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Compensation of Current Transformer Saturation Based On Improved ESPRIT Algorithm
Compensation of Current Transformer Saturation Based On Improved ESPRIT Algorithm
Abstract—Current transformer is prone to get into transient detected in the external fault, the traditional differential protec-
saturated during the fault in the power system. Operation per- tion will be locked for several cycles. During the several cycles,
formance of relay protection will be influenced severely due to if in-zone fault happens, the protection may refuse operation in
serious distortion in the secondary side. An improved ESPRIT time which may reduce the reliability of protection.
algorithm that can be applied in relay protection for anti-
saturation is presented in this paper. The improved ESPRIT can Much work has done on the CT saturation detection and
accurately obtain the frequency, magnitude and phase angle of compensation. Some research focus on the detection of CT
the fault current with unsaturated data segment of CTs’ distort- saturation, such as the harmonics calculation of secondary cur-
ed secondary current in a relatively short time window. In order rent [1], the time difference method [2], parameter identifica-
to reduce the calculation amount, singular value decomposition tion method [3]. These methods are employed to judge the CT
(SVD) is employed to determine the valid order of the signal. saturation. In order to obtain and utilize the unsaturated data,
Moreover, the improved ESPRIT algorithm could reduce the some work has done such as the wavelet transform [4], HHT
computational load with little influence on calculative result [5], the third difference [6] and the magnetic restrain principle
through the dimension reduction of singular value decomposi- [7].
tion. In order to obtain the magnitude and phase angle more ac-
curate, AR model and least square method are employed to im- Methods to obtain main information of primary current
prove the robustness of algorithm. Finally, the accuracy of the with distorted secondary current in saturation case include the
improved ESPRIT is verified by CT’s transient experiment data. compensation method [8], the linear neural network [9], the
The improved SEPRIT algorithm could be applied in the differ- least squares method [10], the Prony’s algorithm [11] as well as
ence protection to avoid the malfunction by CTs’ transient satu- matrix pencil algorithm [12]. The above methods may be not
ration and ensure the validity of protection. performed well in relay protection for they may use long time
window or large amount of calculation.
Keywords—current transformer; transient saturtion; improved
ESPRIT algorithm; AR model; short time window The ESPRIT algorithm uses a sum of decaying complex
exponentials to fit distorted signals. The ESPRIT algorithm [13,
I. INTRODUCTION 14] is presented to track the time-varying DOAs, identify the
parameter of synchronous generators and estimate harmonics in
The current transformer (CT) is fundamental equipment in the electrical power system. The improved ESPRIT algorithm
the relay protection and monitoring system of power system. can be employed to extract fundamental frequency component
It’s significant to transform the primary current in to a smaller accurately with shorter time window. It’s very effective to pro-
scale current accurately in the secondary side. Due to the non- pose an anti-saturation algorithm to obtain fault current.
linear excitation characteristics of iron core, current transform-
er is susceptible to get into transient saturated during the fault The layout of the paper is as follows. Section II briefly in-
in the power system. The main reasons of CT’s saturation in- troduces the principle of the basic ESPRIT algorithm. In sec-
clude the following aspects. The DC component in the fault tion III, the improved ESPRIT algorithm is introduced in three
current can cause single-direction excitation in the core of CTs. aspects. The accuracy of the improved ESPRIT is verified by
What’s more, the remanence in the core delays slowly which CT’s transient experimental data in section IV. Finally, the
can cause CT susceptible to get into transient saturation. How- conclusions and the significance of the algorithm for the differ-
ever, the ratio brake is employed to reduce the influence of the ential protection are discussed.
CT saturation. It’s difficult to balance the performance of anti-
saturation and sensitivity of differential protection. However, II. THE BASIC ESPRIT ALGORITHM
the severe CT saturation during external fault may cause action
The ESPRIT (estimation of signal parameters via rotational
current get into quick-break protection, then, the protection
invariance techniques) algorithm models can be expressed as
malfuction will happen. Moreover, when the CT saturation is
the sum of sinusoidal components and noise.
This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Founda-
tion of China (51277142).
ª S1 º ªthe first rowº For the improved ESPRIT algorithm, form a L × M sample
Let S = « =« » , we can obtain matrix according to (10), then analyze the sample matrix by
¬ the last row»¼ ¬ S2 ¼ SVD [15] and take the logarithm of singular values for they are
S1 = Z N −1Φ g = Z1 g
n
(4) great different in magnitudes.
