MS-2 Solved Paper

NOTES BY – MD ALAM KHAN
SUBJECT – MINE SURVEYING SOLVED PAPER

SESSION – 2017-18
COLLEGE – RENAISSANCE POLYTECHNIC CHANDRAPUR
SOLVED QUESTION 2014-2017

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF UNDERGROUND SURVEY.
The basic principle of the underground survey is correlation survey. Correlation is the branch of surveying in
which surface survey & underground survey are conducted to established the connectivity between the surface
feature & underground point. The purpose of correlation survey is to determine the relative position of
underground working the surface features. So that underground roadway & face may be laid down accurately
on the working plane.
CORRECTIONS TO BASE LINE MEASUREMENT

CORRECTION FOR ABSOLUTE LENGTH
If the absolute length (or actual length) of the tape or wire is not equal to its nominal or designated length; a
correction will have to be applied to the measured length of the line. If the absolute length of the tape is
greater than the nominal or the designated length, the measured distance will be too short and the correction
will be additive. If the absolute length of the tape is lesser than the nominal or designated length, the measured
distance will be too great and the correction will be subtractive.
𝐿∗𝑐
𝐶𝑎 =
𝑙
Where,
Ca – correction for absolute length.
L – measured length of the line.
c – correction per tape length.
l – designated length of the tape.
CORRECTION FOR TEMPERATURE

If the temperature in the field is more than the temperature at which the tape was standardized, the length of
the tape increases, measured distance becomes less, and the correction is therefore, additive. Similarly, if the
temperature is less, the length of the tape decreases, measured distance becomes more and the correction is
negative. The temperature correction is given by
𝐶𝑡 = 𝛼 (𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑜 ) ∗ 𝐿
Where,
α – coefficient of thermal expansion.
Tm – Mean temperature in the field during measurement.
To – temperature during standardization of the tape.
L – measured length.
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CORRECTION FOR PULL OR TENSION

If the pull applied during measurement is more than the pull at which the tape was standardized, the length of
the tape increases, measured distance becomes less, and the correction is positive. Similarly, if the pull is less,
the length of the tape decreases, measured distance becomes more and the correction is negative. If C, is the
correction for pull, we have
(𝑃 − 𝑃0 ) ∗ 𝐿
𝐶𝑝 =
𝐴𝐸
Where
P – pull applied during measurement (N).
Po – standard pull (N).
L – measured length (m).
A – cross-sectional area of the tape (cm2).
E – young’s modulus of elasticity (N/cm2).
CORRECTION OF SAG
When the tape is stretched on supports between two points, it takes the form of a horizontal catenary. The
horizontal distance will be less than the distance along the curve. The difference between horizontal distance
and the measured length along catenary is called the Sag Correction. For the purpose of determining
correction, the curve may be assumed to be a parabola.
CORRECTION FOR SLOPE

The distance measured along the slope is always greater than the horizontal distance and hence the correction
is always subtractive.
𝜃
𝐶𝑣 = 𝐿 − 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐿 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = 2𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛2
2
PURPOSE OF CORRELATION SURVEY. (SUMMER**) (WINTER*)

DESCRIBE IN BRIEF CORRELATION SURVEY. (WINTER*).
STATE PRINCIPLE OF GYRO AND DESCRIBE IN DETAIL GYRO THEODOLITE. (IMP(SUMMER**)
(WINTER*)).
EXPLAIN GYRO THEODOLITE FOR CORRELATION SURVEY. (WINTER*)
Correlation is the branch of surveying in which surface survey & underground survey are conducted. So,
established the connectivity between the surface feature & underground point. The purpose of correlation
survey is to determine the relative position of U/g working the surface features. So, that U/g roadway & face
may be laid down accurately on the working plane.
PURPOSE
1. To determine the high degree of accuracy the relative position of U/g roadways & face & plotting it on
the working plane.
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2. To fix the boundary of the mine for limiting the extend of U/g working.
3. To fix the position of roadways, roads, important building or structure on mine plane. So, that the
statutory restriction may be strictly followed during working under them.
4. To mark the position of river, lake, tank, pond etc. on mine plans. So, as to take adequate precaution
against inundation.
5. To select suitable site for prospect pits, drift or bore holes to connect with the U/g working.
Gyro theodolite has a gyro arrangement mounted on a theodolite for determining true meridian at any place
during day & night with high degree of accuracy (-/+ 20) is less than 20min.
PRINCIPLE
1. The principle of gyro-theodolite is that when any gyroscope is suspended like a plum bob.
2. In surveying, a gyro-theodolite is an instrument composed of a gyro-scope mounted to a theodolite.
3. It is used to determine the orientation of true north.
4. It is the main instrument for orientation of mine surveying or tunnel engineering, where astronomical
star sight is not visible & GPS does not work.
CONSTRUCTION
1. The rotor consists of a rechargeable
nickel cadmium battery & an electric
unit which convert 12V DC to 115V
AC having 400 cycle per second are
connected with the gyro meter to
run it.
2. The gyro motor is suspended on a
thin metal tape which hangs like a
plum bob. It axis is always horizontal.
3. The gyro meter is spinning at about
2200 rpm & trying to maintain its
initial spinning space due to
movement of inertia.
4. The gyro wheel becomes a typical N-
S gyroscope to reduce external
magnetic. When it is manufactured
by diamagnetic.
5. Some gyroscope has been made to
full fill function of a mine transit in
additional to establishing the
meridian.
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ADVANTAGE
1. Magnetic declination can accurately determine.
2. Save money and time in correlation survey.
3. Cost of instrument is recovered in very short period of time.
4. It has good durability & costing is less.
OBJECTIVES OF STOPE SURVEY. (IMP (SUMMER**) (WINTER**))

1. To ascertain the amount of ground removed during a given period.
2. To determine the positon of stope faces relative to each other, to shaft pillar & to boundaries &
features.
3. To calculate the ore reserve.
4. To completer with the requirement of the mines regulation.
SOURCES OF ERRORS IN THEODOLITE WORK. (IMP(SUMMER**) (WINTER*))

INSTRUMENTAL ERRORS
ERROR DUE TO IMPERFECT ADJUSTMENT OF PLATE LEVELS
If the upper & lower plates are not horizontal when the bubble in the plate levels are centered, the vertical axis
of the instrument will not be truly vertical. The horizontal angle will be measured in an inclined plane & not in a
horizontal plane. The vertical angle measured will also be incorrect.
The error can be eliminated only by careful levelling with respect to the altitude bubble if it is in adjustment.
The error cannot be eliminated by double sighting.
ERROR DUE TO LINE OF COLLIMATION NOT BEING PERPENDICULAR TO THE HORIZONTAL AXIS
If the line of sight is not perpendicular to the trunnion axis of the telescope will not revolve in a plane when the
telescope is raised or lowered but instead, it will trace out the surface of a cone. The trace of the intersection of
the conical surface with the vertical plane containing the point will be hyperbolic. This will cause error in the
elevation.
The error can be eliminated by taking reading from either side.
ERROR DUE TO IMPERFECT ADJUSTMENT OF VERTICAL CIRCLE VERNIER
If the vertical circle Vernier’s do not read zero when the line of sight is horizontal the vertical angles measured
will be incorrect. The error is known as the index error.
It can be eliminated either by applying index correction or by taking both face observations.
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PERSONAL ERRORS
The personal errors may be due to
ERROR IN MANIPULATION
INACCURATE CENTERING
If the vertical axis of the instrument is not exact over the station mark, the observed angles will either be
greater or smaller than the true angle
INACCURATE LEVELLING
The error due to inaccurate levelling is similar to that due to non-adjustment of the plate levels. The error can
be minimized by leveling the instrument carefully.
ERRORS IN SIGHTING & READING
INACCURATE BISECTION OF POINTS OBSERVED
The observed angles will be incorrect if the station mark is not bisected accurately due to some obstacles etc.
care should be always being taken to intersect the lowest point of a ranging rod or an arrow placed at the
station mark if the latter is not visible.
𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦
the error can be eliminated by error formula tan 𝑒 = .
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
PARALLAX
Due to parallax, accurate bisection is not possible. The error be eliminated by focusing the eye piece & objective
piece properly.
NATURAL ERROR
1. Unequal atmospheric refraction due to high temperature.
2. Unequal expansion of parts of telescope & circle due to temperature change.
3. Unequal settlement of tripod.
4. Wind producing vibrations.
TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS OF THEODOLITES. (IMP(SUMMER**) (WINTER*))

Temporary adjustment or station adjustment are those which are made at every instrument setting &
preparatory to taking observation with instrument. The temporary adjustments are.
1. Setting over the station.
2. Leveling up.
3. Elimination of parallax.
SETTING UP
The operation of setting up includes
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1. Centering of the instrument over the station mark by a plumb bob or by optical plummet.
2. Approximate leveling with help of tripod legs. Some instruments are provided with shifting head with
help of which accurate centering can be done easily.
a. By moving the leg radially, the plumb bob shifted in the direction of the leg.
b. By moving the leg circumferentially or sideways considerable change in the inclination is effect
without disturbing the plumb bob.
LEVELING UP
After having center & approximately levelled the instrument, accurate levelling is done with the help of foot
screws & with reference to the plate levels. The purpose of the levelling is to make the vertical axis truly
vertical. The manner of levelling he instrument by the plate levels depends upon whether there are three
leveling screw of four levelling screws.
THREE SCREW HEAD
1. Turn the upper plate until the longitudinal
axis of the plate level is roughly parallel to a
line joining any two of the levelling screws.
2. Hold these two levelling screws between the
thumb & first finger of each hand& turn
them uniformly.
3. Turn the upper plate through 900.
4. Turn this levelling screw until the bubble is
central.
5. Return the upper plate through 900 to its
original position.
6. Turn back again through 900& repeat step 4.
7. Repeat step 2 & 4 till bubble is central in
both the position.
8. Now rotate the instrument through 1800. The bubble should remain in the center of its run.
ELIMINATION OF PARALLAX
It is condition arising when the image formed by the objective is not in the plane of cross hairs. Unless parallax
is eliminated, accurate sighting is impossible. Parallax can be eliminated in two steps.
1. FOCUSING THE EYE PIECE – To focus the eye piece for distinct vision of the cross-hairs, point the
telescope toward the sky & move eye piece in or out till the cross hairs are seen sharp & distinct.
2. FOCUSING THE OBJECTIVE – The telescope is now directed towards the object to be sighted & the
focusing screw is turned till the image appears clear & sharp. The image so formed is in the plane of
cross-hair.
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DETERMINATION OF DEFLECTION ANGLES BY THEODOLITE.

