Solar Power Buyer's Guide

Selecting the correct solar panel products for your home can be an extremely daunting task for the average person. If
after reading this buying guide you are still not entirely sure which products you require in order to start using solar
panels in your home, then please do not hesitate to contact us now so that our experts can assist you.

South Africa has an average of more than 2,500 hours of sunshine a year; with the total radiation reaching the land
area amounting to roughly 1 kilowatt per square metre at noon on a sunny day. This is more than double the solar
radiation output of Europe, making it one of the highest in the world and perfect for home solar panels in South Africa.

This buyer's guide will cover the following topics:

* How do Photovoltaic solar panels (PV) systems work?

* Types of home solar panel systems
* Types of solar panels
* Determining what size solar panel system you require
* Solar panel installation
* Benefits of a Photovoltaic solar panels (PV) system

1.    How do Photovoltaic solar panels (PV) systems Work?

PV Solar panels are made up of a series of cells that convert sunlight directly into electricity (direct current). These
cells are made from semiconductor material, usually silicon. Solar panel cells operate according to what is called the
photovoltaic effect, ('photon - light, 'Voltaic' - electricity). In the photovoltaic effect, sunlight (or photons) strikes the
surface of semi-conductor material, such as silicon, and then the energy penetrates the cell and dislodges electrons
from the material's atoms. Certain chemicals added to the material's composition help establish a path for the freed
electrons. This creates an electrical current.

A fully functional home solar panel system is made up of the following essential components:

 Solar panels: These are often connected together in an array to provide higher power outputs and DC
voltages.
 Solar storage batteries: The electricity generated through the home solar panels is stored here.
 Charge controller/ regulator: These prevent excessive discharge or overcharging which could damage the
solar storage battery.
 DC-AC inverter: Solar panels produce direct current (DC) and most appliances and equipment are designed
to be powered by alternating current (AC). An inverter is used to convert the direct current from the PV solar
panels or battery into alternating current which we can use in our homes.

It is important to note that ordinary incandescent bulbs should not be used with a PV solar panel system for the home
as they drain power from the batteries much faster than energy efficient LED light bulbs will.

2.    Types of Solar Power System

There are two types of Solar Power Systems that can be used in the home or the office, namely:

2.1 Stand-alone Solar Power Systems

These systems are designed to operate independently from the grid (Eskom).
Since there is no electrical energy storage (batteries) in direct-coupled systems, the load only operates during
sunlight hours when the PV solar panels are hit by the sun; making these designs suitable for common applications
such as ventilation fans, water pumps, and small circulation pumps for solar thermal water heating systems.
For the above reason, it is advisable to have solar batteries installed in the solar panel system so that power can be
stored and used when there is no direct sunlight.

2.2    Grid-connected Solar Power Systems

Grid-connected PV solar panel power systems are designed to operate in conjunction with the grid (Eskom’s power
supply). The main component in grid-connected solar panel systems is the inverter. The inverter converts the DC
power produced by the PV solar panels into AC power which is consistent with the voltage and power quality
requirements of the grid and automatically stops supplying power to the grid when the utility grid is not energized.
A bi-directional solar panel interface is made between the solar power system’s AC output circuits and the electric
utility network. This allows the AC power produced by the solar panel system to either supply on-site electrical loads
or to feed power back into the grid when the home solar panel system output is greater than the demand of power
being used within your house at any time.

At night and during other periods when the electrical requirements in your home are greater than the solar panel
system output, the balance of power required in your home is taken in from the electric grid. This safety feature is
required in all grid-connected systems and ensures that the solar panel system will not continue to operate and feed
back into the utility grid when the grid is down for service or repair.

3.    Types of Solar Panels

There are 3 types of Solar Panels available, namely:

3.1 Monocrystalline Solar Panels

These solar panels are made of a large crystal of silicon. Monocrystalline solar panels are the most efficient with
regard to absorbing sunlight and converting it into electricity; and thus do better in lower light conditions than other
solar panels.

3.2 Polycrystalline Solar Panels

These are the most common solar panels on the market today. They look a lot like shattered glass as consist of
multiple amounts of small silicon crystals. Polycrystalline solar panels are slightly less efficient than Monocrystalline
solar panels but are less expensive to produce.

3.3. Amorphous Solar Panels

These panels consist of a thin film made from molten silicon that is spread directly across large plates of stainless
steel or similar material. Amorphous solar panels are less efficient than the other two types of solar panels but are
also the cheapest to produce. One advantage of amorphous solar panels over the other two is that they are shadow
protected, meaning that the solar panel continues to charge while part of its cells are in a shadow. These work great
on boats and other types of transportation.

4.    Determining what size system you require

If you plan on tying your solar panels into the grid, then one way going about it is to just buy as many solar panels as
you can afford right now and then simply sequentially adding panels to the system as you are able to afford them
over time. Eventually you could end up with a fully operational solar panel system that is completely independent of
the grid and providing you with free electricity. 
If you wish to completely disconnect your home from the grid, then there are a few steps that you will need to follow in
order to find out about how many solar panels you will require to generate 100% of the energy used in your home:

 Make a list of all the electrical appliances that you use in your home, how many watts each uses and
estimate how many hours per day you use them.
 Multiply the total watts by the hours used for each appliance. So for example if you use a radio for 2 hours a
day while working out and it uses 14W, then you would multiply 14 by 2 to get a total of 28watts per day for
the radio. Once you have done this for each item, add them all up to get the total sum of watts that you use
in your house on a daily basis.
 Determine the average amount of sunlight hours your solar panels will receive a day.
 Now divide the total amount of watts used per day as you figured out in step 2, by the average amount of
sunlight. If you use 1000watts per day in your home and the average sunlight is 4.3 hours, then you would
divide 1000 by 4.3.
 This means you will need at least 698watts of solar panels to get enough solar energy to power your entire
house.

