McNaughton Ying Reading Writing Chinese

Revised Edition
11 The CHART OF TRADITIONAL RADICALS

II gives the number of each traditional radical, its independent form. [ti
English name, and the location in the text of its independent forni 1 the firs
reference number) and any alternate or combining forms treated separatel>
(the second and third reference numbers). Numbers in roman type refer tc
radicals included in the first character group of 1062 basic characters. P3gi
numbers in italic type refer to radicals in the second character proup (pp
245-301). A chart of "modem radicals," based on the %%%&, appears nr
the backend papers.
35. 3- slow 337 72. 8 sun 160
36. 9 dusk 117 73. P say 82
37. k big 50 74. f l moon 178
38. -k woman 11 75. $L tree 64
39. ;f child 18 76. k yawn 191
40. +roof 127 77. It toe 195
41. -.i thumb 186 78. P chip 727.646
42. #Is small 27 79. k club 183
43. k,lame 59 80. +? don't 212
44. P corpse 329 81. tk compare 567
45. 4' sprout 465 82. d fur 293
46. mountain 95 83. PC clan 224
47. 111 riverp.245,442,560 84. 5 breath 324
48. z i work443 85. 7i: water 362. IS l
12. eight 98, 88.26 49. +. self 273 86. X fire 414. .;J
-
13. fl borders 20
14. crown 47
15. ; ice564
50. 9 cloth 352
51. i shield 87
52. k coil 25
87. J&claws p.2-:. 3.2s
88. ji father 21 1
89. k crisscrosr 152
16. JL table 645 53. i lean-to 155 90. 4 bed 849
17. U bowl 464 54. 1 march 847 91. ); slice 927
18. n !inife 102,205 55. jt clasp 141 92. % tooth 576
56. % dart42 93. cow 260. I5
57. 5 bow218 94. it; dog 541. p._'-LY
21. L ladle 137 58. 3 pig's head 80,997
22. E basket 143 59. 3 streaks 819
96. 3- jade 62
3.1- divine 118 -4- 97. 6. melonp.2Yl
26. P seal 84,760 61. heart 70, 67.p.248 98. Z tilep.271
62. 3. lance 43 99. i:sweet 1%
28. L. cocoon 24 63. P door391 100. &
! b i d 248
29. X right hand 85 64. i hand41.14 101. R use 403
65. j_ branch 271 102. P field 23
66. knockp.276.384 103. iE bolt 245
30. mouth 33 67. jr pattern 360 104. f sick531
31. Cl surround 21 68. 4 peck 1009 105. fi back 632
69. fr axe 262 106. $ white 231
107. & skin 662
113. TT: sign 807,480 190. 5% hair 946
114. h traclt 488
118. St bamboo 54.55

160. f bitter549
204. ?$ embroider p.271

130. 111. meat 928,326
131. % bureaucrat 491
132. b small nose 515 205. 1 toadp.270
206. & tripodp.274
207. 9.k drum p.261
208. L mousep.270
138. b stubborn 31 209. +?- big nose p.295

210. % line-up 1045
181. R liead 333

182. 1 wind 725 212. 4% dragon p.275
146. i4 cover 122 . 213. 1 tortoise p.270
185. -if chief 266

186. -k scent 1044
The CHART O F MODERN RADICALS (Dock crlclpopers) gives the set of rnodenz
rodicnls likely to be most useful to the foreign student of Chinese - the set used to
READING AND WRITING CHINESE
READING AND WRITING
A Guide to the Chinese Writing System:

The Student's 1,020 List
The Official 2,000 List
Revised Edition
by
WILLIAMMCNAUGHTON
and
LI YING
Tuttle Publishing
Boston Rutland, Vermont Tokyo
Published by Tuttle Publishing of
Boston, Rutland, Vermont & Tokyo, Japan
by Charles E. Tuttle Co., Inc.

-Revised-edition-0 1999
All rights reserved
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 77-77699

International Standard Boolc No. 0-8048-3206-4
First printing, 1979

First softcover edition, 1989
Revised edition, 2000, third printing
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface to the Revised Edition

Preface
1. Student's Guide
The Writing System
Explanatory Notes
How to Write the Characters
The Pronunciation of Chinese
2. 1,062 Basic Characters and Elements of the Writing System
3. Remaining Characters of the "1,020 List" and the
"2,000 List"
Alphabetical Index
Stroke Count-Strolte Order Index
PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION (1999
A great deal has happened in China since 1978, when the first edition
Reading arzd 1Vritilzg Chilzese was prepared, and much has chang,
regarding China's relationship to the world. A new edition seems in ord
Such an edition, of course, should reflect those happenings and chang
which have influenced the language and which have affected usage a
idiom in the language.Anew edition should also incorporate the experien
of nineteen years of use of the first edition by classroom students a
teachers, and by independent students around the world. The mc
important revisions to Reading and Writing Clziizese are as set out belo
The Yale system of romanization has been replaced in this edition
the Halzyu Piizyilz system of romanization, wlgch is official in the Peoplc
Republic of China. As a result, the Haizyzi Piizyiiz system is also universa
employed in foreign newspapers, magazines and boolts referring to Chi]
1
While the traditional system of 214 radicals is still presented in f~

-tl~is-presentation-is-supplemented-by-the-introd~1ction-of-tl1~set
nzodeuz radicals which are most liltely to be useful to the contempor;
foreign student of Chinese. The set of modern radicals chosen 1
presentation is that used in Haiz-Yi~zgCidian/Tlze Clzi~zese-Eizgl
Dictiolzary, prepared by the English Department of the Beijing Forei
Languages Institute (Commercial Press, va-ious editions since 1978). SI
of "modern radicals" have become necessary with the language ref01
and the simplification of the writing system which has been carried out
the government of the People's Republic. Familiarity with such a set
modern radicals will be extremely useful to foreign students of Chine
for it will give them quicker, easier, and better access to contempor;
- - - --
PREFACE
lictionaries, many of wluch are vely good-to both English-Chinese and
Zhinese-Chinese dictionaries.
Furthermore, the student using Rendirzg nizd Writiizg Clzilzese should
have little trouble mastering the modern radicals. The logic of modern
systems, used as the basis for the organization of modern dictionaries and
of indexes to modern dictionaries pho~leticallyarranged, is the same as
the logic of the traditional system of 214 radicals. The overlap in actual
content between the traditional system and the modern system is about
80%, and modern systems differ in negligible ways from one another.
The basic system of presentation of the contents in Reacli~zgnrzd
Writiizg Clziizese has not been changed, for it has worked well over the last
nineteen years. However, the contents have been thoroughly revised to
bring the contents up-to-date in idiom and usage, and to more accurately
reveal the present state of the language. Over 1,100 new combinations of
characters have been introduced to give the user a better picture of the
range of functions and meanings of the individual characters and to provide
the user with a significantly larger vocabulary. A popular feature of the
first edition has been retained, namely, the introduction of new characters
only in combination with characters already learned, so as to lessen the
burden of learning the new combination and to provide a review of the
characters already learned. About 140 combinations have been deleted,
as being outmoded or otheiwise less Hcely to help students in their progress
towards mastery of contemporary written Chinese. Seventy new notes on
usage have been added to enhance students' insight into the contemporary
state of the written language, its relation to the spolcen language, and its
place in the culture of the Chinese-spealcing world.
With the 1,100 new combinations, the basic 2,000 characters, and
the 1,400 combinations retained from the first edition, the student who
worlcs his or her way through Rendilzg nizd Writiizg Clziizese will have a
vocabulruy of about 4,500 items-an adequate foundation for dealing with
most contemporary materials.
Learning to read and write modern Chinese with reasonable fluency hi
can now reach that goal

- with less strain on his or her time, attention, a]
memory. Among American teachers of Chinese, a consensus has be,
developed as to the 1,020 characters most useful for the student to lea
first. In addition, an official list of 2000 characters has been published
mainland China for the purpose of adult education.' I have preparc
Rending ntzd Writing CIziizese to help students master both these lists
rapidly and easily as possible.'
In selecting and arranging the materials in this book, I have been guidi
by the following principles:
1. To teach the student the most useful characters, as determined by tl

"Yale 1,020 List" and the official "2,000 List".
2. To present -the characters in the order in which they are lilcely to 1
most useful; that is, to begin with the most frequently seen c h a r x e
and to proceed to the less-frequently seen onei.
3. To teach the elements of the writing system -the 214 radicals a1
the "phonetics" (sound components) students will find most valuab
in their study of the lists mentioned above.
See George A. Kennedy, ed., Miizi17zzci~zVocnbz~knriesof Written Clziize

(New Haven: Far Eastern Publications, 1954).
% Guide to Reading and Writing Jnpmzese, ed. Florence Salcade (Tolc!
and Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle Co., revised edition, 1961), has playc
a-similar-role in-thestudy-of Japanese-for-yearsl-- -- --
PREFACE
I.. To break down the subject matter (the characters that make up the two
lists) into units of information based on the most recent developments
in programmed instruction and to arrange these units in order of
growing difficulty.
5. To help students master the problem of "look-alike" characters.
Through juxtaposition and cross-reference, I have tried to clarify the
three main causes of the problem: look-alilce radicals, look-alike
characters, and different forms of the same radicaL3
The characters are presented in two groups. The first group presents
the basic characters for adult students of Chinese and the elements of the
writing system from which these basic characters are made. These are the
characters which students, using almost any elementary textbook, will be
expected to learn in the first year, or in some cases the first two years, of
study. The Yale guidelines, which have become a standard in teaching
Chinese in the United States, are followed here.
The second group of characters contains the rest of the characters on
the "Yde 1,020 list" and the rest of the 2,000 characters on the officially
published China list. In aU, this gives the student the 1,500 characters that
George A. Kennedy has described as "a good foundation for the Western
student of modern Chinese", plus 500 characters officially designated in
China as being of most frequent occurrence. It should be noted that another
list of 421 characters has been promulgated in China to cover technical
terms used by the workers; this list has not been included in the present
volume, however, because it is of only slight value to the foreigner studying
modern Chinese.
I used earlier versions of this book side by side with the Yale Mirror
Series textbooks to teach my Chinese language classes at Oberlin
College. Teachers should find it quite easy to use this book with any of
the other textbooks now popular in the United States, however, for the
logic of the writing system is always the same and the vocabulary in the
various series of elementary and intermediate textbooks is virtually
identical.
See Henry C. Fenn, ed., Clzirzese Clznl-actem Easily Coizfiised (New

Haven: Far Eastern Publications, 1953).
PREFACE
When I teach, I assign six or seven characters a night as homewor
We spend almost all our class time with the spolten Chinese and gramrn
text, since the format of this character book enables the students to lea
on their own. I generally quiz students every day on new characters
enforce regular study habits. These quizzes do not usually take up mo
than five minutes of regular class time.
Worlcing steadily at this rate, a class can cover all the material in tl
first character group in two sixteen-week semesters. The class will the
know all the characters through Rend Clzirzese II and Read AOoz~tClziri
as well as the frequently seen component radicals and phonetics. Mo
advanced students who have used this book in their first year of Chine,
will have a tremendous advantage when they begin to study the characte
in the second group. Quite clearly, their ltnowledge of basic charact'
components will help speed their acquisition of this group, since tl
presentation here uses these components in programmed sequences.
It has been my experience that students can be safely given Rendi~
nrzd Wi-itirzg Clziizese on their first day of Chinese study. Far fro
discouraging students, the characters and the writing system seem ;
stimulate enthusiasm and to increase motivation.
For valuable help I am indebted to various editors of the Charles I
Tuttle Publishing Company. I have incussed innumerable debts to studen
who used these texts in earlier forms for many years in my Chinese class(
at Oberlin College, but Howard Spendelow and John Dove deserve speci
mention for the amount and quality of their contributions. I am al:
indebted to colleagues who have suggested changes and improvements
the earlier versions. I should
-- -- aclu~owledge - the- importance to this work (
n/iiiz%nz Vocabt~lni-ies of Writterz Clzirzese, edited by George A. Kennec
(New Haven: Far Eastern Publications, 1954), and of Jiarzlz~~azi Zorzgbic
Jinrlzi (Peking: Wenzi Gaige Chubanshe, 1965).
STUDENT'S GUIDE
The Writing System

The basis of the traditional Chinese writing sygem is 214 elements often
referred to as "radicals". These radicals are used both independently, or as
part of more complex characters. The Chinese also use radicals to organize
traditional dictionaries, use them to organize some modern dictionaries.
and use the radicals to supplement the phonetic organization of othel
modern dictionaries. Traditional dictionaries begin with one-stroke radicals
and characters classified under one-strolce radicals, and end with a
seventeen-strolce radical and characters classified under it. The widely
used modern Chinese-English dictionary, Haiz-Yzizg Cidiaiz (of which more
will be said below) begins with one-stroke radicals and characters classified
under them and ends, before a special category of eleven "left-over
characters", with a fourteen-strolce radical and the characters classified
under it. In using the writing system to organize dictionaries or to create
supplementary radical indexes for dictionaries, the makers take every
character which is not itself a radical, determine which of the radicals
within it is logicallv the most important, and then-classify-the-character
under that radical in the dictionary or index.
Every time a new character was created to represent some word of the
spolcen language, the character was formed according to one of six
principles. Classifying Chinese writing according to these six principles,
we can say that six-and only six-lcinds of characters exist: (1) pictures,
(2) symbols, (3) sound-loans, (4) sound-meaning compounds, (5) meaning-
meaning compounds, and (6) re-clarified compounds.
If we understand these six principles, we will be able to see why every
new character we study means what it does. Instead of seeming a capricious
aggregation of strolces set down by an equally capricious pen, the character
STUDENT'S GUIDE
will reflect a logical system for representing words and concepts: each
new character will be a combination of familiar elements.
Let us look at each of the six kinds of Chinese characters.
1. Pictures. Some Chinese characters are mere pictures of things. The

character for "man" is a simple sticlc drawing of a man h. The
character for "child" or "baby7'is a drawing of an infant with an open
fontanel %. Sometimes, though, the modern character is a very stylized
picture of what it represents We then have to look into the history of
the character before we can see the resemblance clearly. The character
for "moon" used to look like this ); the character for "eye" B like
this rm.
2. Syiizbols. Some Chinese characters are symbols-some more, some
less arbitrary-for the concept to which they refer. Some examples of
symbols are: k "above", f; "below", "one", 1"two", = "three".
d
3. Sourzd-lonrzs. Some Chinese characters stand for a word which is, or

once was, pronounced the same as another but with a different meaning,
like "feet" and "feat". This type of character, a picture or symbol for
one of two homonyms, was borrowed to represent the companion
homonym, too; the context was relied on to malce the meaning clear.
For example, the words for "scorpion" and "10,000" were once
homonyms. The character$$, now used to write "10,000," originally
meant "scorpion" but was borrowed for "10,000" since there was little
danger of confusing the two meanings in context. You can probably
see that it would have been inconvenient to write "10,000" in the same
symbolic notation used to write the numbers "one", "two", and "three".
4. Soziizd-inenrzirzg conzpourzds.Sometimes one part of a Chinese character
gives a hint about the meaning, while another part gives a hint about
the pronunciation. For example, the character a, "to wrap", is
pronounced bdo. (The pronunciation of the romanization and tone
markings used here are explained in the section beginning on page
27). If this character is combined with the character Sif! "fish", the
result is a new character fib "salted fish", pronounced ba'o. The "fish"
component suggests the meaning, and the "wrap" component (bdo)
suggests the sound.
5. Menrzirzg-nzenrziizg conzpozirzds. Sometimes two characters are put
together to forrn a new character whose meaning derives from some
13
STUDENT'S GUIDE
logic in the juxtaposition of the two component characters. The
character k 'cwomany'beside the character j"" "child" forms 43,a
character that means "to love" or "to be lovable, to be likable, to be
good". Although the logic in such a juxtaposition is usually not obvious
enough to allow you to figure out the meaning of a new character, it is
usually a great help when trying to remember a character you have
seen only once.
6. Reclnl-ified cor7zpourzds. At various times in the history of the written
language, a scribe has wanted to better "control" the meaning of a
character he was using, either because the character-by sound-loan
perhaps-had come to stand for a number of different words or because
the word the character represented had a number of different meanings.
In doing this, the scribe could add to the existing character either to
clarify the word to which it referred, or to pinpoint the meaning intended
in the particular context. For example, the character for "sco~pion"
%-, which we saw above, was later re-clarified when it was used to
represent "scorpion" (rather than "10,000") by adding the "bug" radical
& to produce the new character @ that always meant "sco~pion"and
only "scorpion". The character @ ting stood for "court"-whether it
was the Icing's court or the court in someone's front yard. Eventually
someone added the "lean-to" radical , which is a picture of a roof
and a wall, to distinguish the lung's court (@ tfng) from the ordinary
citizen's front yard ( @ iEng). Some of these re-clarified compounds
will, in their new guise, be simple sound-meaning compounds, and
some of them-if the re-clarified character itself was already a sound-
meaning compound-will be sound-meaning compounds with one
- co~nponentto-suggest the-sound-and two-components-to suggest the
mear~ing.~
Bernhard Karlgren identifies dozens of such characters in Arznlytic

Dictiorznry of Clzirzese and Silzo-Jnparzese (Paris: Paul Geuthnel; 1923).
Chao Yuen Ren treats reclarified compounds as a sub-class of sound-
meaning compounds: see Marzdnrirz Prinzer (Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1961), pp. 61-63. Traditionally, the sixth of the six
principles was something called zlzumzzlzu, and whether or not this had
anything to do with reclarified compounds is uncertain, since there is a
great deal of dispute about the correct interpretation and reference of
z/zL,mzzlzu.. - --- --
STUDENT'S GUIDE
Explanatory Notes
Below there appears an annotated character entry. It has been slightly

modified from the actual entry in this book to show the full range of
information for characters in the first character group.
KEY:
1. the character
2. character serial number
3. strolce count
4. if there is a difference between the actual number of strolces as written
by hand and the official number of strolces used in traditional
dictionaries, the official number will appear in parentheses here. See
the discussion of strolce and form discrepancy on pages 16-17.
5. stroke-order diagram
6. pronunciation and tone
7. character definition
8. radical information
9. radical number (an " H before the radical number means that the
character is a "modem radical", used to organise the Han- Yhg Cidianl
The Chinese-English Dictionary: see below)
10. character explanation
11. character combinations with pronunciation and meaning
12. Since characters may have more than nine strokes, it has sometimes
been necessary to add in toto to the strolce-order diagram of the main
STUDENT'S GUIDE
character an element that is itself a character. (The element and serial
number shown in this sample are provided only to show how a
reference to an element added in toto will appear.) If such a reference
is missing, either that element's stroke order is obvious or it can be
found in one of the preceding two character entries.
13. Simplified character
Understanding the Entries

You should try to Iceep in mind that a Chinese character is not what we
think of as a word in English, and that Chinese words for which the
t kinds of syntacticrestriction.
ctives, and adverbs in English
are, in classical Chinese, all considered one part of speech-any noun can
be a verb, adjective, or adverb. Owing to the unavoidable use in this book
of English articles, infinitives, suffixes, and the like, you may be mislec
into too narrow an inte tion5
are provided for clari eallj
represent only the most basic outline of a character's "meaning".
Most of the punctuation marks used in the characters' explanator;
bloclcs are grammatically logical. However, I have also adopted a fev
rules of my own to help the readerhtudent. Semicolons are used tc
distinguish meaning "groups". Semicolons are also used after a character'
romanized reading when a character's usage rather than the meaning i
given. In addition to their occasional use with slang terms, or for clarit)
quotation marks are used around character-compound definitions that a
contextually proper in English but which cannot be derived from th
characters themselves. For examplqtK~Chinese-use-a-character-forArec
% I
and the character for "tea" % to write what in English is called "blac
tea". Since the more literal definition "red tea" would be meaningless.
have used quotation marks in the definition of the character compound a
follows:
,% h6ngch&I %
"blaclc" tea
Stroke and Form Discrepancy

Each character has a traditional strolce count based on the charactel
placement in traditional dictionaries. Small discrepancies-almost alwa
of-onestroke=.=sometimes~exist between this traditional strolce count a
STUDENT'S GUIDE
the actual count used when the character is handwritten. Such discrepancies
are indicated in parentheses throughout the presentation of the first group
of characters. The most devastating problem for beginner students,
however, is a change in shape and stroke count that occurs when a radical
or character is used as an element to form a more complex character. I
have therefore treated as entirely separate elements, those characters whose
shape changes may pose an identificationproblem. This treatment reflects
more accurately the true nature of the writing system and has resulted in
only about 40 characters being added to the text.5
For example, the radical Q , when used as an element of another
character, becomes P , a combined form that appears separately in this
text as character 76. Appearing in the small box below the character is "3
strokes (8 strolces)". This means that although this form of the radical is
actually written with three strolces, its independent form takes eight strolces;
thus, all characters with P as the radical component will appear among
the eight-stroke radicals in a traditional Chinese dictionary.
Such anomalies have been eliminated from most modern dictionaries,
and what once were different forms of the same radical are now treated as
different radicals. The radical system, that is, has been rationalized
according to the principle of "what you see is what you get". Dictionaries,
therefore, are now easier to use (see below for more on modern
dictionaries).
Problems of correct character identification also result from the
fact that typeset forms often differ from the handwritten forms that are
usually learned first. Always compare a character in a typeset compound
with its handwritten counterpart as you work through this book. The typeset
list below provides the most common of these variant forms. Numbers
Also, twenty-two characters are identified as "heavenly stems" or

