Universidad Panamericana

Subject: Image Processing

Professor: Ernesto Moya Albor
Date: December 5th, 2017
Cicle: 1178

Project Title: Recognition of Forms

Team members

ID Name Career

0175851 Ortiz Bibriesca Daniela Michelle LIAD

199375 Pacheco Ibáñez Sofía LIAD

Rubrics
b-design c-economic c-sustain
b-analyze c-health
D E C V DSF UCAS
Universidad Panamericana – Facultad de Ingeniería 8
Procesamiento Digital de Imágenes
Otoño 2017
 Universidad Panamericana – Facultad de Ingeniería
Procesamiento Digital de Imágenes
Otoño 2017
0175851 | Ortiz Bibriesca, Daniela Michelle | LIAD | 3° Semestre
0199375 | Pacheco Ibáñez, Sofía | LIAD | 3° Semestre
Final Project: Recognition of Forms
Abstract— In this practice the recognition of forms
programmed in Matlab is used so that from a given image, it is
analysed in order to detect the shapes and figures that could be
found in it.
Index of Terms— Recognition of Forms, MatLab, software,
centroid, figures
I. INTRODUCTION
The recognition of forms or patterns is the science
responsible for describing and classifying objects, people,
signs, representations, etc. The operation of this is based on a
previously established set of all possible objects (patterns) to
be recognized.
The scheme of a pattern recognition system consists of
several stages related to each other, meaning that the results of
a stage can modify the parameters of previous stages.
Fig 1 General Scheme of a Pattern Recognition System
The process begins with the sensor, whose purpose is to
provide a representation of the elements of the universe so that
they can be classified. After this, in the extraction of
characteristics, the information is filtered from the
representation pattern, with the intention of eliminating those
which are irrelevant for recognition.
Finally, the classifier assigns the unknown patterns, to their
corresponding category of the different ones established at the
beginning. To be able to do this, a certain number of
characteristics are analysed in order to classify the input
signals. The system creates a model of each of the classes
from a training sequence or set of feature vectors for each of
the classes.
For the recognition system to be satisfactory, the dimensions
of the feature vectors must be presented a minimum of 10
times in the class analysed, as well as the variabilities such as
noise, rotations, scale, deformations, etc. must be taken into
account. The analysis of the variabilities turns out to be more
complex, because in the initial bases we must include patterns
that have already experienced these modifications.
9
II. METHODOLOGY
A. Economic Variability
This program can be taken to a commercial market having
different applications especially in the field of security. For
this, several factors must be considered, such as the time
invested in the execution of the program, the optimization of
the program, the field of application, as well as the cost of the
software in which the program will be executed. For the latter
we find two main aspects that will be explained below.
Use of proprietary software such as MatLab, Visual Studio,
etc.
According to the research carried out directly in Mathworks,
the license to install the Matlab software and be able to use it
for business purposes, carrying out and executing projects, has
a cost of approximately 40, 011 Mexican pesos. This license is
able to operate on Windows, Linux and Macintosh.
This cost is quite high; however, if another software is used to
implement the project as Visual Studio, the cost of the annual
license is approximately 10, 030 Mexican pesos, which in the
long term makes this software more expensive than Matlab, so
every time the company wants this software it will have to pay
the license annually; on the contrary, Matlab's license is paid
only once. According to the above, it can be said that four
years using Visual Studio is equivalent to the amount of
money invested in the acquisition of Matlab.
The price can be an advantage in terms of the money that must
be invested in the program; however, this can be
counterproductive because if the company stops using the
software after a while because it found a better one or a more
updated version, the money invested does not have the same
effectiveness. In the case of Visual Studio whose payment is
annual, the money is not inverted again if that tool is
dispensable.
Use of free or licensed GNU software such as octave, Python,
ANSI C, C ++, C #, etc.
Although MatLab is a common software and frequently used
because it has the necessary tools for graphics, there are other
types of software that are capable of performing activities
similar to those performed by Matlab. This type of software
are a solution for small companies because it provides
satisfactory results for some of the programs or processes to
be carried out.
Universidad Panamericana – Facultad de Ingeniería
Procesamiento Digital de Imágenes
Otoño 2017
However, some of them do not have a graphical interface, so
the project will not work or it will have deficiencies because
the changes in the image are not going to be displayed
graphically. This last thing presents a disadvantage in this type
of software, since it is essential to obtain a visual result in this
type of processing.
The following table shows a recent price breakdown of the
available products offered by Matlab:
Table 1 Breakdown of prices and products offered by Matlab
This program has the characteristic of being able to be
implemented in a realistic context, an example of this are the
10
security systems that are used for the checking of packages.
This type of programs are present mainly in airports,
museums, and train stations, among others.
Taking into account the prices mentioned above, as well as the
execution of the program and its evaluation, the following was
obtained. To
offer this program to an organization with this need, the
