1408169364EE3115-AC Bridge

AC Bridges
Lecture on EE 3115
Electrical Measurement & Instrumentation
Md. Alamgir Hossain
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET)
August 16, 2014
Md. Alamgir Hossain, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, KUET Electrical Measurement & Instrumentation
AC Bridges
Outline
1 AC Bridges
Introduction
Measurement of Self Inductance
Measurement of Capacitance
Measurement of Frequency
Introduction
AC Bridges
Outline
1 AC Bridges
Introduction
Introduction
AC Bridges
Fundamental
AC bridges are applied to measure inductance, capacitance, storage

factor and loss factor of active elements of an ac circuit. This type of
bridges are also used for phase shifting, to provide feedback path for
oscillators and amplifiers, to filter out unwanted signals.
Sources: The source used in ac bridges is power line for measuring at
low frequencies in addition to electronic oscillators for measuring at
high frequencies.
Detectors: Headphones, Vibration Galvanometer and Tunable ampli-
fiers are commonly used as detectors in ac bridges.
Introduction
AC Bridges
General Equation of AC Bridge

An ac bridge is shown in figure (1). At balance, E1 E3
b
E1 = E2 ⇒ I1 Z1 = I2 Z2 (1)
Z1 Z3
I1
Similarly, at balance condition the current a D I3 c
E E I2 I4
I1 = I3 = , I2 = I4 = (2) Z2 Z4
Z1 + Z3 Z2 + Z4
d
Using equation (1) and (2) E2 E4
E
E E
.Z1 = .Z2 (3)
Z1 + Z3 Z2 + Z4
⇒ Z1 Z4 = Z2 Z3 (4) Figure 1: AC bridge
⇒ Y1 Y4 = Y2 Y3 (5)
Introduction
AC Bridges

From equation (4), the polar form of balance equations are
Z1 < θ1 .Z4 < θ4 = Z2 < θ2 .Z3 < θ3 (6)
⇒ Z1 Z4 < (θ1 + θ4 ) = Z2 Z3 < (θ2 + θ3 ) (7)
If Z1 = R1 + jX1 , Z2 = R2 + jX2 , Z3 = R3 + jX3 and Z4 = R4 + jX4 then,
using equation (4)
(R1 + jX1 )(R4 + jX4 ) = (R2 + jX2 )(R3 + jX3 ) (8)
R1 R4 − X1 X4 + j(R1 X4 + R4 X1 ) = R2 R3 − X2 X3 + j(R2 X3 + R3 X(9)
2)
Equating real and imaginary part of equation (9), the balance equations
in rectangular coordinate system are
R1 R4 − X1 X4 = R2 R3 − X2 X3 (10)
R1 X4 + R4 X1 = R2 X3 + R3 X2 (11)
Introduction
AC Bridges

Z1 < θ1 .Z4 < θ4 = Z2 < θ2 .Z3 < θ3 (6)
⇒ Z1 Z4 < (θ1 + θ4 ) = Z2 Z3 < (θ2 + θ3 ) (7)
using equation (4)
(R1 + jX1 )(R4 + jX4 ) = (R2 + jX2 )(R3 + jX3 ) (8)
2)
R1 R4 − X1 X4 = R2 R3 − X2 X3 (10)
R1 X4 + R4 X1 = R2 X3 + R3 X2 (11)
Introduction
AC Bridges

Z1 < θ1 .Z4 < θ4 = Z2 < θ2 .Z3 < θ3 (6)
⇒ Z1 Z4 < (θ1 + θ4 ) = Z2 Z3 < (θ2 + θ3 ) (7)
using equation (4)
(R1 + jX1 )(R4 + jX4 ) = (R2 + jX2 )(R3 + jX3 ) (8)
2)
R1 R4 − X1 X4 = R2 R3 − X2 X3 (10)
R1 X4 + R4 X1 = R2 X3 + R3 X2 (11)
Introduction
AC Bridges
General Equation of AC Bridge E1 E3

b
As shown in figure (2) and by using balance equa- L1
R3
tion (4) R1
Z1 Z4 = Z2 Z3 a I1 D I3 c
I2
(R1 + jωL1 )R4 = (R2 + jωL2 )R3
R2
R4 I4
L2
R1 R4 + jωL1 R4 = R2 R3 + jωL2 R3 (12)

d
E2 E4
Equating real and imaginary part of equation (12)
E
R1 = R2 R3 /R4 (13)
L1 = L2 R3 /R4 (14) Figure 2: AC bridge
Introduction
AC Bridges
Outline
1 AC Bridges
Introduction
Introduction
AC Bridges
Maxwell’s Inductance-Capacitance Bridge E1 E3

b
Here, L1
R3
L1 = unknown inductance, R1 = effective resistance R1
of L1 , R2 , R3 , R4 = non-inductive resistances, C4 =
a I1 D I3 c
variable standard capacitor.
I2
At balance, R2 C4 I4
! IR R4
R4
(R1 + jωL1 ) = R2 R3 (15) d
1 + jωC4 R4 E2 E4
R1 R4 + jωL1 R4 = R2 R3 + jωR2 R3 R4 C4 (16) E
Equating real and imaginary part of equation (16) Figure 3: Maxwell’s ac Bridge
R1 = R2 R3 /R4 (17)
L1 = R2 R3 C4 (18)
Introduction
AC Bridges
Maxwell’s Inductance-Capacitance Bridge
Q factor of the coil,