"earthly branches." These "stems" and "branches" are characters which
are sometimes used in Chinese in various special ways of reckoning,
calculation, and enumeration. The student who delves into Chinese history
will need to know these twenty-two characters, because the traditional
way of giving dates malces use of them. They are also used in fortune-
telling books and works of astrology in Chinese communities outside of
the People's Republic, e.g. Hong Kong.
17
STUDENT'S GUIDE
refer to the serial number of characters in the first group; page numbers
are for characters in the second group.
Simplified Characters
In attempting to deal with the need for adult education and the complexity
of the Chinese writing system, the mainland government has simplified
many of the characters used for centuries. Traditional principles used fol
making characters have been retained in malcing up new short forms. FOI
example, in the short form 4S5"sacrificen, the traditional form $$I has been
shortened by simply replacing the complicated sound-compound & with
the simple sound-component . The "cow" radical appears in both
the short and traditional forms because the original meaning of the charactel
was "saclificial animal." Likewise, the traditional character & tEng'Yoom
hall", has been simplified to f-7 mainly by substituting for the complicatec
sound-component the simpler sound-component 7 . Students whc
understand the logic of the traditional writing system and who have
mastered the components of its characters will find that they attain master}
of the short forms much more easily.
In the system of simplified characters, we can find new sound-loans
g ~ ~ ; y ~ ~~ f ~- ~ ~ l i,~ i,~ i-z i~a e mian a" - ~ - -face
--cC - Xi21
-,,- for
"flour;" and %. xikg "elephant" for xi&g "to look like."GWe can finc
new sound-meaning compounds: Dl; for 1% xi2 "to scare." And we cal
find new meaning-meaning compounds: % "jade" under "roof' for %
'tjade", "crock", and "cowrie" under "roof' -standing for the word biio
"be precious, be valuable." Other techniques of simplification include thc
The student may notice that the new sound-loan character is often formed
as in the examples given here, simply by removing the meaning elemen
froin-all--old-sound meaning compound^ -
STUDENT'S GUIDE
Many modern Chinese-Chinese dictionaries are organized
alphabetically, according to the standard spelling (Hanyu Pinyin) of the
Beijing pronunciation (Putonghua, "Mandarin") of the character. The order
of entries follows the English alphabetical order, starting with "A" and
ending with " Z . Such phonetic organization worlcs fine until you meet a
character you don't know how to pronounce-a common experience for
foreign students, of course (but it also happens with Chinese readers). So
all dictionaries organized phonetically, as just described, also have an
index-an index organized according to some modern adaptation of the
traditional radical system. There is no universally accepted adaptation,
however, so different dictionaries use slightly different radical systems.
All such systems, however, are derived from the traditional system of 214
radicals, all of them overlap to a great degree, and all follow quite closely
the logic of the traditional system.
For collateral presentation in this book, the authors have chosen the
system of 226 radicals plus a supplementary category, which the makers
of the Han- Ying Cidian/The Chinese-English Dictionary have used to
organize their dictionary (prepared by the English Department of the
Beijing Foreign Languages Institute, published by Commercial Press in
various editions since 1978). That dictionary is probably the most widely-
used Chinese-English dictionary in the world and is deemed likely to be
the dictionary most often consulted by users of Reading and Writing
Chinese. The radicals of Han- Ying Cidian are identified in Reading and
Writing Chinese by an " H plus the serial number in Ha-Ying Cidian's
system of 226 radicals. And on the back endpapers there appears a chart
of these 226 "modern radicals" phsa supplementary category, as used_F
index Han- Ying Cidian.
Character Combinations
Individual characters themselves-each of which in general represents a
single syllable of the spolcen language-may occur in combination with
other characters to denote Chinese words and expressions of two or more
syllables. For example, a common expression for "woman" in the modem
spoken language is the two syllable n8rL12, written with the characters
for "woman" -knu' and "person" h 1.612.Many of these common
combinations are given in this book so that you will get used to seeing the
STUDENT'S GUIDE
characters within important expressions and words. Learning the
combinations in which a character occurs can be a valuable aid to
understanding that character. Moreover, since the characters used in these
combinations are restricted to those that have already been presented in
the text, these combinations provide review as well as usage examples.
Some examples are also given of a favourite stylistic device in
Chinese-four-character set expressions. Learning these four-character
set expressions will be useful to the student in the same way as learning
two-character combinations, and it will also prepare the student to deal
with them when he or she encounters them or similar four-character
expressions in discourse, written or spolcen. Finally, practice with two-
character combinations and four-character set expressions will tend to
break down the illusion, which the writing system so insistently encourages,
that Chinese is a monosyllabic language. To some extent it may be so, but
the disyllable is an extremely important unit in modern Chinese, and the
four-character expression is also important in anything above the level of
"survival Chinese".
Phonetic Series
When a certain character has been used to give the sound in a number of
sound-meaning compounds, a group of characters emerges, each of which
has a different meaning but contains the same sound-component. The
different meanings are established, of course, by using a different meaning-
component in each character. Such a group of characters is called a phonetic
series, and students have often found that learning becomes more rapid
when they study such character groups. In the second group of characters
we have therefore introduced common characters as part of a phonetic
series, if the characters belong to an important series. For example, the
character "wrap" 63 biio, mentioned above, is the sound-component for a
number of common characters that appear in this book: +& ,& ,463, ,
.
The Chinese Writing System as Cultural Artifact
There are, more or less, thirteen dialects of the Chinese language-spolcen
languages which differ from one another as much as English, German
and Dutch differ from one another, or as French, Spanish, Italian and
Portuguese differ. The remarkable thing about the Chinese writing system,
21
STUDENT'S GUIDE
including the modem form of it which is studied in this book, is that a
literate native-speaker of one dialect can write down anything he might
reasonably want to communicate, and a literate native-speaker of any other
dialect will immediately understand-although if the two tried to speak
in their native dialects, neither would understand the other. That is, with
the Chinese writing system, you can simultaneously write down a message
in thirteen different languages!' There has never been anything else like
it in human history.
Some foreign students, initially vexed when they see that the Chinese
writing system is somewhat more complicated than their own, think that
Furthermore, while it does take some months longer for a Chinese child
to master the writing system than it does an American or French child,
say, to master their own writing systems, in the long run there is little
diierence. Japan, where the writing system is based on the Chinese system,
has one of the highest literacy rates in the world (illiteracy in Japan is
about one-fifth that of the United States). And Jarnes Traub notes that
only slightly more than four percent of Taiwanese fifth graders and slightly
more than ten percent of Japanese scored as low as the average American
fifth grader on a battery of reading tests.8
The foreign student should also consider that the logic of the Chinese
writing system, as sketched on pages 12-14 above, has stimulated a number
of outstanding Western thinkers, from Leibniz in his work on the Calculus
to Eisenstein on montage. A proposal was floated after World War II to
-- "ideograms".
have traffic signs_aII over the world prepared in Chinese -- - -
Although derided by Yale's widely respected sinologist, the late George
A. Kennedy, who called the suggestion "deranged", something like that
has actually happened, with modern pictures, symbols, and especially
"~neaning-meaningcompounds" now to be seen on traffic signs and other
public notices around the world: school crossing.. .men working.. .slippery
True regionalisms and some dialectal slang are not reached by the writing
system, but the relative unimportance and the ephemeral nature of slang
and regionalisms make this a trivial exception.
James-Traub, "It's-Elementary;'-'Ne~v-Yorlierr17-July1995,-78-(-74-79).
STUDENT'S GUIDE
when wet.. .steep hill ahead.. .slow-moving vehicles, lceep right.. .no
smolcing...no eating or drinlcing on the subway.. .do not play boom boxes
on the beach.. .danger of falling roclcs.. .watch out for deer.. .low-flying
aircraft ahead.. .emergency fire exit, this way.. . There is a complex
ideogram on the bus boats in Venice which clearly says, in just four
elements, "sit down or you will bloclc the captain's view and make it
difficult for him to navigate the boat safely!" Many computer icons, too
are a modern form of ideography, universally intelligible to computer
users around the world, whatever their native language. So far, however,
these international systems of modern ideograms have not developed
sound-loans, sound-meaning compounds, or re-clarified compounds.
Study Methods
Each traditional radical introduced in this boolc is assigned a number in
parentheses (radicals used to organize the modern HBn-Ying Cidim are
identified, as noted, by the letter "H" preceding the number). This number
is the radical number and indicates where the radical occurs within the
sequence of 214 (or 226) radicals. Every effort you make to memorize the
number, at least for radicals having two, three, four, five, or six strolces,
will pay off in time saved after you start to use dictionaries. Just as it is a
great time-saver with Western-language dictionaries t o know
approximately where "F" occurs in the alphabet (and whether it occurs
before or after " M , for example) these numbers serve the same purpose
in Chinese. You or your teacher should malce a decision early on about
the question of which set of radical numbers you should try and memorize.
(All things being equal, the authors feel that the "H" set may be most
useful to modern students.) This statement applies only to the radicals'
serial numbers: the meaning of all radicals should be learned. The
pronunciation should be learned, of course, for radicals which still function
in written Chinese as independent characters.
You are also advised, when first learning a character, to be conscious
of all the radicals that appear within it. Say aloud the radicals while writing
a new character. For example, say "knight-eye-cowrie" while writing ?&
"sell" (character 135), or "grass-mouth-mouth-dove-yawn" while writing
# "to be pleased" (character 194). Such incantations may be of
considerable help in recalling characters to memory three or four days
after first encountering them.
STUDENT'S GUIDE
You should read the explanation of the sources of new characters, but
you need not formally study these explanations unless (as sometimes
happens) you become fascinated by the written Chinese character itself.
In that case you may want to learn all the explanations given and even to
carry your own studies further afield into the various books which present
such explanations in greater (and on occasion even fanciful) detail.
You can easily use Reading and Writing Chinese as a programmed
textbook. Cover the character with a blank piece of paper placed along
the vertical line that separates the character from the box containing its
pronunciation and meaning. Then try to write down the character, and
written the character incorrectly, take note of the error or errors and write
the character correctly several times before proceeding to the next one.
After working to the bottom of a page in this way, reverse the procedure
and try to write down the pronunciation and meaning while looking only
at the character. Immediately check your work against the correct
pronunciation and meaning that appear in the text.
How to Write the Characters

The Chinese learn to write characters by using an easy and effective
method. The essential ingredient of this method is the fixed order in which
the strokes of a character are written. Although Chinese people occasionally
disagree among themselves about minor details, the method has been
developed and perfected through centuries of experience. Follow the
stroke-order diagrams
- presented in this book in order
- ---- - to acquire proper
hab'lts early, and remember to keep your characters uniform in size. The
rules below explain the method in general.
STUDENT'S GUIDE
1. Top to bottom:
2. Left to right:
m
iI I1
3. Upper left corner to lower right corner:

Ill
STUDENT'S GUIDE
4. Outside to inside:
perpendicular strokes:
6. Slanting strolce to the left before slanting strolce to the right:

STUDENT'S GUIDE
7. Center strolce before symmetrical wings:
The Pronunciation of Chinese

The system used in this revised edition of Reading and Writing Chinese
to write Chinese with Roman letters is the Hanyu Pinyin system which is
standard in mainland China and is now used almost everywhere else in
the world, too, in newspapers, magazines, books, textbooks, and so on.
The Hanyu Pinyin system is as follows:
1. The following letters are pronounced lilce their English equivalents:

f; k, I, m, n, p, s, (except in "sh") t, w, and y.
2. The following letters are pronounced like the English sounds indicated:
a (except as described in 8, below), as in fnthel-; i, as in machine
(except when appearing immediately after u-see end of this
paragraph-or when appearing immediately after c, r, s, sh, z, or zh:
see 9. below); o as in worn; ai as in aisle; and ui, lilce wei in weight.
3. The following combinations are pronounced like the English sounds
indicated: ao, lilce ow in how; ou, like o in so; and e (except e after i
or y: see 8, below), like o in done.
4. The following letters are pronounced as explained: b, like p in spy; d,
like tin sty; and g,like k sky; that is, like English p, t, and k but with
less aspiration (cp. 1, above).
5. The following letters are pronounced as described: h, with more
friction than the English h; u (but not ii, and also not when followed
by another vowel or pair of vowels, or when preceded by j, q, or by i
or y), like oo in moon but with the lips rounded and the tongue back;
u preceded by i or y, like o in so; u preceded by j, q, or x, round the
STUDENT'S GUIDE
lips to say oo as in moon but try to pronounce instead i as in machirj
(cp. ii in 8, below); z, like ds in cads; and c, like ts in it's hot.
6. The following letters and combinations are pronounced as describe(
sh as in shred, tongue very far back; ch, tongue flat against roof c
mouth, very far back; zh, like ch just described but with less breatl
and r, tongue flat against roof of mouth, far back-like a j and
pronounced together.
7. The following letters are pronounced as described: j, like English
but with tongue tip forward where teeth meet; q, like jjust describe
but with more breath; and x, tongue tip against back of lower teet
nounced as described: e after i or y, as i

yet; ii, round the lips to say oo as in moon but try to pronounce instea
i as in machine;ii, plus e, lilce ii just described plus English e in yet;
after i or y and before n (but not before ng),like e in yet; and a after
and before n, like e in ye
9. When i comes immediately after c, r, s, or z, it indicates that the mout
and tongue are held in place while the consonant is pronounced with01
a vowel (but with a tone: see next section: we could say that 'th
consonant becomes its own vowel'); that is, si is just a hiss, zi is jur
a buzz, and n' is a kind of pun; when i comes immediately after ch c
zh, the resulting syllables chi and zhi are pronounced as explained i
6, above, but they slide towards the r sound and get a tone-rathe
like the first syllable of gerbil and Churchill,respectively; and whe
i comes immediately after sh, the resulting syllable shi sounds lik
- -- shirr
English - but-with the- sh described
- -- above, and with a tone. .-
10. The letter u when followed by another vowel or pair of vowels I
pronounced like English w; the combination iu at the end of syllable
is pronounced about lilce the American greeting Yo!; and yi i
pronounced like the first syllable of easy.
To use this system of writing Chinese (Putonghua)with Roman letter

the student needs to know about three further features: word-division, th
occasional use of apostrophes, and the placement of tone-marks (see belov
over vowels when the syllable has more than one vowel-letter (a, e, i, o,
and ii) in it. Chinese is written in 'the real world' with Chinese character
not-with Roman-letters,-so-the-system-of-romanizaton hasnot-been-two1
STUDENT'S GUIDE
smooth' by those great creators and molders of language, the folk. Many
details, therefore, have not been worked out; the division into words is
one of them. For example, should the expression for "overseas Chinese",
composed of HUB(Chinese) + qi5o (person or people living abroad), be
written HUBqiBo or HuBqiBo? I recommend that the student follow the
advice I give to my students of translation at City University of Hong
Kong: look it up in a good dictionary, like Hm-Ying Cidim! (It's HuBqiBo,
one word.) Apostrophes are used, when necessary, to avoid ambiguity.
The term jianai, for example, could be read as jia nai or jian ai, so an
apostrophe is added to clanfy: jim'ai. As to the correct placement of tone-
marks when a syllable has two or more vowel-letters in it, the situation is
fairly simple, and practice and observation will help a great deal. The
letters a and e always get the tone-mark in combinations, and o always
gets the tone-mark except when the combination is ao or iao, in which
case the a gets it. When i and u appear together-as iu or as ui-whichever
one comes second gets the tone-mark.
Tone
In addition to its vowels and consonants, a word in modern Chinese has a
characteristic "tone". The tone of a word is very important because it
allows our ears to discriminate among words that have the same vowels
and consonants. Tones result from changes in pitch which the speaker
produces with the vocal cords while pronouncing the vowels and
consonants. The difficulty of learning these tones has been much
exaggerated. In fact, the system of tones in Putonghua ("Mandarin", the
standard, or most commonly studied, spoken language of China, based on
the dialect of the capital, Beijing) is actually one of the simplest of all
Chinese dialects.
In Putonghua there are four tones (or five, if we count the 'zero' tone:
see below). These tones are indicated in Hnlzyzi Pinyin by the tone marks
ii, fi, 6, and 6, written over the syllable like the accent in French (see
above). Thus, mH is n z + n (as described above) pronounced in the first
tone, ma'is m + a pronounced in the second tone, and so on. The way in
which the speaker uses the vocal chords to change the pitch can be written
on a musical staff, as below. Note that it is only the contour of the pitch
which determines the tone; thus a man's normal first tone will be a bit
lower than a woman's. Pitch will normally be somewhere near the centre
29
STUDENT'S GUIDE
of the speaking voice and will vary according to the individual and his c
her mood.'
The description of tones given here is the simplest and is the one mo:
often presented in texts. It is intended to enable the student to pronounc
words-in isolation. In nosmal speech the tone may disappear from a syllablc
third tones in succession in a single expression, native spealcer

automatically change the first of them to a second tone: h6n hilo become
hEn hilo. We have indicated such changes in this book if the expression :
a very common one. Some very common words change their tone
regularly, depending on the tone of the following word, and in these case
we have indicated the tone appropriate to each expression. Problems (
words in discourse are, however, more properly a subject for a textboo
of modern spoken Chinese, which you are urged to consult for mol
specific information.
The musical diagram is from Chao Yuen Ren, A Granznzar of Spolce

~lzinese-~Berlceley~Wniversity-of-~alifo1~ia-Press~l
1,062 BASIC CHARACTERS
character and means "man" or "person".

Learn to distinguish the "man" rad. from the
"enter" rad. A (152, below).
5-9 * BASIC CHARACTERS
see p. 281a, below -and also the form 2,
Note that C has "down" and "twist" in it.

The other stroke is not a rad. in traditional
dictionaries. In the form A , however, it is
used in modem dictionaries as a rad. (e.g., a
H5). The history of 4~ is very complicated;
it involves the confusion of at least three
different characters.
"man" rad. (here, "sideman") suggests the

meaning, the right half, yE (6, above) at one
time suggested the sound, but now it is not
BASIC CHARACTERS 10-14
4 4 S A . N , ~ .
C Z
10
3 stroltes
d,
woman. WOMANrad. (38)(H73)
-k is a picture -a rough stick drawing of a
woman. It occurs independently as a
character and means "woman."
-kA niirEn, woman
compound. The "woman" rad. suggests the

meaning, and yE, as in 4th t2, "he," (7,
above) once suggested the sound. Note the
logic in the writing system; the "man" rad.
occurs in the character for "he;" the
"woman" rad. occurs in the character for
Tile "hook" rad. has a little hook on the

bottom of it. It differs from the "down" rad.
(3, above): the "down" rad has no little
hook. Note that j u i i s not a rad. in modem
15-19 BASIC CHARACTERS
s a picture. In older forms, it is easy to

cow with horns drawn from the front.
form of the "cow" rad. occurs only as a
of characters; another form, 4 (260,
w) occurs as an independent character.
?- is a picture. In older forms, it quite

clearly resembles a child. -71 occurs often as
-71-k zinii, sons and daughters; children

s sometimes gloss this character

form of fB " ("to go around;
nce," 876, below).
ply an arbitrary symbol
October 1, National Day

's Republic of China
The "field" rad. is a picture of the typical

Chinese (and East Asian) field - a large
wound silk cocoon. Note that it appears also

in several characters related to sillc (25 and
28, below). Dictionaries often note that this
The "coil" rad. originally was a picture of a

coil of silk thread. Learn to distinguish
"coil" from the "cocoon" rad. A (24,
above), from the "silk" rad. % (28, below),
and from the "dark" rad. t (p. 24%).
suggest "small." Two of the dots remain, bu

the center dot has been replaced by a "hook'
aic) a person of little
The "silk" rad. was a drawing of silk thread.

Note that the modem form includes the
-"W-faa;-SeeZI74,%37-~--
in the fields; the women's main work was

sericulture (silk farming). % may be a
meaning-meaning compound to suggest
everybody's work, whence "be tied."
-W % hJolSi, be very tired
' )
/J
CId, step. STEP rad. (60)(H62)
Note that the "step" rad. includes the "side-
man" (4, above), to which a stroke has been
added -supposedly to suggest movement,
a step taken. The "step" rad. occurs often in
characters for action or movement.
30
3 strokes
G&, be stubborn; be blunt; be tough,
17 leathery (of food orpeople). STUBBORN
rad. (138)(H184)
In early texts, k i s clearly a picture of a man
with a big, staring eye -an obstinate type,
an isolent fellow. In modem times, the
spoken word gin is dialect -used in
31
certain localities, but not part of modem
6 strokes standard Chinese.
&, very
/
4 This character is a sound-ioan for h6n
"very." Originally, it stood for a word that
'4 4" 4" meant "to act stubborn, to resist" -a word

that probably was cognate with gin (31,
above). The "stubbom" rad. was reclarified
with the "step" rad., and sometime later the
character was borrowed for h6n. "very."
K ~ Umouth;
, a measure for human beings.
) M O W & . (30)(H58)
The "mouth" radical also occurs as an
independent character and means "mouth."
It is a picture.
A n rink64 population
33 5 a A s;Tn k6u r6n, three people
3 strokes a -3- kGuzi, hole, opening, cut, rip
H U ~&.
, FIRErad. (86)(H80)
1 '' ' '' This is supposed to be a picture of the fire
burning on the ground. This form of the
b h b b "fire" rad. occurs only as a part of characters.
I\\\ It is called "fire-dots" or "four-dots fire."
Compare the independent form k (414,
34 below).
4 strokes
is a picture. The resemblance

clearer in older forms of the
topic to emphasize it.

75 is a sound-meaning compound - .% (35
part of characters,IS H rad. 10)
tailed bird." In some ancient texts it

specifically means "dove." The older forms
of the character were clearly pictures of a
BASIC CHARACTERS * 40-44
This character is probably a sound-meaning

compound. Zhui(39, above) is supposed to
The "hand" rad. looks like this when it is an

independent character meaning "hand." This
fonn can also sometimes occur as a part of
The "dart" rad. is a picture. (H defines yias

"a retrievable arrow with string attached"
and calls it "bookish.") Compare the "lance"
rad. (43, below) and learn to distinguish
"lance" from "dart."
The "lance" rad. is a picture. Note that

"lance" has one more stroke than "dart," at
the bottom. In museums you can see that the
old weapon called g5 had a blade like this at
the lower end. The weapon is also
from zhso "look for" % (508, below). W6 is

"hand" + "lance;" zhso is "side-hand" +
an independent character and means "gate,
doorway, area by an
This character came to mean "you" by

sound-loan. The history of the character is
too complicated to go into here. Nowadays
4k 4Pl nimen,you (plural)

nihrio, hello! hi! how are you!
D& big. BIG rad. (37)(H52)
k is a man with arms extended: "big." klJ.
djyigo, size (abstract nouns are often formed
of antonyms combined, as if to say "the big
and little of it, the size:" cp. & 8~ giio2i' (tall/
short: height), 75, below; 9 3. duiishio
50 (manylfew: how many?), 287; 1&
qingzb6ng (lightheavy: weight), 1051;
3 strokes
- ku;Tnzh&(broadlnarrow: width), p. 254a, etc.)

Fii, husband, "bigman"
k 51
k d&fi, medical doctor (note that k
"big" is pronounced d;ij in this
expression)
k A firen, Mrs.; Madam
.% f , AMil fiiren, Mrs. Ma; Madam Ma
4 strokes
'I'I&V, heaven; day
Ai-52
--C
Heaven was anciently recognized as a diety
in China. This character is supposed to be a
picture of "an anthropomorphic diety."
kk ti&ti&, every day
k-7- ti;Tnzi, the "Son of Heaven," the
emperor
-
4 strokes
YAO, tender, gentle (withA,yZo
Ai'53
comprisesH.rad. 90)
Learn to distinguish k from k (52, above).
The clue is: is there a "one" rad. or a "left"
rad. across the top?
4 strokes
m,bamboo. BAMBOO rad. (118)(H178)

4 This character is a good picture of the
slender, drooping leaves of the bamboo.
St? zhirzi, bamboo
4-t ,6 zbiirni, a stick used by children as a
toy horse
54
6 strokes
55-59 BASIC CHAIZACTERS
This form of the "bamboo" rad. only occurs
One scholar says, 'When bamboo takes the

wind, it leans back gently like a man who
BASIC CHARACTERS 6 0 6 4
character: just memorize it. Distinguish it
The character is a picture. The point of the

arrow is at the top, and the feathers and
notch are at the bottom.
"grain" (65 below), & "rice" (101, below),

stroke across the top to represent the head of

ripened grain. Distinguish "grain" from
f$. is composed of "arrow" k+ "grain"

iF. "woman" & -all things which,
within their classes, are generally shorter:
arrows than spears, grain than trees, women
,tiA rnjngSn, a busy fellow

?& is deferential, used to address elders and

superiors. Note that the top half of this
character is f* "you" (49, above).
5% brihio, It's not good; No good!

I% was a picture of stairs leading down from

the mound. In form, "mound" and the "city"
rad. (136, below) are the same, but "city"
always appears at the far right in characters.
Not an independent form. Dictionaries call
"mound" zu6 drdu6, "left ear." (h
=572, below; 4 , 2 0 1 ; &. seep. 282b).
T V brikB, should not

kzxin, be satisfying, pleasing
-pref% it-is used by sound-loan-- --
direct address, and impatient statements.

Sound-loan, reclarified with "mouth."
BASIC CHARACTERS = 80-84
Yir is a picture of a hand holding a brush.

The top part, If,is a rad. in many modem
dictionaries (i.e., H124). Such dictionaries
Yud has a stroke inside the mouth, perhaps

to suggest the tongue moving. Learn to tell
"Brush" + "say" = "book." (Not accurate

historically, this explanation can help you
remember the character.)
above) and from "city" p (136, below).

The "shield" cad. is a picture. In modem texts,
-8
announce, report; newspaper; to
The old form of this character meant "to

requite" because it was a picture of a kneeling
man with manacles and a hand to mete out
the punishment. It stands for "announce" by
$r $p
sound-loan. It will have to be memorized as
"lucky" + "seal" + "right hand."
i2Ekes $E ~ I . $ l i xi;iobtio, tabloid
1 P R BB~brush,writinginstrument
Biis a meaning-meaning compound:
"bamboo" + "brush" =the traditional
Re Chinese writing instrument, a brush made of
bamboo.
-%,.,g bixin, pencil-lead; ball-point pen refill
91
12 strokes
- W ~ Gking;
, family name (H88)
W h g i s classified in traditional dictionaries
under the "jade" rad. 5 (62, above)
although wjng has one less stroke. In such
dictionaries, characters in which the rad.
seems to be w h g will be found under
92 "jade" but in modem dictionaries will be
4 strokes found, more logically, under L whg, king.
Z 4
.c
' WAN, to play, to amuse oneself
A sound-meaning compound. Y u h (72,
above) suggests the sound. The "jade" rad.
is supposed to help with the meaning,
3 3' F perhaps because toys were often made of
jade; "toys" suggests "to play."
8 strokes
m,gold, metals; a family name. GOLD

isd (16'7)(HZ09; short form = H rad. 147)
The "gold" rad. occurs as an independent
A & character and means "gold" or "metals."
Often seen in characters for various metals
or metallic objects.
&5 jin yii, (bookish) gold and jade;
8 k:ses '& "treasures"
(short form in combinations only: 4 )
ShZn is a picture. In the old form it is clearly

three peaks sticking up. The "mountain" rad.
often occurs independently as a character
and means "mountain" and "hill."
I.40 shMc6u, mountain pass
Notice the "mountain" rad. in the center of

gZng it suggests the meaning. The rest of
g a g is from an old character which gave
1.40 shZn gfing, low hill, hilloclc
"eight" rad. to the other forms he has

learned (26 and 88, above). This is the form
which-is-usually-seems-anindependent -
tortoise; (vulgar, abusive)

Q m ,lead (the metal)

ia.9 qiZnb&pencil
100
13 strokes
, I(119)(H159)
,, , i@, rice; a family name. RICE md.
The "rice" rad. was originally a picture of

rice growing in a paddy. The horizontal stroke
represented the water that stands in paddies.
Distinguish "rice" from "sift" $-(516, below)
101 from "grain" iF. (65, above), and from
"tree" &- (64, above).
6 strokes
5 % yiimi, maize, Indian corn
D&, knife. KNIFE md. (18)(H27;in H,the
form 3 ,seen in combinations,is classified
7J is a picture. Distinguish it from the
"strength" rad. a (206, below).
n 4 diiozi, knife
f i n , rice flour; rice-flour noodles

Enb&chalk (for writing with)
P B liya, (old expression) write up your
"earth" ="village." A commentator says,

"Where there's land by fields, you build a
village." This character is also used by
BASIC CHARACTERS 110-1 14
0,wristwatch, watch
rad. This character may, however, be a

simple sound-meaning compound.
-?-at shdubiZo, wristwatch
The downstroke through the center of the

rectangle suggests "middle."
rfi *G zhdngxTn, center, core
rfi 3 zhijnglf, "standing in the middle," i.e.,
This character is a sound-loan. Originally, it

meant "nation" (see 114, below). As
"nation," it was a combination of meanings:
"lance" (for the army) + "mouth" (for a
language) + "earth." "Earth" has been
corrupted into "one" in the modem form.
"surround" rad. to suggest the national
rfi Zhdnggu6, China

?!' 3a zh6nglfgu6, a neutral nation
115-119 a BASIC CHARACTERS
Supposed to be a meaning-meaning
compound; one dictionary says, "If the
applied-heat-to-theshell-until it-cracked, then

should lean to distinguish the "eye" rad.

from the "small nose" rad. h (515, below).
g-meaning compound: "hand"
xT, "west" (130, below) as rad. 166. As a

modem rad., it will be seen in the form a6 at
122 the top of characters.
6 strokes
~aa cowrie; a family name. C O W
A cowrie is a small, yellowish-white shell

"with a fine gloss, used by various peoples
FI 9 as money*7(century,tionql. cow,
were money in China. We find the "cowrie"
rad. in characters for value, money,
123
7 strokes business transactions, etc.
a
g compound. The top
commendation
-&A gukEn, government VIP
125-129 * BASIC CI-IARACTERS
to make the explanation helpful.

i W gibg hcio, be better; even more
kb dn'bin'n,to shit, defecation

C$-bihyi, street clothes, "civvies;"
plainclothes man
father. Now it is used by

- - a, BASIC CHARACTERS 130-134
west (H166, in the forms of I and a )
*
) The character is a picture of a bird in a nest
and originally meant "to nest." It is used for
xi"west" by sound-loan. Characters in
which xliseems to be the radical will be
found in traditional dictionaries under the
"cover" rad. 73 (122, above). Distinguish the
130
"wine" rad. H (363, below).
6 strokes
- -" Y&, to want; to ask for; "wanted?'