S2 = Z N −1Φ n +1 g = Z 2 g (5) ªΣ 0 º ªVsH º
X = U ΣV H = [U s , U n ] « s » « H » (11)
Finally, rotational matrix can be expressed as ¬ 0 Σ n ¼ ¬Vn ¼
Φ =Z1−1 Ζ 2 (6) 2) Total least square method
The characteristic roots zi (i = 1," , p ) can be obtained from According to (3)-(6), the signal subspace matrix Vs can be
rotational matrix. Equation (2) can be rewritten in matrix form written in similar matrix form as
Zg = xˆ (7) ª V1 º ªthe first row º
Vs = « »=« » (12)
The least square solution of (7) is ¬the last row ¼ ¬ V2 ¼
g = ( Z H Z ) −1 Z H xˆ (8) Take measure noise and disturbance error E into account,
Finally, parameters of each component in the original sig- we can obtain
nal can be obtained as follows V2 + E 2 = (V1 + E1 )Φ (13)
ai = gi In order to ensure the minimum E1 , E 2 F , form the matrix
° [V1 ,V2 ] and perform singular value decomposition.
°θ i = arctan[Im( gi ) Re( gi )]
® (9) [V ,V ]=U ΣV (14)
°δ i = ln zi Ts 1 2
°f
The matrix V can be divided into 4 p × p matrix, which
¯ i = angle(zi ) 2π Ts
can be expressed as
ªV V12 º
V = « 11
III. THE IMPROVED ESPRIT ALGORITHM » (15)
¬V21 V22 ¼
The basic ESPRIT algorithm requires longer time window. According to the property of similar matrix, the characteris-
The high order noise in the signal and singular value decompo-
tic roots can be obtained from rotational matrix Φtls , which can
sition lead to large amount of calculation. However, during the
CTs’ transient saturation, unsaturated and saturated segment be calculated by
alternatively appear in one cycle. The length of unsaturated Φtls = −V12V22−1 (16)
segment is determined by the degree of CTs’ saturation. In
B. Modification of Initial Sample Data D. Calculation process
In order to obtain more accurate amplitude and phase angle, Fig.1 shows the calculation process of improved ESPRIT
the estimated signal is transformed into an AR (Autoregressive) algorithm to obtain the power frequency parameters from fault
model. current.
p
xˆ(n) = −¦ am x(n − m) + ε (n) (17) obtain rotation matrix ψ by matrix Vs
m =1
p
where ε (n) = ¦ am e(n − m) , the principle to obtain the param- calculate the frequency and decay
m =0 factor of each signal componnets
tic equation
SVD of sampling matrix A L× M model xˆ (n) = −¦ am xˆ ( n − m)
m =1
1 + a1 z −1 + " + a p z − p = 0 (18)
obtain valid order and subspace matrix Vs calculate the amplitude and phase
The AR model coefficient ai (i = 1," , p) can be obtained. of each frequency components
Initial sample data can be modified as follows
end
x ( n) 1≤ n ≤ p
° p
X ( n ) = ® (19)
° − ¦ am x ( n − m ) p + 1 ≤ n ≤ N Fig. 1. Calculation process of improved ESPRIT algorithm
¯ m =1
C. Reduce Calculation Amount IV. EXPERIMENT AND RESULTS
For the improved ESPRIT algorithm, estimate the valid or- The CT transient saturation experiment tested on a 5P30
der of the main components by SVD. In addition, division of type current transformer. The transformation ratio was 1000:1.
sampling rate can also be employed to reduce calculation CTs’ secondary current was connected with a wave recorder,
amount. Moreover, the improved ESPRIT algorithm could and the sampling rate was 25kHz, namely 500 points per cycle.
reduce the computational load with little influence on calcula- Automatic reclose was applied in the primary system, and the
tive result through the dimension reduction of singular value reclosing interval was 600ms. The fault was set permanent. The
decomposition [16]. fault current was the superposition of power frequency and DC
It is assumed that V1 = gS , V2 = gΦ S , then define V12 as decay component. The parameters are listed in Table IAs
shown in Fig.2, the unsaturated data length of the first fault is
follows about 5ms. Due to the influence of remanence, the unsaturated
ªV H º ª SH º data length of the second fault is only about 2.5ms.
V12 = « 1H » [V1 V2 ] = « H H » g H g [ S Φ S ] (20)
¬V2 ¼ ¬S Φ ¼
The matrix V12 can be expressed as
ªV HV V1HV2 º
Current A
V12 = « 1H 1 H » (21)
¬V2 V1 V2 V2 ¼
Then, perform partition decomposition for matrix V12 in (20) primary current
secondary current