5.    Solar Panel Installation

NB. If you are not technically inclined, then it would not be advisable to attempt installing a solar panel system in your
home without any assistance from a professional. Sustainable.co.za has many approved partner installation
companies who will be able to economically and safely install a solar panel system in your home for you.

There are three ways in which to install solar panels in your home, namely:

 Ground Mounted Solar Panels

 Roof Mounted Solar Panels
 Thin Film Solar Panels

5.1 Ground Mounted Solar Panels

Ground mounted solar panels are fixed to poles that are cemented into the ground. There are a couple different
options you can choose from if you decide to go with a ground mounted solar panel system, namely:

 Static Mounted System

The most cost efficient ground mounted solar panel system is to just use a setup that points the solar panels towards
the most effective direction for maximum sunlight exposure.

 Active Solar Tracker

Solar Trackers have an optical sensor that follows the sun throughout the day and maximizes the energy absorbed by
the solar panels.

 Passive Solar Tracker

This is a slightly cheaper option than active solar trackers. A passive solar tracker system uses the sun's heat to
move liquid from side to side within the tracker; allowing gravity to turn the solar panels to follow the sun without the
use of motors, gears or controls. By using either type of solar tracker you'll help your solar panels get as much sun as
possible throughout the day as it automatically points them in a perpendicular direction to the sun.

5.2 Roof Mounted Solar Panels

Solar panels can be mounted on many different types of roofs. Shingle roofs are the easiest to work whilst tiled roofs
can be a bit more challenging.

5.3 Thin Film Solar Panels

Although thin film solar panels don't absorb the sunlight with as much efficiency as other solar panels, there are
numerous benefits to installing these types of solar panels:

 Unlike Monocrystalline solar panels, you don't have to mount the thin film solar panels on your roof. The thin
film panels are literally glued onto the roof which means no holes. Putting holes in your roof can void your
warranty and even damage it if it’s not done correctly.
 Also, thin film solar panels don't weigh as much as other panels that contain large amounts of silicon with
structural support.
 Thin film solar panels work better than conventional panels in very hot climates. They also do a better job of
producing energy at the beginning and end of the day during times of non-direct sunlight.

6.    Benefits of a PV System

 Solar panel power is a renewable form of energy, i.e. it won't run out like oil, coal and gas.
 Once the initial cost of purchasing the panels is paid in full, the electricity it produces for the remainder of the
solar panel system's lifespan (25 – 30 years) is absolutely free!
 Photovoltaic solar panels can provide electricity for lighting and entertainment during blackouts
 Solar panel systems provide a safer lighting option than candles and paraffin
 There are no harmful emissions caused either through generating electricity or inside the home
 The photovoltaic solar panel industry can provide up to 400% more jobs than the conventional energy
industry

Conclusion

Yes, it can seem daunting having to select the correct solar panels and accompanying products to purchase for your
home, however this guide should point you in the right direction. If you require any further assistance, please DO
NOT HESITATE to contact us so that our experts can help you choose the correct solar panel system for your home.

Choosing a UPS System :

Before choosing a UPS for your needs, we recommend you read this page and note the definitions
explained. This will help you understand why certain UPS systems cost more and others less. These
definitions can apply to all makes of UPS system whether they are supplied by us or not.

1. VA RATING :

The UPS VA Rating you require will depend on the load current of the equipment you
intend plugging into the UPS.

To calculate the VA Rating : multiply the Amps of the equipment (normally indicated on a
lable on the rear of the equipment or in the technical manual or ask the supplier) you will
use with the mains voltage you require and divide by the Power Factor (PF) of the
equipment.

2. SIZING A UPS SYSTEM :

For example :

Computer equipment requires : 2 Amps (current)

Mains voltage used : 230VAC (AC voltage)
Power factor of computer equipment : 0.6 (typical for computer equipment)

2A x 230V = 460W / 0.6 PF = 766 VA

You will require a 800VA but to cater for your future expansions and to not stress the
UPS by running on 100% load all the time, you always add 20-25% capacity. Therefore a
1000VA UPS (1KVA) should be used in this case.

When choosing a UPS system it is a good idea to also plan ahead to cater for expansion
so that your investment in a UPS does not outgrow your future needs.

If several computers or pieces of equipment are involved, add all the Amps together and
do the calculation as shown.

Please contact us if you need any assistance. We will gladly calculate the system for you
if you provide all the relevant details.

3. BACKUP TIME :

The backup time is proportional to the load that is connected to the UPS. The more the
load, the less the backup time. You can have backup time as little as 5 minutes which will
enable you to shutdown the equipment connected to the UPS before the power fails; or
many hours of backup time so you can keep your equipment running until mains power
returns.

Longer backup time and higher protection levels cost more than short backup times and
lower protection levels.