73 important, essential
- &A ya'orEn, important person (usually a
government official)
-%% ya'obli, otherwise, or else, or
4% yGoha'o, be on good terms, be good
friends; be eager to improve yourself
traditional dictionaries, this form is almost

always "net" -and in H, always so.
his lord. Cp. "earth" k (86).

'mound" rad. (78, above). When the form

ccurs far right in a character, it is always -
Dictionaries call "city" hq* yciu drdu6,

"right ear" (2%= 210, below; = 201; =%,
is the form P -92)

Lrio, say the dictionaries, is a picture of an
old man with long hair and a cane. The
modem formis very stylized (you can--
analyze it into "earth-left-ladle").
It may be hard to see in zhd the "old" rad.,

but we lcnow it is there because zhdis
classified under d2 "old" in traditional
58
In the sense of "metropolis," this character is

a sound-meaning compound; "city" gives
This character is formed of two "ten" rads.

written together. Note that niiin is sometimes
written -If. This character is normally read
aloud simply as Z-t-~?rsh-- "twenty."
The character is a picture. The student

should learn to distinguish the "basket" rad.
from the "box" rad. r (145, below). The
two are almost identical and, indeed, have
become the same rad (15) in H.
we assume the box is tipped on its side, the

right-hand side of the box is not drawn in.
classics" of Confucianism.
copper, iron, and tin); metals

Ql, seven
The student will want to distinguish -k from
the "ladle" rad. L (137, above). Printed
form: -\r
-k 9 qikii the seventh night of the seventh
lunar month -the one night of the
year, according to myth, that the
150 legendary lovers "the Cowboy" and
2 strokes "the Weaver Girl" get to spend
together
~ f nine
i,
ttk151
hjF, jiiititin,"NinthHeaven," the highest
of heavens (the Westem world has
"seventh heaven")
2 strokes
RO,to enter. EBTER rad. (11) (Tn H, with

1 A A (2, above), = rad. 23) Distinguish "enter"
from A ( ~ 2 ) .
A nikdu, entrance
A Pq riim6n, to start well; primer
A 3 nishdu, put your hand in; get started,
152 make a beginning
A$-1$- ni m0 s;in En, be written in a
2 strokes
- y jj- ~ m ;
forceful hand; be profound
the first sylla~leof &&me
& * X &
(sh&mme),what? SHE!N, very
Originally this character stood for a word
meaning "peace and happiness." It was a
meaning-meaning compound: "sweet" +
"mate." Now the character is used by sound-
loan.
"3
9 shokes -& $ -& HbJ, slope, cliff. SLOPErad. (27)(H13)
H;in is a picture of a slope. The student will
want to note that this character is usually
seen, in modem texts, as the short form for
& ch;ing, "factory" (p. 264h below). In H,
besides HI3 there is a look-alike form J ,
identified as rad. 22, but H22 is the rad. only
154 in K (308, below) and Iff (p. 277h) and in
2 strokes the short forms for 1(452) and (p. 256b).
r (154, above) and from the "sick" rad. f

(531, below). Yrin,"lean-to," will most
Lin is a meaning-meaning compound: "tree'

beside "tree" = "forest, woods." Cp. sgn
(p. 266a, below), which also means "forest."
Emme), what? ( S h E m e i:
commonly written now a!
L, [for I f , see p. 281b,
"say" rad. R (82, above): 1) "sun" will be

taller and thinner, or 2) the inner line in
"say" will be incomplete, or 3) the two will
This character is a meaning-meaning
gives you a hint that it refers to some object

made of wood.
Qiis said to be a meaning-meaning

compound, but it is not clear why "big" +
"be able" should suggest "be weird."
@% iiiioqf, be curious, be interested in odd
tliings or just in many things
hiioqixin, curiosity
d to be a sound-meaning
meaning-meaning compound; "the sun

tangled in the branches of a tree" is
supposed to suggest "sunrise" and,
7'~eijid,bfin
. qirin, nine cents
&i,k jingirin, money
(people); therefore, ancient.

"number+ ge + noun;" individual (adjective)

Z I l s;ingC?,three ...
Zl~dinormally appears in the construction

"zl16i+ 'measure"' or "zl~C?i + 'measure' +
noun" (cp. 170, above).
& i l zl]C?isC?,this, this one
& zllC?me,so, thus, in this case; in this
way, to this extent or degree
NC?inormally appears in the construction

"ngi + 'measure"' or "nC?j+'measure' +
noun" (cp. 170 and 172, above).
fJF$4 nC?igC?,that, that one
fJir lE nC?me,that being so, in that case; in
that way, to that extent or degree
ther way to write % (28, above).

t should learn to recognize both
gathered around a single space." Not in

current use as an independent cllaracter.
The root meaning of h i is "to join or close,'

as one would two panels of a double door.
Early dictionaries call this character a
meaning-meaning compound and say, "to
close, like the mouth."
dictionary, you cannot be sure whether this

form is the "moon" rad. or the "meat" rad.
(326);youmayhave-to~nderboth-rads.
befo~eyou find a character. H puts all such
but not in traditional dictionaries.

st forms show a hand taking hold

of meat. Later lexicographers lost
so yciu came to be classified unde
(in H, under f "left hand,"
from the other form

form is called f,F"
dots water" (for A,
three-dots form ofte
HZn is a sound-meaning compound. The

"tluee-dots water" rad. suggests the
meaning; gEn (87, above) suggests the
Sl~fiis a picture: a right hand holds the club.

Distinguish "club" from these characters:
"branch" & (271, below), "knoclc" k
(384). "pattern" *
and "slow" A (337).
(360), "follow" A (319),
Shii,"club," is not now in common use.
have; has not (done something)

ST 9 MshFn, to fit well (clothes)

hzsht'n, Lo fit well (clothes)
9 shFnRn, position, rank
The "thumb" rad. is a picture of a hand, w

the dot added to indicate the thumb. Leam
distinguish "thumb," "side-hand" 3 (14,
above), and "then" $ (596, below).
'an m o w on a bow, and the "thumb" was z

hand drawing on a bow, whence "to shoot
Xis is a sound-meaning compound; the
& x'Exi.5, Thank you.

&t b0aX1d,You're welcome.
& El jiri,a ''lucky day" on tile traditional

te that the lower part of this character is

"man" rad. If it helps you to remember
character, think of the upper part as his
This character is not at present used as an

independent character.
.&ik xihuZn, to like

re of a foot. From
above) gives the sound.

S R l . gsnshang, to keep up with, keep pac
Note that Uie bottom half of "green"

resembles "moon." Qing by itself, howeve
is-~eonizedsaradThechatta-also-
occurs independently and means "green"
qing(l98, above) gives the sound.

$TI? sh6 qing, Who's paying?
Bi] , the moon shining through a craclc in a

gate, originally meant "crack, break."
"Leisure" may be an extension of meaning,
as in English a rest is "a break." Now
usually = I??, which loolcs lilce a meaning-
meaning compound: "put a tree across
e student should distinguish "strength"

m the "knife" rad. 7J (102, above)
E rh sipinijli, four horsepower
rh m d i , "put your baclc" into a job; do
something "with all your might"
differentiate; difference
Xd A bjErEn, other people
-Xll-E-bi6tn;ii;Don'rbuyit!----
113XI1 $big, specific; very few; be
taracter is classified in traditional

ictionaries under the "moon" rad. A (178
bove). In H, it is classified under rad. 118
X# fui80, elders (as in a district)
The character is supposed to be a picture of

a woman in irons. The relation of that to its
present meaning is unclear. Learn to
distinguish tlte "don't" rad. from -4-mi,
This character is not in modem use except

as a short form for L gin (215, below), in
which usage it is, of course, pronounced
Zhen (213, above) for sound, eye for
&liiis a pictuie o f a woman with two dots tc

emphasize the breasts. Learn to distinguish
"mother" from the "don't" rad. -# (212,
4 4 % mmu'qin,mother
X . 4 fimmu',parents, your father and mothe
k 4 dl?@, oldest brother; also used to

address politely a lnan about your
bbiogZ, older male cousin such that
The "bow" rad. is a picture of a bow.

5 3- gdngzi, bow (e.g., a violin bow)
an arrow stayed on the bow, hence "to pity

In modem use, this character has been
replaced by $, which Bemhard Karlgen
calls "a vulgar corruption" (Analytic
z& Srdi, second younger cousin
ka-ka jiEjie, older sister

k-ka diijii, oldest sister; also used to
address politely a woman about your
below) and from % (p.301b).

'T wdikE, cannot, be unable to
&!LC biZornSi, younger female cousin such

that tl~etwo of you are children or
grandcl~ildrenof a brother and a
sister, or of two sisters
Ek shduzhi, toilet paper

$IL"it. bjozhi, newspaper, newsprint
The cliaracter is a drawing of a man with a

This character is said to be a picture of a

child with open fontanel.
The student should distinguish "white" from

the "sun" rad. El (160, above) and from tile
"nose" rad. 8 (515, below).
-k 3. bjitiZn, in the daytime
The character is a picture of a wrapper. As

part of a cilaracter, the "wrap" rad. usually
appears wrapped around other rads. or parts
of the character. Some modem dictionaries
call the "wrap" rad. " 63 $32 %," bjbzi t6ur
-top of the character 'bao' (63 = 509,
below; $ = 257; 6 =454).
& '7 niirsli;io, wooden ladle

')f 7 duile, That's right!

"N3.duishdu, adversafy, opponent
#3& duiz!?6ng, to set a clock
mother's side
--
$L+k ba'oshui, to make a custolns

talk and laugh together,
The "ten" rad. gives a clue that the character

stands for a number.
'F- 4! qiZn lz many miles; long journey
?la% qiZnlim& a superb horse, a horse
that can run many miles
'F- i; gi;Tngfi, eternal, of the ages
extra one (one too many)

%Z guizhcing, be valuable
3 7 ch6ng le, be done twice, get repeated
f ?& gtlddng, an antique; an old fart
as 243, above: "be correct (in the mind)

about, to understand." Note that in form it is
identical to 243, with the addition of the
2 burshi, "No!"; a fault
A xi&fiT, my late husband

F, xiZnti?in, innate, inborn
shSng n&r, to bear a daughter
3- shSngshbu, green hand, green horn

ives the sound in a

aracters (usually as
The "child" rad. gives tile meaning; h Z

(250, above) gives the sound.
T23 hZtdng, children

TS 3% xiiiohZr, child (colloquial)
11%
g t i ~h in the fields W ."

kk-4 xikgming, full name

$2 yGuming, be famous
as a part of other characters.

...
This character is a picture (cp. 15, above).

This form occurs as a part of characters and
also as an independent character. L e a n to
distinguish "cow" from w0 "noon" 4 (594,
The original meaning of this character was

"muzzle for cows." The character was a
meaning-meaning compound: "cow" +
"mouth" suggested the device. By sound-
loan it means "inform."
4L-& ba'oga'o, to report; a report, a lecture
The "axe" rad, is a picture. The character

now stands also for a measure of weight, a
jin or "catty," wlich equals about 1.5
-&X ga'osii, to inform

%%L siishu6, to tell, to relate
LM sll;ingsii, (legal term) to appeal to a
The student should distinguish the "chief'

rad. from the "head" rad Sj; (333, below)
and from the "face" rad. dil (610, below)
"Chief' was originally a picture of a head
with horns or some big headdress.
$ 2 ~shGudii, capital city
h8 zhidfio, to know
%# da'oxiZ, to thank
8.4%- to congratulate
dfioxi,
-f 8 z11EjyLuidsh&this lot of hooks

f da' xit7.a bit larger
"branch" rad. from "club"

"knock" k (384, below), '
(360), "follow" A (319), "
In this character, 271, above, has been

reclarified wit11 the "tree" rad.
&? zlu'zi,(hee) branch
-&* yizlu'bi,a pen
As a cyclical character ("heavenly stem"),

this was probably a symbol. The meaning
"self" is probably by sound-loan. Learn to
tell "self" from "already" 5 (274, below),
from si FJ (275), and from "seal" & (760).
* Z zllqi,"bosom" or "intimate"
characters with which tf, is likely to be

originally supposed to have been a

ing of a fetus, with a large head and
d up lower part. The student should
to distinguish sifrom 273 and 274,
*G is a sound-meaning compound.
.icl-t2Ehi0 ba, Okay! Bravo! Fine!
fsk&itiltC niz11idSo ba, You know, I
suppose.
y51g(278, above) suggested the sound.

,%.at' hEixii, a "black heart," an evil mind

%
,. t9 % hsi b;ii bfi En, cannot
& is a meaning-meaning compound: the

"divine" rad. (118, above) + "mouth" = "to
explain (orally) the divination cracks."
Other meanings by sound-loan.
wU dijn zl16ng, 5:00

rw * sh &;inliii, 3.6
Tile "rain" rad. is a picture of raindrops

falling from clouds.
+JL o'ng xi6ng, (respectful) your older

43.97 hcio dud le, Much better!

9 duaxis, Many thanlcs!
9"k shiioni, young +,l
nn
06
9) once suggested the
g6u pEngy6u, to be a friend indeed
%,%1;Sf- guidiiinzi, (dialect) d ' i trick, evil
The "earth" rad. gives the meaning; guf

(291, above) suggests the sound.
-k%+t qikuZ q i k , seven dollars
-% W yikuZ t i k , a piece of land, a field
M5o is a picture of an animal's pelt.

Distinguish from 3 "hand" (41, above).
%% mgobi, writing brush
%% niiioyi, (wool) sweater
.if% hiinm50, fine body-hair (on people)
aracter may stand for a word cognate

4, above. The "heart" rad. means
(as it often does), and @. can be
ed as "to examine in the mind, to
Older forms have "clasp" (141, above)
-# yigdng, all together

? # Zhcing Gdng, Chinese Communists
(from ? El # b 2 Zhdngguci)
meaning. It soon came to mean "tall

buildings: capital."
$$ Ddnuing, Tokyo
check out something put in plain view, on a
3Rsk xiinqijo, ready money
83k.5 zrii wd kib,as I see it

% 8 7 bfi zii le, to no longer exist; to be
The student should distinguish liiing from

the "stubborn" rad. i% (31, above). Litkg
has the extra dot at the top.
f L 1i5ngxinn,conscience
8 ~
kW liSngh80, be good, be well
htA%kliiing kuii qi'in, two dollars

--I;% &? yi liiingjinzi, a tael of gold
h iL li8ng k6uzi. husband and wire
part of a cltaracter; 306 is the independent

Fin is a sound-meaning compound. The

"food" rad. gives the meaning; (308,
above) suggests the sound.
&{ti. mIfin, cooked rice
&$ti. y i i ~to~beg, for food or money
. Ting (3 11, above) is, of
Shdis a picture of a tongue sticking out of a
@ % xudshd, to learn "by tongue," i.e., so

that you can parrot the teacher's
words without really understanding
them; (colloquial) gossipy
This character sltows a hand holding a
to intercede
le yawn" rad. (to suggest the opening

mouth) combines with gE(217, above) in
.%Ill g E , every one; one by one

%El gEgu6, various nations
-%I* gSbvSi, everybody (used in addressin
an audience, to get people's
attention); each person
%% qingkS, to give a party

?jig sliu6k5, an (informal) emissary, an
eloquent fellow sent to win others to
your point of view
his character once was identical, to the

"breath" rad. (324, below) and meant
"breath, vapours, exhalations." It was
probably by sound-loan that it came to mean
"to beg."
322 %+> qisl~i,beg for food
3 strokes
/k 1 ' ' CEJji, to eat

*~tti
ptbtl$.G
c / i i h , to eat
cliide d6ngxi, food, things to eat
P~
323
pl pc L h li,trequire strengll and exertion;
6 strokes
----- ~tbreath, vapours, exhalations, BRE4TH
I p )=, rad. (84)(H109)
The cliaracter is a picture of breath passing
off in waves.
324
4 strokes
$L sl~Fngqi,to get an,v

a%,yuiinqi, vitality, personal energy,
ROU, meat. h4EAT rad. (130)(H118)

Note that when the "meat" rad. occurs as a
part of characters, it is identical in form to
the "moon" rad. (178, above). The "meat"
rad. as ai independent character, however,
has a different form (928, below). As part c
a character, this f o m is H. rad. 118 whethe
4 strokes it originally meant "meat" or "moon."
(6 strokes)
I
under the "meat" rad. (326, above); that is

the only way we know that this form is
"meat."
fiE h ningl?, ability
fik $4 nnngg:ciu, to be able to
3"
10 strokes
Ifl* t lflL
*t/ *t
flk
C%NG, already; -G, relationship
between great-grandparents and great-
grandchildren through the male line; a
family name
328
12 strokes
.$g h u M , to receive a guest
The character originally was "slope" +

"white" + "water" and meant "spring" (i.e.,
a water-source). "Water" was corrupted into
The character was a picture of a man's head.
traditional form, willingness often being a

matter of the heart, not of the head.
+G'Efi xiiyu$n,heart's desire
i18Eii qingyuiin,voluntarily
The old form of the "tone" rad. was a mouth

blowing on a flute -a pretty good way to
suggest "tone." The modem fonn has been
corrupted into "stand" over "say."
titought"); accident
identical in form to the "follow" rad. (319,

above) and may want to review the entry
under 319 for clarification of their relation.
In modern dictionaries like H, these two
forms are put together as one rad. (=H65).
This is the form of tlte "claws" rad. that is

used as a part of characters. (For the
said to be an object
It is supposed that this word ren and the

word rsn A ''man; be human" are cognates.
The "two" rad., then, is a reclarification. The
"two" is often explained philosophically:
"two" = "another, other," and kindness is the
most important virtue toward others.
"F % zh2 kkjn, at first sight

"F 4 "F %
: zl1Z yciu zl~Zint?;, now it's here,
now it's not (idiomatically: "now you
see it, now you don't")
8 t chkjngyjn, (bookish) frank and open

speech or remarks
344 E?
8 strokes
The "mouth" gives the meaning; chin::

"811: cl~,inggB,to sing
gvlhBcl~;in,,a chorus (group of singerr
=fi118 nljichjng, to sing for a living
LIU fi sh'ingge yu4 last month

LC A sl~ingqiin r&n,to be nearly a
thousand people
1% sl~ingxu& to go to school
L shingm8, to get on a horse; to start
% Q xiEsl~Bng,(artist's expression) to dr
"heart"; "head" was corrupted to "field."

' k3 sixiing, thought
,&
modem Chinese, but it is seen as a sound

The character is a picture of a small piece of
$ shdujin, small towel, face towel

?lt zl$in, paper towel
The top part of this character is the cover,
% % rna'on6ng. to use someone else's name

~FI;i-7. rna'ozi, hat, cap
s'iI.tER bima'or, cap of a pen
% +% rna'osh6, peak of a cap; visor
$j $fi $g
r9 r9
il:zkes
%d/r ch6ngxin, again, anew; fresh
Tile original meaning of this character was

"owl." The "grass" rad. represented the
bird's "horns," the dove rad. helped furthe
fix the meaning, and jiir (229, above) gave
Z$ t yiji, person belonging to a different
El ?l(r F1 Z$ rixin yud yi, to change or

develop every day
--
Not in use as an independent character in
6%> cliiclii, to drink tea

%% cliidiiin, refreshments
%I?? clidiui, tea party, reception
running water. This is Ute independent form
The "wine" rad. is a picture of a wine-jug;

the horizontal stroke inside represents the
liquid in it. Tlte student should distinguish
I % jiigui, an alcoholic, wino, lush

$3I?? jiiliui, cocktail party
@: $ jiiyi, mild high from drink; tipsy
365-369 - BASIC CHARACTERS
the hand is supposed to be grabbing the ea

hence the meaning "to grab."
4%4? gild& to get, to obtain
&?if zuih;io, the greatest; the best thing tc
1-0;
picture of a man with his hands tied behind

his back, hence "to be in difficulty." Not in
modern use as an independent character.
This is tile same word as 370, above; the

character is reclarified with the "stubborn"
rad. The student should distinguish jijn from
n j , (372, below). In $k jjjn, the right-hand
element is "stubborn;" in BP-njn, the riglit-
hand element is "dove."
Xi& njnda'o, It couldn't be that.. .? You

don't mean... ?
$k$@jijnnjn, difficult, in difficulty
$h%$ niind6, rare; d i i c u l t to get; rarely
The character is a picture.

J-r & shjngii, ravine
374
10 stroltes
*+
A-
*
* &-
This is said to be a picture of an old wamir

flag -"Stop!" - from which the meanin
"must not" derives.
Eorigin;llly meant "chameleon" and was

picture of the chameleon. The meaning "to
change" is an easy extension of
"chameleon." The measng "easy" is
probably by sound-loan.
$ b r6ngyi, be easy
CBng (377, above) gives the sound; the

"heart" rad. gives the meaning.
A popular variant is h. -
378
11 strokes
understand, to be intelligent." The charactc

is a sound-meaning compound. C6ng (378
above) gives the sound; the "ear"
rad. gives the meaning.
3 k jinsl~@ng,
this life
rad. (138, above) + the "child" rad. = "filial
and drink extravagantly

fiZcombiies meanings: "pig" under "roof'
This character is a picture. The student

should distinguish it froin "corpse" P (329,
above). Usually printed 9 .
P hiik6u. population; household
1P A $ s5n 116rEnjiZ, three housellolds
Door" gives the meaning; fig (392,

h%$ ffjnddng, landlord
h%5ii? fkgzi, house, building; room
h%qfkgshi, sexual intercourse (between
husband and wife)
35+ zhvjn, up to the present time

4 P z11ish;io. at least
d? wiizi, room
B d fhgwii, l~ouses,buildings
XI1 $ k l h bj6 you LiZn-di, a place of great
& && duicl~dngMgijin, to change into

American money
& A cl~dngrdn,'an adult
chgng (399, above) gives the sound in tliis
j&% cheng xii7ng8town and country

ftj& Cl~Zngchcng,the Great Wall
The original meaning of this character was

"to cross;" it was a picture of a man with
crossed legs. The student should distinguish
it from "pattern" 2 (360, above).
Rll$ f i IC big y6u ycingxin, to have hidden

motives or an axe to grind
4+ f i zuciycing, to have an effect on;
-
compound. The "gold" rad. gives the

meaning, and fU (404, above) suggests the
,"Mandarin" language
now like "corpse" P (329, above)

' b (137, above), this character was
an" beside "man" and meant
, near." The meaning "nun" appears
here warns that the character may be a
wd ne, What about me?

d kd nf djyi; wool overcoat
"Door" and "axe" here are supposed to

combine to give the meaning "to build a
living place," whence "place." The
meanings "which? what" are by sound-loan.
$4Y% sudyi, therefore
R 814 jiZoyisu6, stock exchange
!&$ kZcht5, passenger train; bus
7 strokes
4
. Ql,gas, steam
:% -&
1' p
1
:&
The character combines meanings: "water"
+"breath" (vapor) = "steam."
;%$
i%7k qishui,
qichs, automobile
carbonated drink, soda water
413
7 strokes ax
HUG, fire. PIRErad (86)(H83)
The character is a picture of flames rising.
This is the independent form of "fire dots"
(34, above)
A$ hudchE, (railroad) train
kJ-l hudshZn, volcano
414 %k guihud, will-o'-the-wisp
4 strokes (literally, "ghost-fire")
$I-$
zl~duchF,(bookish) boat and car;
Zhdu (415, above) gives the meaning; 8

y5n (99, above) once gave the sound.
T#i xi,ichuiII, to disembark
i$& qfchujn, steamship
#a& churinzl15ng,captain, master of a ship
nb
L5 chuiIIshdu, the bows of a boat, prow
IR& Eizhdu, a very fast boat

The left half of "go" is "step" (30, above).

Originally the right half was identical (the
similarity is still clear), and the character
one time gave the sound.