money invested in the software used must be paid, as well as
the time and dedication invested on developing the program.
Due to the diverse tests that must be performed to ensure the
effectiveness of the recognition of forms in any situation, it is
estimated that its accomplishment will take between four and
six weeks to be completed and delivered to the client.
With this in mind and the price of the acquisition of
programming software, it is estimated that the cost for its use
will be $ 8,335 Mexican pesos, without counting the
remuneration that corresponds to each of the contracted
programmers. The salary of a programmer ranges between $
491,676 and $ 1,221,844 Mexican pesos depending on the
experience, speed, ingenuity and efficiency to develop
applications in the software provided as well as its updates.
Taking into account that the employees will develop their
work from their homes and occasionally attend the place
required to perform the relevant tests, the total cost of the
project, having a team of five trained people working eight
hours a day with a rest day at the week, it will be
approximately $ 150, 000 Mexican pesos. Being a high price,
it guarantees the ability to improve the program when it is
required, as well as the efficiency and correct solution in case
of a problem.
B. Sustainability
Universidad Panamericana – Facultad de Ingeniería
Procesamiento Digital de Imágenes
Otoño 2017
This project has certain keys for its sustainability both in the
design and in its execution. These keys are the following:
- Implement and improve the characteristics regarding
recognition in order to be able to accomplish the
action easily, efficiently and correctly.
- Identify possible measures to reduce the probability
of error to a minimum.
- Facilitate the work of the user that requires this type
of program.
To achieve the sustainability of a project like this, it is
necessary to:
- Have the ability to generate ideas for the
improvement of the project if necessary.
- Have the ability to hire the correct people trained to
perform the work, an action that may reduce the
number of people required to perform it.
- To have enough capital in order to be able to make
the necessary investment to acquire the necessary
tools for the development of the project.
C. Licenses and Standards
There are different types of licenses when purchasing a
software, these are described below.
1. Semi-free: It offers the content to the consumer free
of charge for its use, distribution, copy and even, in
some cases it is allowed to make modifications.
However, they are not considered free software and
do not allow you to profit from such material, either a
copy or modification. [1]
2. Commercial: It is granted all software developed
with the intention of being commercialized. It could
be easily confused with proprietary software because
of this condition. However, there is commercial
software that can be free or proprietary, just as there
is software that is not free and is not commercial. [1]
3. Owner: It is a classification where the author of the
project limits the rights of copy, modification and
redistribution of your project. And in case the end
user wishes to carry out any of these actions, it
requires to pay a certain amount to the author to have
the right to do so. [1]
Just as there are international treats for trade, we can find
international standards directly related to Software
Engineering. A couple of them will be mention on the
following.
1. ISO/IEC 9001:2000 Standard
Promotes the adoption of processes when a quality
management system is developed, implemented and
improved to increase customer satisfaction by meeting
their requirements. [2]
2. ISO/IEC 12207 Standard
11
Evaluates and improves the quality of the software
development and maintenance process. [2]
III. CONCLUSIONS
Currently the recognition of forms, as previously mentioned,
is fundamental for various places in the field of security for
customers and their comfort.
Using specifically the example of the airport, which through
images of x-rays can detect the silhouette of what is inside
packages, measure for which they have this type of programs
able to detect perfectly in case of encountering a weapon of
fire, a white weapon or with something outside the norm that
is not allowed to enter the waiting room to later on take the
flight.
In order to detect a shape with more precision, you need to
have a database, with each measurement of each object
necessary for the user to obtain the name of the reflected
silhouette even though it may vary from one model to another.
If the user wishes to distinguish in more detail the analysed
objects, the code will become more complex since in the
initial program a record of each measure and detail should be
kept so that it is unique to identify and not confused with
another type of object to analyse. In the case of the airport, if
they do not have a large form recognition program, a weapon
may pass into the room or even a toy may be mistaken for a
gun.
In order to carry out this project, all the topics seen in class,
from how an image is read to segmentation of the images, as
well as functions to convert to grey scale or even to binarize
an image, were resumed. In the same way, other types of
functions were needed, such as regionprops, which is a
function in Matlab that is used to obtain the properties of a
specific shape.
V. REFERENCES
[1] Petrou, M. and Petrou C., Image Processing: The
Fundamentals, Wiley, Singapore, 2010
[2] González, R. C., Woods, R.E. Digital Image Processing,
Tercera Edición, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2008
[3] http://www.cyta.com.ar/ta1202/v12n2a3.htm, 5 diciembre
2017
VI. APPENDIX
clc; close all; clear
%A=imread('Barco.png');
%A=imread('Figuras.png');
A=imread('FigurasFondoNegro.png');
figure; imshow(A)
A2=rgb2gray(A);
Universidad Panamericana – Facultad de Ingeniería 12
Procesamiento Digital de Imágenes
Otoño 2017