A UPS system is often used to provide uninterrupted power after mains fail until a
generator starts up.

4. UPS TOPOLOGIES & PROTECTION OFFERED :

The level of protection you need will determine which of the following topologies is most
suited to your needs.The main UPS topologies are :
A. OFFLINE UPS / SQUAREWAVE UPS / MODIFIED SINEWAVE UPS / STANDBY UPS

B. LINE INTERACTIVE STEPPED SQUAREWAVE / MODIFIED SINEWAVE UPS

C. LINE INTERACTIVE PURE SINEWAVE UPS

D. SINGLE CONVERSION TRIPORT CVT BASED SINEWAVE UPS - sometimes

misrepresented as a Double Conversion Online system

E. DOUBLE CONVERSION ONLINE SINEWAVE UPS

In our very developed electronic environment where computers and communiction

systems are vital for companies to function, it is very important that some form of power
/ lightning protection device be installed. We recommend you look at purchasing the best
power / lightning protection equipment you can afford if your company is dependent on
its computer and communication systems.

OFF-LINE SQUAREWAVE and MODIFIED SINEWAVE and STANDBY

Your computer is running at standard mains via a small limited AC Filter under normal
circumstances (some systems do not have filters at all). After a power failure this type of
UPS system switches, via a small relay, over to a simple inverter to provide power to
allow you to save your open files and shutdown your computer.

The backup time is normally short and will depend on the VA rating (see definition
above) of the UPS and the amount of power your equipment draws from it. This type of
UPS will give you very limited or no protection against power surges, spikes and sags.
Typical backup time = 5 - 10 Minutes maximum. The backup time cannot be extended.

This type of UPS System is aimed at the SOHO & small business market and is mainly
used when you have repeated, short power failures but a reasonably good mains supply.
This type of UPS system is not recommended for critical applications or areas where
there is bad or high fluctuating mains supply.

Cost : Very Low

Power Level : from 300VA to 600VA

Protection level : Approximately 0 - 10%

LINE INTERACTIVE STEPPED SQUAREWAVE

Your computer is running at standard mains via a small AC Filter under normal
circumstances. After a power failure this type of UPS system switches, via a small relay,
over to a simple inverter to provide power to allow you to save your open files and
shutdown your computer. The system also normally includes a limited AVR (Automatic
voltage regulator) which controls incoming mains fluctuations to a small degree.

The backup time is normally short and will depend on the VA rating (see definition
above) of the UPS and the amount of power your equipment draws from it. This type of
UPS will give you very limited protection against power surges, spikes and sags. Typical
backup time = 5 - 10 Minutes maximum. The backup time cannot be extended. Our
range is intelligent (RS232) but the automatic shutdown software and serial cable are not
supplied as this is seldom required.

This type of UPS System is aimed at the SOHO & small business market and is mainly
used when you often experience short power failures but a have a reasonably good
mains supply. This type of UPS system is not recommended for critical applications.

Cost : Low

Power Level : from 300VA to 1200VA

Protection level : Approximately 0 - 20%

LINE INTERACTIVE PURE SINEWAVE

This type of UPS system will provide backup to enable you to save your work and
shutdown your computer after a power failure and is also designed to regulate the output
voltage and prevent, to a large degree, any spike, sags and blackouts from reaching your
sensitive equipment (ranging from computers and telecommunications systems to
computerised instruments).

Once again, the backup time will depend on the VA rating of the UPS (see VA rating
definition above) and the amount of power your equipment draws from it. Typical backup
time = 5 - 10 Minutes. With the relevant model, the backup time can be extended to
several hours. Our range is intelligent (RS232) and comes with automatic shutdown
software and serial cable.

Recommended for semi-critical applications and small to medium sized businesses. Only
recommended for semi-critical applications if the UPS output is pure sinewave (as line
interactive UPS systems are also available in stepped squarewave or modified sinewave).

Cost : Medium

Power Level : from 700VA to 3200VA

Protection level : Approximately 20 - 60%

SINGLE CONVERSION TRIPORT CVT BASED SINEWAVE

This type of UPS system will provide protection and backup on power failure for some
applications. Your computer system is always running via a constant voltage transformer
which basically regulates the output voltage and also filters, to a large degree, spikes,
sags, etc.

The single conversion and sinewave output provides a reasonable sinewave and in most
cases, adequate protection for computers and any some other load. It is sometimes less
efficient and older technology.

Typical backup time = 5 - 10 Minutes. This unit can be intelligent (RS232) and
sometimes automatic shutdown software is available

This type of UPS System is aimed standard computer equipment where total protection is
not necessary.

Cost : Medium high

Power Level : from 1KVA to 10KVA

Protection level : 60-80%

DOUBLE CONVERSION ONLINE SINEWAVE

This type of UPS system will provide total protection and backup on power failure for
critical applications. Your computer system is always running on electronically produced
power and it is not directly connected to the utility supply. The double conversion, double
isolation and the pure sinewave form output ensure the cleanest, most compatible AC
output for computers and any other critical load.

Typical backup time = 5 - 10 Minutes. Plug-in external battery packs are available to
extend the backup time to several hours. This unit is intelligent (RS232) and comes with
automatic shutdown software and serial cable.

This type of UPS System is aimed at the professional, medical/industrial and upper
business market and is recommended when you have a very dirty, noisy & unreliable
mains supply. It is also recommended for all critical Computer and medical applications.
This type of system has the highest protection level available.