4 2 5 4 2 9 * BASIC CHARACTERS
meaning compound: "suddenly" (342,

above) +"heart" (mind) = "bewilderment" =
the questions "how? why?'
&A zgnme, how? why?
5 $I% bfizgnrne,not very
The character is a picture of one man

following another. Compare 427, below.
K1%@ ccing s5n diEn zhcing, since 3:00

4:t:i.l. c6ng xigo,from childhood
The character is supposed to symbolize

going around something until you return to
-the-starting-point--.--
rn % hufjiii, to go home
T EJ xiiihuf, next time
1-16
& 7: zu6xia'. to sit down

zu8cl1u8n, to travel by boat
&b#&zu6EijX to travel by plane
This character originally meant "wheat" and

was a picture of growing wheat. The
meaning "to come" is by sound-loan.
T $- xxijlili, to come down
.I:&$- c6ngl;Ti, customarily (in the past)
ii- & wBiIili, the fuhlre
s a cup (now "cocoon" a , 24, above)
The "stand" rad. gives the meaning; zh8n

A$+& hu6cl1c?zl1&I,train station
1% qichc?zl~&I,bus station
+& I% zi&~zh;Ing,stationmaster
Z ~ Uto, walk WALK rad. (156)(H189)

1, The character originally was a meaning-
meaning compound: "man" + "foot." The
modem character is somewhat corrupted.
P k T dz6uie, He's left.
klle z6u ba, I suggest we leave. Let's go!
Let's get outta here!
7 strokes
435439 * BASIC CHARACTERS
character; the "walk" rad. is supposed to

help with the meaning.
The "sun" rad. suggests the meaning; zhii
0' 8 dinxE (bookish) in the morning or the

cvening -prctty soon
-0' yidiin, in one day, pronto, right away
ziofm,breakfast
1-18
BASIC CHARACTERS 440-44.4
&& giigD, to pass away, to die

&k giit0, "the old country," one's native
This character is a
G6ng is a picture of a carpenter's square.

r($ g6ngzu6, work, job
&L miigrTng, carpenter
2 k g6nO&, free time
Engdng, to divide the labor
This character is a picture of threads mn

across a loom. Not in modem use as an
445-449 * BASIC CKARACTERS
"silk." The other meanings
The character is a picture of a net.
appears in this character without its top dot.

The explanation of hu2n is very complicated
and unsatisfactory. It occurs as part of
characters to give the sound. Not now used
as an independent character.
TlGs was one or the punishments prescribed
$&fi l~dutiiin,(on) the day after tomorrow
The character is a picture of a flask. The

meaning "bean, pea" is by sound-loan.
- - -
3
TOU,the head, a sufCix used to form nouns
56 $6 ,"fi
and noun-phrases; a bulb (of garlic); a
measure-wordfor certain animals
Ddu (453, above) suggests the sound; the
4.1 lead" rad. gives the meaning
--lili 4 yi t6u nji,a cow

454 &gf! miit6u, wood
%&53 11dut6u,in back A
&'I 4G wgnhdu, to ask after someone

k4G huih8u, time required to cook
BG (231, above) gives the sound; the "one"

rad. suggests that the meaning is numerical.
%.~&!5ob-Z~ing,.~~e~~mmon people
"monkey," "elephant,"etc. The present

3% zhOzhjjl,, to advocate, to propose

A& zlliyj, idea, plan
IY wenzhir, to stump with a question

k 6 4 % zl~%uzl~~i,
cannot stop
3t - djyi, first, the first

$ Q A disi tifin,the fourth day
$ 5%disfinzh8,the tllird one
.of 4 in traditional dictionaries is

' ;f (87, above); in H, the rad. is *
ncngnifin,next year
b;iinifin,a hundred years; a lifetime
M " * K h , bowl. BOWL rad. (17)(H38)

Ifin is a picture of a bowl.
464
2 strokes
& @ chii,ou6, to go abroad

k!i $5 chfil~llin,to sweat
$46 dEngI~du,to wait for

.$ +$-% m i njfi y k g dEng, horses, cow
+& dengda'o, by the time that.. .

391- dEngwiii, be sub-standard
drawing his bow or fitting tile thimble

before he draws. It occurs as a part of
characters to give sometimes tile sound jut
sometimes tile sound guai (or kuai).
BASIC CHARACTERS 47011.74
(lk%Jkuifidfio, sharp knife

jx'tk Eikuifi, be very fast; be very sharp
'kkA kuifidih, "Faster, please."
Ek miinzciu, Watch your step! "Take care

of yourself!" (said to a departing
The character originally was a picture of
r h r h , (bookish) slowly, little by

+%-I%
the "sheep" rad. (see 115, above). The form

h e x is used as a part of characters and does
not occur as an independent character.
& k zhjohud, to catch fire
i?+wgnjiin, documents, papers
-The rad:is-now-the "say~rad~(82;above).

Q d4 chkgqii, to sing a song
4$ rib zudqii, to compose (music)
te of a vessel (the "flask" rdc

rs. The flowers have been
two "hands" + "to lower."

+-? IibZ, to worship; week
ombines meanings: "to join"

& bdsdng, (by guest) Don't bother

seeing me off; (by host) Excuse me
The character is a pichlre of a monkey. Not

in modem use as an independent character.
and the original meaning was "scorpion." It

is used to mean "ten thousand" by sound
Learn to distinguish the "bureaucrat" rad.

from "using, taking" & (406, above) and
from "chief, large, great" E (496, below).
& % ya'ojin, be important
iE%fVi zh6ng ci1Ti33,in the midst of eating

iE& zhSngzG, in the midst of
iEb zhsngzhi, honest

rad. 3 (117, above) in some dictionaries,

but in H. under the "lid" rad. (37, above).
Logically, to classify it under 3 works
better; but formally, under "lid."
-$"&bhy2, midnight
Jii was traditionally classified under the

"work" rad. (443, above), distorted. E i*
supposed to have been a picture of "a large
carpenter's square, with handle." In moder~
dictionaries, the rad. is "basket" or "box"
&, the internal stroke is the "one" rad. (a

+ "heart" at the
CHAI, to send; to commission; official

2 % 3 chibuduQ almost the same
X I chiibie, diierence
& @ chZshi, work, job, official assignment
RFI P1kZmSn, to open the door

BB kZchi7,to drive a car
7kM '
3 si~uikZle,The water's boiling.
or other thread in this process, and g u b

(504, above) gives the sound. Not in mode
use as an independent character.
5%-ai S& d i h y i k s , 3:15
#. %-
-A-3 $J-
-
zl~iiobuzl~io,
-- - -T-can't find
d zhiiodao to f i n d - - --- --
A+ zl~iiosl~i, to go job-hunting; to pick ;
1-32
BASIC CHARACTERS 5 10-5 14
The "foot" rad. gives the meaning; b;Jo (509,

above) suggests the sound.
The top part is supposed to show the bone in
This character is the "bone" rad. minus its

lower part, the "meat" rad.
The "mouth" rad. gives the meaning in this

character; gua' (512, above) gives the sound.
This character occurs in a number of
characters to give the sounds guo or huo.
lling through below it

"cull" (517, below) a
"tree" $. (65 and 64,
dictionaries under the "sW rad. (516,

above). The "claws" are supposed to
represent a hand picking fruit from a tree,
diiinc;ii, to order dishes (in a
-i&-% yfd2o c5;a course (of amea1)--

c;iidi, plot of vegetables
di&, (dialect) a tiny bi

The character is "knife" with an additional

stroke to call attention to the blade.
%J 37 dioren, knife-blade; crucial point
The "heart" rad. gives the meaning; rZn

,% & rBnsh6u, to endure, to "stand"
3% rBnxin, hard-hearted enough (to do
such-and-such a deed)
,% %@ rBnbuzhii, unable to bear
gives the meaning; the rest of the characte

shi(224, above), once gave the sound. In
k4 dizi, background, origin, foundatior

k 7; d 2 2 , underneath, below
If-kniiindi, year's end
' '0 LO,road,kind, sort; family name
$& The "foot" rad. gives the meaning; the rest

of the character once gave the sound.
,,
&% lfiguci,to go past
7 8 .$ b& ~ 6 ~ 1to0walk,
&& szfi,train of thought
530
13 strokes .$&
fi,sick SICK md. (104)(H127)
i
f
The character represents a man stretched out
on his bed, whence "be sick." Compare the
"bed" rad. (849, below). Niis not in modem
pf- use as an independent character.
531
5 strokes
N&, inside
h 532
ifl
hjh h
NEj is a picture of a man entering a space
. marked off by the "borders" rad. (The
traditional rad. is "enter," not "man.")
neidi, interior (of a country)
X. h s& ti& ncj, within three days
2
h A n E n , my wife (old-fashioned,
4 strokes
--- 1
sexist)
B&G, fish W, the third ''heavenly stem"

Bing looks like a picture of a fish tail.
fi**533
h% bingding, the third in a series; thiid
category
5 strokes
I
B ~ Gsickness,
, sick
=-7-
9
% The character combines the "sick" rad. for

meaning with birg (533, above) for sound.
& Y84 k&bing, to see a doctor; to exa,ne a
patient
?kY84 shsngbing, to get sick, to come down
with a disease
I0ke:s:: 6& 6
-%IS yiEng xin, a letter

IS% xifing, envelope
The character has "cloth" for meaning, b;ir

(231, above) for sound. Not in modem use
-$?A yi b&g rgn, a group, a band, a

o7i. dztiiu, to take the lead, to set an
The student will note that the "dog" rad. =

"big" + "dot." Care should be taken to
distinguish "dog" from "big" k (50, above)
and from k "extremely" (74, above).
ng is a picture of a scale in balance.

4 $; pfngchiing, ordinary
4 + pingd6ng, equal
4%pjngyuiin, a plain (flatland)
T $ cFngd;Ing,ding-dong
finished+donef~r'~-------- --
BASIC CHAFtACTERS * 550-554
Bi;in is supposed to combine meanings. The

"bitter" rad. repeated = "bitter against
bitter:" "to recriminate, to wrangle, to
dispute." In modem times, reclarified
Bi& (550, above) suggests the sound; the
#+fQb h g6ng, to work (in an office), to
1%1!Bngiu6,
t sense of hearing
he original meaning of this character was

"meat dried in the sun; to age," and the top
part of the old character was a picture of
meat. The sun can still be found in the
modem character. The meaning "ancient"
derives from the earLier meaning "to age."
45% cu6ju6, illusion, wrong impression

4%$ cudzi, incorrectly written character;
form the "gown" rad. (109, above). The rest

of hug is supposed to represent something
hidden in the clothes or hugged against the
,I?. Eiyli,flying fish

ral yCw;ing, fishnet
pposed to be a picture of
thus suggests "go on ant
7ktfi yingshzng, (religious term) eternal

Compare 442, above, which is another form

of this rad. (For the independent form, see
p.245b.) This form occurs only as a part of
Yiingcombines y3ng (475, above) for sound

with "eternal" for meaning. In modem use,
reclarified with the "water-dots" %L.
S$$-zl~Eyiing,in this way; so; like this
-4%,6. yyi tiZo yii, a fish

C+%biiintiZo, brief note
4l%.i+ tiZojiirin, terms, conditions
h Note the similarity between the "ice" rad.

and the "three-dots-water" form of the
4 "water" rad. The "ice" rad. has two dots
instead of three. Often printed : .
564
2 strokes
;k& cfyio, second most important

L;k sh ci, three times
%?;k shduci, the first time
thcrc are two similar objects side by side, as
scrabbling with their hands X, hurrying to

catch heaven's times and seasons and
.
E5 I% xinSn, southwest
*
I% +% nSnji, South Pole
I% Nhjing, Nanjing (the city)
3b % b6ifang. the North

3kjb chEngb6i, north of the city
&jb ddngbei, northeast
jb* BEijing, Beijing, Peking
& A 7 xiSngzudle, to think incorrectly

zudshdu, left hand
zudy6u, approximately
f 4 y6uB right ear
& . . . f... zud ...y 6u..., to do something
repeatedly over and over, e.g.
X f &, zud siyciu xiSng, keep
on thinking about it
fi#i xuewt?i,(Chinese medicine)

acupuncture point
The "tooth" rad. is a picture.

PS 4 mgn~ri,incisor
K 4 quihyri, canine tooth; dog's fang
8~7 y;ikdu, the age of an animal according
to the appearance of its teeth; the
condition of an old person's teeth
!?& chuZndrii, clotiling, apparel

!?% chuihzhuci,
!i clothing, apparel
"gown" rad. h (109, above) has been

conupted into I. "earth". Yuih is,
-nevertheless;classified-in-~aditional- -
The "bowl" rad. in this character used to be
The top parts, "lid" + "cruel," have been

conupted from the original picture. In
modem usage, this character is only seen as
fib W lijjiin, to cause a riff between

fib* 1fgK strange, weird
filrl~]1fij6, bid farewell to, to part from
(intending to be gone for some time)
simply to reinforce the idea of getting

&4k suishli, (person's) age

X A shcrnu, number, amount
X Q shicuut', mathematics
wash your hands of something; (of a

criminal), to go straight
kt& xili, baptism; (figurntively, as in
English) a severe test
148
;I;(2 bGd&, not only

ddjoyuh, if only; 1 wish that
KUJ to work in the fields

The character appears to combine meanings:
"right hand" + "earth" = "to work in the
fields." In modem Chinese, it is only seen as
+I'55 q@urii, peculiar, weird

$4 *I&4bbi6guZ tii, Don't blame him
1f55&guriillui, cynical remark; complaint
'I&%%guriibudc, no wonder; so that's the
reason; don't blame.. .
&k ' RAN, right; so, like this

This character originally meant "to mast,"
and it combined meanings: "meat" (slightly
deformed) + "dog" + "fire." "So, like this,"
4 4- # comes by sound-loan.
?&%it rfinhdu, afterward
*B bjrfin, certainly
593
&
++
@ @
-
12 strokes f \\\
WfT, noon; the seventh "earthly branch"

j t, +
The character once meant "to knock
against" and was a picture of a battering-
ram. Compare the "shield" rad. (87, above).
All other meanings are by sound-loan.
T? xiiwii, afternoon
594
ir? zh+ngwii, high noon
q I@ wiishuj, "nooner," nap, siesta; to take
4 strokes a mid-day nap
3 T xtIk.5, to permit; permission

+ 8 xtIdu6, veery many; many things
<+AxtIyu;in, to make a vow (to a god); to
T* xiiikd, Class dismissed.

C& kEb.511, textbook
-i%nifLk?shi;class hour-
4k shishang, in this world, on earth
1-50
*A jisrli, to intervene, get involved

fiT jiszi, meson (term from physics:
particle of intermediate mass, between
baryons -ifi-T[zhsngzi, "heavy ones"]
and leptons I?[qingzi, "light ones"
-see 1051 for $E "be light"])
nal borders, boundaries
%%/%I
hriiguh, customshouse; Customs
ih? % Djz/idng/irii, Mediterranean
L%% Shringlirii, Shangl~ai
414? blifen, portion, part

$1' [I? blimgn, section, department
iing ht?, the Yellow River

605
17 strokes 1 $& 1 .&e1 .&@.1
m,to comect;continuously; including;
company (military); even; family name
&& liZnzhe, continuous, continuously
& ft liZnzhZng, company comm-ander
liZnmZng, right away, promptly
ZHi, just, only

19 $? zhidi, can do nothing but
9, !if zhih2'0, can do nothing but
9, $f zhjyiju, can do nothing but
1
: 7% h-sE, but; only
5 strokes
$FBI tgbii, special; especially
Eris a picture of a beard. Distinguish it from

"face" 6 (610, below).
5 irqiE, and moreover
fi rZn'ir, but, yet, however

BASIC CHARACTERS 610614
6 -f m'&zi,face, social standing; width
by * (656, below); but in mainland Chinese
Note that this character is now commonly

seen as tl~eshort form of 872, below.
h& cl~irqii,in addition to; to remove

I t 2' ...r;A 9b chir le.. .yiw;ii,in addition to
I'k3 c11limI; (on) New Year's Eve
615619 * BASIC CHARACTERS
S jiiingshiin, rivers and mountains;

landscape; (by metonymy) nation
One authority explains: ''The sun 9 as it
9%zhEngqfj, to work hard for
I?& jingzh6ngnet weight

BASIC C W C T E R S * 620-624
$41hiishu5, to tallc nonsense;

"Nonsense!" "Bunkum!"
$A & hfil&i,not know what you are doing,
"to mess around"
$#& sh;ingchuZn,merchant ship

i& zf$ jink6usl1;ing~importer
shiinghui, chamber of commerce
fE Huimh, the Muslim people of China

D ~ Gassociation;
, political party; family
name
I R :& Gu6rmkding, Chinese Nationalist
Pnrty, Kuomintang
& A :& Mkzhtlding, Democratic Party
A$? rcding, join or be admitted to a
political party (or to the Party)
:g r)K dangblo, party newspaper
20 strokes - @ ,g. x&
CKKN,to produce, product; property
h d chiich&, to produce; production
output
&& $ G6ngchinding, Communist Party
b % chinyd, propertyTEal estate)
zW,to behead; to cut to pieces

The character is explained as "a chariot wit!
axes in it."
$t-tfzhSnsl~du,to behead
a zcInqi.5, zl1inqi6,for a short time
1 I / I temporary
;@1T Huiiil~E,the Huai River

As to the short form of $, see also p. 261a.

zhiinshi, on time
71tq shiiizhin, standard, level
q8 zhiinbrio, for sure
The student should distinguish this character

from "slow" and "follow" (337 and 319,
7%kydngjili, eternally, permanently

& A chhgjiii, be long (in time)
rad. k (195, above) -faced away from

each other, that is, back to back. Hence the
idea "back." Not seen now as an
sound-loan. Not now used as an independent

8$;& tingjiiing, to attend a lecture
Sk Vl ji;ingmfng,to explain, to clarify
@ 6 zh6ngm$ stud
above) -but in traditional dictionaries as i

$ zizhu&, autobiograplly
traditional form, presumably twice

"reclarified," has two more bugs: &: (see
When the use of 3- would create an

a,table. TABLE md. (16)(H30)

c i s a picture of a table. The student should
distinguish it from "legs" IL and from "ma
with amputated foot" IL (57 and 58, above
Reading pronunciation jf. Nowadays, jiis
most likely to be encountered as the short
form for % "bow many" (419, above).
1 2 strokes / / I %R chiji, tea table
D& chip. CHIP rad. (78)

The character is supposed to be a picture of
bone chips. The student sllould distinguish
from the "dusk" rad. 3 (1 17, above). This
for111oC "chip" occurs only as a part or
646
5 strokes
(4 strokes)
I I I characters. (Its independent form is 727,
below).
m G ,bright; to show
%jf8 lijngxiing, (Beijing opera) strike a
pose; state your views
2%7 ti& lia'ng 1e. It's already daylight.
flA ?% mi7glijng, well-lit; bright and
shining; become clear
ZHAN, to occupy, to constitute

This character is often written k in moder~
texts
B 3 & zhjn du6shii. to constitute a
majority
-!&-3!??$=iiii, iakZ&i1Gd=&idTf
I&;fi z11iny6u, to own; to occupy
B 1'2$ zhjn pijnyi, to take unfair
advantage; advantageous
m,military, army; army corps
7 A jiinrgn, soldier
g $ j-unguEn, military officer
7 & jiinzhing, corps commander
7 $ jii,shi, military affairs
7 jiinrcSng, military discipline and
bearing
4
S4F yonxing, to move, to be in motion
$ yudjid, to encroach
A# yudfii, more than before
7% yud I j i yui.. ., to become more and
4kX g&y& to dare to
F% bing bu, actually not; certainly not

F R bingqig, moreover
F M bingxfng, to implement (two tlungs)
at the same time
*&hgbing, to merge
om the "leeks" rad. Ak

&a$zrio qichb to manufacture cars

&d d o f h ,to rebel
& $ zrioiii,to make love
Now often written 7 .

yiishi, thereupon
X-k yii r r b the way I see it ..., with
reference to me
8 & ducSyii, Inore than
distinguished from ciUthorn" ?i (p. 261a).

3.3. sl1irsl16u,"to have your hands tied,"
t a shave and a haircut

%$ifgucishir, fruit tree

$3f& shlizlu; tree branch
Al shlai, to set up, establish
$3fH. sl~irlin,a grove, woods
This form of the "grass" rad. is composed

two "sprout" rads. (465, above), side by
side, to suggest "grass" sprouting up. Tile
student has learned another form of "grass
(192, above). The form here is the
independent form. The commonly used
form, however, is : 992 below.
ell& '
bi;inIi;in, suddenly become hostile
foot in two successive positions to suggest

motion. In the modem form, one of these
-feetisconupted into-"few:"-
9 4T bcxfng, go on foot
9 -3- bczi, pace, step
"tiger-pig, a pig fierce as a tiger." Thus:

"wild boar." Not in modem use as an
Xi (670, above) gives the sound; "hand"

gives tbe meaning "to take in the hand."
Other meanings are derivative.
O-iji jiishuci, People say.. .
B 1L zhiinjii, to occupy (by force)
= "to blaze." As a part of characters, this

character usually indicates the sound dan or
(672) here bas the sound value tan.

& tznhuii, toi
talk; statement
tj,xih, have a heart-to-heart talk;
heart-to-heart talk
$k41 thdiio, to talk about
674 :,)<
I 1 strokes :,):
( d
A
The "earth" lad. at the bottom gives the

meaning; the sound is suggested by the rest
of the character, which has been corrupted
from liD (149, above). Not in modem use a
an independent character.
k? wjnzi, pill, small ball

,@.
9~ yiiwjn, fish-ball (food)
Distinguish $1; (1042, below) -compare

tile upper left-hand comers.
X ht?ishi, black market

Tii L siu'rcing, the look of a city
Na'o combines meanings: "to fight in the

mar1<etplacen="to make a disturbance."
1% E yintik, be overcast
iifIt& sl~dyin,shade of a tree
l'24B yinbd, private parts
This character originally meant "south s l o ~

of a hill" or "north side of a riverbank", i.e
the side that gets the sun (cp. 687, below).
The student should distinguish this charact
from yiUtochange; be easy" % (376,
above). In modem use, replaced by 687,
6 kk m&n&ihiihii,be careless, be
kfi hExuE, tiger's lair

"child" rad. -3- (18, above) and the "spear"

rad. % (840, below).
-7- 6 yOyI, to grant, give
The "head" rad. here suggests the meaning
33 % yOsu211,to make advance plans
6 6 bGim&to saddle a horse

The "crisscross" rad. is supposed to show

the loose mesh of a cloth; the "cloth" rad. ir
there to help develop this meaning. The
meaning "hope" (the most common moden
use of tlus character) is by sound-loan.
$ Ji
ixiwing, hope, to hope for
mjngwi?ng, prestige
jEi Ji kinwing, to pay a visit to, call on
?LA hdngrGn, favorite of an important
8kL~liSnhGng, to blush; get red-faced with

anger or other excitement
4Ehr qinqic, closely related to

hr 9 qiGshGn, personal; of importance to a
- -- - --
hr+ qichhti, to suit, to go well with
dGshCxuE, algebra
giidiii, ancient times
1-70
The "gown" rad. gives the meaning in this

character; d Z (699, above) gives the sound.
0 $? k6udZ, bag, pocket
&!& mddZ, gunny sack
!& sl1uid5i,sleeping bag
QiS is explained: "to stand" + "woman" = a

woman who stands when her husband or
wives of superior status are present;
theiefore, "concubine." This explanation,
historically not accurate, cnn help you
remember the character in any case.
@ jiBzl~e,to catch; to follow closely

$7 jiBt6u, to connect; (colloquial) to
contact (somebody); lcnow about
$&$fi % jiBt6ur, joint, junction
$&% jiBsl~du,to accept
If "man" + "ladle" suggests "alchemy" to

you, you can use that as a mnemonic for
huii. "Alchemy" = "to transmute, to
46 $ hujuu6, chemistry
~ & 4 6gBngySI~uii,to industrialize
&; b hu;7sl1Bng,peanut
--$-$& yjs11B huii, a bunch of flowers
%kj&f&~gIluii,to set off fireworlts
part is an old meaning-meaning compound

itself; a musical instrument + "club" = "to
strike the musical instrument with a stick,"
"to make sounds."
--
-liiDi6relass (~esulLingGo~~i-a
classification); category
#$-+
xiiixui, to drop out (of school)
xiiyi, to close a business (for a
holiday or vacation)
,b is supposed to combine "nose" + "heart"

to suggest "to breathe." (The significance of
SHI,form, fashion, model, style

4 & xinshi, new style
$$% sl1iyZng. style, type
The "flaslc" used to be a pedestal; the "baclc-

to-back" showed two feet that had climbed
The "fie" rad. gives the meaning here; deng

,lag d8ndEng. to light a lamp
%k@ husddng, colored lantern
(653, above) + "sun" to suggest "all tlte

places the sun shines:" "universal, general."
7 15-7 19 * BASIC CHARACTERS
meant "a big bell" and was a

a hook at the top by which the
hung. "Ten pecks" is by
f 4 pdtting, be universal; be widespread

or common
I;"%<% PPiitdngI~uJ,"Mandarin" Chinese
4 8 tdngud, to go through; to pass in a
parliamentary meeting
4 &ttjngzhT,
~ Lo infonn; a notice
falling under the rain.

