoted in connection with
safe reuse of excreta. However, the primary focus of UDDT implementation has gradually shifted from that of
excreta reuse to the broader objective of creating odourless, dry and versatile latrine. This technology does not
require water, therefore it is suitable for locations where there is scarcity of water or where the water supply is
not always dependable. The alternating use of the two pits allows the toilet to be used continuously without any
interruption. When the first pit becomes full, the drop-hole is closed and sealed and the second pit is put into
use. When the second pit becomes full, the emptying hatch of the first pit is dismantled and the decomposed
contents can be removed and safely used as a plant fertiliser. The emptying hatch is then re-closed and the pit put
back into use while the second pit is sealed.
The UDDT toilet is built such that urine is collected and drained from the front area of the toilet, while faeces
fall through a large chute (hole) in the back. Depending on the Collection and Storage/Treatment technology
that follows, drying material such as lime, ash or earth should be added into the same hole after defecating. It
is important that the two sections of the toilet are well separated to ensure that a) faeces do not fall into, and
clog the urine collection area in the front, and that b) urine does not splash down into the dry area of the toilet.
During the dehydrating process moisture evaporates from the faeces and microbes degrade the organic material
leading to significant reduction in the numbers and viability of pathogens. Urine is collected in containers for
direct use or stored for further processing. Storage of urine generally leads to a raise of pH and consequent
hygienisation.
1 Avoids contamination of water sources and soil High capital/initial cost
2 Composting of human waste for use as a natural UDDT in urban areas require special attention
fertilizer in the collection of urine and composted faecal
sludge
3 There is no need of emptying the pits Is prone to clogging with faeces and misuse
4 It is applicable for water logged, water scarce, Slightly more difficult to clean compared to other
coastal and rocky areas technologies
5 Significant reduction of pathogen by drying Difficult to use for small children
6 Promotes soil fertility and improved crop More effort to put into awareness raising and habit
production changing
Pour-Flush Toilet without Water-Seal,
Installed On Direct Pit (Ventilated Pit)
Roofing
Vent pipe
Pour-flash bowl
without water seal
Pit lining

Pour-flush squatting pan without 1 Number
water seal
Tower bolt 1 Number
Material Estimate
Handle 2 Number
Hinges 3 Number
Timber 5 Pieces
Sand 3 Cubic meters
Wood 1 x 8 3 Pieces
Wood 2 x 3 5 Pieces
3 feet (900mm) roofing sheet
Skilled labour
2
2
Pieces
Work-day
GHS
Pour-flushed toilets
The pour flush toilet has a water seal (U-trap or siphon) that prevents odours and flies from coming back up the
pipe. Water is poured into the bowl to flush the toilet of excreta; approximately 2 to 3 litres are usually sufficient.
The quantity of water and the force of the water (pouring from a height often helps) must be sufficient to move
the excreta up and over the curved water seal.
Both pedestals and squatting pans can be used in the pour flush mode. Due to demand, local manufacturers have
become increasingly efficient at mass-producing affordable pour flush toilets and pans.
A pour-flush toilet is like a regular flush toilet except that instead of the water coming from the cistern above, it
is poured in by the user. The pour-flush (PF) latrine comprises two principal components: the latrine pan with
its integral waterseal and either single or twin leach pits. The water seal is effective at preventing odours and fly
control. The excreta flushed into the leach pit are biodegraded under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. By
natural biodegradation and the action of time and temperature, excreta is rendered harmless, and the pit will
contain a friable humus that is both safe to use and inoffensive.