Cost : High

Power Level : from 700VA to 100KVA (or several MVA with imported systems which can
be paralleled)
Protection level : 100%

5. PARALLEL SYSTEMS :

A parallel system comprises of multiple UPS systems or UPS modules (e.g. 19"rack
mount modules). These are installed so that they operate in parallel to support a
common critical load. There are two main reasons for selecting this type of system. The
first would be to increase the UPS capacity, which enables the system to power a larger
load than possible with a single module. The second reason is to increase the system
reliability by introducing modular redundancy.

Smaller systems which can be paralleled are normally only available overseas and are
very expensive to import. Larger systems, from approximately 10KVA (usually imported)
are available locally.

6. UPS MONITORING & SHUTDOWN SOFTWARE :

This software is available for many UPS systems. This will enable you to monitor your
UPS remotely and in the event of a power failure the software can shutdown the
computers connected to the system so that you don't lose any data.

Our MT, LT, RTC, MHC, LH and RMH series have free shutdown software included. A
special SNMP (simple network management protocol) version is also available on
request. Will require additional hardware.

7. UPS ENVIRONMENT & BATTERY LIFE SPAN :

To protect your UPS and its batteries, the system should be placed in the correct
environment. UPS systems are not designed to be placed outside where they are
exposed to the elements. They should preferably be placed in an air conditioned room
but this is not necessary if the environment temperature does not exceed 24 - 26
degrees celcius. The hotter the environment, the shorter the life span of the batteries.If
possible, humidity should also be kept below 60%.

Remember a UPS is more complex than the computer that it is driving. UPS batteries are
normally semi sealed maintenance free and have a life span of 3 - 5 years. At the end of
this time, UPS batteries can be replaced.

8. PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE CONTRACTS :

UPS systems, especially larger systems, require maintenance. We offer countrywide

service agreements, ranging from basic maintenance to full service contracts. Please
enquire. These services help to extend the UPS and battery life span.
Sunmodule SW Poly- and Mono-Crystalline Solar Panels

Solar panels / Photovoltaic modules ideally suitable for both off-grid and small on-grid
applications. Highest quality standards are applied in the entire manufacturing process.
SolarWorld’s in-depth expertise ensures best performance and highest energy yields over
the entire lifespan, even under challenging climatic conditions.

The compact dimensions of the Sunmodule® Solar Panels and the solid workmanship of its
aluminum frame allow easy and flexible mounting. The design of the water repellent
junction box makes wiring easy and secure. The junction box is equipped with two cable
glands and two easy to wire spring-type clamps, so no special tools are needed. This
simplifies installation and speeds up the installation process.

SW40 Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel : is particularly used in rural applications such as

solar home systems or street lighting. It also covers a wide range of industrial electrification
applications in remote areas, e.g. powering off-grid telecom or monitoring systems.

SW60 Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel : is particularly used in industrial applications such as

powering off-grid telecom or monitoring systems. It also covers a wide range of rural
electrification applications in remote areas, e.g. solar home systems, village power supply,
street lighting and many more.

SW80 Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel : is particularly used in industrial applications such as

powering offgrid telecom or monitoring systems. It also covers a wide range of rural
electrification applications in remote areas, e.g. solar home systems, village power supply,
street lighting and many more.

SW80 Mono-Crystalline Solar Panel : is particularly used in industrial applications such

as powering offgrid telecom or monitoring systems. It also covers a wide range of rural
electrification applications in remote areas, e.g. solar home systems, village power supply,
street lighting and many more.

SW120 Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel : is particularly used in industrial applications such

as powering offgrid telecom or monitoring systems. It also covers a wide range of rural
electrification applications in remote areas, e.g. solar home systems, village power supply,
street lighting and many more.

Sunmodule Plus SW Mono-Crystalline Solar Panels

W175 Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel

SW220 Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel

The Sunmodule Plus Solar Panel heralds an innovative new module concept from
SolarWorld. The Plus-sort (based on a SolarWorld flash report) and five watt model stepping
ensures true, highest system efficiency and dispenses with the time-consuming task of
sorting the modules on site. The fully automated production process at the SolarWorld
factories creates a module quality that is consistently high, which in turn will ensure high
yields for the long term.

The glass is set deep into the module frame and they are firmly attached to each other by
silicone that is applied with continuous precision. This guarantees exceptional rigidity for the
entire module and stops any possible loosening of the frame as a result of strong outward
forces in cases such as sliding of heavy snow. Tests carried out in accordance with IEC
61215, applying loads up to 5.4 kN/m2, confirm that the module can withstand high loads
such as heavy accumulations of snow and ice.

The patented, flat and compact junction box provides perfect protection against corrosion,
as well as a capacity to rapidly dissipate any excess heat providing lower operating
temperature. The junction box is reliably connected by a solid, welded bond to guarantee
lasting functionality. In addition, high-quality, robust cables with factory-equipped
connectors are used. The ability to recycle the modules and a 25-year performance
warranty are the finishing touches to this top-quality product.