!2 diindEng, electric light
'@% diiinhuJ, telephone
'@ $ i, electricity
dijnqi,
llkh shdurir, income; to earn

JIL& shducl16ng.harvest
-1lk-L-shdugdnms;to-knockoffworl~
cl~PiintiZn,springtime
*&-
qingchiin, youth
&-& chiinyi, the feeling of early spring;
thoughts of love
divination. (Read the note in 118, above).

ILjfi zl~a'otou,omen
7%Ib yirzl~a'o,signs of tl~etimes
& dL jizha'o, a good omen
The "foot" rad. gives the meaning; zhio

(720, above) is supposed to give the sound.
9189 tia'oyujn, broad jump
91&%Ttia'ol~Eng,to skip a line; to change
*sWk ~ l t i a ' oheart

, palpitations
$&Asl~%En,to commit murder
Cl~ir,c11Cis composed of the "slow" rad. +

the "table" rad. Originally "slow" was a
picture of a man, and "table" was a small
stool. "Man" + "stool" is a good way to
The dictionaries say that fh (682, above)

gives the sound; the "bug" gives the
rad. you have already learned (646, above).

The form here may occur as an independent
corrupted from an earlier "man" rad., and

"man" + "bone chips" is supposed to
suggest death- -
& chiiti, to set questions (for an exam)
1-76
Alternate form: %.
i%<k li-kuai, be cool
% <$ zhfiolihg, to catch cold
<%7]C ljhgshui, cold water, unboiled water
& ljij Mgiyuh, American currency
iE giiizl~dng,to correct (as, an error)

D originally meant "veins in jade" and was

a sound-meaning compound.
dGoli, reason, logical basis; doctrine
lixi2ng, ideal, be ideal
"Water" gives the meaning; qing (198,

above) gives Ule sound.
-$is:-=3% yi qing h cl~ii,be very clear

f$3% chiichii,be clear; be neat
The "word" cad. gives the meaning; ji(273,

--- .-,----
;L~E jizl~ii,to fix itl'ieXiTd---"-
from studying abroad

The meaning "to summon" comes by

combining "mouth" for meaning wit11 dZo
(102, above) for sound.
The "sillc" rad. suggests the meaning; zliiio,

sl~iio(740, above) gives the sound.
./P% jjGsli&, to introduce
For the basic meaning, "pipe," the

"bamboo" rad. gives the meaning; gujn
(407, above) gives the sound. Other
meanings are by sound-loan.
$ E gujnli, to manage
character; gujn (193, above) suggests the
it%% qukgiio, to urge

i@~%
quiinsliu6,to advise
a& kqujn, be safe; safety

-
4?f$ k q u j n diyc Safety first!
%% kdfng,be secure, be steady
745-749 * BASIC CKARACTERS
An (744, above) suggests the sound; the

"tree" rad. suggests "table."
Bf L "f- bin iinzi, to ltandle a legal case
%$ Ang'iin, plan, program
L4+ jnjjiin, law case
le top part is a slightly abbreviated "tall"

d. (75, above), which, as the student will
member, is a picture of a tower. Ding
19, above) gives the sound.
=f tingzi, kiosk, pavilion
<-$h
dngzhi, to stop (doing something)
@$ tingchb to park
R dnghu6, cease-fire
.I-$
:BI-$ zhziinting, zziinting, to suspend; (sports)
In the case of du6, the "meat" rad. gives the
the sound. In modem times, only read sui

(for t l ~ edynasty or tile family name).
l&uQ suTslu; at any time

I&ii suijw;in, attachi

The student has learned the independent

form of the "seal" rad. already (84, above).
The form here only occurs as a part of
characters. Distinguish "seal" kom "self'
I,"already" '5, and si €5(273-275,
The character is explained as "a man at the

top of a cliff, looking down at something
that has fallen off."
k wBixiiln, be dangerous, danger

&% xiilnxi.5, nearly, almost
A& liiinxiiln, natural barrier (e.g., a
A$ hdusl~f,be thick
&iEilduda'o, be generous
A& hduyj, kindness, thoughtfulness
Rnkk hduliilnpf, "have thick skin on your
face," i.e., be brazen
of "oppose, be discordant." It is counted

here as 6 strokes, but is often actually
R can mean "early" in the sense "early in

the day" or "early in the year." One modem
scholar (Guo Moruo) thinks it is a picture of
a stone tool used in ancient times to break
the soil for cultivation.
IY-jiiiw,$n, to investigate in detail, to try-a

ffj & jijnzhr; simply, frankly

ffj % jijnxi6, write a character in simplified
form; write a simplified version (as of
a book) for beginners
ffj % jikdjn, be simple

Kj %? kZ dtkzi, to make a list
memorize, to recite; B&, to cany on the
+% shdubZi, back of the hand

-% $3 bdihio, knapsack
-% % bEijing, background
% % jingxjjng, scene, sight
Ending, scenery, landscape
Fl % tdngyhg, all the same, neverti~eless

$IFl hhtdng, lane, alley (note
pronunciation of Fl )
8 t 25 jiigui, result; The outcome was.. .

&k4@ lihiin, to divorce

4@42 liiinli, weddirtg, marriage ceremony
d l -L yiimiio, feather
i$' 7% );I-& scitool exercise, academic problem

"fFi$' yjnxi, to study, to do research in
cllEngdiio, to praise
$?I%
phgcng, to audit (a course)
i&JI inyuE, by the month

i&EjnD; Logically.. .
iPtl+ insh&be on time
f % R a Zh6nghuC Minguci, The

Republic of Cluna
% l k Huzi bgi, North China
no h i t , to make a big
and produce nothing
sound; or *t!k and 9 stand for cognate
3~-FdZzi,stupid person, fool; enthusiast

& %-? shfi djizi,"bookworm"
&X- Ed%, to stare like a fool, be in a daze
%& i.& d;Ti zjijjiilL to stay at home
where (he/she/it/they) went

1% guiquiin, reprimand
CE guidfng, to make a regulation
&+fL xjiiogui, schooI regulations
$.k& sh8hui. society

$.k2 sllEjj50, social relations
years (is., time creeps by)
I 799
5 strokes I I 1 1
$++
nu'ngling, order, command
a$+
su&nu'ng, to tell a person's fortune
zl1Ozl16ng, to emphasize
m& guhzi~ir,to pay sharp attention to
+$A xixi;iO, to get down a bet
?kf? zhiyj, to pay attention to
dBil zl~rinkZ,to open out

b h zl~;inchii,to unfold, open out
$15: huiizl~in,a show (of paintings)
10 strokes
-
/
$
fifor, in place of, to substitute
o'gdng, susbtitute workman
dZti, to represent; representing.. .
j ' (is.. in place of ...)
***
%k% % tisgui, scapegoat
LishZn, substitute; scapegoat
"3
----fl-
12 strokes
@
% Zil; ancestor; family name
45.X zirfu, ancestor

zligu6, fatherland
$ $1 $n zichurin, be handed down fiom one's
ancestors
9 strolces
&)I&ditiliiin, "to lose face"

& A diiir&n,"to lose face"
seal was a symbol; the left half of the
The two halves combine to give the
ik& hu&yin,q to welcome

4%yfngjit?, to receive or welcome
an object (the "down" rad.). In traditional
eld" rad.; in H, it is itself a rad.
i~bdsl16njin.g~nerve, nerves
;iJlb&sh6njTngbTngsdisease of the
nervous system; mental disorder
ZK~NG,government; political;
1 administration
gk;3$ &I%$ zl~i?ngti,

&& zl~dngjii?,
system of government
government circles
&$ zhi?ngkd,politician (pejorative)
9 strokes
8 15-8 19 * BASIC CHARACTERS
.l+?-$
fiqing, to clear, to pay off (an
/Trk firsl~lng,(your) residence (polite
$f A giirtn, merchant
I$% yinying, shadow, shade

U& yJngsh6, to counterfeit
The character seems to show the "knight"

rad. canying some object (Ule "left" rad.)
thrown over his shoulder. Originally the
character was a picture of U1e standard
canying pole wit11 an object fixed to each
4%rdn~ni;in,hiring and firing

IEQ rdnming, appointment; nomination
Originally xihad "sillc" + "head" = "hair;"

therefore, "fine." Head was corrupted.
*?@ xij,gxi, be in detail
Tcti: kgx; unfortunately; Alas!
i?$F fmggEn, square root
classified in dictionaries under "mouth" (33
st a variant of shf(828,
k4k da'sh&ambassador
.Itili: wdiju6, sense of taste

.
$
p
& qqiwdi, smell, flavor
04%wdida'o, flavor
wZnwdi, to think over, to ponder
he a good imitation (of a

iBL& 1u2nzh5nn,
painting or sculpture)
The character is a picture of a stream

dividing, from which comes the meaning "to
branch off." The character 834, below, is
now usually used in this sense.
. 9 P&, to branch off; to appoint; school or
T& k
sect; to levy; to distribute
9 ;f~dkgpji, political party
1& 4 pjichiisuci, precinct house
f p
:. pjitciu,
.n&-
L@ qjpji, manner,
style, manner
style
9 strokes
Dh # zhirsl~du,assistant
17% zhqjiijo, teaching assistant
Dh$! zlilili, assistant
%@ sliZ;w'hg,to imagine; to take into

account, have consideration for;
rough plan, preliminary idea
2k FA fiyuiin, court of law

Gf FA yiyusn, hospital
ilRX ffcdng, to obey

student should learn to distinguish the
iibf,without fail
+ $ w~
)L+$fdwii,to serve, service
9b+k wwjiwii,foreign affairs
%+k yZwii,business, professional work
hO& ndxing,be servile, servile disposition

?$ kSobSj, chair back
Bed" is now written *

ish it from the "slice" rad.
or
ed chuiing (p. 250a); qjiing is
ependently only as the
The old form had "grass-sun-grass:" the sun

in the grass; therefore, "evening, late." The
bottom "grass" was corrupted into "big."
"Don't" and "no one" are by sound-Ioan.
For "evening," mu gets reclarified with
Hujn undoubtedly was a picture of the

animal to wluch it refers. Not in modern use
?CL@ kujnhdu, be generous

?CLgku&r(jng, to tolerate
kI'%
% tiiyhgxf, the solar system
% 4k xisl~li,coefficient
% & xi;inzl~ing,magistrate of a xian

!'%&& xxijncl~dng,county seat
&?f gEngsl~d,commune
&I% gEngsl~&
minister (diplomatic)
difficult? What's the problem?
% tieding, to decide definitely
&il' s11lciu wUL clin tie, be completely

unarmed; be defenceless
expression (= a common
K-ft- y6uqi, especially

-ft-;k qfcj,next in order; second
&4& qftE,other (also written -ft-'2when it
means "otl~erthing" for '2, see p.
$9Pi? yixiin, spare time, leisure

" at top and bottom,
know yourself and know your

enemy
k* ylinsli, to permit, perinission

jc,R yiinc6ng, to assent
jL?$ ydnd;ir~g,he suitable, satisfactory
The student should distinguish this character

from k h g "he high" % (952, below).
%& chBnD&n, be adequate
%JK ch6ngzii. be sufficient

-
- tcingyi, to unify, unity
promote; to propel
AkT tuizi, barber's clippers
things; pertain to topography, be
-4& yjsl~gngmi,quarl of rice

-H-+ shdn,goping,be peacefill, peace
an ascend-and-descend machine)
Ri"sunW Q is for meaning, zhio B (740,
<&A?, htizl180, passport

F.<$' zhiochZng, as usual
',fi...&h.. hd6r...,h66r...,doone
thing one minute and another thing
the next minute (e.g., & t f i R&tfi K
hd Er kd hfi Er xiio, to weep one
minute and laugh the next)
kuriild, be happy; happiness

(for "pure") + "water" = "spring."

&dc qujnshui, spnng water
-Lf& g i n qu;in, sweet spring water
RdL Hu;ing Quh, "The Yellow Springs"
(land of the dead)
'@ 3fi dijnhu$jfi, telephone office

j6shi;situation
-&%h-
e" rad. gives the idea "be empty;"

3, above) suggests the sound.
COLOR rad. (139)

A%' & qis4 complexion
45.$3 hiosti, be lustf~11
Ilk & liZns6, complexion; facial expression
d% & chiinsti, spring scenery
The character is supposed to show a tree in a

box, whence "difficulty."
% R b~im;in,
be dissatisfied
R E rnanzii, to satisfy
R & nliinyi, be satisfied
he character is a picture of an animal's

horn. Now usually written fi .
&ffi zllijii;io, right angle
@+kjiiTju.5, to solve; to kill; solution

7 & fiZoji6, to understand
(i$& jiEfZng, to liberate
:R@+ jiiTngji6, to explain
A+ rEnshizi, personnel department

$R& zizh;ing, section chief
3 ' 6 zziih,t o consolidate; (mathematical)
combinations
t&,L.ir zhirnZoyL knit a swe

$:ti& zhizdo, weaving
suggest the meaning of this character. The

top part -now "left-one-sun" -once was
-a-characterthatgavethe-sound~In-usenow
as the short form for 909, below.
This is the same word as 908, above. The

character is reclarified with the "step" rad.
Distinguish from 91 1, below.
%@ fuzB, be complex
@% z;ihuci, sundries
C LL z;ilu;in, be mixed up, be in disorder
$& zidiin, dictionary of characters

&& diingii, classical allusion; historical
R46 diinfm, model, example
& ?& cl~Idiin,to check a list of goods

& %f cl~iidui,to verify
I'kZ xi;indiig, to set a limit

IrkP si;inli;ing, limit; to estimate
4 I'k y6uxi;in, be limited; "Ltd."
$3 Irk wLxi;in, be infinite, unlimited
(in writing); DI in some compounds (as

I% dZhg, to defend against (I%:p. 263a)
I?%ti'&, to move (in a meeting); proposal
d%& -$chlT, bring up; to withdrew money
RI ciqiSn, to move up (the date of an
another nation)
kg ddngzhT,winter solstice
CX dBngc;ii, preserved, dried cabbage
;'a lBngi1~6,unsalable goods
The character is a picture. The student

should be careful to distinguish "dish" from
the "blood" rad. (922, below), from "net" W
(637, above), and from "eye," w (132,
at people] don't see the
This character is a picture of a man in an

enclosure, whence "prisoner." The student
should compare Q to the bottom part of hB
"what?" (387, above) and note that they
cltaracter is explained: "to feed a prisoner to

be kind." Usually written 8 .Not in modem
& wsndi, temperature

# wdnxi, review, study
g5.i w?i, It's my hlm!
BP. # zha'opiin,photograph
% lZ # mingxinp~iin,postcard
as in "movie star," etc
2%
$4 qiink, to expire
.lk 2 qiwiing, to look forward to
Note that the right side of tlus character is

not the "club" rad. (183, above). JiJis
classified in traditional dictionaries under
the "right hand" rad. X.In modem use, this
jiJ11as been replaced by 932, below.
This is 931, above, reclarified with the
IK& jiJyf, with false intent

&lE f&~gjiS,to have a vacation
IE'n4 jiriyri, false tooth, denture
&-%yiqi, rather than

&ilk&* yii shi wG zhEng, to get out of the
"rat race," not to "fight the world"
$gh jidGng, behavior

$%T jixing, to hold (e.g., a meeting)
mfng yud, dit6u sigli xiiing, (I) raise

(my) head and look at the bright
moon, Lower (my) head and
words and conceive the meaning; i.e.,

t;lke a text too literally
#-*A .%sl12huizhiiyi,
, socialism
$I~%'J bdidcing, be passive
%jfll fili, compound interest

$11 fl liycing, to make use of
-f;jFll jni,be lucky, be auspicious
crjnzii, to exist, existence
with one of the Earthly Branches and

with years in the duodecunal cycle
BASIC CHAIZACTERS 940-944
I'lr+b] xijnzhi, to limit, restrict

$: $11 zl~uiinzlli,be despotic
kaogir, to do archaeological research

&% c&kBo, to consult, to consider

& j i ~ caguzin, to sightsee at
-reclarified-it-witha-ttbug,land.tl~en,-late~o~
another reclarified it wid1 another bug, so
the traditional form became %.
dependent territories;
qualities, attributes
BASIC C W C T E R S * 950-954
This is a form of -f used in accounting (to

minimize the possibility of enor or fraud).
.l$-Jl% shiqii, to pick up, collect
from yfin "to consent; sincere" k (878,

above) and from c11Gng"fi up" 5 (879,
tf2 hhgk6ng, aviation; air-, aerial

9 4 - T hhgxing, to sail, to fly, to navigate
At%?. hh,.xijn, shipping route, flight route
$k%Tldxing, to take a hip, to travel

M - k Iiizh8nggbrigade commander
,~.*tri-7- jfxingzi, to be an impatient type; a
In the senses "to spread, to announce," the

character 4$ is often used (see p. 265b).
"8& lluiinq( to incite, to stir up

"I"& jia'ol~uiin,to cry out, to shout
485k huiinqiin, to change money

Tk48 gZl~uiin,to change
484% huiinqii, to get something by
exchange, to barter for something
48 6 @?A hua'n jir hua' sl1u4 in other words
x'EgEn, heel of a shoe

In yiin we see the "pattern" rad., the "slope'

rad., and the "streaks" rad. The relevance 01
"pattern" and "streaks" to "decoration" is
lope." Not in modem use independently.
G yinmiin, face; prestige, respect
kQ !k yiinds,pipe (for tobacco)

@I% yiinguui,opium addict; nicotine fiend
kQ k yiinhui, fireworks
%-Jill xiiingyiin,cigarette; smoke from
In China, rent traditionally was land rent and

was paid in grain, hence the "grain" rad. in
ifa& zijin, amount of rent, rental
%% sBya'o,to need, need

~,%' bixi, be essential, be indispensable
%4i xiqid, to require, to demand
"Canton") Province
&& gujn,gGo, advertisement
f i k guringda',be big, numerous, extensive
Ib4t zhjqih, be worth some money, be

look at surreptitiously
?&M t6uxiJn,to loaf, to shirk
&$R t6usl1ui,to evade tax
This cliaracter is a meaning-meaning

compound. T l ~ student
e will recognize tlie
right half, of course, as the "lance" rad. Tlie
otlier part - "one" + "left" in the modem
character - is supposed to be armor:
"armor" + "lance" = "weapons of war,
This character used to mean "grass," and thl

"grass" rad. gave the meaning; the rest of
BASIC CHARACTERS a 980-984
Jingcombines meanings: use "words" to

induce "reverence, caution" = "warn."
%+kjingga'o, to warn, warning
qrSL jjngba'o, warning signal
k % liudjjng, fire alarm
jingclig policeman
jingchjjii, police station
%% cl~;ika'n,to look into
The "l~alt"rad. ofiginally was a picture of a

foot halted at a crossroads. Compare the
form of "halt" which you have already
lenmed (171, above). The form here is the
form once used as an independent character
(but not now in use independently).
?Lk h6ngt6ng7copper
1'2- tdngxia'ng, bronze statue
PL% chiil-ii, to suffer

%& kiicl~ir,hardship
-&% giinkii, "the sweet and the bitter,"
weal and woe
& & jjioting, church

- $ d' 2 3 yi tZng Zl16mgwEnk6, Clunese
language class
Ile "torso" rad. (185, above) gives the
S & g6ngsl15n, to bend at the waist, to bow

5 311 g6ngqin. personally, in person
+ J~[NG,bequiet;family name
+ B1:L iinjjng, be quiet
jingdih, static electricity
1 : F i jingz11&be motionless, be static
-+*
990 2& +&' $&'
16sV0kes 4 fia fiT(-&198,*618)
-G, be happy; m G , to begin; family
1 f 11 name
$5 ?% giioxing, be happy
?%& xjngjih, to rebuild
fl ffl 4k?%fuw3g8be revived, to resurge
%?%@ Sha'ow3gji0,wine from Shaoxing
99 1
fm? -$8- -$8-
(widely recognized as very
good Chinese wine) \'I
I\ -
-
16 strokes f
-F-- -FI- cA0,grass
The "grass" rad. gives the meaning; z2o
7;g xi;iuu& It's snowing; snowfall

@.i% xuc?l~uii,snowflake
$A. ( Jt) xu8r&i(r), snowman
flB @ zhiioxuc?, to right a wrong, to
rehabilitate somebody (after unjust
conviction or punislunent)
,% ~4 ni$ojja'o, bud cries, biidsong

diiio, penis; used as an insult in old
novels (note pronunciation)
Compare $-?- yu5n (p.259a).

In H, the forms 3 and 3 are also classified
are not helpful. The student will simply havc

to remember that "pig's head" over "water"
-=-lti "prosperity." The characterisnowused
$*ih hjipzi, to get scared

sh2hji, to murder, to kill (someone)
9 $2: hh;iichGng,pests, harmful bugs
two dots resembling tile "eight" rad. (88,

above). The two dots mean "to divide," and
the character is explained: "to divide a
lizbzi, to study Chinese characters

that crisscross the paddies. It is perhaps for

this reason that the "slope" rad. is in liUto
i'%@-y;in,lj, solar calendar

r&m- yjnli, l u ~ ~calendar
ar
& $- lil&, always; through the years
This character is a picture of the old scoop

or measure which was used to measure out
"pecks." W u is now primnrily seen in use as
the short form for 1'4 (679, above).
#% kI7xu4 science
*& kI7zhjng, department chief (in a
government ofice)
%.#w6nkI7, liberal arts
3% tcingku;ii, be happy
3% & tdngchir, sore spot, tender spot
B.C.), a Chinese culture hero.
nk%?xxizode, to know, to know of

&+F xxi2oshi, to proclaim
3T~n.kt6ngxji0, to know quite well, to be
jijndizln, to check; to speak or act

cautiously (literally, to ioolc into
% sl1zic116ngy~0,
bug-lulling
chemical (i.e., insecticide)
$ A jingxi, Beijing opera

&I%.kilnxi, to attend a play
"city" which occurs as a part of characters
Jki.65 cl~gngyi,city
1024
boats (1022, above).