ωL1
Q= = ωR4 C4 (19)
R1
Advantages:
i) two balance equations are independent if R4 and C4 are chosen as
variable
ii) independent of frequency
iii) simple expression of R1 and L1
iv) useful for wide range measurement
Disadvantages:
i) expensive variable capacitor
ii) low Q factor ( around 1 < Q < 10)
Introduction
AC Bridges
Maxwell’s Inductance-Capacitance Bridge

ωL1
Q= = ωR4 C4 (19)
R1
Advantages:
i) two balance equations are independent if R4 and C4 are chosen as
variable
ii) independent of frequency
iii) simple expression of R1 and L1
iv) useful for wide range measurement
Disadvantages:
ii) low Q factor ( around 1 < Q < 10)
Introduction
AC Bridges
Hay’s Bridge E1 E3
b
L1 =unknown inductance with resistance R1 L1
R2 , R3 , R4 = known non-inductive resistance R1
R3
C4 = standard capacitance
At balance, a I1 D I3 c
I2 I4
R2
(R1 + jωL1 )(R4 − j/ωC4 ) = R2 R3 (20) R4

C4
L1 jR1
R1 R4 + + jωL1 R4 − = R2 R3 (21) d
C4 ωC4 E2 E4
E
Equating real and imaginary part of equation (21)
R1 R4 + L1 /C4 = R2 R3 (22) Figure 4: Hay’s Bridge

R1
L1 = 2 (23)
ω R4 C4
Introduction
AC Bridges
Hay’s Bridge
Solving equation (22) yields
R2 R3 C4 ω2 R2 R3 R4 C42
L1 = R1 = (24)
1 + ω2 C42 R24 1 + ω2 C42 R24
ωL1
Q= = 1/ωC4 R4 (25)
R1
The expression of L1 is dependent of frequency. In terms of Q, L1 can
be re-expressed as
R2 R3 C4
L1 = (26)
1 + (1/Q)2
For high value of Q, the frequency dependency can be neglected, and
hence L1 ≈ R2 R3 C4 which is same as Maxwell’s inductance capaci-
tance bridge
Introduction
AC Bridges
Hay’s Bridge
Advantages:
i) simple expression of Q and unknown inductance for high Q > 10
ii) requires only low value of R4 for high Q
Disadvantages:
ii) not suitable for low value of Q < 10
Introduction
AC Bridges
Anderson’s Bridge
L1 = Self inductance to be measured
r1 = resistance of L1 E1 E3
b
R1 = resistance connected in series with L1 L1,r1
r, R2 , R3 , R4 = non-inductive resistances R1
R3
C= fixed standard capacitor. D