The deflection angle is the angle by which a line is deflected from its original direction. It is the angle which a
survey line makes with the extension of the preceding line. The deflection may be toward the right & left,
depending upon whether the angles is measured in the clockwise or anticlockwise direction from the extension
of the preceding line. Deflection angles are measured for design horizontal curve in railways highways, rivers
etc.
PROCEDURE
Let AB be the general direction of survey. Suppose it is deflected in the direction BC. The line AB is extended up
to P then angle PBC = α & angle QCD = α1 is known as the angle of deflection. The following procedure is
adopted.
1. The theodolite is set up at B & centered & levelled properly. Vernier A & B are set to 00& 1800
respectively.
2. The upper clamp is tightened & lower one is loosen & by turning the telescope, the ranging rod at A is
perfectly bisected. The lower clamp is then fixed.
3. The telescope is transited (moved to 1800) & a ranging
rod at P is fixed along the prolongation of B.
4. The upper clamp is loosening, but turning the telescope
clockwise, the ranging rod at C is properly bisected. The
reading on both the Vernier’s are taken. The upper
clamp is tightened. Now the Vernier give the deflection
angle α.
5. The lower clamp is loosen & by turning the telescope
clockwise the ranging rod at A is again bisected. The
lower clamp is fixed.
6. The telescope is transited. The upper clamp is loosened & by turning the telescope clockwise the
ranging rod at C is bisected once more. The reading on the Vernier are taken.
7. Thus the deflection angle is doubled. The average of the two Vernier’s is taken one half of this average
value will give the correct value of the deflection angle.
BALANCING OF CLOSE THEODOLITE TRAVERSE.

The term 'balancing' is generally applied to the operation of applying correction to latitudes and departures so
that summation of L = 0 and summation of D = 0. This applies only when the Survey forms a closed polygon. The
following are common methods of adjusting a traverse
1. Bowditch's method.
2. Graphical method.
3. Transit method.
4. Axis method.
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BOWDITCH'S METHOD
The basis of this method is on the assumptions that the errors in linear measurements are proportional to
√𝑙and that the errors in angular measurements are inversely proportional to √𝑙 where is the length of a line.
The Bowditch's rule. also termed as the compass rule, is mostly used to balance a traverse where linear and
angular measurements are of equal precision. The total error in latitude, and in the departure is distributed in
proportion to the lengths of the sides.
The Bowditch rule is
𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 ∗
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒
Thus,
CL = Correction to latitude of any side.
Co=correction to departure of any side.
Summation of L= total error in latitude.

Summation of D = total error in departure.
Summation of l = length of the perimeter.
l = length of any side
we have
𝑙 𝑙
𝐶𝐿 ∑ 𝐿 ∗ ∑𝑙
&𝐶𝐷 ∑𝐷 ∗
∑𝐷
TRANSIT METHOD
The transit rule may be employed where angular measurements are more precise that the linear
measurements. According to this rule, the total error in latitudes and in departures is distributed in proportion
to the latitudes and departures of the, sides. It is claimed that the angles are less affected by corrections
applied by transit method than by those by Bowditch's method.
The transit rule is
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
Thus,
L = latitude of any line.
D = departure of any line.
Lr = Arithmetic sum of latitudes.
Dr = Arithmetic sum of latitudes.
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we have
𝑙 𝑙
𝐶𝐿 ∑ 𝐿 ∗ &𝐶𝐷 ∑ 𝐷 ∗
𝐿𝑟 𝐷𝑟
SELECTION OF SITE FOR BASE LINE. (SUMMER*) (WINTER*)

Since the accuracy in the measurement of the base line depends upon the site conditions, the following points
should be taken into consideration while selecting the site:
1. The site should be fairly level. If, however, the ground is sloping, the slope should be uniform and gentle.
Undulating ground should, if possible be avoided.
2. The site should be free from obstructions throughout the whole of the length. The line clearing should
be cheap in both labor and compensation.
3. The extremities of the base should be intervisible at ground level.
4. The ground should be reasonably firm and smooth. Water gaps should be few, and if possible not wider
than the length of the long wire or tape.
5. The site should suit extension to primary triangulation. This is an important factor since the error in
extension is likely to exceed the error in measurement.
ROLE OF MINE SURVEYOR. (SUMMER*) (WINTER**)
1. The surveyor shall-

a. Make such accurate surveys and leveling, and prepare such plans and sections and tracings
thereof, as the manager may direct or as may be required by the Act or by the regulations or
orders made thereunder. And shall sign the plans, sections and tracings and date his signature;
and
b. Be responsible for the accuracy of any plan and section, or tracing thereof that has been
prepared and signed by him.
2. The surveyor shall record in a bound-paged book kept for the purpose-
a. The full facts when workings of the mine have approached to about 75 metres from the mine
boundary or from disused or waterlogged workings;
b. Any doubts which may exist concerning the accuracy of the plans and sections prepared under
these regulations: and
c. Any other matter relating to the preparation of the plans and sections that he may like to bring
to the notice of the manager. Every entry in the book shall be signed and dated by the surveyor
and countersigned and dated by the manger.
3. Nothing in sub-regulation (2) shall absolve the owner, agent or manager of his responsibility under the
Act and under these regulations or orders made thereunder.
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MENTION THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GEODETIC TRIANGULATION. (IMP(SUMMER****)

(WINTER***))
Geodetic triangulation is the type of surveying to accurately determined the relative position of a system of
widely separated points on the surface of the earth & also their absolute position.
The relative position is determined in term of azimuth (bearing) & length of the lines joining them & absolute
positon, in term of latitude or longitude & elevation above the mean sea level.
There are mainly two basic principle of geodetic triangulation
TRIANGULATION
The process of measuring angles of chain network of triangle formed by number of station marked on the
surface of the earth is called triangulation.
1. In this method large area is usually covered by network of interlacing triangle.
2. If all the angles of the triangle are very carefully observed & at least one of the sides called as base line is
measured with consider care & accuracy.
3. Then the length of all remaining sides can be obtained from trigonometric formula.
4. Furthermore, if the direction of one side is known the direction of all other side of all triangle can be
obtained.
5. The position of each station with referred to a predetermine points in the area surveyed, can be
computed by co-ordinates.
6. This method is called triangulation.
TRAVERSING
1. Traversing is that type of survey in which the frame work consists of a series of connected lines.
2. The length & direction of which are measured with a chain or tape & with an angular instrument
respectively.
3. The station of traverse is so arranged that the line joining them are continuous & their relative position
are fixed by measuring the length & direction of the lines legs or drafts.
DRAW A NEAT SKETCH OF PLAN METER AND LABEL THE COMPONENTS.

DRAW NEAT LABELED SKETCH OF AMBLER’S PLANIMETER AND STATE IMPORTANCE OF DIGITAL
PLANIMETER.
DRAW A NEAT SKETCH OF PLANIMETER AND LABEL THE COMPONENTS. STATE THE USES OF
PLANIMETER. (SUMMER*)
Planimeter is an instrument used in surveying to compute the area of any given plan. Planimeter only needs
plan drawn on the sheet to calculate area.
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COMPONENTS OF PLANIMETER
1. TRACING ARM – Tracing arm is an
arm which manages the position
of tracing point at one end with
the help of hinge.
2. TRACING POINT – Tracing point is
the movable needle point which
is connected to tracing arm. This
point is moved over the outline
of area to be measured.
3. ANCHOR ARM– Anchor arm is
used to manage the anchor
position or needle point position
on the plan. It’s one end is
connected to weight and needle point and other end to the integrating unit.
4. WEIGHT AND NEEDLE POINT– It is also called as anchor. A fine needle point is located at the base of
heavy block. This needle point is anchored at required station on the plan.
5. CLAMP– Clamp is used to fix the tracing arm in standard length without any extension.
6. HINGE– The tracing arm and anchor arm are connected by hinge to the integrating unit. With the help of
this hinge the arms can rotate about their axes.
7. TANGENT SCREW– Tangent screw is used to extend the tracing arm up to required length.
8. INDEX– Index is a location where all the measuring arrangements like wheel, dial are located.
9. WHEEL– Wheel is fixed in the integrating unit which helps to measure the tracing length. It is used to set
zero on the scale.
10. DIAL– Dial is nothing but scale which is to be set zero at the initial level using setting wheel.
11. VERNIER– Vernier is attached to the wheel as rounded drum with graduations on it. It is divided into 100
parts.
USES OF PLANIMETER
1. It is instrument used for computation of area from a plotted map.
2. To find the area of the irregular figure with greater accuracy.
3. To determine the capacity of the reservoir.
4. The reading obtained by planimeter is more accurate than that by graphical method.
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DESCRIBE IN BRIEF THE WEISBACH METHOD OF UNDERGROUND SURVEY. (IMP(SUMMER***)

(WINTER*))
HOW WILL YOU MARK UNDERGROUND STATIONS BY WEISBACH TRIANGLE METHOD? (WINTER*)
Since the line joining the two suspended wires gives the direction of the center line, accurate setting can be
achieved only if the theodolite can be set out exactly in the line with the wires. The operation is quite difficult &
time consuming, & requires several trails. An alternative method is known as Welsbach triangle method.
METHOD
Thus C & D are the tow wires & A is the selected position of the instrument very near to the line CD & almost in
line with it judge by eye. At A, the angle CAD = θ is measured very accurately by taking both face observations.
The distances CA & DA are also measured precisely. As a check, the distance CD is also measured, which should
be equal to the two corresponding marks on the baulks at the surface.
Through A, a line AE is set out parallel to CB, by usual methods. At A, a line AB is then drawn perpendicular to
AE. The perpendicular AB = x should be of such length that B is in line CD
Now, since A is very nearly line with CD, the angle ACD = α is extremely small. Hence,
𝐴𝐷
Sin α = sin 𝜃
𝐶𝐷
Hence
𝐴𝐷
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 = 𝐶𝐴 sin 𝛼 = 𝐶𝐴 ∗ α = CA ∗ sin 𝜃
𝐶𝐷
If the distance x is measured perpendicular to AE at A, the point B will be exactly in line with CD & can
subsequently be adopted as the instrumental station.
EXPLAIN SATELLITE STATION. GIVE REASON FOR USING ONE SUCH IN TRIANGULATION SURVEY.
1. In order to secure well-conditioned triangle or better visibility, objects such as church spires, steeples,
flag poles, towers etc. are sometimes selected as the triangulation stations.
2. When the observations are to taken from such a station, it is impossible to set up an instrument over it.
3. In such a case, a subsidiary station, known as a satellite station or eccentric station or false station is
selected as near to the main station as possible, and observation are taken to the other triangulation
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stations with the same precision as would have been used in the measurement of angles at the true
station.
4. These angles are later corrected and reduced to what they would have been if the true station was
occupied.
5. The operation of applying the corrections due to the eccentricity of the station is generally known as
‘reduction of center.'
6. The distance between the true station and the satellite station is determined either by method of
trigonometrical levelling or by triangulation.
7. Satellite station should be avoided as far as possible in primary triangulation.
STATE THE PERMANENT ADJUSTMENTS OF THEODOLITE. (IMP(SUMMER*) (WINTER*))