&& qujnji, complete worlts (of an author)
%-a' jfhui, to gather, to assemble
$&f jfzhBng, to concentrate
T% xiid&, to lay an egg

j&%I~ujidjn,a "bad egg" (that is, a bad
zhSnchting, be sincere, be hue

Distinguish fi from pin "be poor" /a
180 fiyu5, to brealc an agreement
own sweet time (to do something)
The "big" rad. at the bottom gives tile

meaning of this character. The rest of the
character, "claws" + "coil," once gave the
Yi is a picture of a tree; the strokes at the

top represent its foliage,
This is the same word as 1036, above. The

character is reclarified with the "grass" rad.
This form is the form in common use today;
1036 is seldom seen.
% % liyZ, green leaves
t u h t i , organization
tile lid is on." This character is

11 like the "flask" rad. 3. (453,
The basic meaning of this character is "be

coolced, be done." Tile meaning "who?
which?'occurs by sound-loan.
$I~&riIllP shti slij shti Ej, 'Wliich is right?
{h sliljtdu, petroleum
qfydu, gasoline
:%:h xidydu, shoe polish
ss, attire, costume
-
customary, habitual
$ S 2 gingzhcing, weight
$ZL $ qinggdngyd, light industry
$Sfi fh ig qing Eryijii, be easy to do
explanations, some fanciful. All agree that

37;& 1udxid;ii. to fall (leaves)

I@:ci jiAnglud, to land (airplanes)
3%luddi, to fail an exam
#k,& zhuSngzhi, be determined, resolute

& & zl~l;\.i;in,, one's intention, aspiration
.&Mi zhiyuln, ambitions, "heart's desire"
W ,& Mngzl~i,"Comrade"
LiinhEgud, United Nations

SU is supposed to suggest "to revive" by

means of suggesting a good meal: "fish" +
"grain" = "a good meal."
riginally this character, like 1060, above,

meant "to revive" and was 1060 reclarified
with the "grass" rad. (for vegetables,
%.Jl$ SUli;in, Soviet Union
gdngsi company, corporation

siJiK chauffeur, driver
silfng, (military) commander
REMAINING CHARACTERS
of the "1,020 List" and the "2,000 List"
ji, be energetic, positive

Xi], to add to; to prolong; to AN, high cliff, 11igIi riverbank
&
a DU, to recite; to study Jm,be crafty, be treacherous;
ce sf& dfibe'n, rext-book traitor; illicit sex
-g
SHU, to redeem, to ransom; to D B G , to investigate; to decide;
ST
to revise for publicnion
j!& +r
ces. wells, and musical beats

Q I m G , to rob, to snatch Mj\, to lay in neat piles; yard (of
&*4L qisndiir, to rescue c ~ o t ~ ia)counter
; or marker
% A% G
C H U m G . sore, abcess, ulcer ~ iHow, can it be that ...?
d+'ifiEqiyOu dli.
outrageous! Bunkum!
cL
'is
CHUANG, to begin; C H U m G ,
ZIIU, to spread out, lo drsplay,

be d~splayed,to author
together, successron, dynasly,

H U ~to
, break apart; to destroy Q U m , circle; to encircle;
JUAN, to imprison; JUAN, pen,
fold (e.g., of sheep)
DONG. cave, hole; incisively Q U m , bond, deed, contract,

diploma
GU, to hire, be liired

Often seen with the "side-man:"
REG
- CHARACTERS
BAN,to lift (a heavy object)
palms up (not above the head); r~
transport
Ji, season (of the year); family P a . plate, tub, dish; to coil up;
name to move; to sell; price; a measun
for games
d
-1. to appoint; to abandon; ZM,to oversee; job, duty
really
m,grain in the ear; to flourish; T h , attitude, manner

be elegant; be accomplished r;iidu, attitude, manner
m,to embroider H U a , to encircle; ring, bracele

Sometimes written &i
i% x i ~i
i l&
n ~to&embroider
% 37
YOU, to lead on, to mislead ZHi, disposition; substance; to
$$# yduji*, to seduce question; (bookish) to pawn.
pledge
TOU, to go through ZHi; a particle similar to h 5 :

Biit shitdu, get drenched (nounlpronoun)'s; him, her, it,
them
FA, be exhausted; be feeble in

windstorms or rainstorms ability; low (said of a fire)
YUN, cloud; family name Qm,herd, crowd (% and

I % ylinji, to congregate may appear in the form I.)
A% rsnqnqlin, a crowd
Lao, material, grain; to expect J&, to exhaust; J&, as much as

(Distinguish + I, above).
1010, possible; to put fust
$4-88 lliioxi;ing, to expect
B-, to Lransport; to distribute, DA, to reach

to classify. classification, SS'I d m o , to reach, arrive at
category
QUAN, (political) power

REMAJNING CHARACTERS
for (a person's social) class;
h 'ajinghuii~~g,
be scared
with someone; secondary

1"LqkuZnzh;ii, width, breadth

df ill y'bgshir, poplar tree
qingtang. consommi
i%
Ilk fiibji, be putrid to heat up; to iron; to get a
m, be evenly distributed; to BfNG, soldier; weapons
spare (space, time, money) & bin@, art of war
fi, boundary; occasion; at the

time that ...
E
D h , a bullet; T h ,to hurl; to
Ji. skill Z H h , war; family name

4kr jigiing bkillrd worker; ;%8Ry6ujiz1ii?nn"rove-and-
mechanic strike" (=guerrilla) war
$?
Sm,craft, art, profession; JbI, barely
device fX fll jinjin, barely, merely
41%jish8, technique.
technology
4 (5
SHI'], to tell a story; to transmit QiN, be hardworking, diligent;
$114 shBzl~i,to report on your be frequent
work 3%4& qinjign, be hardworking
and thrifty
XU, introductioii (to a book); IWO, to expand

order, sequence 4R k kuddi?, to enlarge
$ % xBtvtin, preface, foreword
Distinguish cifrom "bundle" $i

(657. above).
~ ithorn;
, splinter; fishbone; to
stab, to pierce; to murder; be
"thorny," unpleasant
CHOU, to repay; (bookish) to

pledge with wine
iiiii& chdujin, remuneration
ZAO, jujube; date (f~uittree) YA, be inferior; used to write

foreign words (the short form =
H rad. 168)
I'nh zlizl~i,to prevent
SHE, to ford; to pass through; be

jintdu, to saturate connected with
Z H ~ N Gend;
, to the end of.
*
ASYE zli6nHiii, after all
FU, (woman with broom:) wife; H f j ~ lo

, mix up; to fool around:
2p IdJN, be muddy; be foolish;
ky Efi, t~usbandand wife
33 ,j--b wl~ole
M E , to extinguish, to go out (a S ~gauze,
, slieer cloth
fire, lights); to wipe out W @ fdngshj; spinning (i.e.,
making thread)
$9
I
HUB,to grab MIAO, be slender, be graceful,
dB4:+ hudde, to obtain be beauliful; be marvelous, be
K
ZHU, to wish; to pray; family MIAO, beard of grain; smallest
part; a measure for seconds (of
time or angles)
Wm,spring (of water), source BU, to lay out; to info]

8 8 yudnqudn, source
I
I
z H ~ ,order, arrangement Z U , disaster (often written %)
RR zh130, order, sequence '$ X hdnzZi, drought
section; to restrain, restraint; to loose, be baggy; fertilizer
HAN, the Han (Chinese) race;

hi%dGing, to dig a well
%i'% hdol~dn,brave man
CHAO, to copy; to confiscate; to G&NG, to plow, to till

parboil 8b.('fge'ngzud, farming
49 :lG clijbsib to copy
C M O , to quarrel; to make Z W , bright red; a family name

HI z11U116ng.be vermillion
~ ~ chdondo,
1 ~ to~ wrangle
1
I I I
c M O , to fry (in oil, stirring all ZHO, pearl, bead
\ the time) W&J$. susnpdn ~1117,abacus
fiY;+fSr clldo 1~ngf;in.to rehash
SHA, sand, gravel; to sound m,boundnry; to keep within

gravelly, be hoarse; a family bounds; region
%
, & y;y0, foreign lands
is form is used as part of
suffix: "away, oul"
onfucius; a family name

R E W I N G CHARACTERS
4EB jlising reclangle

mistake, by mistake; lead astray to do a job for you (often

REMAINMG CKARACTERS
.&I, to get in the way
fbng'zii, to obstruct
1 E N G string
3: %,
Ci. word, term; statement; a ci Y m G , fly (insect)
(old style "tz'u") poem ~tfi~gpii, fly-swatter
B o , to seize, to arrest JIA, armor, shell (as, n turtle's);

BkdK bdhud, to capture first; the first "heavenly stem"
Bi], to patch up, to fill in

$51 tiiinbd, to replenish
- I XIA. small box
BU, notebook. ledger

3 bDji, booboeeping +
2s
I
&-& I ~ icraft.
I
&9
. art
&
yishh art -
44-
BO, BAO, be thin, be weak F h , to peddle, to deal in

3iW b6rud, be weak 11. I siiofin, pedlar
BO, be broad or comprehensive B h J , board; printing plate; a

(in knowledge); of all Icinds; to measure for editions; be
win, to gain "wooden" (lifeless)
Yi, to shift B h , printing block; edition

@ I
yiddng, to sl~ift h'h+?ibbnqubn, copyright
SHU, mouse, rat. MOUSE rad. DAI, to grab, to catch hold of.
(20Wf125) GRAB rad. (171)
?i5$ shdbdi, bad guys Now used as the short form for
i l t 1; (p.298a).
Uf, tortoise. TORTOISE rad. 1-G, good health; family
% k f ijia'nkzing, health(y)
MiN, toad. TOAD rad. (205) I(ANG, be dry and pulpy; chaff
(the short form is H rad. 207)
37 S b;iob2i, a treasure
FENG,be abundant, fruitful,
ngying, to toady to
off the surface of a

sornetl~in~
to grind; millsto~le
in front of you; be uptight; tip
visits; column, tow

B WIy~jngjin,to work hard
, mowliead; m o w
t&#.
jixiei,machine, mechanism
REG
- CHARACTERS
REh4AlMNG CHARACTERS
REMAINING CHAMCTERS
ZGhui;Cn, lose he'ut
CH'I, be bnght red. loyal, bxe

DIAN, to rent land to farm

41aAdi3nn6ng tenant farmer
n, undershirt, T-shirt
4M pingtan, be level
4fl hU,vi, to breathe
siteins, bands, gangs, surges, anc

sllares of stock
out; break through; SHI, shit, feces; secretion

&Jil l;isl~i,to defecate
.B?&liinii, get nngry

Jii& juSnku5nn,to contribute
wine. MIXED WETI! rad. (192)

chengpin, balance pan

EMMNING CHARACTERS
ill 4+ bi116,to close
with hook and line

potent (as medicine); suddenly

~noldwirh rhe fingers
di';in, dyke, embanhnent

(as, of houses): neighbotl~ood

with a "chop;" family name
&$JL qingzliir, to celebrate

to console
1v2i11~6n,
REMAINKNG CHARACTERS
XT,tin, copper
$&
%$;$an, cake $8E x7jiBng tinsmith
45
$$k
\\\
RAN, to bum, set on fire
%%jkrrjnsl1i70,to bum, to set on
fire
,f& C H U ~hammer,
, to hammer;
iveight on a steelyard
4%
RONG, to smelt kP;-~ mto ram
, down, build
$?k* r6ngh.6,to fuse & % ji5nzh0,build, building
%
REMAtNING CHARACTERS
IGtirTn, be outdoors
spirit, soul; remains (of the dead)

QIM, be shallow, superficial:

W f3 % -Y jbta biping, be full of

holes and bumps, uneven
No pronunciation. H rod. 139.

tile short form 3 of R xizng,
"country" (350, above); f t min,
"folk" (624, above); and the
short form @ of 4%j& "to lift"
STUDENT'S GUIDE
following. One, the use of simple variant forms which were already widely
used in casual and informal wiiting, such as % for @, t6u "head;" and
for @I,g2, a measure-word or "enumerator." Two, the use of forms from
the so-called "grass script"-a lcind of "Chinese shorthand"-such as ?J
for ,E m2 "horse;" and ?J? for % dong "east." Three, the use of one part of
a complex character to stand for the whole character, such as for yi
"to heal;" of % for lic'to depart from;" of @ for $!$ En "to rouse."
Four, where the character is composed of several repeated elements, to
devise a new character in which the repeated element appears only once,
such as & for & ch6ng "bug, worm" and I& for & du2n "brealc into
segments." Five, the replacement of a complex element with a simple
element such as X -as in ~kfor f i huiin "be pleased;" as in XE for #k
niin "be difficult;" and as in X$ for %' duj "to face."
We have used the unsimplified forms (most of which are still in use,
in mainland China, too) as the basis for this book's presentation. Officially
adopted simplified forms have been included since students who want to
read what is now published on the mainland will have to learn them sooner
or later. To learn only these short forms, however, is a great mistake. In so
doing, students effectively cut themselves off from much traditional
Chinese literary and historical material (except where such material has
been reprinted on the mainland in short-form versions) and have cut
themselves off from many of the Chinese boolcs available in Western
libraries, which were printed before the process of simplification began.
Taiwan and Hong Kong still use the traditional characters.
Modern Dictionaries
After the simplification of many characters, the traditional 214-radical
system of organizing dictionaries did not worlc as well as it had.
Furthermore, simplification in one area led to the perception that
simplification in another area, like the organization of dictionaries, might
be a good thing, too. The modern, classic, encyclopedic dictionary, Ci
Hai (Shanghai: Shanghai Dictionary Publishers, 1979: 2,216 pages), for
example, is organized exactly like a traditional dictionary except that the
dictionary's makers have modified the traditional radical system to get a
new system of 250 radicals-a system which can be very quiclcly learned
by anyone who lcnows the traditional system presented in Reading and
Writing Chinese.
19
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
Hnizyzi Pilzyiiz system of romanization. A character with two or more

pronunciations will appear under each pronunciation.All characters with
the same Hnrzyu Pinyin spellings are listed in order of ascending tone.
Exceptions to this arise in the case of phonetic-series listings; here, the
character that provides the ley to the phonetic series appears first, followed
by characters sharing that element and having the same reading. Since the
tone of the key character may sometimes be numerically higher than that
of a character in its group, the student should make sure, when using this
index, to scan up and down a group of characters sharing the same spelling.
This kind of index arrangement reflects the nature of the Chinese writing
system and therefore provides a convenient visual review aid.
If a character is in the first character group, that character's series
number (1-1062) is given in roman type. If a character is also a traditional
radical, its number in the sequence of 214 radicals is_-givenin superscript.
Characters in the second group are referenced by the page number (pp.
245-301) set in italic type and followed by the letter n or b to indicate
whether the character appears on the left (a) or right (O) side of the page.
A-BU
-A bZn dPQ bi p.2736
1 I'T bgn dk bi p.255a
B bgn ink bi p.255a
-.
a1
Orv
?% biin bi 494
iii Aft, biin 4+ bi 950
iii L biin 96 bi p.289b
iii k% biing ?iZ biiin 575
iii /A bang % bign p.253b
iii & bang ?$ bib p.253b
Bn 2 biing #- biiin p.253 b
Bn d* biing & biiin 126
3
Bn d biio 3 biiin p.268b
iin % b b & biiin 667
Sin R& bgo #& biiin 550
iing SIR biio i& biiin p.297a
iing GF biio $; biiin 5 16IG5
30 w biio 4% biiio p.264b
go 4% biio 2 biiio 946Ig0
50 I& b8o 9-s
Y! biiio 110
biio Xi biiio 111
-B biio 3% bii: 208
bii /\ biio $@
: bing p.262b
bSi /L bei #% bing 56415
b6 \I b6i &! bing p.282a
bii e b8i
:It.
21; bing 533
ba pe: bei 4 bing 534
b5, bii bEi 3t bing p.271 b
bii 5 bai, bEi -'ot bing p.272a
bii M bai 44- bing 653
bii 46 bai 4% b6 p.288b
bii, bii @ bai 4k b6 p.273b
bii $j b&i 3 b6 p.252b
bsi el bEn & b6 p.245a
b5i $ ban $ bd p.264a
b5i 3 bi ig bd p.270a
b&i ItE bi 8 b6 p.270a
biii #? bi k b6 632'"
biii & bi tt; bii 118'5
biin I bi jlk bii p.270a
biin na bi $ bii p.270a
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
bii T 73 chi5 @ 981 ch6ng jfE
bii $ 668 chi5 & 914 chbng {&
bii .f; 958 chi5 % 361 ch6ng &
bii (6 p.265b chl, & 501 ch6ng j&
bii 603 chii, chli ch6ng 5k
ar
bii 4 p.270a chii $6 p.284a ch6ng 771-
chi5i % p.288a cheng 315

-C- chin & 626 cheng V
ci % p.298a chSn @& p.300b chi VC
cii $8 p.M8b chiing 8 344 chi $+?
c5i if 596 chiing 4 p.257b chi ;$
cii .Sjf' p.249b chlng 8 345 chi S
cli Rif p.249 226168 chi, chi K
c5i -% 358 chkng & 88916" chi JC~-
cii & p.269b chkng 368 chi &
ciii $- 517 chiing j$ p.261b chi <
cii 3 p.289b ching, 995 chi $k
c p.267b ch5 chi 6
X d
cli
can
c2n
&
n
i %-
518
945
p.294b
ching
chkg
chiio
& p.264b
& p.254a
chi
B ~.287bI!'~ chi
ch6ng
*
ciin % p.254a chiio $9 p.265a ch6ng %C
cin % p.279a chiio $9 p.265a chdng, 4Q
ciing & p.248b chiio 9 p.265a ch6ng
cing & p.2486 chSo $A p.254b ch6ng d
cing & p.266a chko A p.254b chdng &
ciio % p.280a chE 41215g chdu
cio 9 he\J6' Lk' 46Y5 ch6u i j ~
cao- H
1-92LchB-'R-pr279b- -c~I~u-~&--
c80 -% 992 chi? diik p.279b chdu %
CB % p.281b ch6n I p.294b ch6u ffl
ci? I p.259a ch6n iZi p.2826 chdu
cE fi p.259a ch6n E 491"' ch6u d
ci: IRll p.259a ch6n 1 76616' ch6u
c6 % p.262a ch6n %. p.278b chBu
c6ng @ 328 ch6n d p.264b chii &
c6ng p.249a ch8n 8 784 chii 4n
chii, 5L p.281a chEn &i p.269a chii 1$5
chS, chi3 chEng, $4 784 chii $#
JiE p.291b chkng chii %!I
BU-DIAN
chi3 % cBng M 426 diing p.297b
chi3 f*iq
h c6ng .f% 427 diing 625
chii, chi3 k CBU ;& p.290b dl0 102i8
chii, chii E cii & p.263b diio 20518
chii 63 cii i% p.286a diio 429
chuiin 111 cii % p.296a diio p.246a
chuiin {<{ cui 4% p.294a diio p.266b
chuiin (< ciin &- 938 diio 267
chuiin 75' ciin f 18GJi diio p.260b
chuBn 4$ ciin #- p.249b diio p.249b
chu&n cuo &+ 554 diio p.2972
chuiin v% de 234
chuiin % -D- d6 965
chuiin $ dii, d5 882 dC, de, 296
chuiing & dii dg p.284b d6i
chuiing 8 '8 dB & p.256b d6ng
chuiing X@ dii, dB .ff 520 dEng
chuiing, $11 dii k 50j7 d8ng
chuiing diii % 791 dGng
chuiing 8 dji 7 727" di
chui vk diii 9 64678 di
chui k diii 4 699 di
chui 3k diii 700 di
chui $& diii 9 p.294b dl
chiin % diii k 50j7 di
chiin %- dji @ 540 di
chiin $& diii 4e p.248a di
chuB j& diii zsi 359 di
chuB & diii & p.270bi7' di
chuB L. diin $2 p.257b di
ci 1 diin f i p.257b di
ci $J d%n 772 di
ci % diin $$ p.262b di
ci 3k diin a 437 di
ci jlt djn 4% 590 diHn
ci $4 diin i& 674 diiin
ci ;k diin ;S 664"' diiin
cBng
cijng
cijng
&
,a
Jl@
diin
diing, *@
diing, d5ng
1026
545
dijn
diiin
diiin
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
diln '8 717 duln $k fln Pd
diao -7 p.281a duiin @ fiin I?&
dilo 5 219 dui % fan $6
dilo # p.266b dui 35 fan -6'i
dilo $4 p.259b dui -uf fang E
dilo 4 p.289b dui V&- fang Yj
dig 9 p.288a diin A fhg %
diE & p.292a diin, diin $3 fiing l%
di6 & p.293a du6 3 fiing 1%
4 1,.
di6 i
& p.297a du6 $- fang W
di6u 805 du6 I% fang $$
ding 7 519 du6 11% fang &
ding h p.247b du6 %
ding p.247b du6 % Ei IB
ding $1' p.247b fei 9%
ding ;I p.274aZoG f&i fiC
ding 2 424
dong k 91
dong $- 165
d6ng ;$- p.286b fen,En &
diing 3 243 En
diing 244 f6n $.
d6ng %J 845 En 4&
d6ng Fl p.251a f6n tit
d6u 140 En 16
diiu 3 1009G8 E
d6u # p.282b En @
dbu d 453Is1 feng -5
d6u-17- 67919' -feng-g-
dii *P 140 fa 4% Eng J!$
dii & p.250b f5 -% fEng &
dfi -& p.2856 fii 4 feng, Eng&
dii p.258b fa, fii, fii feng %-
dii 33 p.247a fa 2 feng 4t
dii &. 798 fan $11 Eng 3%
dii @ p.290b f h R feng 8%
dii 4~ p.283b fan 11IR f6 at;
dii, dii p.274a fiin Bl f6u 5
duZn 5% p.274b f fin 3: f6u
duiin $3 566 ffin d fii
DIAN-GUAN
fil 87 giin g6ng 85 988
fii 4% gb g6ng
i-
G p.286b
f6, fi :*
a- g5n g8ng K 14155
fii 4k gsng g6ng 297
fii sf; g&g geng, 4% p.255a
fii ;M. ggng g6ng
fii I giing gong & p.255b
fii 4K gsng g6u 5 p.28lb
fii 4K ggng giiu $4 p.249b
fii Q gang g8u 978
f5 s giio g6u 4 290
fii 911 giio g6u 35: 634
r;l
fii % g50 g6u :& p.275b
fii, fii nr; g80 g6u I& p.275b
fii ?fi giio gii 168
fii 44. giio @I W p.276a
fii %-% g50 gfi -r(& p.276a
fii I& ge gii El 169
fii $5 ge gii -h& 441
fii R gc fi -IL p.284b
fii 4f+ ge gii & p.295b
fii
fii
fii
*fi
X g8
gi:
t%e
gc
gc
g6
K p.284b
& 373I5O
817
fii % gi gG % 511188
fii -F gi: gfi & p.261a?07
fi P g& gii 4% p.2556
g6i ga & p.255b
-G- g6n gug 1 p.284b
giii 926 gEn guii Jk. ~ . 2 8 1 b ~
g% iik 734 gen guii J$ p.294a
giii 4% p.296a geng guii # p.246a
giii % p.295a gEng guiii 469
giin $5 617 gu% 592
giin -kf 144g9 g6ng guiin fit' 504
giin -7- 8751 g6ng guiin inF 505
g5n RS p.247a gong gu& infl 506
giin, grin #? p.247a g6ng guiin $ 407
gitn in? p.247a g6ng gu8n 742
g8n & p.247a g6ng gub 408
ALPI-IABETICAL INDEX
guh 769 hang %T 4211"
-.- p.288b hii
guh 105 hao Q hC
guiin 193 hlo g p.294b hii
guHn
guiin
$@l
i
796
p.257b
ha0
h5o
*-? 19
690
hii
hii
guiin 5q$ p.257b hao, hiio L 69 1 hul
gubg 748 hiio /$% p.288a hu2
gubg & 972 116 .I.r 823 huii
gui 422 h6 $T 557 hug
gui % p.287b hi 16 p.2896 huii
gui p.269b hi 4? 176 huii
gui 8R 795 p.245a huii
gui & p.270$13 387
gui &$ p.288b ha, hB 388 hu5i
gui $16 p.268a hi 4% p.287b hu&i
gui /$ 291 I".' hi % 65Il5 huiii
gui 3% 124 hE .$It
gui & p.299b
giin %? p.294a 280'03 hu5n
giin 4% p.264a h6n %k 32 huln
gu0 84 p.276a hBn tbk p.264a hub
gub 23. 514 hing, p.296a huiin
gu6 A 114 hBng hu5n
gu6 8 597 h6ng % p.255b huiin
hdng, % p.255b huh
-H- hdng uiin
hH 9 p.272a h0ng :!$ p.264b huHng
hfii 3 448 hdng b 697 huiing
hZ- 2%-602- h b u A l & -457-huiing-
hiii % 250 hdu */k p.276b hulng
hC % 251 h6u R p.276b huang
hiii I001 hdu, hbu % p.283b hulng
hln ep.271a hbu & 763 hui
h h $ p.290b hbu $2 452 hui
h h in 154?' hii 4 p.284b hui
hiin *& p.251b hii Q 893 hui
h h in p.247a hii & p.263a hui
h5n .;;fl 182 hii +A 620 hui
hiin $2 p.265a hi3 $A 62 1 hui, hui
hbg ilk 953 -- hii F 66914' hui
GUAN-JIAO
I~iin % ji, ji ,E- jiiin @ 771
hiin 4@ ji B jiiin I& p.254b
hfin ji % jiiin & 1015
hiin $EL ji I jiiin d p.277a
hu6 % ji $& jiiin %? p.277a
hu6 k ji j$(- jiln
Y
!I. p.277a
11u6 ,.., ji ;$ jiiin % 1002
huti 1k ji t& jiiin d$- p.291a
huti
hu6, huo
hu6
3$
&
ji
ji
ji
+4*.
T jiiin
jiiin
jiiin
W 885
4 477
& 848
hub % ji 3- jiiin .(& p.290a
hu6 $4 ji & jiiin $7 p.253a
hu6 & ji 8% jiiin 24 p.298a
hu6 jg ji $& jiiin R 21414'
hu6 .k" ji <j- jiiing, 4% 947
ji l& jilng
-J- jiii 2u jiiing
ji, ji JL jiii $5 jiiing
ji 2- jiii A. jiiing
ji -99 jiii % jiiing
ji ;X jig &? jiiing
ji t& jig %$ jihg
ji @ jig Fn jilng
ji +& jiii, jig #L jiiing
ji $4 jiii 'CP jiiing
ji h jiii 66
I., jiiio
ji EP jiii 4@ jiiio
ji B jiiin &. jiii0
ji I& jiiin & jiiio, jiiio
ji & jiln h jiiio
ji 4% jiiin & jiiio
ji ,% jiiin % jiiio
ji & jiiin 47 jiiio
ji & jiiin ' 4 jiiio
ji X jiiin in jiiio
ji jiiin 1% jiiio
ji % jiiin % jiiio
ji Z jiiin jiiio
ji Ci!, jiiin f.9 jiiio
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
jilo gk 552 jing #i juiin dfi
jig 4% 423 jing if: ju&n .ni
jiE I% p.264a jing 8 juiln 5%
jii p 84'" jing *:t.
.Ib juiin, juiin
jii 5 76OZ6 jing % ju&n #+
jii & p.269b jing ;.p jurin 4%
jii $ p.295b jing 8 juE Jk
jii s'; p.265a jing 2%
JZ jui &
jii, j i & 778 jing &k jui 1
jig jing % jui &
jig Wt 221 jing & jui $3
ji5 3f- 601 jiii 631 jiin Y p.262a