COMBIN
ER BOX Click here for full
MAXI/MI
NI
FOR GENERAL
USE IN SOLAR
INSTALLATION
S
FOR UP TO 24 specifications   
SOLAR PANELS
WITH A SINGLE
OUTPUT
Manufactured in
South Africa
Quick and Easy
Installation
Simple
Connections
Optional
Lightning
Protection
IP65 Protection

MINI 04
Model : Sine
048/04/LP00/CB
12/24/48 Volt / 4
Way / No Lightning
Protection
10A Circuit Breakers
of Fuse
For use with up to
12 panels
Use with external
FM60 MPPT
Controller

Model : Sine
048/04/LP48/CB
MAXI 08
12/24/48 Volt / 4
Way / With
Lightning Protection

10A Circuit Breakers

of Fuse
For use with up to
12 panels
Use with external
FM60 MPPT
Controller

MAXI 08
Model : Sine
048/08/LP00/CB
12/24/48 Volt / 8
Way / No Lightning
 Protection
10A Circuit Breakers
of Fuse
For use with up to
24 panels
Use with external
FM80 MPPT
Controller

Model : Sine
048/08/LP48/CB
12/24/48 Volt / 8
Way / With
Lightning Protection

10A Circuit Breakers

of Fuse
For use with up to
24 panels
Use with external
FM80 MPPT
Controller

Special units with

non standard
specifications can
be manufactured in
quanities, please
enquire. MINI 04

choosing an Inverter

Before choosing an Inverter for your needs, we recommend you read this page
and note the definitions explained. This will help you understand why certain
Inverters cost more and others less. These definitions can apply to all makes of
Inverters whether they are supplied by us or not.

1. WHAT SIZE INVERTER MUST I USE :

Sinetech stocks many different sizes, and several brands of power inverters for solar and
commercial use. We also carry a range of professional telecom inverters.
Click here to go to our Inverters Page for more details on the range we stock.

Examples of inverter systems (with system drawings)

The inverter size you choose depends on the power in watts (or current in amps) of the
appliance/equipment you want to run (find the power consumption by referring to the
specification plate on the appliance or tool or you will find the information in the appliance
manual. If this information is not available, check with the appliance supplier). You need to
know both the continuous rating in watts or amps; and the peak/surge rating in watts or
amps. Without this information any further calculation is not possible.

CONTINUOUS vs PEAK/SURGE WATTS

Inverters are rated in continuous power and peak/surge power. Continuous power is the
total WATTS the inverter can support indefinitely while peak/surge power is the amount of
power that the inverter can provide for a brief period, usually when the
equipment/appliance starts up. Induction motors driving such devices as air conditioners,
refrigerators, freezers, pumps, etc. may well have a start up peak/surge of 3 - 7 times the
continuous rating.

CONVERTING AMPS TO WATTS

Multiply the equipment/appliance AMPS x 230 (AC voltage) = WATTS (approximate)

WORKING OUT THE POWER

Multiply the equipment/appliance AMPS x 230 V (AC voltage) to give the approximate
WATTS or AC power.

CALCULATE APPROXIMATE STARTUP LOAD (PEAK/SURGE WATTS)

Multiply the equipment/applicance WATTS x 3 = PEAK/SURGE WATTS (approximate)

So if you want to run an appliance with a continuous load of 5 Amps and a peak load of 15
Amps :
Power : V x I = VA i.e. 230VAC x 5A = 1150 Watts continuous power
Power : V x I = VA i.e. 230VAC x 15A = 3450 Watts peak/surge (also known as start or
inrush current)

You would need an inverter with a continuous rating of approximately 1500 watts and with
a peak/surge rating of approximately 3500 watts. It is always advisable to build in a safety
factor by overrating the continuous rating by 20 - 25% .

2. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A MODIFIED SINEWAVE (also known as

Squarewave) INVERTER AND A PURE SINEWAVE INVERTER :
Inverters have either modified sinewave (squarewave) or pure sinewave output.

PURE SINEWAVE INVERTER :

This is the best output waveform you can get out of an inverter and all appliances are able
to run off it without interference or overheating. Some of its advantages are as follows:

 Output voltage waveform is pure sine wave with very low harmonic distortion and
the same as the ESKOM supply
 Inductive loads like microwave ovens and motors run correctly, quieter and cooler
 Reduces audible and electrical noise in fans, fluorescent lights, audio amplifiers, TV,
Game consoles, Fax, and answering machines
 Prevents crashes in computers, unreadable print outs, and glitches and noise in
monitors
 It can be efficiently electronically protected in overload, overvoltage, undervoltage
and over temperature conditions

MODIFIED SINEWAVE INVERTER :

The Modified sinewave inverter has limitations. These are some of the appliances that may
experience problems when running off Modified Sinewave inverters:

 Laser printers, photocopiers, magneto-optical hard drives

 Some fluorescent lights with standard ballasts
 Power tools employing "solid state" power or variable speed control
 Some battery chargers for cordless tools
 Produces sometimes interference in some television sets
 Digital clocks with radios
 Sewing machines with speed/microprocessor control
 Medical equipment such as oxygen concentrators
 Modified sinewave inverters are usually only protected by standard fuses which,
under normal circumstances, are not always fast enough, therefore they are by far
more vulnerable to failure.

It is definitely advantageous to use a pure sinewave inverter as a pure sinewave inverter

can basically run any type of equipment in contrast to a modified sinewave / step square
wave inverter.

