Electrotechnique and Ship Electricity

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Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)

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Moore’s law predicts that the transistor count of an
integrated circuit will double every 2 years. First presented
in a paper by Gordon E. Moore in 1965, the prediction has
had an amazing accuracy level. A plot of the transistor
count versus years appearing in Figure is almost linear
through the years. The amazing number of two billion
transistors in a single integrated circuit using 45 nm lines is
really beyond comprehension.

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 Cross-section of an npn BJT

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A simplified structure of the npn transistor

npn Transistor Symbols

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pnp Transistor Symbols

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npn and pnp Transistors

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Operating modes of BJT

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The B-E pn junction is forward biased,
and the base–collector (B-C) pn
junction is reverse biased in the normal,
active bias configuration as shown in
Figure. This configuration is called the
forward-active operating mode.
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In the circuit shown in Fig., the voltage at the emitter was
measured and found to be –0.7 V. If β = 50, find IE, IB, IC, and
V C.

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The transistor in the circuit of Figure has β = 100 and VBE of 0.7 V.
Design the circuit so that a current of 2 mA flows through the
collector and a voltage of +5 V appears at the collector.

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The transistor in the circuit of Figure has β = 100 and VBE
of 0.7 V. Find IE, IB, IC, and VC.

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We want to analyze the circuit in Fig. to determine the voltages
at all nodes and the currents in all branches. Assume β = 100.

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We want to analyze the circuit of Fig. to determine the
voltages at all nodes and the currents through all
branches. The min. value of β is specified to be 30.

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An operational amplifier, or op-amp, is a very
high gain differential amplifier with high input
impedance and low output impedance. Typical
uses of the operational amplifier are to provide
voltage amplitude changes (amplitude and
polarity), oscillators, filter circuits, and many
types of instrumentation circuits. An op-amp
contains a number of differential amplifier stages
to achieve a very high voltage gain.

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 Determine the output voltage for the circuit of Fig. with a
sinusoidal input of 2.5 mV.

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 Calculate the output voltage from the circuit of Fig. for an
input of 120 μV.

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When a number of stages are connected in series, the overall

gain is the product of the individual stage gains. Figure shows a
connection of three stages.

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A voltage buffer circuit provides a means of isolating an input

signal from a load by using a stage having unity voltage gain, with
no phase or polarity inversion, and acting as an ideal circuit with
very high input impedance and low output impedance. Figure
shows an op-amp connected to provide this buffer amplifier
operation. The output voltage is determined by

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 Calculate the output voltage for the circuit of Fig. for an input
of Vi = 3.5 mV rms.

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Calculate the output voltage of the circuit of Fig. for an input of

150 mV rms.

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Calculate the output voltage in the circuit of Fig.

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Determine the output voltage for the circuit of Fig.

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Determine the output voltage for the circuit of Fig.

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