STATE PERMANENT ADJUSTMENT OF THEODOLITE. STATE NECESSITY OF EACH ADJUSTMENT.
(WINTER*)
Permanent adjustment is those which are made by the maker & only tested & corrected occasionally by the
observer at comparatively rare intervals. When he has reason to think that the instruments have been shaken
by some means & the adjustment are out.
It consists following adjustment
1. ADJUSTMENT OF THE PLATE LEVELS – The axis of plate levels must be perpendicular to the vertical axis
so that the plate can revolve in truly horizontal plane about the vertical axis.
Once the requirement is accomplished, the horizontal circle & also the horizontal axis of the telescope
will be truly horizontal, provided both of these are perpendicular to the vertical axis.
2. ADJUSTMENT OF THE LINE OF COLLIMATION – The line of sight must coincide with the optical axis of the
telescope & must be at right angle to the horizontal axis of the telescope so that when the telescope is
revolved on its horizontal axis, the line of collimation generates the plane.
This adjustment is of importance only in the case of external focusing telescope in which the direction of
the line of sigh will change while focusing if the horizontal hair does not intersect the vertical hair in the
same point in which the optical axis does.
3. HORIZONTAL AXIS – It must be perpendicular to the vertical axis & be truly horizontal.
If adjustment is done the line of sight will move in plane when the telescope is plunged, this adjustment
ensures that this plane will be vertical plane. This is essential when it is necessary to move the telescope
in the vertical plane while sighting the object.
4. TELESCOPE LEVEL – The axis of the telescope level must be parallel to the line of sight.
5. VERTICAL CIRCLE - The reading of the Vernier’s on the vertical circle must be zero, when the line of sight
is horizontal.
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If this is not achieved, the vertical circle reading will not be zero when the bubble is central & the line of
sight is horizontal. The reading on the Vernier, when the line of sight is horizontal, is known as index
error.
6. ADJUSTMENT OF ALTITUDE LEVEL – The axis of the altitude bubble must be parallel to the line of
collimation.
STATE THE ERROR ELIMINATED BY METHOD OF REPETITION.

HOW TO MEASURE HORIZONTAL ANGLE BY REPETITION METHOD? (SUMMER*) (WINTER*)
In this method, the angle is added a number of times. The total is divided by the number of reading to get the
angle. The angle should be measured clockwise in the face left & face right position, with three repetitions at
each face. The following procedure should be adopted.
1. Let angle AOB is to be measured by the repetition process. The theodolite is set up to 0. The instrument
is center & levelled properly Vernier A is set to 00& Vernier B to 1800.
2. The upper clamp is fixed & the lower one loosen & by turning the telescope, the ranging rod at A is
properly bisected with the help of the lower clamps screw & lower tangent screw. Here the initial
reading of Vernier A is 0.
3. The upper clamp is loosen & the telescope is turned clockwise
to perfectly bisected to the ranging rod at B. the upper clamp is
clamped. Let the reading be 300.
4. The lower clamp is loosen & the telescope turned anticlockwise
to exactly bisect the ranging rod at A. here the initial reading is
300 for the second observation.
5. The lower is tighten & upper one is loosen & the telescope is
turned clockwise to exactly bisect the ranging rod at B. let the
reading be 600.
6. The initial reading for the third observation is set to 600. Angle
AOB is again measured. Let the final reading be 900 on Vernier
scale.
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 90
𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑂𝐵 = = = 30
𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 30
7. The face of the instrument is changed & the previous procedure is followed.
8. The mean of the two observation gives the actual angle AOB.
EXPLAIN THE MARKING STATION IN UNDERGROUND SURVEY.

1. The stations used in mine surveying are chosen at suitable points and are located either in the roof or on
the floor.
2. The floor stations are more convenient, though there is always danger of their being displaced or lost.
3. The roof station, though inconvenient, are therefore, preferred.
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4. In the case of a floor station, a spike or a nail in a tie or a wooden plug are driven into the holes drilled in
the floor.
5. The marks may also be made in brass nails set in the stout stakes driven in the floor.
6. The stakes should be surrounded by brickwork plastered over with cement flush with the top of the
stake.
7. The roof marker usually consists of a wooden plug from 2 to 5 cm diameter, driven to a tight fit into a
hole from 10 to 15 cm long, drilled into the rock.
8. The exact point is marked by bent nail, a stable, a brass screw eye or a spade of some kind.
9. The roof marker must have some provision for suspending plumb bobs or lamps from these nails.
10. These markers serve as instrument station.
11. The markers should be of non-rusting material, and they should be referenced to nearby object to
detect any movement due to operation in the mines.
The following are various kinds of illuminated signals used for sighting underground:
1. A plumb line seen against a white background of a sheet of oiled paper from behind by a suitable lamp.
The device is most suitable for short sights.
2. Carriage candles.
3. An Argand oil lamp of about 50 candle power. Both candles and lamps are supported in suitable metal
frames, which are adjusted in position until the axis of the frame is vertically under the point of
suspension.
4. A plummet lamp.
DESCRIBE IN DETAIL THE PROCEDURE OF MEASUREMENT OF DEFLECTION ANGLE BY THEODOLITE

FOR OPEN TRAVERSE WITH NEAT SKETCH.
HOW WOULD YOU HAVE OBSERVED THE DEFLECTING ANGLE OF A LINE BY THEODOLITE?
METHODS OF THEODOLITE TRAVERSING BY INCLUDED ANGLE AND DEFLECTION ANGLE.
DEFLECTION METHOD
This method is suitable for open transverse & is mostly employed in the survey of river, coast lines, roads,
railway etc.
1. Let an open traverse starts from point A.
2. The theodolite is set up at A & then centered & levelled. After this the bearing of a line AB is measured
in the usual manner.
3. The theodolite is now shifted &
centered over B. the plate bubble is
levelled & Vernier A set at 00, then
back sight reading is taken at A. the
telescope is transits & by turning it
clockwise the ranging at C is
bisected. The Vernier reading are
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taken then the deflection angle α1 is determined. It is the average value of the angles obtained from
Vernier A & B.
4. Similarly, the other deflection angle α2 & α1 are measured.
5. A field book is prepared in which the deflection angles & offset are clearly noted.
STATE CLASSIFICATION OF STOPE SURVEY AND EXPLAIN STOPE SURVEY IN MASSIVE ORE BODIES.
1. Method suitable for narrow ore bodies not steeply inclined only
a. Tape triangulation
b. Tying in station.
c. Instrument survey.
2. Method suitable of ore bodies of steeply inclined.
a. Overhand stope.
b. Underhand stope.
3. Method suitable for irregular shaped massive ore bodies which are irregular in shape.
PROCEDURE
1. Survey works is carried out from the station of known co-ordinate & elevation.
2. Two station established in stope a theodolite traverse is run in the stope, each traverse station the angle
& distance between station are measured.
3. The position of roof & floor is fixed at regular interval by slighting a graduated staff held vertically &
required interval so that the vertical profile may be obtained.
4. Then the tapes are extended roughly parallel the side of stope & level into survey point.
5. Offset are taken at regular interval along stope to the side of stope station are marked & the line of the
face are shown in the stope plan.
6. Stope out area is determined by means of planimeter with high accuracy.
7. The contour plan is prepared & the volume extracted is workout with the help of planimeter.
STATE BRIEFLY THE ELEMENTS OF SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE WITH NEAT SKETCH.
1. AB & BC are known as the tangent to the curve.
2. B is known as the point of intersection or vertex.
3. The angle α is known as angle of deflection.
4. The angle σ is known as angle of intersection.
5. Point T1& T2 are known as tangent points.
6. Distance BT1 & BT2 are known as the tangent length.
7. When the curve is deflected to right, it is called as the right hand curve.
8. When the curve is deflected to left, it is called as the left hand curve.
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9. AB is called the rear/ backward tangent & BC is called

the forward tangent.
10. The straight line T1BT2 is known as the long chord.
11. The curved line T1ET2 is known as the length of the
curve.
12. The midpoint E of the curve T1ET2 is known as the apex
or summit of the curve.
13. The distance DE is called versed sine of the curve
14. R is the radius of the curves.
15. Angle T1oT2 is equal to the deflection angle α.
16. The point T1 is known as the beginning of the curve or
the point of curve.
17. The point T2 is known as the end of the curve or point of
tangency.
STATE THE MEANING OF CLOSING ERROR AND DESCRIBE ANY ONE METHOD OF BALANCING THE
TRAVERSE IN THEODOLITE TRAVERSING.
If a closed traverse is plotted according to the field
measurements. the end point of the traverse will not coincide
exactly with the starting point. owing to the errors in the field
measurements of angles and distances. Such error is known as
closing error (Fig. 7.11). In a closed traverse, the algebraic sum of
the latitudes (i.e. summation L) should be zero and the algebraic
sum of the departures (i.e. D) should be zero. The error of
closure for such traverse may be ascertained by finding L and ED,
both of these being the components of error e parallel and
perpendicular to the meridian.
Thus, in fig
Closing error
𝑒 = 𝐴𝐴′ = √(𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐿)2 + (𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐷)2
The direction of closing error is given by

𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐷
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜶 =
𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐿
The sing of summation of D & summation of L will thus define the quadrant in which the closing error lies. The
relative error of closure, the term sometime used is
𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑒 1
𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = = = 𝑝
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑝 ⁄𝑒
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DESCRIBE IN DETAIL TWO WIRE METHOD OF TRANSFERRING THE ALIGNMENT IN UNDERGROUND

SURVEYS.
DESCRIBE THE PROCEDURE OF TRANSFERRING THE ALIGNMENT UNDERGROUND. (WINTER*)
After having fixed the center line on the surface the setting out of underground line can be done by transferring
surface line down the shafts wherever they are vertical. The points are selected in the center line near the
mouth of each shaft in a position clear of the works in connection with the sinking operations. A theodolite is
then set over one of these points on the surface and the line of sight is directed towards the other point. The
line is then set out accurately on two baulks of timber kept across the shaft perpendicular to the center line and
very near to the two edges of the shaft. From these marked points on the baulks, two plumb lines are
suspended down the shaft.
The theodolite is then transferred underground and set exactly

in line with the two suspended wires. The line joining these
wires and hence the line of sight of that theodolite gives the
direction of the center line of the tunnel underground. The line
is then set with the instrument on nails driven into convenient
bits of timber from which plumb bobs or lamps may be
suspended. The exact center line is marked by steel punch or a
file mark.
The plumb wires are fine wire stretched tight by attaching

weighted their lower ends. In order to still their vibrations, the
weights are suspended freely in a vessel of water. The wires
must be so suspended that they do not touch the sides of the
shaft. If the wires were permanently left suspended like this,
there may be hindrances in mining operations underground. To
avoid this, there should be some arrangement for removing
them, and again placing them if required. Fig. 7.6 (b) shows such
an arrangement with the help of which the wire can be lifted up or lowered down.
DESCRIBE IN DETAIL THE PROCEDURE FOR PROLONGING STRAIGHT LINE BY TRANSIT