I3
At balance a I1 c
Ic C
I2
R2 r
I1 = I3 (27) R4
I2 = I4 + Ic (28) d
I4
E2 E4
and E
1
I1 R3 = Ic ⇒ Ic = jI1 ωCR3 (29)Figure 5: Anderson’s ac bridge
jωC
Introduction
AC Bridges
Anderson’s Bridge
Another balance equations
E1 = E2 + Ic r (30)
1
Ic (r + ) = (I2 − Ic )R4 (31)
jωC
From equation (30),
I1 (R1 + r1 + jωL1 ) = I2 R2 + Ic r (32)
⇒ I1 (R1 + r1 + jωL1 − jωCR3 r) = I2 R2 (33)
and from equation (31)
1
jI1 ωCR3 (r + ) = (I2 − jI1 ωCR3 )R4 (34)
jωC
!
R3 jωCR3 r
⇒ I2 = + + jωCR3 I1 (35)
R4 R4
Introduction
AC Bridges
Anderson’s Bridge
Using the value of I2 from equation (35) in equation (33) results
!
R3 jωCR3 r
I1 (R1 + r1 + jωL1 − jωCR3 r) = I1 + + jωCR3 R2 (36)
R4 R4
ωCR2 R3 r
!
R2 R3
⇒ (r1 + R1 ) + j(ωL1 − ωCR3 r) = +j + ωCR2 R3 (37)
R4 R4
Equating real part of equation (37)
R2 R3 R2 R3
r1 + R1 = ⇒ r1 = − R1 (38)
R4 R4
similarly, equating imaginary part of equation (37)
ωCR2 R3 r
ωL1 − ωCR3 r = + ωCR2 R3 (39)
R4
R3
⇒ L1 = C [r(R2 + R4 ) + R2 R4 ] (40)
R4
Introduction
AC Bridges
Anderson’s Bridge
Advantages:
i) r1 and r are independent
ii) fixed capacitor
iii) may be used for accurate determination of capacitance in terms
of inductance
Disadvantages:
i) bridge is complex
ii) additional junction points increase the difficulty of shielding
the bridge
Owen’s Bridge-left for self study
Introduction
AC Bridges
Anderson’s Bridge
Advantages:
i) r1 and r are independent
ii) fixed capacitor
iii) may be used for accurate determination of capacitance in terms
of inductance
Disadvantages:
i) bridge is complex
ii) additional junction points increase the difficulty of shielding
the bridge
Owen’s Bridge-left for self study
Introduction
AC Bridges
Outline
1 AC Bridges
Introduction
Introduction
AC Bridges
De-Sauty Bridge
Consider figure (6)(a) where,
E1 E3
C1 = Capacitor whose capacitance to be measured
b
C2 = Standard capacitor
R3
R1 = resistance connected in series with C1 C1
R2 , R4 = non-inductive resistances I1 I3
a c
At balance D
I2
C2
Z1 Z4 = Z2 Z3 (41) R4
I4
1 1
⇒ .R4 = .R3 (42) E2
d
E4
jωC1 jωC2
E
R4
⇒ C1 = C2 . (43)
R3 (a)
Though the circuit is simple, it is used only for Figure 6: De-Sauty ac bridge
loss-less capacitor.
Introduction
AC Bridges
Modified De-Sauty Bridge

The bridge is modified then by De-Sauty as shown
E1 E3
in figure (7) where, r1 and r2 are the loss compo-
b
nent of capacitor C1 and C2 respectively.
r1 R3
Here, at balance condition C1
R1
I3
Z1 Z4 = Z2 Z3 (44) a I1
R2
D
c
1 1 C2
(R1 + r1 − j )R4 = (R2 + r2 − j )R3 (45) I2
R4
ωC1 ωC2 r2
I4
d
E2 E4
Equating the imaginary and real part of equation
(45) results E
R4 R3 C1 R4 (b)
= ⇒ = (46)
ωC1 ωC2 C2 R3 Figure 7: Modified De-Sauty bridge
R2 + r2 R4
(R1 + r1 )R4 = (R2 + r2 )R3 ⇒ = (47)
R1 + r1 R3
Introduction
AC Bridges

By using equations (46) and (47)
C1 R2 + r2 R4
= = (48)
C2 R1 + r1 R3
Dissipation factor of the capacitor
C1 : D1 = ωC1 r1 C2 : D2 = ωC2 r2
From equation (48) it can be written that
C2 r2 − C1 r1 = C1 R1 − C2 R2 ⇒ ωC2 r2 − ωC1 r1 = ω(C1 R1 − C2 R2 )
⇒ D2 − D1 = ω(C1 R1 − C2 R2 )
R1 R4
⇒ D2 − D1 = ωC2 ( − R2 ) (49)
R3
Therefore, dissipation factor of one capacitor can be obtained if it is
known of other. However, due to difference between RR1 R3 4 and R2 , this
method does not give accurate measurement of dissipation factor.
Introduction
AC Bridges

By using equations (46) and (47)
C1 R2 + r2 R4
= = (48)
C2 R1 + r1 R3
Dissipation factor of the capacitor
C1 : D1 = ωC1 r1 C2 : D2 = ωC2 r2
From equation (48) it can be written that
C2 r2 − C1 r1 = C1 R1 − C2 R2 ⇒ ωC2 r2 − ωC1 r1 = ω(C1 R1 − C2 R2 )
⇒ D2 − D1 = ω(C1 R1 − C2 R2 )
R1 R4
⇒ D2 − D1 = ωC2 ( − R2 ) (49)
R3
Therefore, dissipation factor of one capacitor can be obtained if it is
known of other. However, due to difference between RR1 R3 4 and R2 , this
method does not give accurate measurement of dissipation factor.
Introduction
AC Bridges
Schering Bridge
E1 E3
C1 = Capacitor whose capacitance to be measured
b
r1 = loss component of C1 r1
I3 R3
C2 = Standard capacitor C1
R3 = Standard non-inductive resistor I1