3. HOW TO CONNECT AN INVERTER :

The small inverters (150 watts) come with a cigarette lighter adapter, and may be plugged
into your car's lighter socket. Units from 300W and above, are supplied with DC connection
cables that must be firmly connected directly to a battery.

Larger inverters (300 watts and over) must be hard-wired directly to a battery. The cable
size depends on the distance between battery and inverter, and will be specified in the
Owner's Manual.

When connecting the inverter to the battery use the thickest wire available, in the shortest
length practical.
NOTE: Cable size recommendations may vary among inverter brands and models; check the
Owner's Manual for the model you purchased before you buy the wire for it.

4. WHAT TYPE OF BATTERY SHOULD I USE :

Small Inverters : Most vehicle and marine batteries will provide an ample power supply for
30 to 60 minutes even when the engine is off. Actual time may vary depending on the age
and condition of the battery, and the power demand being placed on it by the equipment
being operated by the inverter. If you use the inverter while the engine is off, you should
start the engine every hour and let it run for 15 minutes to recharge the battery.

300 Watt and larger Inverters: We recommend you use deep cycle (marine or solar)
batteries which will give you several hundred complete charge/discharge cycles. If you use
the normal vehicle starting batteries, they will wear out after about a dozen
charge/discharge cycles (vehicle batteries are not designed to do this type of work!).

When operating the inverter with a deep cycle battery, start the engine every 30 to 60
minutes and let it run for 15 minutes to recharge the battery.

When the inverter operates appliances with high continuous load ratings for extended
periods, it is not advisable to power the inverter with the same battery used to power your
car or truck. If the car or truck battery is utilized for an extended period, it is possible that
the battery voltage may be drained to the point where the battery has insufficient reserve
power to start the vehicle. In these cases, it's a good idea to have an extra deep cycle
battery for the inverter (installed close to the inverter), cabled to the starting battery. It is
recommended to install a battery isolator between the batteries with a separate regulator.

5. HOW LONG CAN I RUN THE APPLICANCES FROM THE INVERTER :

This depends on the battery size selected and the type of batteries used.

Deep cycle (marine/solar) batteries generally have the highest reserve ratings. They are
specifically designed to withstand repeated drains of power and recharging.

Vehicle start batteries should not be discharged below 90% charged state, and marine/solar
deep cycle batteries should not be discharged below 50% charged state. Doing so will
shorten the life of the battery based on most battery manufacturers’ recommendations.

Note: If you intend to use power tools for commercial use, or any load of 200W for more
than 1 hour regularly (between battery recharging) we recommend installing an auxiliary
battery to provide power to the inverter. This battery should be a deep cycle type and sized
to meet your run time expectations with the vehicle engine off. The auxiliary battery should
be connected to the alternator through an isolator/regulator module to prevent the inverter
from discharging the vehicle start battery when the engine is off. br>
CAN I CONNECT TWO OR MORE BATTERIES :

It may be advisable to operate the inverter from a bank of 12, 24 or 48 Volt batteries of the
same type in a "series" and/or "parallel" configuration.

If you parallel two such batteries this will generate twice the amp/hours of a single battery;
three batteries will generate three times the amp/hours, and so on. This will lengthen the
time before your batteries will need to be recharged, giving you a longer time that you can
run your appliances.

You can also connect 12 Volt batteries together in "series" configuration to double the
voltage to 24 or 48 volts. Connecting batteries in “series” or “parallel doesn’t damage the
batteries.

CHARGE CHARGE MPPT CHARGE CONTROLLERS

CONTROLLER CONTROLLER
S WITHOUT S WITH LCD OUTBACK MPPT Charge Controllers
LCD Steca Solarix MPPT Charge Controllers
STECA PR
STECA Series Charge RELAY DRIVERS
SOLSUM Controllers
Charge with LCD MORNINGSTAR RELAY DRIVER
Controllers MORNINGSTA
without LCD R TRISTAR
STECA Series Charge
SOLSUM Controllers
Charge with LCD
Controllers with MORNINGSTA
Night Light R SHS 6 Series
Function, Charge
without LCD Controllers
STECA with LCD
SOLARIX PRS
Charge
Controllers
without LCD

STECA SOLSUM SERIES

Print Version (112kb)
Solsum 5.0 : 5A 12V
 Temperature Solsum 6.6 : 6A 12V
Compensated Overcharge Solsum 8.0 : 8A 12V
Protection Solsum 8.8 : 8A 12V
 Temperature
Compensated Cycle
Charging
With nightlight function :
 Overdischarge Protection
 Overcharge protection is
 provided by a pulse-with-
modulated shunt controller
which guarantees quick Print Version (230kb)
and gentle charging of the Solsum 6.6F : 6A 12V
Solsum 10.10F : 10A 12V
battery (characteristic IV
curve)
 Equipped with an
integrated circuit (ASIC)
specially designed for solar
charging
 An LED colour display
gives information about
voltage of the accumulator
 New in this price class is a
cycle charging, boost
charging and a
temperature compensation
which are regularly
integrated in these charge
controllers

STECA SOLARIX PRS SERIES

Print Version (239kb)
PRS1010 :10A 12/24V
Functions PRS1510 :15A 12/24V (not standard stock item)
PRS2020 :20A 12/24V
 Low-loss serial controller PRS3030 :30A 12/24V
 PWM-controlled constant-
voltage charging
 Battery charging with
automatic charging
 mode selection (float,
boost, equal)
 Recognises and carries out
a maintenance charge
 (boost charge every 30
days if idle)
 Automatically adjusts to
the voltage level 12 V/24
V
 Current-dependent load
deactivation
 Automatic load
reactivation
 Temperature
compensation
  Grounding on the plus side