THEODOLITE.
FORE SIGHT METHOD
1. Setup transits theodolite at point P & levelled it. tighten the screw of plates.
2. Bisect the point Q, exactly by lower clamp screw, & tighten the lower clamp. Now the line of sight is in
line PQ. Established the point R in line with PQ in the forward direction by fixing a ranging rod at R.
3. Remove the theodolite & set it at Q & repeat the above procedure to established S in line with PQR.
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BACK SIGHT
1. Set the instrument at B & take a back sight on A.
2. With both the motions clamped, plunge the telescope & establish C in the line of sight.
3. Similarly, shift the instrument to C, back sight on B, plunge the telescope & establish D.
4. The process is continued until P is establish.
5. If the instrument is in adjustment B, C, D etc. will be in one straight line.
6. However, the line of sight is not perpendicular to the horizontal axis point C’, D’ P’ established will not
be in staring line.
DESCRIBE IN DETAIL THE PROCEDURE TO MEASURE VERTICAL ANGLE BY USING TRANSIT

THEODOLITE WITH NEAT SKETCH.
The vertical angle is the one between the horizontal line of collimation & the inclined line of the sight. When it
is above the horizontal line, it is known as the angle of the elevation. When this angle is below the horizontal
line, it is called as angle of depression.
1. Consider a fig. suppose the angle of elevation AOC & the angle of depression BOC are to be measured.
2. The theodolite is setup at O, its centered & levelled properly. The zeros of the Vernier are set at the 00-
00 mark of the vertical circle (which is fixed to the telescope). The telescope is then clamped.
3. The plate bubble is brought to the center with the help of foot screw. Then the altitude bubble is
brought to the center by means of a clip screw. At this position the line of collimation is exactly
horizontal.
4. To measure the angle of elevation, the
telescope is raised (upper side) slowly to
bisect point A accurately.
5. The face of the instrument is changed & the
point A is given bisected. The reading on the
Vernier are noted. It means the angle of
elevation is correct.
6. To measure the angle of depression, the
telescope is lowered (downward side) slowly
& the point B is bisected. The reading on the
Vernier are noted for the two observations
(face left & face right). It means the angle of depression is correct.
EXPLAIN METHOD OF TRAVERSING BY INCLUDED ANGLE.

METHODS OF THEODOLITE TRAVERSING BY INCLUDED ANGLE AND DEFLECTION ANGLE.
This method is most suitable for closed transverse. The traverse may be taken in clockwise or anticlockwise
order. Generally, a closed traverse is taken in clockwise. In this method the bearing of the initial line is taken.
After this, the included angle of the traverse is measured. These angles may be interior or exterior.
1. Consider the fig. The theodolite is set up & centered over A. the plate bubble is levelled Vernier A is set
at 00& B at 1800. The upper clamp is fixed.
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2. The telescope is oriented along the north line with the help of
the tabular compass fitted to the instrument. Then the
magnetic bearing of AB is measured.
3. Again Vernier A is set 00 & the upper clamp is fixed.
4. The lower clamp is loosened & the ranging rod at E is
bisected. Now the clamp is tighten & the upper one opened.
By turning the telescope clockwise, the ranging rod at B is
bisected.
5. Similarly, the other angle is measured by centering the
theodolite at B, C, D & E. the arithmetic check is applied as follow.
(2𝑛 − 4) ∗ 90 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠
If there is any discrepancy, the error is distributed among the angles.
MENTION THE CHECKS IN CLOSED AND OPEN TRAVERSE.

CHEEKS IN CLOSED AND OPEN TRAVERSE. (WINTER*)
CHECK IN CLOSED TRAVERSE

1. The sum of the measured interior angles should be equal to (2n - 4) * 90.
2. The sum of the measured exterior angles should be equal to (2n + 4) * 90. Where n – no of side.
3. The algebraic sum of the deflection
angle should be equal to 3600,
considering right hand deflection to
be +ve & left to be –ve.
4. The fore bearing & back bearing of
the finishing line should differ by 900.
5. The changing of each line should be
done twice, along the opposite
direction.
6. Check after computation: the sum of
northing = sum of southing, & the
sum of easting = sum of westing.
OPEN TRAVERSE
TIE LINE OR CUT-OFF LINE
Suppose ABCDEF is an open traverse. The cutoff lines AD & DF are suitably taken. The Fore bearing & back
bearing of line AD & DF are measured, & so distance AD & DF. If the after plotting the traverse, the distances of
FB & BB of the cut off line tally with the field measurement, then the traverse is said to be correct.
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AUXILIARY POINT
An auxiliary point P is suitably selected on one side of the traverse, then, magnetic bearing of this point are
taken from A, D & F. if traverse & plotting have been done accurately, then all these bearing must meet at P
when plotted from the station.
The traverse can also be checked by calculating the coordinates of the points P, considering ADP & DFP as
closed fig.
If the coordinates of P, calculated from both sides are equal then the traverse may be assumed to be correct.
EXPLAIN THE TERMS:

CONSECUTIVE COORDINATES: LATITUDE & DEPARTURE.
The latitude of a survey line may be defined as its co-ordinate
length measured parallel to an assumed meridian direction (i.e.
true north or magnetic north or any other reference direction).
The departure of survey line may be defined as its co-ordinate
length measured at right angles to the meridian direction.
The latitude (L) of the line is positive when measured northward

(or upward) and is termed as northing; the latitude is negative
when measured southward e (or downward) and is termed as
southing. Similarly, the departure (D) of the line is positive when
measured eastward and is termed as easting; the departure is
negative when measured westward and is termed as westing.
Thus, in Fig. 7.10, the latitude and departure of the line AB of

length I and reduced bearing θ are given by
𝐿 = +𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 & 𝐷 = +𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
To calculate the latitudes and departure of the traverse lines, therefore, it is first essential to reduce the bearing
in the quadrantal system. The sign of latitudes and departures will depend upon the reduced bearing of a line.
The following table (Table 7.2) gives signs of latitudes and departures:
EXPLAIN BASE LINE MEASUREMENT IN GEODETIC TRIANGULATION. (SUMMER*) (WINTER**)
1. The measurement of a base line forms the most important part of the triangulation operation.
2. The baseline is laid down with great accuracy of measurement &alignment, as it forms the basis for
computation of triangulation system.
3. The length of a base lien depends upon the grades of a triangulation system.
4. Apart from the main base line, several other check bases are also measured at some suitable intervals.
5. In India, ten bases were used, the length of nine bases vary from 10.7 KM to 13 Km & that of the tenth
base is 2.83KM.
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HOW WOULD YOU MARK THE STATIONS IN UNDERGROUND SURVEYS? EXPLAIN OR EXPLAIN THE
MARKING STATION IN UNDERGROUND SURVEY.
1. The stations used in mine surveying are chosen at suitable points and are located either in the roof or on
the floor.
2. The floor stations are more convenient, though there is always danger of their being displaced or lost.
3. The roof stations, though inconvenient, are therefore, preferred in the case of a floor station, a spike or
a nail in a tie or a wooden plug are driven into the holes drilled in the floor.
4. The marks may also be made in brass nails set in the stout stakes driven in the floor. The stakes should
be surrounded by brickwork plastered over with cement flush with the top of the stake.
5. The roof marker usually consists of a wooden plug from 2 to 5 cm diameter, driven to a tight fit into a
hole from 10 to 15 cm long, drilled into the rock.
6. The exact point is marked by a bent nail, a stable, a brass screw eye or a spade of some kind.
7. The roof marker must have some provision for suspending plumb bobs or lamps from these nails.
8. These marks serve as instrument stations.
9. The markers should be of non-rusting material, and they should be referenced to nearby objects to
detect any movement due to operations in the mine.
The following are various kinds of illuminated signals used for sighting underground:
1. A plumb line seen against a white background of a sheet of oiled paper from behind a suitable lamp. The
device is most suitable for short sights.
2. Carriage candles.
3. An Argand oil lamp of about 50 candle power. Both candles and lamps are support in suitable metal
frames, which are adjusted in position until the axis of the frame vertically under the point of suspension
4. A plummet lamp.
EXPLAIN SUPER ELEVATION AND GIVE ITS PURPOSE. (SUMMER*) (WINTER*)

When a particle moves in a circular path, then a force (known as
centrifugal force) acts upon it, and tends to push it away from the
center. Similarly, when a vehicle suddenly moves from a straight to a
curved path, the centrifugal force tends to push the vehicle away from
the road or track. This is because there is no component force to
counterbalance this centrifugal force. To counterbalance the centrifugal
force, the outer edge of the road or rail is raised to some height (with
respect to the inner edge), so that the sine component of the weight of
the vehicle (W sin e) may counterbalance the overturning force.
The height through which the outer edge of the road or rail raised is
known as super elevation or can’t.
In fig, P is the centrifugal force, W sin is the component of the weight of
the vehicle & h is the super elevation given to the road or rail.
For equilibrium,
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𝑊𝑉 2
W sinθ =
𝑔𝑅
or
ℎ 𝑊𝑉 2
W∗ =
𝑏 𝑔𝑅
Therefore,
𝑏𝑉 2 𝐺𝑉 2
ℎ = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑜𝑑𝑠 & ℎ = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑠
𝑔𝑅 𝑔𝑅
where,
b- width of the road in m.
G – distance between the center of rails in m.
R – radius of the curve in m.
g – acceleration due to gravity = 9.8m/s2.
V – speed of the vehicle in m/s.
h – super elevation in m.
PURPOSE OF SUPER ELEVATION

The purpose of super elevation or banking of curves is to counteract the centripetal acceleration produced as a
vehicle rounds a curve.
WHAT IS GPS? GIVE APPLICATION OF GPS IN OPEN CAST MINE-SURVEYING.