jig $ 701 jiii & p.282b jiin $ 649
jig
ji5
jig +& p.277a jiii 364 -K-
jin 382 jiii & p.268aI7Vki 4% p.264a
jin 35250 jiii & 300 kiii PA 503
jin fi 26269 jiii $k 747 lch 711 p.247a
jin & 580 jiii cIj 229"' kiln U 464"
jin ?* p.285a jiii 3 p.294a kiin p.285b
jin $6 p.292a jiii @ 356 krin % 121
jin & 94'67 j ii & p.255b lciing f i p.270b
jin 2 p.262b jii & p.255b kiing @ p.270b
jin F 492 j ii k 898 klng 2 952
.----
Jm
-.
;E p . 2 6 3 a j G p $-934-Rh~-&-p258b
jin & p.256b jii 6 289 k&o 5 689
jin +,. p.283a jii & p.268b kilo % 942
jin 4 484 jk 4% p.269a kiio 846
jing d 299 jii 496 kE % 1010
jing 774 jii % p.2686 kE %2 p.298b
jing 444 jii d p.268b kg T 77
jing E 445 jii 5E p.2686 Ici p.256a
jing $2 p.276b ju /ft 679 k5 k, p.268a
jing 3% p277a jii 4 p.248a kE 4 507
jing p.294a jii 4g 671 kE 321
.-
jlng-!!-p.252a
F%
.-
JU ?8 p.2776 k5 eL 598 -
JIAO-LIN
k6n liii li 105"'
k6n Iln li p.289a
k6n 1611 li 1004
k6ng l h li 1005
lcdng liin li 1006
lcdng 1ln li 1007
lcdng liin li p.298a
lcdu 1iin li p.254b
lc6u liing li p.268a
kfi liing liln p.248b
lcii 1Ho liln p.275b
kii Ilo lih p.275b
kii 150 liiin 1059
kii lFl0 liiin 606
kuii 120 liiin 585
kuii le li6n p.299a
kuii ie liiin p.293a
ku% 1Bi liiin 1003
kuiii 16i liiing 305
kuiii lei liiing, 756
kuiii lii liiing
lcuiii lii lilng p.261 b
lcuiin lii lilng 731
lcuiin l6ng liiing p.295b
kuiing li lilng p.266a
lculng li liiing p.266a
kuiing li lihg 307
Icuiing li liiing p.295b
lcui li liiing 647
l&n li liiio 17
leu6 li liFlo, liiio p.298b
lcu6 li liiio p.256a
ic~a li lii p.247b
li 1iE p.247b
li 1iE p.248a
la li lie p.282a
la li 1iE p.275a
1% li lin 156
15 li lin, lin p.288b
lli li lin p.298a
+k
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
lin 1 p.248b liin $& p.295b m6i % p.272a
ling 2% p.299a liin, liin 751 m6i & 116
ling, ling 284 lu6 $2 p.299a mZi 4% 223
i n 4% p.260b 11.16 p.300a min P? 4516g
ling $ 285 11.16 %- 1055 men %"J 46
ling Sfi p.260b lu6 X 1056 mEn, men P4 p.292a
ling 3 207 lu6 It p.292b m6ng 3 p293b
ling 0 p.301b ming %Ti p.290a
liii 739 lning p.266a
1 1 il p.293a -M- mZng % p.252a
liii 5& p.259a mii 157'0° mi 101119
lii P p.272a mI @ p.273b mi & p.285a
liii -; 149 rn2 5 35187 mi 55 p.297a
16ng #& p.275a2" ma r4, 36 mi 47"
16ng p.275a mI 46 p.249a mi I& p.248a
16u $4 394 mii A6 p.249b mi p.248a
+
16u $& p.249a mi p.248a
16u W p.294a mil p.287a miIn + 127"O
lii ,hi p.275a mji ?i 133 miIn $8 p.91b
la p.2936 miii % 135 miiin L 439
lii & p.251bIg7 miii Nf p.288a miiin % p.286a
lii & 675 iniii $ p.289algP miiin 6% 610°176
lii f 676 miin nth p.2976 miiin b p.299b
lii 998 m2n & 903 mi50 p.271b
1ii 4% p.271a m5n % p.266b migo ? p.271b
lii % 530 mln 471 migo 92 p.271b
lii 2% p.299a miin ,E 472 mi20 8 p.2656
lii & --8091g8 m5ng $ 1 69 miso 49 p.265b
18 U p.275b m b &-29382--milo-fi--p.25cCb
18 & p.275b m5o 84O1I0 miS ;& p.265a
1fi @ p.295a miio ?,& p.271b min I% 624
16 R p.296a miio 4P p.272a min 921f08
18 954 miio 1 353 min 1 p.270a205
18 # p.262a miio 8 354 ming % 256
lii 9 p.280a miio $7 p.292b ming Vl 380
18 % 999 me - 159 ming 800
luIn I P p.301b mii k 184 m6 $ p.273b
luiin i$L 832 m6i % p.260a m6, m6 i$ p.274a
1iiZ p.263b m6i p.285b m6 d p.274a
liin- &- -730-- ".
mei-------% 589---m6-- 3 - - p . 3 0 1 b-
LIN-PIN
m6 ni p i f t p.261 a
mo ni prii b$ p.250a
mc? ni pli A 833
m6 ni pli 8~ 834
mti ni p8n +& p.256b
ma nirin pln & p.260b
1n6u nirin piin $11 p.300a
mdu niln piin $K p.301 b
m fi niiin pgng & 785
mfi niring piing lkl p.273b
ma ni8o pno d& p.283a
ma nil0 prio 463 p.272b
.-
ma nle p80 36 510
mii nin piio, pa0 & ; p.272b
mii ning plo J& p.272b
mii niii p6i J% p.273b
mii niii p6i 1% p.273b
mii niii pM a6 p.2670
ndng pen, pBn "k p.274a
n6ng pen & p.260a
nting p6ng flfl 209
nri nii p5ng 4f$ p.273a
nii nii pBng d& p.254b
nii nii pi 4tk p.258a
n8, na nU pi Fb p.258a
n8i nu8n pi, pi !8 p.255a
niii niiE pi h 662'07
niii niin pi :& p.245a
nrin pi PF. 146
nrin pi x 245Io3
nrin pi6n 4& p.253b
nrio ou piHn % p.253b
n80 6u, ou piiin 16 p.253b
niio 6u pirin 4E 126
ne piiin, piLn f: 927g1
nB, nBi piiio % 957
n6i pi60 2% p.264b
nBi ~5 pi& pi5 dibk p.273b
nBn PB pi5 I 14
n6ng p6i pin 4% p.272a
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
pin % p.2606 qiiin -f. 251 qiii $ 746
pin S p.257a qiiin d 584 q 1017
ping 4 543 qiln & p.254b qii p.257a
ping %. p.297a qiHn IF p.254a qii .% p.257a
ping 4% p.272a qiiin $ p.280a qii p.272a
ping $? p.258a qiiin @ p.271b qii,qii $4 478
Pd j~k p.245a qiiin & 100 Clii % 365
Pd 2% p.273b qian 451 qii % p.277b
P6 & p.245a qi5n 4% 167 qii 1028
Pa 9k p.245a qiiin i n p.300a qii h 432
Pb i& p.264a qiln k. 1917"uiin
pa k p.276aGG qiiing
pb k 384GG qiang
Pfi 714 qiiing 4 84gg0 quan #! p.257b
% p.285a qiiing quE kk p.263b

p.254a qiiio & p.276a quC p.259a
qi p.252a qiao & p.277b quC x/i p.246a
qf % 871 qiao L p.277a qiin Y p.256b
1k p.264b qiiio J5 p.271b
cli 3& p.253b qiE, qi8 k 698 -R-
& 930 qi6 12 k 230
qr d 163 qin 4E p.263a rlin 8 593
qi 3$ p.299a qin % 215 rh i% p.297a
qi------?~-l 045"'L--qin-- 3% -p;262b-rBn-*473 --
ST
/-
-L 322 qin 5 p.291a riin % p.285a
~i % 324" qing 4 1051 riing 707
qi I% 413 qing 198174 riio fik p.277b
cli & 325 qing 3 17 rlo, riio tk p.277b
~i A% p.288b qing 6 p.252a riio d& p.2716
Cli ?& p.249b qing $$ 736 rC %& 678
ST & 435 qing $7 199 rEn h 2'
qi % 1052 qing @ p.295b r6n 4 4'
p.282a qi6ng % 989 r6n JL 591°
~i % p.290b qiii 4k 730 r6n 4= 341
- qiii p.272a - qiii -- R 923 r6n * 821
ri?n si? shin
ri?n sEn shEn
rBn shii shin,
ri?n shii shen
rEng shti shBn
ring sh5i shBn
fi shiii sh6n
r6ng shiin shBng
r6ng shiin shsng
r6ng shiin shEng
r6ng shh sh8ng
r6ng shiin sh8ng
r6u shiin shing
riju shiing shing
r6u shting shi?ng
r6u shting shi?ng
rCi shiing shi?ng
1-6 shiing shi
rii shiio shi
ruiin shiio shi
mi shiio shi
riin shb shi
rub sh8o shi
ru6 shiio shi
shiio shi
she shi
sii, sii shi shi
s8 she shi
siii, siii shB shi
siii she shi
siin sh6 shi
siin shi? shi
siin shi? shi
s h shi? shi
skg, shi? shi
skg sh6i shi
sting shEn shi
s80 shEn shi
s80, stio shEn shi
si? shEn slii
ALPI-IABBTICAL INDEX
slii 38915' shii 8 948 si dW p.2466
shi -iE 599 shii 949 si W 147
slii W p.246b shii $% p.294F0' si 455
slli % 873 shii ,%i p.270a20hi 6 275
shi $ 316 shii 1 3? si @$ p.293a
shi -jr 13433 shii, shii -$k 586 s6ng il:* p.284b
shi $ p.285a shii $- 657 s6ng , p.299a
slii 680 shii ;f% 661 s6ng 3 264
slii $ 711 shii W i p.262a s6ng iZ. 485
slli & 943 shii i?i. p.262a s6u 49 p.280b
shi 2 246 shii !k? p.295b s6u & p.280b
shi b shuii $11 p.267a s
shi huii 4$ p.285b s
shi ijL; 807Ii3 shuiii $t p.269a sii % 1061
shi i 480ii3 shuiii p.280a sii #- 726
slii R p.272b shuiii, # p.280a sii @ p.280b
shi 963 sliu% sii % p.280b
sh .253a shuiii till1 p.272a sii .291a
sh6u ~lk 718 shuiin & p.285b sii p.287a
sh6u ! 1042 shuiing 1023 sii $ 264
sli6u p.258b sliuiing % p.278a sii d p.287a
sli6u 3- 4lG5 shuIng J? p.289a sii p.271a
sh6u 3 14G4 shui 71C 36285 suiin tnk p.294b
sh6u 266Is5 shui j 181K5 suln $ 521
sh6u 339 shui il& 539 suln 8 p.295a
sh6u 4? p.289a shui jhi 239 sui 3% 33735
sh6u @ p.290a shiin @ p.277b sui & p.283b
sli6u $ p.279b shiin J p.245b sui, sui 5 642
s h 6 u d k - - p.25Oa--sliu6--~t-24O--sui-l%---754-
shii p.253a shu6 tilp p.272a sui I& 755
shii 2 18379 si A 24?" sui 7% 499
shii $$ 83 SI & 1008 sui J? p.250a
shii @ p.246a si 4 1062 siin p.2630
shii & p.297b si ,% 348 siin p.261a
shii 8~p.289a si 1Fi. p.267a siin % p.292a
sliU J$& p.250b si 41% p.267a su6 !'6 p.280b
-
shii L 1041 SI b 28Iz0 su6 4 411
-
shii ?k-! 1042 s1 $ 174120 su6 p.286a
shii Jj" I. p.247a si 3 665 su6 4 p.278a
shii p.250b sf & 728
SHI-WANG
-T- ti &$ tii p.301a
tii i& ti $I] tii 996
tH 4L ti J$ tii & p.294b
tii & ti $4 tii b p.250b
ti7 ti 4% tii Sfr p.288b
t8 3% ti & tii & p.253b
tl F$ ti F4 tii f 8G3?
t5i f: ti +$ ta, tii 01. p.275a
tiii It? tiiin X tii p.284b
t5i 46 tiiin ;$ tu5n a 1039
tiii k ti5n *& tui -1C 881
tiii j& ti5n ;rd- tui P p.248a
tHn .5.@ ti5n W tui % p.248a
tiin 1.7 tiiio, ti80 & tiin $% p.283b
t8n #?$ tiiio 1B tiin & p.301b
tBn $.c ti80 4% & p.269b
t5n
t8n
* &
ti50
tic
<fl
lie
tu6
tu6
tu6
%
4&
p.269b
p.284a
t8n 3 E tie J!& tu6 8% p.290a
tiin 4% ti8 &k tu6 -% p.283b
tln $k ting $&
tln & ting
tiing f% ting & wii
tlng 3% ting & w8
tgng & ting w8
t6ng ?@ ting 4* wl
t5ng $& t6ng & wli
tang t6ng $9 w iin
tHng tBng 3% wiin
t8ng % t6ng fl w5n
tiing +& t6ng, t 6 n g g w 8n
t8o fB t6ng fi w b
t8o ig t6ng ?& w Bn
t8o -$+ t6ng $& w6n
tiio Q t6u 46; w8n
ti rt+ t6u - w 8n
t6ng %
7 t6u 4% w iin
tBng Il& t6u 5% wLng
t6ng i& tBu i& w5ng
t6ng, tBng nb tii % w8ng
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
wiing & p.282a wen P-7 200 xi 710
wiing 8 500 w6ng $i
; p.288a xi A& p.278a
wiing 696 wij % p.276a xi 48 p.278a
w5ng 3. 92 w6 & 44 xi @ p.300a
whg, .%i 588 w6 & p.291b xi $4 p.297b
wiing w6 irh p.284a xi 4- 553
w5ng & p.281a wii d 397 xi 826
wiing E p.28la wii i5 p.281b xi % 782
whg F4 446"? wii 6 p.288a xi f 190
whg El 63712? wii fi 6O7I xi 2ki 587
w5ng .ii= ~ . 2 6 6 b l ? ~wii f 21280 xi 14Y3
w6i & p.286a wii 4% 749 xi b 860
wii ,I% p.286a ;. 968
wei 761 wii 5 148 xi % p.258b
w6i R 2131 wii 23 867 xi 825
w6i 875178 wii B p.282b xi5 @ p.296b
w6i 876
w6i p.2586
wii d$ p.258b wii & p.284a xi5 3% p.277a
w5i @? p.300b wii $i p.255a xi5 1: 351
w6i Ifr p.260a wii L 58 xi5 p.298b
w6i & p.256a wii 57 375 xi5 w 919
w6i fi p.257b wii % p.251a xi9 it~i 1221~
w5i 42 270 wii 8 p.263a xih 4 p.281b
w6i % p.292a wii J% 497 xih k, 247
w5i a p.296a wii 841 xih j(rfi p.278a
w5i & 222 wii & p269a xi&, x i h e p.298b
w5i %- 831 xiiin %k p.2686
wii,-w6i-%- 459- -X- xi5n- -A-884-
w5i 4& p.290a xi 9 11736 xih & p.251b
w5i p.259b xi a p.264a xi5n fi p.295a
w6i ""
jn p.259b xi 2& 1033 xi5n % p.295b
wen 924 xi ;tir 695 xih Pd 203
wen 925 xi % p.292a xih in 762
w6n & p.294b xi +$ p.284b xiiin 83 p.251a
win Ji; 3606' xi p.300b xitin p.268a
w6n p.281a Pi"r p.252a
w6n
wen
w6n
$2
h?
M1
46
p.281a
202
p.271a
xi
xi
xi
xi
25 130
& 1019
I 1020
xih
xih
xiiin
xiiin
JL
%$.
%
I'
896
861
303
p.289b
WANG-YAN
-rl
xiiin IF% 915 xi5 xl 5 ' ~ p.299b
xiiing $ 349 xie xii 3 595
xihng @ 350 xi& xii % p.247a
xilng % p.258a xin xii If- p.262a
xiiing, $8 294 xin xii *i p.289b
i
xilng xin xii @ p.266a
a=
xihng 6 p.278a xin xii a p.266a
xilng & 295 xin xii %- p.256a
xiiing & 706 xin xii ,+& p.250b
xiiing % p.299b xin xuiin r3
~r p.263b
xiiing +? 1044f86 xin xu6n 5% p.288b
xihng ;iq
>.,
p.287a xing xuln & p.248aQ5
xihng 4 824 xing xuiin 34 777
xilng 890 xing xu6 253
xilng $ 1040 xing xu6 k 574"6
xihng & p.255b xing xu6 h 922j4'
xilng 6 793 xlng xu6 s 993
xilng 8- 643 xing xiin TP p.295a
xiiing 4- 644 xing xiin d p.291b
xiiing 5% p.246b xing, xiin % 776
xilo 11. 2Yd2 xing xiin p.286b
x i 385 xing xiin 311 p.245b
xilo tti 939 xing
xiiio dl1 p.2776 xing -Y-
xi30 I$ 940 xitjng YB I@ p.258a
xiiio &A p.277b xitjng YR 7% p.2976
xilo 3k p.261a xi6ng Y& 57G9?
xi60 $5 402 xitjng YE "4 p.280b
xilo & 1014 xidng YZ p.280b
xilo 2 56 xi5 YB 0 p.280b
xB & 269 xil yl, y l & p.262b
.-
xi6 8k p.293b XlU Yl p.263a
xi6 % p.284a xi6 yiin kf? p.288b
xi6 dk p.277a xiii yiin 969
xi6 &\ p.289b xiii y6n & p.285a
xi6 3F p.283a xiii yln 8 p.268a
xi6 1 964 xii yln 672
xi6 347 xii y6n 3 p.252b
xi6 h 923IJ3 xl yhn @f 767
xi5 C p.298b xii y6n t 38IJQ
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
yiin 99 yin -$
+
yiin B p.3006 yin A
yiin in yin 4k
yiin i n p.2646 yin
yiin 8F- p.248b yin 51
yiin 8 966 yin, yin $k
yiin &? 967 yin k&
y h Kk p.258a yin tp
yiin .$i% p.254b ying, yingg.
ylng k 278 ying %
ylng Q p.281a ying fk
yiing % 686 ying &
ying iig
ylng 4% p.261b ying ilC.
yiing I 687 ying $4
yiing 115'23 ying d
yiing 3 475"3 y6ng 4%
ylng 611 y6ng 7jc
yBng 3% p.249a y6ng fi

yBng $5 p.299~ ybng ih
yiing 561 ybng 3
yiing 562 ybng %
;
yHo h 158 y6u kk
yao A. 53 y6u 2
ylo X p.283b y6u $2
ylo 4, 2!i5' y6u 7 c
yiio k 1012 y6u '8J-
yfio ;i& p.267a y6u &
y 50-%- ~-76%-- -y 6u-4t$-
ylo & p.267a yciu &
yiio 2 25289 y6u kb
yiio 02 p.261a y6u gP
yiio 131 ydu h
ylo % p.2936 ybu $-i
yiio qL
A& 1016 y6u Ei
yiio §& p.300a y6u iC
YB % p.293b yau ;f;
YE q p.2466 yin El 486 y6u p.281b
YE & 6 yin 4B p.269b ybu %%- p.256a
YE & 495 yin B 685 y fi - -7- 692
YAN-ZHAO
yii
yus "I2
T . zBn 425
YG yu8 '7% zEng 328
yii yu8 KI z8ng p.249a
YC yu8 T% z6ng p.249a
YG yiin 9 zhii p.2906
yii yiin 2 zh6 342
~6 yiin S zhii p.2606
yii yiin k zhii p.260a
yii yiin, yiin $ zhii p.260a
yii yiin 3 zhiii p.258a
YG zh5i p.260a
yii -z- zh% p.246a
yii z5 p.286a zhiin 28 1
Y3 zl 912 zhln p.279a
yii ziii 863 zhiin p.279a
YC z k p.2696 zhln 648
YG ziii, zBi
-. & p.2696 zhiin 433
yii zal X p.2656 zhgn 802
YG ziii 474 zhln 627
yii ziii 8 304 zhiin 628
YO zln e$ p.2866 zhiin p.2626
yii ziin p.254a zhiin p.279a
yuiin z6n 32. p.254a zhiing p.245a
yuan ziing - p.280a zhBng p.279a
y uiin ziing f p.280b zhEing 226168
yuan ziing & p.266a zhiing 227
yuan ziing 1%. p.266a zhiing p.2786
yuiin zHo # p.280a zh5ng, p.294a
yuln zEio & p.280a zhiing
yuln z50 438 zhiing p.2786
yuBn ZBO % p.262a zhiing p.2616
yuBn ZBO % p.2800 zhiing p.2616
y uBn ziio kk p.2826 zhiio p.2546
yuln ziio & p.2836 zhlo, 476
yuan ziio & 655 zhho
yuln z6 fill p.259a zhio 508
3-
yu8 z6 ~i p.246a zhBo p.273aS7
yue z6 -#$ p.253a zh5o 33P7
yus z6 p.253a zhiio 740
yus z6i I!& 977 zhiio p.255a
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
ZIIBO !a 891 zhi k 265 zh6u -A
zhiio 88 892 zhi 4- p.271a zhdu F
zhlo 9b 720 zhi RS p.249a zhdu Rzr
2k
zhiio p.266b zhi dI p.249a zhBu s-
zhe & 476 zhi 3E 1022 zhBu &k
zhE E p.294a zhi $L p.289a zhii #i
zhi, zhE 46 p.283a zhi & 301 zhii 2%
fi,
zh6 & 139 zhi d& 973 zhii 3
zhZ, zhei
zhEn
zhEn
4 172
.(fi p.290a
4% 302
zhi
zhi
zI1i
& p.278b
3 p.278b
,D
\
607
zhii
zhii
zhii
*L
$$
zhi J.L 19577 zhii Sf-
zhEn Stp.255a zhi ;Lk 225 zhii

zhEn $ 944 zhi -8 p.27laZM zhii
zhEn % p.269a zhi 3L 31934 zhii
zh6n % p.269a
zhEn, @ p.269a
zhEn zhi Q 1057 zhii
zh6n dk p.284b zhi %. 1058 zhii
zhen $& p.278b zhi i%866 zhii
zhen p.278b zhi & p.265a zhii
zhen I p.256a zhi 2 396133 zhii
zhEng 4% p.2786 zhi ?ti p.286b zhii
zhEng ?' - 618 zhi 3k p.247a zhuii
zhEng aij'- p.293b zhi, zhi 5f p.256b zhuiin
zheng & p.295a zh6ng 112 zhuiin
zheng L 493 zh6ng ,& p.267b zhub
zhEng- 4E-p:268a --zh6ng-?%- p263bzhuiin-
zhing % 659 zh6ng U 108 zhuiin
zheng Jk 814 zhbng % p.257a zhuiing
zheng & p268a zhbng 2 242 zhuiing
zheng 252 899 zhdng, $3 636 zhuiing
zhi =C p.256b zhbng zhuiing
zhi +& 525 zhdng 82 p.267b zhuhg
zhi 11k. 907 zhiju @Ip.259a zhuiing
zhi @k p.256b zh6u 3 p.259b zhui
zhi 271K5 zh6u 9r.l p.262b zhui
zhi dk 272 zh6u ;$+I p.262b zhui
p.281b zl16u $+? p.291b zhiin -
%I-IAO-%GO
zhtin z6ng ?$. zui & 366
zhuij -@- z6ng #
,! zui % p.246b
zhu6
-
;% z6u k zui @ p.250a
z1 & zii jfa ziin $ p.267b
24:
zi R zti $R ziin % p.267b
zi % 26 $. zuci a? 436
zi -3- zti b zuB 4 343
zi ? zii 2k zu6 f 179
zi $k z6 K zu6 k 572
zi il zuiin, +% zuB 18k p.267a
zong zuZn, zuiin zuB & 430
z6ng Sm zui p% zu6 d p.289a
STROKE COUNT-STROKE ORDER
INDEX
This second index of characters is arranged by strolce count and strok