1 Water required for satisfactory operation is usually Trap may be regularly blocked by bulky anal
about 2-3 litres per flush cleansing materials
2 High social acceptability especially in Moslem Possible ground water contamination from leach
communities where water is used for anal cleansing pit especially in areas with high water table
3 With minimum householder care and
maintenance, odor and insect nuisance are
negligible
4 Both adults and children can use the toilet without
fear
Pour-Flush Toilet with Water-Seal,
Installed On Ventilated Pit

Pour-flush squatting pan with water trap 1 Number
Pipe 100mm or 150mm diameter (3m long) 2 Number
Tower bolt 1 Number
Material Estimate
Handle 2 Number
Hinges 3 Number
Timber 5 Pieces
Gravel 1.5 Cubic meters
Wood 1 x 8 3 Pieces
Wood 2 x 3
3 feet (900 mm) roofing sheet
5
2
Pieces
Pieces GHS
12mm diameter mild steel reinforcement bars 3 Number
Pour-flushed toilets
The pour flush toilet has a water seal (U-trap or siphon) that prevents odours and flies from coming back up the
pipe. Water is poured into the bowl to flush the toilet of excreta; approximately 2 to 3 litres are usually sufficient.
The quantity of water and the force of the water (pouring from a height often helps) must be sufficient to move
the excreta up and over the curved water seal.
Both pedestals and squatting pans can be used in the pour flush mode. Due to demand, local manufacturers have
become increasingly efficient at mass-producing affordable pour flush toilets and pans.
A pour-flush toilet is like a regular flush toilet except that instead of the water coming from the cistern above, it
is poured in by the user. The pour-flush (PF) latrine comprises two principal components: the latrine pan with
its integral waterseal and either single or twin leach pits. The water seal is effective at preventing odours and fly
control. The excreta flushed into the leach pit are biodegraded under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. By
natural biodegradation and the action of time and temperature, excreta is rendered harmless, and the pit will
contain a friable humus that is both safe to use and inoffensive.

1 Water required for satisfactory operation is usually Trap may be regularly blocked by bulky anal
about 2-3 litres per flush cleansing materials
2 High social acceptability especially in Moslem Possible ground water contamination from leach
communities where water is used for anal cleansing pit especially in areas with high water table
3 With minimum householder care and
maintenance, odor and insect nuisance are
negligible
4 Both adults and children can use the toilet without
fear
Biofil Toilet
Based on Manufacture’s specification
GHS
Biofil Toilet
Biofil digesters are on-site waste treatment systems. Living organisms in an enclosed environment treat organic
degradable matter through natural aerobic decomposition.
Wastewater and faecal matter enter a rapid separation chamber/section for the separation of solids and liquid
content of the waste. Separation is achieved by the function of a porous composite. Bacteria and other micro and
macro organisms (worms) degrade solid faecal matter. Liquids are eventually filtered out into the soil.
Principles of operation
Excreta and wastewater enter at the top of the Biofil digester where rapid separation of solids and liquid
contents of the waste occurs. Bacteria, other organisms such as worms degrade solid faecal matter. All liquids
are organically filtered out of the bottom of the digester and drained into the soil where further and final
decomposition occurs. Other solids (toilet paper & all degradable anal cleaning material) are decomposed and
converted into rich & safe soil.
Due to its relatively small footprints it is a suitable option for peri-urban and urban areas where there is water
available for flushing.
1 Ground water not affected; Water is directed Final effluent may need secondary treatment to
into top soils where microbial activities are most ensure total elimination of faecal coliforms.
active. Nutrients are removed by soil bacteria
decomposition
2 Suitable for soil with low water table High initial capital cost
3 Hygienic to use In water logged areas, effluent has to be treated
before final discharge.
4 Minimal odour After long periods (more than five (5) years) sludge
may accumulate in the digester.
5 Less water required (1.5 litres for microflush)
6 Does not require large land area hence suitable for
densely populated areas

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Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP)

Item Qty Unit Rate Amount

Advantages and disadvantages

No. Advantages Disadvantages

Item Qty Unit Rate Amount

Advantages and disadvantages

Item Qty Unit Rate Amount

Roofing nails 0.5 Kilograms

Advantages and disadvantages

Contact for further information

Advantages and disadvantages

Item Qty Unit Rate Amount

Advantages and disadvantages

Item Qty Unit Rate Amount

Advantages and disadvantages

Item Qty Unit Rate Amount

Advantages and disadvantages

Item Qty Unit Rate Amount

Advantages and disadvantages

Based on Manufacture’s specification

Advantages and disadvantages

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