STATE THE APPLICATION OF GPS IN OPEN CAST MINE SURVEYING.
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM IN MINE SURVEYING. (WINTER*).
STATE APPLICATIONS OF GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM IN OPEN CAST MINE SURVEYING AND
EXPLAIN UPS IN BRIEF. (WINTER*)
WHAT IS GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM. (SUMMER*)
WRITE THE APPLICATION OF GPS IN OPENCAST MINE SURVEYING. WRITE ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF GPS. (SUMMER*)
GPS or Global Positioning System is a network of orbiting satellites that send precise details of their position in
space back to earth. The signals are obtained by GPS receivers, such as navigation devices and are used to
calculate the exact position, speed and time at the vehicles location.
APPLICATION OF GPS IN O/C MINE SURVEYING.
1. ESTABLISHING NATION GRID BASES AT NEW AREAS – National grid bases can be established with the help
of GPS in new areas irrespective of their topography or distance from the central station dully
established with known parameter.
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2. ESTABLISHING BOUNDARIES IN CASE OF MINING LEASE AREA – Incase of the existing mining lease for
renewed latitude & longitude of each corner can be obtained with GPS & renewal is sought very
accurately. For new mining lease areas stations around mining lease area can be established as per
surface features in relation to geological occurrence of the mineral, their value can be obtained from
GPS.
3. DOCUMENTATION OF LAND HOLDING – Coal industry needs land in huge extends. After the boundaries
of the land holding are jointly established by forest/revenue authorities & the mining company, the
pillar can be surveyed.
4. ESTABLISHING CONTROL STATION AROUND– At OCP permanent station can be built, whose values can
be obtained through GPS & a good accuracy of plan with control station can be proposed.
ADVANTAGE OF GPS
1. Distance & direction in between
two points can be measured with
high precision without being seen
the point on the surface.
2. GPS is used for providing
accurate location & as a
navigation tools for biker, hunter
& boaters.
3. Farmer can use GPS to guide
equipment & control accurate
distribution of fertilizer & other
chemical.
4. In transportation application, GPS assist pilot & driver in pin pointing their location & avoiding collision.
DISADVANTAGE OF GPS
1. GPS is not visible in blocked signal like cloud, tree etc.
2. If there is bad satellite position, it doesn’t give the appropriate reading.
3. It is a multipath system which is bouncing of walls of various buildings.
EXPLAIN PRINCIPLE OF MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT.
EXPLAIN E.D.M. IN DETAIL.
STATE WORKING AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRONIC DISTANCE METERS. (WINTER*).
These instruments are operated by transmitting beams of electromagnetic or microwaves at the end point of
the instrument. The beams are modulated at controlled frequency & by comparing a transmitted & radio waves
beams at one or both the ends of the distance of the line can be accurately computed or calculated. As the
distance is computed, the velocities is required be known along with necessary correct temperature,
atmospheric pressure & relative humidity. The end station of the line must be intervisible. The distance
obtained by these instrument is the slope length of line.
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PROCEDURE
1. Let the distance between P & Q. D be the point to be measured.
2. A wave is transmitted from the transmitter placed at station P with certain phase angle. There is a
reflector at the other end at Q. the reflector
consists of the prism. The waves strike on
reflector at & then gets reflected from Q.
3. It is received back at transmitter end at P with
different phase angle. For finding the distance,
the phase difference between transmitted
waves & reflected waves is measured &
converted into distance.
COMPONENT OF EDM
1. LEVELLING HEAD – It makes the line of
collimation of LCD displace horizontal.
2. CONTROL PANEL – It is for actual measurement
of angles or distance of various types having
different modes.
3. HORIZONTAL CLAMP & TANGENT SCREW – it is
used for aiming at required horizontal angles.
4. VERTICAL CLAMP & TANGENT SCREW – it is
opened for getting inclined distance or angle
etc.
5. OPTICAL PLUMMET – it is used for
centering the instrument.
6. AIMING TELESCOPE – surveyor or
observer target the station or prism
through aiming telescope.
ADVANTAGE OF EDM
1. Direct measurement on irregular
terrain can easily be obtain.
2. EDM gives very high accuracy & quick
work in distance measurement.
3. As electromagnetic waves don’t
require any medium to transmit.
Hence, it can be used in vacuum.
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EXPLAIN THE PROCESS OF SETTLING OUT SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE BY RANKINE’S METHOD.
(SUMMER*) (WINTER*)
Rankine’s method is based on the principle that the deflection angle to any point on a circular curve is
measured by ½ the angle of subtended by the arc from PC to that point. It is assumed that the length of the arc
is approximately equal to its chords.
Let AB & BC be two tangent intersecting at B, the deflection angle being Φ. The tangent length is calculated &
tangent points T1& T2 are marked.
Lets,
P1 – first point on the curve.
T1P1 – l1 length of first chord.
δ1 – deflection angle for first chord.
R – radius of the curve.
Δn – total deflection for the chords.
Here,
angleT1OP1 = 2 x angle BT1P1 = 2δ1
again,
Chord T1P1~ arc T1P1
Now,
angleT1OP1 / l1 = 3600/2πR
2δ1 = 3600 * l1 / 2πR
δ1 = 3600 * l1 / 2 * 2πR
similarly
δ2 = 3600 * l2 / 2 * 2πR
δ3 = 3600 * l3 / 2 * 2πR
δn = 3600 * ln / 2 * 2πR
Arithmetical check = δ1 + δ2 + δ3 + ……...+ δn = Δn = Φ/2
USE OF THEODOLITE IN MINE SURVEYING. (SUMMER**) (WINTER*)

1. Measuring a vertical angle.
2. Measuring a horizontal angle.
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3. Measuring a deflection angle.

4. Measuring a horizontal distance between two points.
5. Finding the vertical height of object.
6. Ranging a line.
DRAW A NEAT SKETCH OF TRANSIT THEODOLITE AND STATE ALL ITS COMPONENTS PARTS.
Following are the component of the transit theodolite as follow:
1. TRIVET – It is circular plate having threaded hole for fixing the theodolite on the tripod stand.
2. FOOT SCREW – it is sued for levelling the instrument.
3. TRIBRACH– It is triangular plate carrying the foot screw.
4. LEVELING HEAD– Trivet, foot screw & tribrach constitute
the levelling head.
5. LOWER PLATE – The lower plate is attached to their axis
& it is also known as scale plate. Scale plate is graduated
from 00 – 3600 in clockwise direction.
6. UPPER PLATE – The upper plate is attached to the inner
axis & it is called Vernier plate. It contains Vernier scale A
& B. the function of the lower & upper plate is to
measure the horizontal angles.
7. TELESCOPE – The telescope is fitted at the center & at
right angle to the horizontal axis. To see the object
sighted clearly.
8. LEVEL TUBE – The two level tube are placed at right
angle to each other. The level tube is used for the
levelling the instrument.
9. VERTICAL CIRCLE – It is attachment to the horizontal axis
of the telescope. It is usually divided in four quadrants.
10. COMPASS– A circular or trough compass may be
mounted a Vernier plate. Through compass is used to
indicate the north direction.
11. PLUM BOB – To center the instrument exactly over the
station marks.
12. DIAPHRAGM– Diaphragm with cross hair is provided in
telescope to give a definite line of sight.
THEODOLITE TRAVERSING BALANCING BY BOWDITCH RULE. (WINTER**)

BOWDITCH'S METHOD
The basis of this method is on the assumptions that the errors in linear measurements are proportional to
√𝑙and that the errors in angular measurements are inversely proportional to √𝑙 where is the length of a line.
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The Bowditch's rule. also termed as the compass rule, is mostly used to balance a traverse where linear and
angular measurements are of equal precision. The total error in latitude, and in the departure is distributed in
proportion to the lengths of the sides.
The Bowditch rule is
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒
Thus,
CL = Correction to latitude of any side.
Co=correction to departure of any side.
Summation of L= total error in latitude.
Summation of D = total error in departure.
Summation of l = length of the perimeter.
l = length of any side
we have
𝑙 𝑙
𝐶𝐿 ∑ 𝐿 ∗ ∑𝑙
&𝐶𝐷 ∑𝐷 ∗
∑𝐷
DEFINE:
APPARENT DIP. (SUMMER*) (WINTER*)
Apparent dip is the inclination of geologic beds as seen from any vertical cross section not perpendicular to the
strike of the geologic beds. An apparent dip will always have a value less than the true dip.
NORMAL FAULT. (SUMMER*) (WINTER*)

In a normal fault, the hanging wall moves downward, relative to the footwall. A downthrown block between
two normal faults dipping towards each other is a graben. The normal fault is produced by tensional forces.
These fault indicates lengthen of the earth crust.
TRANSITING. (SUMMER**)
A transit theodolite (or simply 'transit') is one in which the line of sight can be reversed by revolving the
telescope through 1800 in the vertical plan.
SWINGING.
It is the process of turning the telescope in horizontal plane. If the telescope is rotated in clock-wise direction,
it is known as right swing. If telescope is rotated in the anti-clockwise direction; it is known as the left swing
DIP. (SUMMER*) (WINTER*)

The angle of inclination of rock bed with the horizontal plane is called Dip. It is measured in a plane
perpendicular to the strike. The dip angle is measured with a clinometer & its direction is measured with a
compass.
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FULL DIP. (WINTER*)

The full dip is defined as the maximum angle of dip on a rock bed.
CONSECUTIVE COORDINATES.
LATITUDE & DEPARTURE.
The latitude of a survey line may be defined as its co-ordinate length measured parallel to an assumed meridian
direction (i.e. true north or magnetic north or any other reference direction).
The departure of survey line may be defined as its co-ordinate length measured at right angles to the meridian
direction.
The latitude (L) of the line is positive when measured northward (or upward) and is termed as northing; the
latitude is negative when measured southward e (or downward) and is termed as southing. Similarly, the
departure (D) of the line is positive when measured eastward and is termed as easting; the departure is
negative when measured westward and is termed as westing.
INDEPENDENT COORDINATES.
The co-ordinate of traverse station can be calculated with respect to a common origin. The total latitude &
departure of any point with respect to a common origin are known as independent co-ordinate or total co-
ordinates of the point. The independent co-ordinates of nay points may be obtained by adding algebraically the
latitude & the departure of the line between that point & the origin.
STRIKE.
The trend of rock bed on the ground surface is called as the strike. The strike may be defined as the direction of
a line formed by intersection of a bedding plane & horizontal plane. The strike is always at right angles to the
true dip. The direction of the strike is measured by compass with reference to the true north or south.
FACE LEFT AND FACE RIGHT OBSERVATION.

FACE LEFT OBSERVATION – If the face of the vertical circle is to the left of the observer, the observation of the
angle (horizontal or vertical) is known as face left observation.
FACE RIGHT OBSERVATION – If the face of the vertical circle is to the right of the observer, the observation is
known as face right observation.
STOPE SURVEY.
The survey work is carried out in U/g mine for locating the stope faces on the hand plan & on the main stopes
plane is called as stope survey.
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REQUIREMENTS OF TACHOMETER IN SURVEYING. (WINTER*)

WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY TACHOMETRY? UNDER WHAT SITUATIONS YOU WOULD ADOPT
IT? (WINTER*) WHAT IS TACHOMETRIC SURVEYING. (SUMMER*)
CHARACTERISTICS OF TACHOMETER. (IMP (SUMMER**))
WHAT ARE TACHOMETRIC CONSTANTS? EXPLAIN THE PROCEDURE TO DETERMINING
TACHOMETRIC ON THE FIELD. (SUMMER**)
REQUIREMENT OF TACHOMETER IN SUVEYING
1. Tachometry is a branch of surveying in which horizontal & vertical distance are determined by taking
angular observation with an instrument known as tachometer.
2. The chaining operation is completely eliminating in such survey.
3. Tachometer surveying is adopted in rough & difficult terrain where direct levelling & chaining are either
not possible or vey tedious.
4. It is also used in location survey for railway, roads, reservoirs etc.
5. Through not very accurate, tachometric surveying is rapid & reasonable contour map can be prepared
for investigation works within a short time on basis of such survey.
Tachometry is a branch of angular surveying in which horizontal & vertical distance s of points are obtained by
optical means as opposed to the ordinary slower process of measurement by tape or chain.
METHOD OF TACHOMETRIC
1. The stadia system
2. The tangential method
In the stadia system, the observation is made with stadia diaphragm but tin case of tangential system the
horizontal stadia hairs are not used & the angle of elevation are measured by using central horizontal hair. Then
their tangents are used for the determination of horizontal distances & tangent. In tangential system to
measure the staff intercept, two observation taken, whereas in stadia only one observation is taken. Stadia
system is more commonly adopted.
THE STADIA SYSTEM
In this system there are two methods.
FIXED HAIR METHOD
In this method, the stadia have to intercept a
certain length of the staff which sees through
the telescope. The intercept length will be
greater the further off the staff is held from this
value the staff intercept, the distance from the
instrument station to the staff station can be
calculated. This is the most common method
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which is used in tachometry.