order and therefore enables the student to find, for reference or reviev
any character in this boolc whose pronunciation he or she does not l a 0 1
or is unsure of. The index has been organized by the strolce count-strok
order system rather than the traditional radical system because mastery c
the latter requires considerable time. Mastery of the radicals is one of th
goals of this book, not a slull assumed of its users, whereas the strok
count-stroke order system can be used by a student almost immediately.
is also a system that, as George Kennedy says, "appears to be widely use
in China today."
In order to use the index, you should first count the number of strolte
in the character under consideration. As you learn new characters an
how to write them from the diagrams, the ability to count correctly th
number
--
of strokes and- learn the little tricks familiar to every first ye:
- - -.-
student of Chinese will come naturally. (For example, the shape I i
counted as one stroke rather than two.) Characters in thjs index are groupe
according to the total number of strokes in the character, beginning wit
characters having the fewest strokes (1 to 3 strokes) and concluding wit
those having the most strolces (18 or more). Where a discrepancy existl
count the strokes that are actually made as you write the character b
hand rather than use the "official" count traditionally used in Chines
dictionaries.
You must then determine into which of the following four categorit:
the first stroke in the character falls: 1) a dot, including any strok
.downw~cLto~theright;2)~ahoriZontal_ angle-th;
STROKE INDEX
begins with a left to right horizontal; 3) a vertical strolce, including angles
that begin with a vertical; or 4) a left, downward-slanting stroke, including
angles that begin this way. To summarize:
1. Dot ' or
2.
3.
4.
Across
Down
Left
-
I
I
or
or
or
-
-?
<
All characters with the same number of strokes are subdivided into
these four categories of "first strolces." Much like an alphabetical system,
these categories are further ordered according to the category (dot, across,
down, left) into which the second stroke of the character falls. For example,
if one character has twelve strokes and its first and second strokes are
"dots" (&) ,it will appear before a character of twelve strokes of which
the first is a dot and the second a horizontal stroke (&), and so on. Note
that characters whose first element is the common "grass radical" * are
classified in the stroke count-stroke order system as if the first stroke
were a downstroke, though this differs from the writing diagrams in the
text.
All of the characters appearing in Rending nlzd Writing Clzilzese are
given here, with the exception of characters that appear in modern texts
only as parts of other characters. The index does, however, include all
forms of traditional radicals. On pages 300-301 of the text itself are
introduced all Hnrz-Yi~zgCidinn radicals which have not been introduced
earlier. A complete chart of Hnn-Yilzg Ciclialz radicals appears as the back
endpapers.
The system of reference to characters and page numbers is explained
in the introduction to the Alphabetical Index on page 304.
STROKE INDEX
1-3 strolces -;f 18641 [I 1
3 1464 I l4
[,I A- 596 A 2428
613 f 15P7 /\ 98"
i 56415 -w-
142 5 232?O
88" % 14155 L 64516
7 181" k 5037 k 151
i
. 12740 A p.261 b R 682
- 378 Z p.2812 A 677
-
i
4714
171i6'
X
2.
85'9
p.281a
3
3
11736
233
i 155~~ e 275 A 63 1
2. p.2566 5 274 f 24 1
8 6 9 99758
g7 n 10218 261'
- 10 h 20619
/\
IL 571°
K 84754 a 522 h 152"
a 8 0 ~ ~ n 58 4 49
5 2 1857 k 5943 p.245bM
'F 8751 {{ 56047
P
-t
t 22'4 I 136 4, 2552
5
E---1-43E--
689 L
b- 55
1-1Xz5
4
9-
30G0
8 1959--
C 145= G: 137" ({{ 44247
P 842G 1 346
p1 760'~ n 2013
[I 7617"; 136IG3 2l3[ 4 strokes
1; 35 1 17 3330
L 44348 11 205j8 ['I
f. 8632 9 35250 ,$., 3486
-f- 13433 U 46417 3 1O0gfi8
'f- 612 A 9SdG d 48O1I3
7 5 19 4' ' 465J5 5 39270
-k 150 - _ 11. 274' -_ K 952
1-3.4.5 STROKES
k 19176
@ p.281 b
42 341
4-t p.281 b
tlJ 810
a 581
4 j ~ p.281 b
475 p.300A
It: 703
4, p.301 b
f?7 375
k 22483
fi 262"
d 308
k 878
h p.273aS7
5 strolces
STROKE INDEX
$- p.300b
?I p.247a
Jb 869
% 409
33 p.271 b
p.246b
JE. 493
25 245lo'
h 432
EL p.271 bQ8
E 496
9- 77
h 533
Zt 1449g
* 599
5 , 6 , 7 STROKES
901'39
p.282b
p.282b
709
p.282b
229134
p.246b
p.260b
477
822
51513'
793
922Id3
418
41513'
42 1Id4
p.247b
19
12
787
28120
174""
7 stroltes
STROKE INDEX
A p.262a
%i 305
4n p.245a
;f.t 797
$4 p.300a
% 220
3, 238
%k p.282b
7.8 STROKES
8 stroltes
S T R O K E INDEX
a;
$11
R
%
4iL
lq
ifg
M
[I]
&j
h
k
Jr
&
E
R
;r'
r9
an
SF.
%
S
%
4
D
w
b
Q
-
4%
fi
a
$Irk
%
;lk
-
-
p.2546
p.267a
p.272a
p.269b
p.284b
78
p.263b
p.253a
367
p.284b
688
p.284b
704
p.281 a
451G9
380
p.2686
410
p.284b
344---
376
p.267b
913
96
169
p.279b
p.247b
p.250a
p.300a
$+-
[I 1
$
3
&
-5
e
&
3%
5
k
-+
4%
k
-&
*
3$
8%
nr;
M
R-S_
&.
j
&
4%
if11
C
4-
tk
@
&
$
k
60
339
618
517
p.273a
p.266b
383
9416'
3 15
800
750
265
538
p.245a
p.256a
p.265b
839
209
p.284b
893
309184
~.2-5.7~--+--
830
p.255a
p.247b
39172
p.264bI7O
p.270b
p.285a
p.264a
536
230
- 234
%%
8P
33
fit
4
4%
)ff?
.%E
ilk
+
&
!
4b
$4
['I
;J+I
4
&
$$
i&
5%
,.
L
$It
-
,2.
2
%
2
%
8
&
a...
&---
779
p.301 b
p.249b
p. 2 78a
41 1
588
p.2736
p.2688
877
p.285a
223
p.260b
p.285a
p.2626
61 I
p.285a
p.285a
1055
663
p.285a-
834
p.301 b
p.263b
p.285a
577
p.2852
321
p.259b
p. 255a
p.285a
485
8 , 9 STROKES
848
p.248a
p.285b
p.285b
397
p.285b
25 1
915
1030
1053
417Ifl3
STROKE INDEX
w
n p.259b
3- 60 1
P
-P p.257a
g p.286a
8 p.288a 10 strokes kt p.261 a

Rifi p.286a @ p.287a
@ p.273b ['I A p.300a
)I5 p.274b .
.+
IXL p.259a & 3 11
a& 955 1 p.287a
I 908 ?@ 364
A
& p.269a
7% 974 ;$ p.263a @ p.266a
%-p286a----i~- 940 -J+-- ~28% -
n 72518? @ p.263b 44 p.266a
487 .$ p.274a i$ p.2726
42 126 R p.286b 41k 936
4E p.263a 2% 602 @ p.287a
4% 792 % 390 4% p.272a
4% p.286a g p.286b 7% p.287a
4% p.274a -$ 374 b p.252a
A 726 rtr
C p.260a % p.268b
1000 % 1001 4- p.256a
I% p.286a & 745 $& 104
f&
- --
855 11% p.286b 1-- p.257a --
H
m
E-I
E
,,
S
*
3%
SYF
d
@
J~G.
+k
%
*I
&
i
;
L
9,
6
&
&
ig
*
i&
-8f
%
fit5
$k
pA
;Mi
4&
+k
$A
$3
M
4x
4:
X
4%
4&
$5
STROKE INDEX
i6 973 ik p.288b & p.288b
44 p.246a $& p.288b iR p.2726
PI 46 :en
(.+- p.266b 4- 476
t&
ifL
48
p.274b
p.269a
p.257b
;*
;;li
i*
674
736
p.288b
j
q
43
4b
p.277a
p.289a
p.279a
43 170 %i p.300a 42 p.263b
4g 457 @
; p.288b
+% 563 ig p.266a [-I
,& 710 % p.263b g 993
A p.279b R 619 3-
H p.246a
& 187 $- 561 G 795

61 p.272a 8 p.248a 4k 747
3.3, 386
673
w p.289a
a~c p.275a 4 p.245a j& p.2656
3!k p.277a k p.250b % p.260a
4% 953 @ 603 ?IF p.277b
7% p. 256a 6 962 dfp 140
dfk p.288b % 622 4~ p.289a
fik 327 7% p.263a $8 627
$4 p.2886 +: 595 639
4F- p.255b $2 658
4% p.288b ,I* 317 81 p.254b
!L p.281a it% 826 @ p.257a
k$---,.-- --&
-5--263a-p; p.288b B--p;289ap
+; p.265b $1~ 1041 % 957
!14 p.267a 4% p.288b &- 1054
+& p.300b $& p.259b 3 604")
?&I.p.264a 22 696 % 370
1PG 225 d 626 qf+ 540
?& p.260b & 582 8 617
I% 157'0° $& 702
11 stroltes @ p.270b R p.266b
& 8O9lg8 % p.251 b
['I $+ p.280a 46 p.273a
731 -
+ p.280a 44. p.248a
10, I I STROKES
p.290a
p.290a
p.270a
290
p.290a
9941q6
558Iq5
p.259b
484
p.290a
753
p.253b
p.290a
p.267a
p.290a
932
p.290a
p.259a
p.2476
975
700
883
71
765
505
378
p.248b
p.2506
p.290a
416
p.262a
296
427
945
p.263a
780
741
906
825
p.263b
STROKE INDEX
12 strolres 4% p.270a ik p.246b
?& p.291a 4 p.254b
[-I & p.291a $3 p.291a
%
; ~g p.267b .@ip.253b
&
p.257a
p.290b
*el 7 14 4% p.291a
e5
$6 p.290b 328 &% p.291 b
p.254b g p.254a Ym' p.271 b
$3 621 4g 916
&t-..
:. p.290b 4% p.261 b
3 p.290b [-I 4% p.264a
$11 p. 259a ,$? p.256a 4% p.245b
i& 885 5 p.291a 49 p.280b

j& p.249b % 803 & p.273a
% p.290b & p.269b & p.279a
rsi
e p.254b .)h:
$1 p.290b @
'& p.251a 4 p.256b 4% 569
?ij; p.290b ig p.291a & p.291 b
& 525 $fi 90 4% p.264a
107 $k p.269a 3$ p.291 b
jk p.278b j ? p.291 a &. p.266a
-3 p.258a >% 995 9% p.279a
$8~ p.270a % p.246b ?$i p.248a
<+
"1 p.269a 3k 652 d p.291 b
$+ p.260a & p.255a & p.291 b
$6 264 & 651 @- 712
&-----p257' a &----- p269a 38- 633
g 650 3% 1012 rrr 228
i& p.253b & 190 $ p.291 b
i& 267 i% p.270a G& p.291 b
,I+$ p.290b ,% p.263a f? 870
& p.290b $? p.250b f%. p.261 a
I% p.290b & p.291a I% 754
5% 300 % p.291a 1% 687
&I 1011 $ p.262a re p.264a
bv p.259a & 930 37 p.252a
% p.2906 $!k p.264b A 1005
AT$ p.253b $4 p.267a
12, 13 STROKES
j$- p.250a
% p.257a
11lJj p.245b
43 p.292b
A p.292b
$6 p.292b
$f% p.276b
4% 423
%& 909
%B p.245b
& p.280b
:"t 880
$& 778
& p.292b
&
: 177
a p.292b
$8 p.245b
%I 665
++l
$ 419
STROKE INDEX
-$? p.276a 32 p.249a *& p.273a
-$ 1027 .liia p.256b 3 479
$3 314 $$ p.293a % 691
el& p.279a %! 737 Rk p.293b
at% p.259a & 295 8% p.276b
x 449 4% p.261 b 8% 197
& p.274b J.& p.249b DL 72 1
% p.254 b 9 p. 250a %- 530
@J p.276a $ii p.254b a 1018
A
Y
935 n$. p.293a 2.- p.253b
,fi!l, p.277a 1g 693 876
p.293a
&% p.260a
BI p.245b If& p.293b 1 p.2466
z 447
[-I [I] $ p.266b
p p.293a $ 545 b
@7 p.293a d? 1019 %
@ 717 & p.293b ,g 1049
% 285 d 499
7% p.293a I p.2 7OaZo5 [) 1
p.293a ?ti- 1056 ix
6 340
4 p.279a % 1037 %L 832
*& p.274b @ p.280a 4 p.267a
3% 292 X 490 3$ p.293b
3 p.293a #k 979 .I;# p.293b
$, -
2-
p.269b 4%- 243 #& p.272b

& p.261 aZo7 4% p.274a206 4$ p.260b
8
- 579-- - , .-- 948 4%---1 00
$ p.258b p.251 a %- 330
9 873 $ p.293b & 584
@ 1047 r5 36 f& p.293b
p.2626 ok p.279b
*P
RP p.265a
3% p.262b d p.252a 8 p.251 b
St" p.247a a$ p.293b kt? 66
d 817 &i 539 8 p.293b
4% p.275b % 977 A p.293b
% p.274b @ p.245b @ p.248a
&I p.261 a 3 p.293b % p.261 b
_- 4cCp p.267a an
,... 892 EL p.250a --
STROKE INDEX
14 202 $A p.254b 4% p.295b
4t p.25Sb ;$f p.254a &
A p.2956
1039 & p.273b ~tg 628
a 996 if4 p.295b & p.257b
4 p.251 a %& p.280a g p.295b
4.t 236 8 347 54- p.295b
42 p.269b 35 989 jg p.271b
,gg p.276b & 963 ig 777
i& p.258a @ p.296a
[) I
2
m p.295b @ p.250a
4 p.260b 673 Pi p.296a
4k 982 Ah
ern 751 @ p.296a
4ll 984 $I p.259b .hk p.279b
54 742 % 40 b p.254a
% 521 p.267a
& p.252 4% p.2796
g p.261 d& p.2736
3 p.295a I& p.295b ti p.273b
$4 784 i% p.254b % p.296a
% 636 @ p.273b 46 p.252b
49- 644 & p.273b $, p.280b
4- p.295a209 d p.2956 +$ 562
$7 p.295a & p.2646 +$- p.296a
& p.256b g p.2 .264b
+% p.295a & p.267b 43% p.296a
?& p.250b $ p.260b $2 854
$#--p;259b $
- p.249a 4&----439S
-?El p.259b ;f%
! p.296a
@
$%
&%
p.259b
p.260a
999
I-'
g
p.278b
p.252b
615
d
p.246a
p.249b
p.296a
3% p.295b 3k p.271a
i$j p. 249a % p.262b
15 strokes ?& p.274a 4 p.249~1
& 1028 A p.296a
[,I && p.274b 48 p.296a
:z p.295b d 135 3 p.255a
- & p.277b ih 678 r& 755
14, 15, 16 STROKES
am
sn p.259b
p.248b
d 555
11% 244
b p.274a
$& 312
?kg. p.297a
AI~ p.248b
j&, 1013
L 713
A% p.297a
16 strokes
STROKE INDEX
%% 86 1 R p.251a #$ p.298a
flHj p.297b & p.298a d p.298a
4% 1014 $jk 635 g p.298b
~4 p.297b
2'C
F,K p.259a ?& 282
v%
; p.297b $6 p.267a n.5t p.298b
@ p.258a & 188 Ilk p.277a
p.249a jE 706 Q p.298b
22 1052 @. 544 fik p.268b
$k p.262b .K 48 1 R& p.275b
4 448 4% p.270b Q4 p.298b
%i! p.280a dh. p.2986
& 111 [-I p.276b

% p.276a
4k. p.294aZi4
4% p.255b a$ 537 S p.268b
.fn 97 &c 705 fi& 585
1 p.297b Z& 379 fig p.257b
92 p.297b Jl$ 1059 @ p.298b
% p.260a & 359 {g$ p.298b
4% p.271a 9 p.258b i& p.271a
9% 1060 If$ p.298a p.265a
0 p.297b fi% p.298a $6 p.280b
%? p.246a a 37 1 ?jf p.246a
& p.270azi3 % p.298a s9c
C. I , 605
$+- -g34- F~- p.298a 'K-p398b-
$? 99 1 4R p.262b
$i!4
-T 253 A* p.298a 18 and up
%I p.258b &k 1015
.Iki p.300b @ p.258a [,I
M p.273a % p.298a ;,% p.2986
%!I p.271a 9% p.266b
17 strolres % p.298b
[I] % p.257b
10. 17.18 STROICES AND U P
$1 743
$% 796
194
$% I
p.266a
% p.252a
@. 1061
&
980
?& p.251 a
356
2%-
7 1016
a 729
laa 506
$8 p.299b
f!# p.249a
Jj7 p.247a
@ p.280b
*+It
tlir 806
Ffi p.251 a
$J: p.299b
4% p.270b
2 p.299b
3 p.293b
% p.268a
$k p.250a
Str p.296b
+$ p.276b
STROKE INDEX
a p.279a
$A p.278a
qi p.300a
% p.300a
4% p.254a
trir
fi p.270a
% p.275b
2% p.300a
% p.279b
IE p.252b
iiij 77 1
% p.254b
__
;g&$q&.
The Chart of Modem Radicals
-1- -3- 83. k fire 414
1. . dot61 40. f "three-dots water" 181 84. 5 pattern 360
2. - one 8 41. 4t heart 67 85. iS square 392
3. 1 down3 42. :I bed 849 86. P door 391
4. J left 1 43. i to die 68 87. i (side-) sign 480 (cp.
-
5. "back-turned stroke"
p. 300
6. 7 "top of -7 , " p. 300
44.
45.
46.
-
/- lean-to 155
roof 127
il gate 45
H132)
88. 3. Icing 92
89. 1. "top of -fi" p. 301
7. t twistp. 281, 5 47. ihalt 171 90. % ( k ) heaven (tender)
48, r worlc43 52 (53)
49. L ( -k ) earth (knight) 86 91. 4 walk off 875
95. % not73
16. 1- ( I- ) divine 118 59. R surround 21 102. It toe 195
18. -
17. 1' knife 205
crown 47
19. O borders 20
60. J, mountain 95
61. 'I' sprout 465
62 1 ctep 30
103. Q sun 160
104. W say 82
105. middle 112
20. ' "top of & " p. 300 63. 3 streaks 819 106. fi cowrie I23
21. 4 (side-)man 4 64. 9 dusk 117 107. JL see214
22. "top of f i p. 300
" 65. A follo~v,slow 319,337 108. 5i father 211
23. A ( A ) man (enter) 2 66. 1~ bullet 677 109. 'i breath 324
(152) 67. P corpse 329 110. cow 260, 15
24. .,( ) eight 98.88
25. X "bottom of X "
68. 4 (side-) food 309 111. 3 hand 41
112. 6 fur 293
p. 300 113. L! knock 384
26. 9 wrap 232 114. 1: slice 927
27:-n-(+-) knife (--)-lo2 - 115.-k axe 262 --..-- .. _
28. h strength 206 997 116. JL (.* ) claws p. 273
29. JL legs 57 71. 4 bow218 (338)
30. JL (n) table 645 (p. 301) 72. € ( 6 )self (--) 273, (275) 117. K foot (lengdl) 857
31. ' "topof?"p.301 73. -k woman 11 118. fl moon 178
32. P seal 84 74. -3 ( 7 ) cliild (--) 18 119. 6 club 183
' 33. f (on tile left of 75. $ horse 35 120. % yawn 191
characters) mound 76. k, coil 25 121. W wind 725
("left ear") 76 77. (h ) silk 28, 174 122. k clan 224
1 34. P (on the right of 78. ((( river 442 123. ti; compare 567
characters) city ("right 79. '1, ( " ) small 27 124. -? "lop of $ " p. 301
ear") 136 125. 7k water 362
35. X right hand 85
36. ?c march 847 -4- -5-
37. cocoon 24 .*.
80. "fire-dots" 34 126. li stand 105
38. U bowl 464 81. 'a heart70 127. f sick 531
3932ladle-137--- -8-?--+peck-1009 128,k- cave57-
-
129. I (side-) gown 910 1721 5% light 748 216. % ghost 291
(cp.Hl61) 173. W tiger 669 217. 'k food 306
130. a ..tp of a. 174. & bug 641
p. 301 175. crockp. 257 - 10-
131. 5 jade 62 176. % 1029 218. & tall75
132. ii: sign 807 177. C tongue 313 219. %
I cauldron,11. 268
133. z?? go 432 178. 4 f ( = )bamboo 54 (55) 220. % hair 916
134. " "top of 5 "p. 301 179. C mortar 229
135. "b- sweet 144 180. k?i small nose 515 - 11 -
136. Z rock 664 181. h blood 922 221. f i hemp 157
137. & dmgonp. 275 182. f: boat415 222. deer 809
138. & 5th heavenly 183. % wings 781
stem 497 184. L ( E )stubborn 31 - 12-
139. * "top of $ p. 2950
" 223. X black 280
140. 3k business 623 -I-
141. R eye 120 185. d words 38 -13-
142. r? field 23 186. bitter 549 224. 3i drum p. 26 1
143. & from 799 187. b early 756 225. R mouse p. 270
144. 9 stretch812 188. & wheatp. 289 226. '$ big nose p. 205
145. e net 637 189. ff walk434
146. .zl, dish 921 190. ;ii: redp. 282
147. 4 (side-) gold 94 191. d flask453
(cp. H209) 192. .k bundle 657
148. k mow 63 193. E wine 363
149. ;5c ,gain65 194. I pig 389
150. k! white 231 195. 5 village 106
151. Ih melonp. 281 196. /e foot 196
152. 4 bud 994 197. % cull 517
153. & skin 662 198. R snakep. 271 The CHART OF kIODER\
154. fi back 632 +
199. valley 373 RADICALS gives rile \! \ten1
of modem radicals 11~i.d In 111i.
155. f spear 840 200. 8 torso 185
156. iE bolt W 201. fi horn904 dictionary d$$+IS / Tlrc
Cl~bleseEnelis11Dic.rio~rif~~
-6- -8- discussed ;the Stud! GU&.
157. (1, )sheep 115 202. -% green 198 The chart gives the nomher of
(475) 203. 3 "side of 4 " each radical, irs fomi cir ti~rnir.
158. roll,p..2jl p. 301 and a reference to ila rrenrrneol
159. L rice 101 204. 13rain 283 in Reading and 1V1-iri~r!:
160. -$- line-up I045 205. -ib wrong 654 Cllirrese. Numbers i l l Ruman
161. R gown 109 206. tk teethp. 296 type refer to radical5 ii~cluded
+
162. * ( ) also @. 301) 207. t toadp. 270 in the first character proup 01'
basic characters. Pape ntlmherr
163. 4 ear201 208. Q dove 39
164. E bureaucrat 491 209. 4 gold 94 in italics refer to mdic:11>i n 111s
165. 4 "top of &. " p. 301 210. 6 fish 558 second character group
166. Ei ( S ) cover (west) (pp. 245-301).
122 (130) -9-
167. B thornp. 262 211. %?tone 335
168. 3E inferiorp. 262 212. $ hide 369
169. 6 beard 609 213. & am, is, are 246
170. W head 333 214. 'i?hone 511
171. Z reach 396 215. scent 1044
Reading and W t i n g Chinese has been the standard tan for foreign
students and self-teachers of the Chinese writing system since Tutde
&st published it in 1978. In this new, completely revised edition, the
experience of the book's use in classrooms has been drawn on to pro-
duce a more convenient, efficient, and up-to-date introduction to the
Chinese writing system. Over 1,100 new combinations of characters
have been added, increasing the total vocabulary significantly, to
about 4,500 items. Seventy new notes on usage appear, enhancing
students' insight into the contemporary state of the language.
For each of the basic 1,062 characters, the pronounciation, defi-
nition, and derivation are given, with examples of the use of most
characters, and there is a chart showing how to write each character.
Hints for memorization and cautionary cross-references to look-alike
characters are provided here, as well as information that clarifies
ofien-overlooked aspects of the writing system.
William Maaughton began the research that led to Reading and

Wn'ting Chinese when he was the founding teacher of Chinese at
Oberlin College, one of the best-known U.S. undergraduateprograms
in Chinese. Since 1986 he has taught at Hong Kong's City University,
where he was the founding program leader of the BA (Honours) in
Translation and Interpretation. He is the author of numerous books
and journal arricles on Chinese literature and language.
Li Ying was born in Beijing. She has a BA from the Beijing Foreign
Languages Institute and an MA from Middlebury College. She has
taught at Beijing's Capital Normal University and now teaches at
Hong Kong University.
ISBN 0-8048-3206-4 US $1 8.95

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Revised Edition

11 The CHART OF TRADITIONAL RADICALS

118. St bamboo 54.55

204. ?$ embroider p.271

138. b stubborn 31 209. +?- big nose p.295

181. R liead 333

185. -if chief 266

A Guide to the Chinese Writing System:

by Charles E. Tuttle Co., Inc.

All rights reserved

Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 77-77699

First printing, 1979

Preface to the Revised Edition

While the traditional system of 214 radicals is still presented in f~

can now reach that goal

1. To teach the student the most useful characters, as determined by tl

See George A. Kennedy, ed., Miizi17zzci~zVocnbz~knriesof Written Clziize

See Henry C. Fenn, ed., Clzirzese Clznl-actem Easily Coizfiised (New

The Writing System

1. Pictures. Some Chinese characters are mere pictures of things. The

3. Sourzd-lonrzs. Some Chinese characters stand for a word which is, or

Bernhard Karlgren identifies dozens of such characters in Arznlytic

Below there appears an annotated character entry. It has been slightly

Understanding the Entries

Stroke and Form Discrepancy

Also, twenty-two characters are identified as "heavenly stems" or

How to Write the Characters

3. Upper left corner to lower right corner:

6. Slanting strolce to the left before slanting strolce to the right:

The Pronunciation of Chinese

1. The following letters are pronounced lilce their English equivalents:

nounced as described: e after i or y, as i

To use this system of writing Chinese (Putonghua)with Roman letter

third tones in succession in a single expression, native spealcer

The musical diagram is from Chao Yuen Ren, A Granznzar of Spolce

character and means "man" or "person".

see p. 281a, below -and also the form 2,

Note that C has "down" and "twist" in it.

"man" rad. (here, "sideman") suggests the

compound. The "woman" rad. suggests the

Tile "hook" rad. has a little hook on the

s a picture. In older forms, it is easy to

?- is a picture. In older forms, it quite

-71-k zinii, sons and daughters; children

s sometimes gloss this character

ply an arbitrary symbol

October 1, National Day

The "field" rad. is a picture of the typical

wound silk cocoon. Note that it appears also

The "coil" rad. originally was a picture of a

suggest "small." Two of the dots remain, bu

The "silk" rad. was a drawing of silk thread.

in the fields; the women's main work was

'4 4" 4" meant "to act stubborn, to resist" -a word

is a picture. The resemblance

topic to emphasize it.

part of characters,IS H rad. 10)

tailed bird." In some ancient texts it

This character is probably a sound-meaning

The "hand" rad. looks like this when it is an

The "dart" rad. is a picture. (H defines yias

The "lance" rad. is a picture. Note that

from zhso "look for" % (508, below). W6 is

an independent character and means "gate,