figure; imshow(A2)
imwrite(A2, 'EscalaGrises.png');

%Binarization
BW=im2bw(A2);
[m, n] = size(A);
[i, j] = size(BW);

if((BW(1, 1) == 0) && (BW(i, j) == 0))

figure; imshow(BW)
imwrite(BW, 'Binaria.png');
end

if((BW(1, 1) == 1) && (BW(i, j) == 1)) Fig. 1 Original Image

BW=1-double(BW);
figure; imshow(1-BW)
imwrite(BW, 'Binaria.png');
end

CC=bwconncomp(BW);
BWP=regionprops(CC, 'Perimeter', 'Area',
'Centroid', 'BoundingBox'); %Properties of the
image

figure; imshow(A)
hold on

for k=1:length(BWP)
Recuadro=BWP(k).BoundingBox;
if(BWP(k).Area>10000) Fig. 2 Gray scale image (rgb2gray)
%Recangle coordenates
rectangle('Position', [Recuadro(1),
Recuadro(2), Recuadro(3), Recuadro(4)],
'EdgeColor', 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
else
rectangle('Position', [Recuadro(1),
Recuadro(2), Recuadro(3), Recuadro(4)],
'EdgeColor', 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
end

L=BWP(k).Perimeter^2/BWP(k).Area;

if(L>18 && L<27)

text(BWP(k).Centroid(1),
BWP(k).Centroid(2), 'Triángulo', 'Color',
'r'); Fig. 3 Binarized image (im2bw)
elseif (L<14.3)
text(BWP(k).Centroid(1),
BWP(k).Centroid(2), 'Círculo', 'Color', 'g');
elseif(L<18 && L>14.3)
text(BWP(k).Centroid(1),
BWP(k).Centroid(2), 'Rectángulo', 'Color',
'b');
else
text(BWP(k).Centroid(1),
BWP(k).Centroid(2), 'NO DEFINIDO', 'Color',
'r');
end
end

Fig. 4 Recognition of Forms image

Universidad Panamericana – Faculty of Engineering 7
Digital Image Processing
Autumn 2017