MOVEABLE HAIR METHOD
In this method the stadia interval is valuable i.e. the stadia hairs are adjustable. A constant length of staff
between two target is intercepted by adjusting the stadia hairs by means of micrometer screw provision is
made to measure the variable interval between the hairs from this value also known as the substance method.
This method is rarely used, however for long sight, it can be usefully applied where accurate reading of
graduated staff is note possible.
CHARACTERISTICS OF TACHOMETER.
1. The value of the multiplying constant f/I should be 100.
2. The telescope should be powerful, having a magnification of 20-30 dia.
3. The aperture of the objective should be of 35-45mm dia for these to be bright image.
4. The telescope should be fitted with an anallactic lens to make the additive constant (f + d) exactly equal
to zero.
5. The eye piece should be of greater magnification power than usual, so that it is possible to obtain or
clear staff reading from a long distance.
TACHOMETRY CONSTANT
The value of constant (f/I) & (f + c) for given instrument may be determining experimentally as follow:
PROCEDURE
1. Sight any distant object & focus it carefully.
2. With the help of scale measure the distance between the object glasses & plane of cross hair along the
top of telescope.
3. Let ‘f’ be the focal length of objective.
4. Measure distance (c) from the object glass to the vertical axis of the instrument.
5. Measure distance X1, X2, X3 etc. from the instrument.
6. Let the corresponding staff intercept be S1, S2, S3 etc.
7. In the formula x=f/I (s) + (f + c) knowing (f + c) as directly measured in above steps & measured distance
X1, X2, X3 etc.
8. Several value of f/I is computed.
9. Mean of above value given constant.
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DETERMINATION OF MAGNETIC BEARING OF A LINE BY THEODOLITE? (WINTER*)

DEFINE MAGNETIC BEARING OF LINE. EXPLAIN HOW WILL YOU OBSERVE A MAGNETIC BEARING
OF LINE WITH A TRANSIT THEODOLITE. (SUMMER*).
TO MEASURE MAGNETIC BEARING OF A LINE

In order to measure the magnetic bearing of a line, the theodolite should be
provided with either a tubular compass or trough compass. The following are the
steps (Fig. 6.12):
1. Set the instrument at P and level it accurately.
2. Set accurately the Vernier A to zero.
3. Loose the lower clamp. Release the needle of the compass. Rotate the
instrument about its outer axis till the magnetic needle roughly points to
north. Clamp the lower clamp. Using the lower tangent screw, bring the
needle exactly against the mark so that it is in magnetic meridian. The
line of sight will also be in the P magnetic meridian.
4. Loose the upper clamp and point the telescope towards Q. Bisect Q accurately using the upper tangent
screw. Read Vernier A & B.
5. Change the face and repeat steps 2, 3 and 4. The average of the two will give the correct bearing of line
PQ.
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM. (WINTER*)

A geographic information system refers to a system of capturing, storing and manipulating spatial information
in digital form with the help of computer hardware and software to analyze and present the features of the
earth
Actually, there is no specific definition of GIS. People all over the world define GIS according to the purpose of
its use. Some of them are as follows:
1. A computer-based system for the capture, storage, retrieval analysis and display of the spatial data,
within a particular organization (Stillwell & Clarke, 1987).
2. A powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data
from the real world (Burrough, 1987).
3. A GIS is defined as (Aron off, 1989) A computer-based system that provides the following four sets of
capabilities to handle geo-referenced data:
a. Input,
b. Data management (storage and retrieval),
c. Manipulation and analysis, and
d. Output.
The GIS is basically a system by which spatial data in digital form is analyzed, manipulated and displayed with
the aid of integration of computer software and hardware.
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GIS COMPONENTS
A successful GIS operation needs computer hardware, GIS software, spatial data and attributes, people and a
well-defined, disciplined methodology of operation. An integration of all five components simultaneously
develops a GIS.
GIS HARDWARE
The hardware in GIS means a computer having large memory space for acquiring databases with highly
sophisticated displaying facility. In GIS, small PCs to large computers are used depending upon the nature of the
job. For most cases for combination of different data references, more than one computer is used. The
computers are connected to a common server during operation.
GIS SOFTWARE
The GIS software is used to collect, analyze and display the spatial information. Software actually plays the key
role for manipulation in the case of data collected in different scales and projections. In case of retrieval of data
structure by using attributes with spatial information, selection of software is very important. For handling the
spatial information other than geographic features, use of CAD software is very popular. ArcGIS is software
which is commonly used in environmental reaches.
DATA
Data is the backbone of GIS. The spatial data and tabular data are combined to form a data structure for GIS.
Actually, there are two types of data in a GlS. One is spatial data collected from satellite monitoring,
photogrammetry or other similar types of linkage in the form of digital imaging system. The other type of data is
attributes to spatial information, mostly of measurement related to the existing database.
PEOPLE
The success of a GIS is judged by the end users. Some of the users are interested to use its technical aspects,
and a respectable number of people use it for solving their real-life problems. The co-relations between
professional GIS end users are very important for successful implementation of a GIS.
METHODOLOGY
The comprehensive approach is essential for implementation of GIS for the people at large. So, the well-defined
methodology with an integrated approach in GIS is required. Hiring of correct hardware and software for
different types of GIS and extracting data appropriately for the purpose is an important part of this
methodology.
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TOTAL STATION INSTRUMENTS. (WINTER*)

EXPLAIN ANY FOUR SPECIAL FEATURES OF TOTAL STATION. (WINTER*)
WHAT ARE THE APPLICATIONS OF TOTAL STATION IN OPENCAST MINE SURVEYING? EXPLAIN IN
DETAIL APPLICABILITY CONDITIONS OF TOTAL STATION. (SUMMER*)
Total station is the most popular and modernized instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles along
with slope distances of an object in surveying operation in a single set-up. The instrument is an electronic
theodolite combined with Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) device and was first introduced in 1971.
The total station instrument comprises of three major components:
1. An electronic measuring device,
2. An electronic distance measurement device, and
3. A microprocessor.
These three components work together to measure
horizontal, vertical angles and the distance in a single
set-up. The recorded data is instantly computed by
those parameters for displaying on the LCD read out, in-
built in the instrument. The axis of the instrument
rotates about the horizontal axis to read the horizontal
angle of the object with reference to 0s at North.
Similarly, the telescope can be rotated about the
vertical axis to measure the angle of inclination or
vertical angle. The EDM device attached to the total
station instrument can read the horizontal distance up
to 4 km accurately. There are two types of circles attached with the total station instrument. One is the
horizontal circle, at the upper part of the tribrach, rotating along the horizontal plane, the second type is the
vertical circle at the upper part of the instrument to read the inclination or vertical angle by rotating along the
vertical plane. The highly sophisticated instrument can measure the angle to 0.5 arc second.
The distance measurement is carried out by an
infrared carrier signal, emitted from a solid-state in-
built emitter through its optical path. The infrared
light is then reflected either by the prism or the
object in the field. The distance can be measured by
summing up of full and partial number of
wavelengths recorded in the memory of the
instrument by phase shift method. The reflector is a
corner-cube prism for the EDM signal. The
alignment of the mirror in the prism is very
important as the waves or pulses transmitted are
either in the visible or infrared region. Due to the
narrow spread nature of the signal, the corner-cube
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mechanism is very useful. The important feature of a total station is its control panel comprising of keyboard
and multiple-line LCD. Most total stations have such panels at both faces of the instrument. The keyboard uses
its recorded data and identifies the object using code. This is a detachable part and the same may be used for
other total station instruments in case of integrated surveying. The in-built microprocessor for measurement
and data recording is used. The recorded data are processed and transmitted to the computer for final display.
SPECIAL FEATURE OF TOTAL STATION
1. An electronic total station means an EDM & digital theodolite is built in one unit.
2. Higher accuracy of +/-(2mm + 2ppm).
3. Long measuring range with mini prism is 0.9Km.
4. Long measuring range with single prism is 2Km.
5. Long measuring range with 3 prisms is 2.7Km.
6. The total station is powered by small rechargeable battery & have built in memory which store the
measurement of the slop, distance, horizontal distance, vertical distance.
7. There is data recording module which is also called as electronic field book. This data recording module
the record the data & additional information.
8. In total station, field survey data consist of angles, distance & related information is stored in electronic
field book.
USES OF TOTAL STATION
1. With help of electronic total station measurement of slop distance, horizontal& vertical distance can be
accurately.
2. Electronic total station gives the complete basic surveying exercise in order to appropriate, how land
survey measurement can be used in support of engineering construction & environmental restoration
activities.
3. Vertical angle & horizontal angle is accurately measured by electronic total station.
4. Total station for levelling classified for indirect leveling method & since it judged that the method can
maintained. Considering the accuracy, now it has been increasingly used for many public work such as
road, airport, city etc.
5. Quick setup of the instrument on the tripod by utilizing the laser plummet.
6. Programmed with on board area computation for computing the area of a field.
7. It supports local languages.
8. It shows the graphical view of land and plots.
9. No recording and writing errors.
10. It gives more accurate measurements than other conventional surveying instruments.
11. Data can be saved and transferred to a PC.
12. It has integrated database.
13. Computerization of old maps.
14. All in one and multitasking instrument, from surveying to GIS creation by using the appropriate
software.
15. Faster work, saves time, quick finishing off the job.
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DISADVANTAGE
1. The instrument is costlier than other conventional surveying instruments.
2. It might be troublesome for the surveyor to investigate and check the work when surveying.
3. Working with total station is not so easy, as more skilled surveyors are required to conduct a total
station survey.
4. To check the survey work thoroughly it would be necessary to come back to the office and prepare the
drawings by using the right software.
WEISS QUADRILATERAL METHOD. (SUMMER* (WINTER*)