a D c
R4 = non-inductive variable resistor
I2
C2 = standard variable capacitor C2 C4 I4
IC
At balance condition R4
IR
d
E4
Z1 Z4 = Z2 Z3 (50) E2
!
1 R4 1 E
⇒ (r1 + ) = R3
jωC1 1 + jωC4 R4 jωC2
R4 R3 R3 R4 C4 Figure 8: Schering ac bridge
⇒ r1 R4 − j = −j + (51)
ωC1 ωC2 C2
Introduction
AC Bridges
Schering Bridge
Equating real part of equation (51),
R3 R4 C4 R3 C4
r1 R4 =
⇒ r1 = (52)
C2 C2
Equating imaginary part of equation (51),
R4 R3 R4
= ⇒ C1 = C2 (53)
ωC1 ωC2 R3
So, the value of r1 and C1 can be obtained independently if R4 and C4
are variable.
Dissipation factor:
! !
R4 R3 C4
D = ωC1 r1 = ω C2 = ωC4 R4 (54)
R3 C2
Measurement of Relative Permitivity with Schering Bridge-left
for self study
Introduction
AC Bridges
Schering Bridge
Equating real part of equation (51),
R3 R4 C4 R3 C4
r1 R4 =
⇒ r1 = (52)
C2 C2
Equating imaginary part of equation (51),
R4 R3 R4
= ⇒ C1 = C2 (53)
ωC1 ωC2 R3
So, the value of r1 and C1 can be obtained independently if R4 and C4
are variable.
Dissipation factor:
! !
R4 R3 C4
D = ωC1 r1 = ω C2 = ωC4 R4 (54)
R3 C2
Measurement of Relative Permitivity with Schering Bridge-left
for self study
Introduction
AC Bridges
Outline
1 AC Bridges
Introduction
Introduction
AC Bridges
Wien’s Bridge b
C1
The most important bridge to determine frequency R3
R1
in terms of various bridge elements is Wien bridge
I1
as shown in figure (9) that is describe below. This
Mechanical
I1
Coupling
a c
D
bridge can be used as notch filter as well as audio I2
and RF oscillators. R2 R4
At balance condition, C2 I2
d
! !
R1 j E
R4 = R2 − R3 (55)
1 + jωC1 R1 ωC2
!
R4 R2 C1 1 Figure 9: Wien’s bridge
= + + j ωC1 R2 − (56)
R3 R1 C2 ωC2 R1
Equating real part yields

R4 R2 C1
= + (57)
R3 R1 C2
Introduction
AC Bridges
Wien’s Bridge
Equating imaginary part yields
1 1
ωC1 R2 − = 0 =⇒ ω = √
ωC2 R1 R1 R2 C1 C2
1
f = √ (58)
2π R1 R2 C1 C2
In most Wien’s bridge, the components are so chosen that R1 = R2 = R
and C1 = C2 = C. Therefore, the frequency becomes,
1
f = (59)
2πRC
The resistor R1 and R2 are mechanically coupled to ensure R1 = R2
that requires R4 = 2R3 as in equation (57). So, for fixed capacitor C1
and C2 , Wien’s bridge can be used as a frequency determining circuit
by a single control.
Introduction
AC Bridges
Wien’s Bridge
Equating imaginary part yields
1 1
ωC1 R2 − = 0 =⇒ ω = √
ωC2 R1 R1 R2 C1 C2
1
f = √ (58)
2π R1 R2 C1 C2
In most Wien’s bridge, the components are so chosen that R1 = R2 = R
and C1 = C2 = C. Therefore, the frequency becomes,
1
f = (59)
2πRC
The resistor R1 and R2 are mechanically coupled to ensure R1 = R2
that requires R4 = 2R3 as in equation (57). So, for fixed capacitor C1
and C2 , Wien’s bridge can be used as a frequency determining circuit
by a single control.
Appendix For Further Reading
For Further Reading I
A. K. Sawhney
A Course in Electrical and Electronic Measurements and
Instrumentation.
Dhanpat Rai & Co. (P) Ltd, 2003.

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AC Bridges

Md. Alamgir Hossain

August 16, 2014

AC bridges are applied to measure inductance, capacitance, storage

General Equation of AC Bridge

General Equation of AC Bridge

General Equation of AC Bridge

General Equation of AC Bridge

General Equation of AC Bridge E1 E3

R1 R4 + jωL1 R4 = R2 R3 + jωL2 R3 (12)

Maxwell’s Inductance-Capacitance Bridge E1 E3

R1 R4 + jωL1 R4 = R2 R3 + jωR2 R3 R4 C4 (16) E

Maxwell’s Inductance-Capacitance Bridge

Q factor of the coil,

Maxwell’s Inductance-Capacitance Bridge

Q factor of the coil,

(R1 + jωL1 )(R4 − j/ωC4 ) = R2 R3 (20) R4

R1 R4 + L1 /C4 = R2 R3 (22) Figure 4: Hay’s Bridge

C= fixed standard capacitor. D

Modified De-Sauty Bridge

Modified De-Sauty Bridge

Modified De-Sauty Bridge

R3 = Standard non-inductive resistor I1

Equating real part yields

For Further Reading I

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