Display
 4 separate LEDs to display the
battery charge status

 LEDs (red/green) to display

the function status

STECA PR SERIES
Print Version (615kb)
PR1010 : 10A 12/24V
 12V and 24V automatic PR1515 : 15A 12/24V
switch PR2020 : 20A 12/24V
 10A / 20A / 30A current PR3030 : 30A 12/24V
input and output
 Upgraded Steca Atonic
microprocessor
 PWM battery charge
regulation
 Electronic protection
 Automatic self-test
 User-friendly display
 Interface to card reader
 Big graphical display
shows all system
information in a self
explanatory way
 Self-learning algorithm
which gives detailed
information on the
battery’s state of charge
(SOC) which adjusts itself
to the battery’s age and
capacity
 Electronic fuse which
affords better protection
and which reconnects
automatically
 Manual load switch is
available on the regulator
OUTBACK MPPT CHARGE
CONTROLLERS Print Version (194kb)
FM60 / FM80 brochure

The FLEXmax family of charge

controllers is the latest innovation
Print Version (966kb)
in Maximum Power Point Tracking FM60 / FM80 User Manual
(MPPT) charge controllers from
OutBack Power Systems. The
innovative FLEXmax MPPT
software algorithm is both
continuous and active, increasing
your photovoltaic array power
yield up to 30% compared to
non-MPPT controllers. Thanks to
active cooling and intelligent
thermal management cooling,
both FLEXmax charge controllers
can operate at their full maximum
current rating, 60 Amps or 80
Amps respectively, in ambient
temperatures as high as 104°F Click here TO VIEW LARGER PICTURE
(40°C).

Included in all of the FLEXmax

Charge Controllers are the
revolutionary features first
developed by OutBack Power,
including support for a wide range
of nominal battery voltages and
the ability to step-down a higher
voltage solar array to recharge a
lower voltage battery bank. A
built-in, backlit 80 character
display shows the current status
and logged system performance
data for the last 128 days at the
touch of a button. The integrated
OutBack network communications
allows FLEXmax series Charge
Controllers to be remotely
programmed and monitored via a
MATE system display and
provides unrivaled complete
system integration.

FLEXmax MPPT Charge

Controllers are the only choice
when you demand a high
performance, efficient and
versatile charge controller for
your advanced power system.

STECA SOLARIX MPPT SERIES

Print Version (239kb)
MPPT2010
Functions

 Maximum Power Point

Tracker (MPP tracker)
 Voltage and current
regulation
 PWM control
 Current compensated load
disconnection
 Automatic load
reconnection
 Temperature
compensation
 Monthly maintenance
charge

MORNINGSTAR TRISTAR
CHARGE CONTROLLERS Print Version (407kb)
TS45 : 45A 12/24/48V Autosensing and 36V
programmable
 Large heat sink and TS60 : 60A 12/24/48V Autosensing and 36V
conservative design programmable
enables operating at full
ratings to 45°C. No need
to de-rate
 Ratings to 60A at 48VDC
will handle solar arrays up
to 4kW
 RS-232 connects to a
personal computer for
custom settings, data
logging and remote
 monitoring and control
 DIP switch provides user
with a choice of 7 different
digital presets and custom
settings via RS-232
 Fully protected against
reverse polarity, short
circuit, overcurrent, high
temperature and
overvoltage
 Larger power terminals
and conduit knockouts .
Extra space for wire turns.
Fits on power panels
Print Version (434kb)
 Connecting battery sense TSM : Meter for TS-45 or TS-60
wires and optional remote TSRM : Remote meter for TS-45 or TS-60
temperature sensor will
improve control accuracy.
Constant voltage series
PWM algorithm increases
battery capacity and life
 3 LED’s to indicate status,
Print Version (597kb)
faults and alarms. Optional RTS : Remote battery temperature sensor
meter displays extensive
system and controller
information, automatic
self-test and reset
capabilities. Meter
connection via RJ-11
phone jack
 Pushbutton provides
manual reset and
stop/start battery
equalization or load
disconnect
 Low Telecom Noise. DIP
switch setting will change
PWM to “On-Off” battery
charging.

MORNINGSTAR SHS 6 CHARGE

CONTROLLERS Print Version (328kb)
SHS6 : 12V / 6A PWM Charge Controller

 The low voltage disconnect

will increase battery life.
 The loads areautomatically
disconnected when the
battery is low and
automatically reconnected
after the battery is
recharged
 Complete charging will
increase battery life and
storage capacity The
controller will maximize
the amount of solar
energy into the batteryand
avoid drying out the
battery.
 LEDs display status
information and battery
level which helps the user
to better operate the solar
power system
 The SHS was specifically
designed to meet the
needs of the rural
electrification market. The
low cost resulted from
using the latest electronic
technology and high
volume manufacturing
 Designed for high quality
and high reliability. The
SHS controller has a low
failure rate and will last a
long time
 The SHS has built-in
electronic fuses that do
not require replacement.
Any wiring mistakes
during installation will not
damage the controller
 The SHS electronics are
protected with a moisture-
tight coating, minimizing
damage from humidity
and from nesting insects
 The SHS controller is fully
automatic and requires no
adjustments or user
selections
 MORNINGSTAR RELAY
DRIVER Relay Driver (283 kb)

fully programmable 4-channel

logic controller that can be used
to control mechanical or solid-
state relays in an AC or DC power
system. A limitless number of
combinations can be configured
for each channel on the RD to
control the switching of circuits
on and off based on several
variables present in the system.
The purpose of this document is
to explore three of the many
applications and uses of this
product:

 Hybrid System Control

 Lighting Control
 Multi-Wire Generator Start

Sinetech reserves the right to change specifications without prior notice

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Copyright © 2005 Sinetech c.c. All rights reserved.