PROCEDURE
1. If the layout of the shaft,
either at the surface or U/g
produces exact or
approximate alignment, the
method of Weiss
quadrilateral provides a
possible alternative.
2. The Weiss quadrilateral is
formed by the two wires &
two instrument station.
3. Theodolite is set up at station X and Y & the angle 3, 4 & XYR are measured carefully by the constant
repetition.
4. The length of the side of the quadrilateral & diagonal are measured the angle at as a check on the angle.
Although all the calculation involves the angular measurement.
5. The angle at R, YRX, XRR1& YRR1 are measured sufficient information, have now been obtained to
calculate the azimuth of the plumb plane at the surface or the azimuth of RR1 below ground.
6. It is known as the product of the sin of the left hand angle equal to the product of the sine of the right
hand angle in any polygon.
Therefore,
sin 7 sin 2 sin 4 sin 6
=
sin 6 sin 1 sin 3 sin 5
sin 7
Since all the angle on the right hand side are known sin 6 has a value of say X, but 7 + 6 = 2 + 3 which is known
value say θ
7 + 6 = 𝜃 𝑜𝑟 7 = 𝜃 − 6
sin 7
Since sin 6 = 𝑋
Then,
sin 7 = 𝑋 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 = sin(𝜃 − 6) = 𝑋 ∗ sin 6
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Expanding,
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. 𝑐𝑜𝑠6 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃. 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 = 𝑋 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛6
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. 𝑐𝑜𝑠6 = 𝑋 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃. 𝑠𝑖𝑛6
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. 𝑐𝑜𝑠6 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 (𝑋 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
Therefore,
𝑐𝑜𝑠6 (𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) (𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
= 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
PURPOSE OF STOPE SURVEY. (WINTER**)

1. To check the amount off ground removed during a given period.
2. To determine the position of stope, face relative to each other to shaft, pillar & boundaries.
3. To calculate the ore reserved.
4. To compete with the requirement of mine regulation.
Stope survey operation are carried out during a few days before the end of the month to find out the exact
amount of ground removable in order that the stopper may receive correct payments.
Where payments of stopper are based on unit of work accomplished & bonus are awarded for high drilling
efficiency, & low explosive consumption, consequently the time is somewhat limited & speedy method of
survey & plotting are essential.
DEFINE:
HORIZONTAL AXIS. (WINTER*)
The horizontal or trunnion axis is the axis about which the telescope and the vertical circle rotate in vertical plane.
AXIS OF PLATE LEVEL. (WINTER*)

The axis of the level tube or the bubble line is a straight line tangential to the longitudinal curve of the level tube at
its center. The axis of the level-tube is horizontal when the bubble is central.
LINE OF COLLIMATION. (SUMMER*) (WINTER*)

It is the line passing through the intersection of the horizontal and vertical cross-hairs and the optical center of
the object glass & its continuation.
LEAST COUNT. (WINTER*)
HOW THEODOLITES ARE CLASSIFIED? (WINTER*)

Theodolite is the most precise instrument designed for the measurement of horizontal vertical angles and has
wide applicability in surveying such as laying off horizontal angles, locating points on line, prolonging survey
lines, establishing grades. determining difference in elevation, setting out curves etc.
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Theodolites may be classified as

1. Transit theodolite.
2. Non-transit theodolite.
a. Vernier theodolite.
b. Micrometer theodolite.
A transit theodolite (or simply 'transit') is one in which the line of sight can be reversed by revolving the
telescope through 1800 in the vertical plan. The non-transit theodolites are either plain theodolites or Y-
theodolites in which the telescope cannot be transited The transit is mainly used and non-transit theodolites
have now become obsolete.
WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY STOPE SURVEY? (WINTER*)

The survey work is carried out in U/g mine for locating the stope faces on the hand plan & on the main stopes
plane is called as stope survey.
PURPOSE OF STOPE SURVEY
1. To check the amount off ground removed during a given period.
2. To determine the position of stope, face relative to each other to shaft, pillar & boundaries.
3. To calculate the ore reserved.
4. To compete with the requirement of mine regulation.
CLASSIFICATION OF STOPE SURVEY
1. Method suitable for narrow ore bodies not steeply inclined only
a. Tape triangulation
b. Tying in station.
c. Instrument survey.
2. Method suitable of ore bodies of steeply inclined.
a. Overhand stope.
b. Underhand stope.
3. Method suitable for irregular shaped massive ore bodies which are irregular in shape
PROCEDURE
1. Survey works is carried out from the station of known co-ordinate & elevation.
2. Two station established in stope a theodolite traverse is run in the stope, each traverse station the angle
& distance between station are measured.
3. The position of roof & floor is fixed at regular interval by slighting a graduated staff held vertically &
required interval so that the vertical profile may be obtained.
4. Then the tapes are extended roughly parallel the side of stope & level into survey point.
5. Offset are taken at regular interval along stope to the side of stope station are marked & the line of the
face are shown in the stope plan.
6. Stope out area is determined by means of planimeter with high accuracy.
7. The contour plan is prepared & the volume extracted is workout with the help of planimeter.
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STATE VARIOUS METHODS OF TRAVERSING WITH THEODOLITE AND DISCUSS THEIR MERITS AND
DEMERITS. (WINTER*).
METHODS OF TRAVERSING
1. Included angle method.
2. Deflection angle method.
3. First angle method (or magnetic bearing) method.
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
This method is used to the magnetic bearing & length of traverse legs. However, the angle between the line
area not measured. Suppose ABCDA is closed traverse.
1. The theodolite is set up at A. the Vernier A is set at 00. The telescope is oriented along the north line
with the help of the trough compass or tabular compass fitted to the theodolite. The lower clamp is
fixed.
2. The upper clamp is loosened & the ranging rod at B is bisected. The reading on Vernier A gives the fore
bearing of AB: say it is 300. The back bearing of the line DA is also measured. Form A. now the upper
clamp is also fixed. The traverse is considered in clockwise direction.
3. The instrument is shifted & set up at B with Vernier A fixed at the reading of 300. The lower clamp is
loosened & the ranging rod at A is bisected. The telescope is now transited. The upper clamp is then
released & the ranging rod at C bisected. Now the reading on Vernier A gives the bearing of Cosay it is
1000.
4. Again the instrument is shifted &set up to C with Vernier A is fixed at 1000.
5. The same process is repeated to get the fore bearing of CD.
6. Similarly, the fore bearing of the remaining sides is measured.
7. At the end of the traverse the FB & BB of DA should differ by 1800.
DRAW NEAT SKETCH OF CIRCULAR CURVE, SHOW NOTATION THEOREM. (WINTER*)
1. BACK TANGENT: The tangent AT1) previous to the curve is called the back tangent or first tangent.
2. FORWARD TANGENT: The tangent (T, B) following the curve is called the forward tangent or second
tangent.
3. POINT OF INTERSECTION: If the two tangents AT1 and BT2 are produced, they will meet in a point, called
the point of intersection (P.I.) or vertex (V).
4. POINT OF CURVE (P.C.): It is the beginning of the curve where the alignment changes from a tangent to a
curve.
5. POINT OF TANGENCY (P.T.): It is end of the curve where the alignment changes from a curve to tangent.
6. INTERSECTION ANGLE: The angle V’ VB between the tangent AV produced and VB is called the
Intersection angle (A) or the external deflection angle between the two tangents.
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7. DEFLECTION ANGLE TO ANY POINT: The deflection

angle to any point on the curve is the angle at P.C.
between the back tangent and the chord from P.C.
to point on the curve.
8. TANGENT DISTANCE (T): It is the distance between
P.C. to P.I. (also the distance from P.I. to P.T.).
9. EXTERNAL DISTANCE (E): It is distance from the mid-
point of the curve to P.I.
10. LENGTH OF CURVE (L): It is the total length of the
curve from P.C. to P.T.
11. LONG CHORD: It is chord joining P.C. to P.T
12. MID ORDINATE (M): It is the ordinate from the mid-
point of the long chord to the midpoint of the curve.
13. NORMAL CHORD (C): A chord between two
successive regular stations on a curve.
14. SUB-CHORD (C): Sub-chord is any chord shorter than
the normal chord.
15. RIGHT-HAND CURVE: If the curve deflects to the right of the direction of the progress of survey, called
the right-hand curve.
16. LEFT-HAND CURVE: If the curve deflects to the left of the direction of the progress of survey, survey, it is
if is called the left-hand curve.
EXPLAIN THE PROCEDURE OF TRANSFERRING A LEVEL UNDERGROUND. (WINTER*)
1. The surface alignment be followed with a network of

levels connecting the shafts.
2. whenever possible, the longitudinal section along the
whole course of the surface alignment should be
obtained.
3. The bench marks thus established near each shaft
should be checked carefully before the levels are
transferred underground.
4. At the ends of the tunnels, the levels can be
transferred inside the tunnels by usual methods of
levelling.
5. For transferring the levels underground through
shafts, various apparatus such as steel bands, chains,
and specially been used for transferring the levels
down vertical shafts.
6. Fig. 7.8 illustrates a typical arrangement for transferring the levels underground through deep shafts.
40 | P a g e
SESSION – 2017-18
7. A fine steel wire loaded with a weight of 5 to 15 kg is passed over a pulley and is lowered down the
shaft.
8. Two fine wires AB and CD are stretched horizontally across the shaft at its top and bottom, and touching
the suspended wire.
9. A suitable mark is made against these points both at top and at the bottom.
10. In order to ascertain the distance between these marks, the wire is wound up, without removing the
stretching weight, and the distance between the marks on the wire is obtained as it passes over the
surface of a horizontal plank EF suitably supported on trestles.
11. The attached weight does not affect the measurement since the tension is constant throughout the
whole operation.
12. Thus, the levels of the marks at the bottom of the shafts can be ascertained.
13. The level is then set up near the bottom of the shaft, and a permanent bench mark is established.
STATE FUNDAMENTAL AXIS OF THEODOLITE. (SUMMER*)
1. The fundamental lines of a transit are as follows:
2. The vertical axis
3. The horizontal axis
4. The line of collimation (or line of sight)
5. Axis of plate level
6. Axis of altitude level
7. Axis of the striding level, if provided.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THESE LINE

1. The axis of the plate level must lie in a plane perpendicular to the vertical axis. If this condition exists, the
vertical axis will be truly vertical when the bubble is in the center of its run.
2. The line of collimation must be
perpendicular to the horizontal axis at its
intersection with the vertical axis. Also, if
the telescope is external focusing type,
the optical axis, the axis of the objective
slide & the line of collimation must
coincide. If this condition exists, the line
of sight will generate a vertical plane when
the telescope is rotated about the
horizontal axis.
3. The horizontal axis must be perpendicular
to the vertical axis. If this condition exists,
the line of sight will generate a vertical
plane when the telescope is plunged.
4. The axis of the altitude level (or telescope
41 | P a g e
SESSION – 2017-18
level) must be parallel to the line of collimation. If the condition exists, the vertical angles will be free
from index error due to lack of parallelism.
5. The vertical circle Vernier must read zero when the line of collimation is horizontal. If this condition
exists, the vertical angles will be free from index error due to displacement of the Vernier.
6. The axis of the striding level (if provided) must be parallel to the horizontal axis. If this condition exists,
the line of sight will generate a vertical plane when the telescope is plunged, the bubble of striding level
being in the center of its run.
LASER PLUMMET. (WINTER*)

