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Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Contact Testing1
Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Contact Testing1
Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Contact Testing1
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
FIG. 3 Effective Angles in the Steel versus Wedge Angles in Acrylic Plastic
FIG. 4 Axle
FIG. 5 Thickness
FIG. 7 Coincident Beams
change. The mode conversion is imperfect and may produce practice shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally
indications at the leading and the trailing edges of the lamina- recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard
tion or the thin area. such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, MIL STD-410,
NAS-410, or a similar document and certified by the employer
5. Basis of Application or certifying agency, as applicable. The practice or standard
5.1 Purchaser-Supplier Agreements: The following items used and its applicable revision shall be identified in the
require agreement between using parties for this practice to be contractual agreement between the using parties.
used effectively: NOTE 1—MIL STD-410 is canceled and has been replaced with
5.1.1 Personnel Qualification—If specified in the contrac- NAS-410, however, it may be used with agreement between contracting
tual agreement, personnel performing examinations to this parties.
FIG. 8 Corner
FIG. 10 Laminar
FIG. 15 Cracks
FIG. 11 Edge Lamination
FIG. 16 Standardization
reflector on the surface from the front of the search unit (or the VR
f>
beam centerline projection on the side of the wedge) to the 4~d!
surface projection of the hole. Since the depth to the hole is 0.118 in./ms
f>
known, the standardization provides means for estimating the 4 ~ 0.013 in.!
position, depth, and relative response of an unknown reflector. f>2.27 cycles/ms.
7.2.2 Surface-Beam Rayleigh Waves.
or 2.27 MHz. This frequency will produce a beam with sufficient depth of
7.2.2.1 Distance Standardization—Since this is a surface
penetration to give higher amplitudes from reflectors with greater depths.
examination technique, an abrupt change in surface geometry
is necessary for use as a reference for distance standardization 7.2.3 Lamb Waves (may be produced in sheet or tubing).
(that is, corner, square notch, etc.). The sweep (time trace) on 7.2.3.1 Distance Standardization—If the angle of incidence
screen should be standardized for distance from the search unit of a sound beam is adjusted (by using a variable-angle contact
to the reference reflector. search unit or by varying the angle in an immersed examina-
7.2.2.2 Amplitude Standardization—Depth of penetration of tion) so that the wave front intersection velocity of the incident
Rayleigh waves is frequency-dependent. The ordering data longitudinal wave is equal to the phase velocity of a particular
shall state the maximum allowable depth discontinuity that can type and mode of a Lamb wave, the Lamb wave can be
then be used as the reference reflector. The examination generated in the sheet or tube. The phase velocities of the
frequency (f) should approximately equal the Rayleigh wave various modes of the asymmetrical and symmetrical waves
velocity (VR) in the material divided by four times the depend upon the frequency of the ultrasonic wave and the
standardization reference reflector depth (d) as follows: thickness of the material. Therefore, it is necessary that the
reference standard be similar to the item under examination.
VR
f> The desired reference discontinuity may be either a thickness
4~d!
NOTE 2—Example: The reference reflector depth is 0.013 in. (0.33 mm) differential or a discontinuity reflector. The Lamb wave travels
in a material having a Rayleigh wave velocity (VR) of 0.118 in./µs (3.00 at its group velocity, which is different for each mode and is
mm/µs): different from the phase velocity. The sweep (time trace) on the
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