DRYING PROCESSES INTRODUCTION ‘This lesson deals with the drying process in air conditioning. Definitions and useful information about dryer and drying processes are presented in this lesson. ‘The discussion includes the general types of dryers and schematic and psychrometric diagrams of drying processes. Ilustrative problems are included for applications. At the end of the lesson, problems are provided for the students to further enhance their learning process in solving problems. LESSON OBJECTIVES [At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to: 1. differentiate drying process from dewatering process; 2. define terms involving drying processes; 3. enumerate and differentiate the three general types of dryers; 4. draw the schematic and psychrometric diagrams of drying processes involving the air conditioning applications; and 5. solve problems in drying processes provided at the end of the lesson.Drying Provesses DEFINITIONS AND USEFUL INFORMATION 2 Drying is the process of removing moisture in varying amounts from solid or semi-fluid materials. This process may be accomplished by pressure, suction, decantation, or evaporation. A dryer is a machine or equipment used for drying process. A dewaterer is a machine or equipment used for dewatering process. Dewatering is the common term for the process using only pressure, suction, or decantation. This process is used to remove or reduce only a portion of the surface moisture of the materials. Evaporation is the main principle applied in the drying process. In a drying process, not only the surface liquid is removed or reduced but also the internal moisture and, in many cases, water in chemical combination. Inherent moisture and bed moisture are the terms used for describing the moisture in the mass that is not on the surface of the material. Chemically combined water is the water that is produced when a chemical component of the material changes its chemical composition by heat or other means. Parts of a Continuous Drying Process 1 Application of heat to the material and/or to the air mixture which carries away the moisture Means for removing the water vapor, steam, or mixture * Conveying the material in its wet, semi-dried, and dried condition into, through, and out of the apparatus, allowing the material the proper time for contact with the heating and moisture-removing elements. 287Guidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis TYPES OF DRYER 1 Direct-heat type dryer 5 In this type of dryer, flame from combustion impinges on the material being dried, or the gases of combustion may be mixed with additional air so that the mixture in contact with the material is reduced in temperature Indirect-heat type dryer 2 In this type, the gases of combustion pass through the spaces surrounding, or in other ways heating the drying chamber, but the gases are not allowed to get in contact with the material being dried. ‘Steam-heated type dryer 2 In this type, the material is in contact with steam pipes or the air is passed over steam heaters and then over or through the material being dried. Six Commercial Types of Dryers and Three Materials Suitable for Each a Rotary Dryer % Materials: copra, sand, wood chips Compartment Batch Dryer % Materials: wood, enamel wares, foodstuffs Centrifugal Dryer % Materials: sugar, fertilizer, salt Hearth Dryer % Materials: copra, enamel wares, chalk Tower Dryer Materials: palay, wheat, grains Infrared Ray Dryer % Materials: air conditioners, cars, refrigeratorsDrying Processes 2 Hygroscopic materials are those substances which are particularly variable in the moisture content that they can possess at different times. % Example: wood, leather, foodstuff, paper, tobacco, cloth, hair 2 Bone-Dry-Weight (RDW) or Dry Bone Weight is the final constant weight reached by a bygroscopic substance after being dried out. 2 Regain is the hygroscopic moisture content of a substance expressed as a percentage of the Bone-Dry-Weight of the material. Weight of Moisture Regain = ™ 8 Bone-Dry-Weight 2 Moisture content is usually expressed as a percentage of the gross weight of the body and may refer to both hygroscopic and purely substance moisture, Weight of Moisture Gross Weight Moisture Content = > Gross Weight: Gross Weight = Bone-Dry-Weight + Weight of Moisture DRYER SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 2 Figure 8.1 below illustrates the schematic diagram of a dryer with conditioned air that passed through a CDA and re-heater. Alrout mater ou] Materiotin Figure 8.1. Dryer Schematic Diagram 289Guidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis D. PSYCHROMETRIC CHART OF DRYING PROCESSES D Figure 8.2 below illustrates the different drying processes in the psychrometric chart. Non-adiabatic Drying Adiabatic orying 3 Non-adiabatic 3 fothernat Drying Air Heating Figure 8.2. Psychrometric Chart of Drying Processes 290ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS Ex. 8.1] Copra enters a dryer, containing 60% water and 40% solids, and leaves with 5% water and 95% solids. Find the mass of water removed from each aj kilogram of original product bj kilogram of final product cc] kilogram of bone-dry material Given: Copra Dryer copre Dryer Required: ‘The weight of water removed based on each a) _ kilogram of original product bj} kilogram of final product c} kilogram of bone-dry material