An optical device projecting a coherent, monochromatic beams of light or infrared radiation vertically.
Equivalent to a laser mounted so that the beam is directed vertically. It is used primarily for alignment of the
points.
METHODS
1. Rough-set the tripod, by observation, over the point by moving the legs in or out on the ground. Hold
two legs, and place the third one past the point. Move the two you are holding until the head of the
tripod is approximately over the point (within a tenth or two) and horizontal.
2. Securely attach the instrument to the tripod. Turn on the laser by pressing the appropriate button on
the keyboard of the laser plummet-equipped instrument.
3. Look at the point you are planning to set the instrument over, and observe where the laser dot is in
relation to the point. Quickly determine which direction the laser dot needs to move to get over the
point. If it is more than two tenths from the point, you may have to move the tripod closer.
4. Rotate the instrument’s leveling screws, as needed, to center the laser dot exactly on the point.
5. With the laser centered over the point, adjust the legs of the tripod up or down to center the bull’s-eye
bubble on the instrument. Work with only one leg at a time.
6. Check to confirm that the laser plummet dot is still on or very close to the point.
7. Use the leveling screws to exactly center the bubble on the instrument. The process is fundamentally
the same whether your instrument has a physical or electronic bubble system. Ultimately, the bubble
should remain centered when the instrument is rotated about its vertical axis.
8. Check the relation of the laser plummet dot to the point. It will probably be off the point slightly.
9. Loosen the instrument attachment clamp on the tripod slightly, and while looking at the laser plummet
dot, slide the instrument until it is exactly on the point. Be careful not to rotate the instrument.
10. Tighten the attachment clamp, and recheck the level.
11. Re-level and repeat, if necessary, until the instrument is exactly level and directly over the point.
12. Constantly check and confirm. You should now be exactly over the point and exactly level. That means
it’s time to get to work.
USE OF AUXILIARY TELESCOPE IN MINE TRANSIT. (SUMMER*) (WINTER*)

1. The mine transit is usually of a smaller size than the ordinary instrument.
2. Special provision is however, made for steep or vertical sights.
3. Due to very steep sights (say more than 500 or 600) the horizontal circle of the ordinary transit will
obstruct the pointing of the telescope of an ordinary transit.
42 | P a g e
SESSION – 2017-18
4. To overcome this difficulty, an auxiliary telescope is attached either at one end of the horizontal axis or
above the main telescope and at a distance there-from somewhat more than one-half of the diameter
of the horizontal plate.
5. The two mountings are arranged in such a way that the auxiliary telescope is interchangeable between
the top and side positions.
6. In each position a counterpoise is attached to keep the telescopes in balance.
7. In either position, the line of sight of the auxiliary telescope is parallel to that of the main telescope.
8. For steep sights upward, a prismatic eye-piece is attached to the main telescope.
9. The instrument is generally mounted on an extension leg tripod.
10. For ease in reading the vertical angles by the transit man, the vertical circle is sometimes graduated on
the edge instead of the side.
11. The center point of the transit is definitely marked on the top of the telescope.
43 | P a g e
SESSION – 2017-18
Extra question
A vertical borehole passes through a coal-seam which is dipping at 60°. If the apparent thickness of
seam as ascertained from the core is 2.25 meters determine the true or stratigraphic thickness of
seam.
Describe in brief the connection of Mine Plan to national grid. (Summer**) (Winter*
Two apparent dips of a limestone bed are
30° towards North and
150° towards S 80°E. Find out the true dip of the limestone bed.
Explain satellite station. Give reason for using one such in triangulation survey.
The co-ordinates of two points P and Q are follows:
Point Co-ordinate
N E
P 600 560
Q 1380 1100
Calculate length and bearing of PQ.
A tachometer fitted with analytical was setup at station A and the following readings were obtained on vertically held staff.
Inst. Station Staff station Vertical angle Stadia reading
A BM +700’ 0.900
1.160
1.420
A B -3030’ 1.140
1.235
1.338
The RL of BM is 100.0m calculate the RL of B and horizontal distance of AB take multiplying constant is 100.
The full dip of seam is 1 in 4 due south calculate the apparent dip in the direction
S 300 E.
S 450 E.
Describe the forward extension method of base line in triangulation. Name other two methods.
The true dip of a coal seam is 1 in 5 due to South. Calculate the bearing of road way driven in the seam at a gradient of 1 in 8.
The true dip of a coal seam is 140 in the direction of N 300 W. Calculate the dip of a road was driven in the seam with a bearing
of N 250 E?
Advantages of Micro-optic theodolite. (Winter*
National Grid. (Winter*
Formation of Normal Faults. (Winter**
Formation of reverse fault. (Winter*
Least count. (Winter*
From following survey notes find coordinates of the stations to a local of A. (Winter*
Line Azimuth Bearing Horizontal Dist.

AB 500 90m
BC 3200 120m
CD 2400 80m
DE 2100 75m
44 | P a g e
SESSION – 2017-18
EA 950 140m
A tachometer was setup at a station A and following readings were obtained on a staff held vertical. (Winter*
Station Staff Station Vertical angle Hair readings
A B.M. -6030’ 0.900, 1.160, 1.420
0 ’
A B -2 20 1.140, 1.230, 1.320
The constants of instrument were 100 and 0.1. Find the horizontal angle distance AB and R.L. of B. If R.L. of B.M. is
200.00mm.
Mention conditions for the formation of Normal and Reverse faults. (Winter*
What do you mean by closed and open traverse? (Summer*)
To determine the multiplying constant of a tachometer, the following observations were taken on a staff vertically at a
distance, measured from the instrument.
Observation Horizontal Vertical Staff
Distance in m angle Intercept
0 ’
1 50 +3 48 0.500m
2 100 +1006’ 1.000m
0 ’
3 150 +0 36 1.500m
The Focal length of the object glass is 20 cm and the distance from the object glass to trunnion axis is 10 cm. The staff is held
vertically at all these points. Find the multiplying constant. (Summer*)
45 | P a g e

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NOTES BY – MD ALAM KHAN

SUBJECT – MINE SURVEYING SOLVED PAPER

SOLVED QUESTION 2014-2017

CORRECTIONS TO BASE LINE MEASUREMENT

CORRECTION FOR TEMPERATURE

CORRECTION FOR PULL OR TENSION

CORRECTION FOR SLOPE

PURPOSE OF CORRELATION SURVEY. (SUMMER**) (WINTER*)

OBJECTIVES OF STOPE SURVEY. (IMP (SUMMER**) (WINTER**))

SOURCES OF ERRORS IN THEODOLITE WORK. (IMP(SUMMER**) (WINTER*))

TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS OF THEODOLITES. (IMP(SUMMER**) (WINTER*))

DETERMINATION OF DEFLECTION ANGLES BY THEODOLITE.

BALANCING OF CLOSE THEODOLITE TRAVERSE.

Summation of L= total error in latitude.

SELECTION OF SITE FOR BASE LINE. (SUMMER*) (WINTER*)

ROLE OF MINE SURVEYOR. (SUMMER*) (WINTER**)

1. The surveyor shall-

MENTION THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GEODETIC TRIANGULATION. (IMP(SUMMER****)

DRAW A NEAT SKETCH OF PLAN METER AND LABEL THE COMPONENTS.

DESCRIBE IN BRIEF THE WEISBACH METHOD OF UNDERGROUND SURVEY. (IMP(SUMMER***)

STATE THE PERMANENT ADJUSTMENTS OF THEODOLITE. (IMP(SUMMER*) (WINTER*))

STATE THE ERROR ELIMINATED BY METHOD OF REPETITION.

EXPLAIN THE MARKING STATION IN UNDERGROUND SURVEY.

DESCRIBE IN DETAIL THE PROCEDURE OF MEASUREMENT OF DEFLECTION ANGLE BY THEODOLITE

9. AB is called the rear/ backward tangent & BC is called

The direction of closing error is given by

DESCRIBE IN DETAIL TWO WIRE METHOD OF TRANSFERRING THE ALIGNMENT IN UNDERGROUND

The theodolite is then transferred underground and set exactly

The plumb wires are fine wire stretched tight by attaching

DESCRIBE IN DETAIL THE PROCEDURE FOR PROLONGING STRAIGHT LINE BY TRANSIT

DESCRIBE IN DETAIL THE PROCEDURE TO MEASURE VERTICAL ANGLE BY USING TRANSIT

EXPLAIN METHOD OF TRAVERSING BY INCLUDED ANGLE.

MENTION THE CHECKS IN CLOSED AND OPEN TRAVERSE.

CHECK IN CLOSED TRAVERSE

EXPLAIN THE TERMS:

The latitude (L) of the line is positive when measured northward

Thus, in Fig. 7.10, the latitude and departure of the line AB of

𝐿 = +𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 & 𝐷 = +𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

EXPLAIN SUPER ELEVATION AND GIVE ITS PURPOSE. (SUMMER*) (WINTER*)

PURPOSE OF SUPER ELEVATION

WHAT IS GPS? GIVE APPLICATION OF GPS IN OPEN CAST MINE-SURVEYING.

USE OF THEODOLITE IN MINE SURVEYING. (SUMMER**) (WINTER*)

3. Measuring a deflection angle.

THEODOLITE TRAVERSING BALANCING BY BOWDITCH RULE. (WINTER**)

NORMAL FAULT. (SUMMER*) (WINTER*)

DIP. (SUMMER*) (WINTER*)

FULL DIP. (WINTER*)

FACE LEFT AND FACE RIGHT OBSERVATION.

REQUIREMENTS OF TACHOMETER IN SURVEYING. (WINTER*)

which is used in tachometry.

DETERMINATION OF MAGNETIC BEARING OF A LINE BY THEODOLITE? (WINTER*)

TO MEASURE MAGNETIC BEARING OF A LINE

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM. (WINTER*)

TOTAL STATION INSTRUMENTS. (WINTER*)

WEISS QUADRILATERAL METHOD. (SUMMER* (WINTER*)

PURPOSE OF STOPE SURVEY. (WINTER**)

AXIS OF PLATE LEVEL. (WINTER*)

LINE OF COLLIMATION. (SUMMER*) (WINTER*)

LEAST COUNT. (WINTER*)

HOW THEODOLITES ARE CLASSIFIED? (WINTER*)

Theodolites may be classified as

WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY STOPE SURVEY? (WINTER*)

DRAW NEAT SKETCH OF CIRCULAR CURVE, SHOW NOTATION THEOREM. (WINTER*)

OBJECTIVES OF STOPE SURVEY. (IMP (SUMMER) (WINTER))

SELECTION OF SITE FOR BASE LINE. (SUMMER) (WINTER)

STATE THE PERMANENT ADJUSTMENTS OF THEODOLITE. (IMP(SUMMER) (WINTER))

EXPLAIN SUPER ELEVATION AND GIVE ITS PURPOSE. (SUMMER) (WINTER)

NORMAL FAULT. (SUMMER) (WINTER)

DIP. (SUMMER) (WINTER)

LINE OF COLLIMATION. (SUMMER) (WINTER)

USE OF AUXILIARY TELESCOPE IN MINE TRANSIT. (SUMMER) (WINTER)