Solution: % — Consider the following notations mass of bone-dry material of the original or wet product (copra mass of bone-dry material of the final or dried product (copra) moisture content of the original or wet product moisture content of the final or dried product gross mass of the original or wet product gross mass of the final or dried product, a) Consider 1 kg of original or wet product. Solving for the gross weight of the final product, M,, (Solid Part) Myy, = My (1 = MC) ao: PEEPS Eee ee CoE Reet r errataGuidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis, Myo, = Mi, M,, (1- MC) = M,, (1- MC) MC.) 1.01049) _ 9 g91 ig ‘MC;) 0.95 For ‘the mass of water removed, AGW. _ = 1.0 - 0,421 = 0.579 kg by = 2.375 kg 1=MC,) 0.40 For the mass of water removed, M,, M, = M,,- M,, = 2.975 ~ 1.00 = 1.975 kg ©) Consider 1.0 kg of the bone-dr Solving for M,, Mg: Solving for M,,, Mca For the weight of water removed, M,=M,,-M,, = 2.5 1.053 1.447 kgDrying Processes Ex. 8.2] A dryer is to deliver 1,000 kg/hr of cassava with 2% moisture and 20% z moisture in the feed. Determine the mass of air required if the change in humidity ratio is 0.0165. . Given: A Cassava Dryer Cassava ‘Dryer Final Product niginci Product l20%water m,=1.009ko/: m Required: 3 ‘The mass of air required if the change in humidity ratio is 0.0165. Solution: From the bone-dry naterial balance, M,, 4 m, (1-MC,) =m, (1 - MC) ) _ 1,000(1- 0.02) 1-0.21 = 1,225 kg/hr For the moisture removed, .225 - 1,000 = 225 kg/hr is For the mass flow rate of air required, : M, _ 225 = ~ 3,636.36 kg /) pe ‘AW 0.0165, 8 /he 203,Guidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis Ex, 8.3] A tower-type moisture dryer is to deliver 1,000 kg/hr of cassava four with 2% residual moisture of 20% in the feed. The air to be heated in the heating chamber is a mixture of fresh air at 33°C DB and 60% RH and hot humid air from the dryer at 49°C DB and 60% RH. The air mixture at 38°C DB and 65% RH is heated by a steam coil to 93°C. The dryer is properly insulated so that moisture absorption can be considered adiabatic. Compute the a. Required flow of heated air mixture to dryer: b. Capacity, of forced draft fan on dryer: Heat in keal/hr for heating the air mixture in the heating chamber; and |. Percentage by weight of fresh air in the mixture. ME Board Problem, April 1981) eae Given: Drying system shown 49°C D8, 40% RH Heating chamber For secs 38°C DB bom RH ABT RH (000 ka/hr armoire 20% moitture Required: The m,, = m,, ‘The fan capacity, m*/s The heat capacity of the heating chamber, kcal/hr The % outdoor air required Bosery |B SKIN 2% moisture Consider the dryer and use the mass balance: m,+m,(W,) +m, =m, + m,(W,) +m, mW.) +m,= mW) +m, > m{W,-W,) = Where, m, = gross mass of material entering the dryer m, = gross mass of material leaving the dryer Solving for the bone-dry-mass of the material, Gross mass = bone-dry-mass + mass of moisture BDM = m, ~ 0.02m, = m, (1 - 0.02) = 0.98m, + 0.98(1000) BDM = 980 kg/hr Solving for the gross mass of material entering, BDM + 0.20m, 295Guidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis: BDM = m, - 0.20m, = m,(1 ~ 0.20) = 0.80m, BDM _ 980 = BM _ 980. 1.995 kg/h ™ = 30 70.80 127° e/ From the psychrometric chart (Carrier), at point 1: 33°C DB and 60% RH. h, = 82.3 - 0.32 = 81.98 ki/kg da. W, = 0.0192 ke/kg da. at point 2: 38°C DB and 65% RH, h, = 109 - 0.36 = 108.64 ki/kg da W, - 0.0275 ke/kg da. at point 3: 93°C DB and W, = W, = 0.0275 kg/kg d.a. h, = 1.007 t, ~ 0.026 + W, (2501 + 1.84 ty 1.007 (93) ~ 0.026 + 0.0275 [2501 + 1.84 (93}] = 167.11 kU/kg da. at point 4: 49°C DB and 60% RH, Py = RH (p,) where, p, = 11.749 kPaa (from the Steam Tables by Keenan at 49°C) P,, = 0.60(11.749} = 7.0494 kPaa 0494 __) 9.0465 kg/ke da (0. 022) 5 ee 101,325 -7.0494 } a " 1.007t, ~ 0.026 + W,(2501 + 1.841) > 1.007 (49} ~ 0.026 + 0.0465 [2501 + 1.89(49)} - " 169.806 kJ/kg dab, c 4, Therefore, m,-m, __ 1225-1000 1225 — 1000 =11842.11 kg/hr W,-W, 0.0465 -0.0275 m, = 3.29 kg/s For the capacity of the forced-draft fan, Q, « m,(v,), rr Walp.) _ 0.0275 (101.325) where Pro“ Wi0.622 0.0275 +0.622 = RT _ (0.28708)(93+273) «1 ogag miyug da ‘a= 5 =p, 101.925-4.2901 For the heat added to the heating chamber, consider the heating chamber. q, = m,{h, — h,) = (3.29) (167.11 - 108.64) = 192.37 kW But, 1 kcal = 4.187 kJ 1 kCal = 192.37 «w| KCAL a st9a.a Jooee sec/hr) = 165,400.52 kCal/hr For the % by weight of fresh air in the mixture, consider junction 1-4-2 207Guidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis By the energy balance, m,h, + m,h, = mh, Where m, =m. mh, + (m,- m, m,(h, — hy) = ‘Then, % by weight of m, = Bi(100%) = a 108.64 ~ 169.715 ee (100%) = 69.61% 81.98-169.715 % by weight of m, = Ex. 8.4] A dryer is to be designed to reduce the moisture content of copra from to 6%. Atmospheric air at 31°C DB and 24°C WB (h, = 72.0 kJ/kg d.a., = 0.0161 kg/kg da.) is heated by steam coils to 88°C before entering the a Steam enters the re-heater at a pressure of 135.0 kPaa and 95% quality th, = 2577.08 kJ/kg, h, = hy, = 453.83 kJ/kg). The air leaves at 40°C (P,, = 7.384 kPaa) with a relative humidity of 80%. Copra enters the dryer at the rate of 1.30 kg/s. Determine: a) the mass flow rate of air; and bj the mass flow rate of steam Given: A Copra Dryer shown p= 138kPoa xe 95% Steam in acne 2c WB saturated quid out eaenine