All Products

UPS Systems
Batteries

Battery Chargers

Diesel Generators

Power Trolley 8

Inverters

Solar Equipment

Lightning Protection

Home/Small Business

UPS Selection Guide

Modified Sinewave Line Interactive

Line Interactive Standard & Long Backup Sinewave

Double Conversion Online Sinewave Standard Backup

Double Conversion Online Sinewave Long Backup

19 Inch Rack Double Conversion Online Sinewave

Eaton Double Conversion Online Sinewave

Double Conversion Online Sinewave 4KVA up

Powerstar Series Modified Sinewave Line Interactive - 600/1000VA

Eaton Nova Series Modified Sinewave Line Interactive - 600/1100VA

Eaton Ellipse ASR Series Modified Sinewave Line Interactive - 450/600/750/1000/1500VA

Eaton Ellipse Max Series Modified Sinewave Line Interactive - 600/850/1100/1500VA

MT Series Line Interactive Standard Backup Sinewave - 700/1000/1500/2000/2500/3200 VA

LT Series Line Interactive Long Backup Sinewave - 700/1000/1500/2000 VA

RTC Series 19 Inch Rack Line Interactive Sinewave - 700/1000/1500/2000 VA

Eaton Evolution Series Sinewave Line Interactive - 650/850/1150/1550/2000VA

Eaton Evolution S Series Sinewave Line Interactive Extended backup - 1250/1750/2500/3000VA

MHC Series HF Double Conversion Sinewave Online - 700/1000/2000/3000 VA

LH Series HF Double Conversion Sinewave Online - 700/1000/2000/3000 VA

RHC / RHD Series 19 inch Rack Mount True Online Double Conversion Sinewave - 1000/2000/3000 VA

Eaton EX Series HF Double Conversion Sinewave Online - 700/1000/1500/2200/3000 VA

Eaton EX RT Series HF Double Conversion Sinewave Online - 7/11 KVA

Eaton MX Series HF Double Conversion Sinewave Online - 4/5/8/10/15/20 KVA

DP1000 Series HF Double Conversion Sinewave Online - 1/1 Phase 4KVA to 10KVA

DP2000 Series HF Double Conversion Sinewave Online - 3/1 Phase 10KVA to 30KVA

DP3000 Series HF Double Conversion Sinewave Online - 3/3 Phase 10KVA to 60KVA

CSB Maintenance Free - 12V / 7Ah to 12V / 40Ah

Royal Maintenance Free - 12V / 35Ah to 12V / 102Ah

Royal Deep Cycle Maintenance Free - 12V / 35Ah to 12V / 102Ah

Deltec/Delkor/Delphi Maintenance Free - 12V / 35Ah to 12V / 102Ah

Deltec Deep Cycle Batteries for solar applications

National Panasonic Maintenance Free - 6V / 7Ah to 12V / 65Ah

Battery Charger Selection Guide

Omnipower HT-C Series AC / DC Smart PWM Charger - 12V / 24V available in 102A, 20A & 40A

Cotek HF PWM Microprocessor Controlled Switchmode - with PFC

ABC Series AC / DC Smart PWM Charger - 12V / 24V available in 2A to 100A

Solargorilla & Powergorilla

Three Phase Diesel Generators from 20KVA to 1MVA

Portable Sinewave Back-up System

Inverter Selection Guide

Cotek Pure Sinewave

Omnipower HT-S HF PWM Sinewave - 150,300,600,1200W

Studer Pure Sinewave Inverters

Outback Pure Sinewave Inverters

SMA Inverters

Modified Sinewave

Kaco Grid Tie Inverters

Telecom PWM 19 Inch Rack Modular from 600VA to 72KW

Cotek HF PWM Sinewave - 150W & 300W

Cotek HF PWM Sinewave - 200W & 350W

Cotek HF PWM Sinewave - 600W

Cotek HF PWM Sinewave - 1500W

Cotek HF PWM Sinewave - 700W & 1000W

Cotek HF PWM Sinewave - 1500W & 2000W

Cotek HF PWM Sinewave - 3000W

Studer AJ Sinewave - 200VA - 2000VA

Studer XPC Sinewave - 1400VA - 2200VA

Studer HP Sinewave - 1600VA - 4000VA

Studer HPC Sinewave - 2800VA - 8000VA

Studer XTH Sinewave - 3000VA - 6000VA

Studer SI and HPSI Sinewave - 600VA - 5000VA

Outback FX Series - 2000VA - 2300VA

Outback VFX Series - 2600VA - 3000VA

Outback GTFX Series - 2000VA

Outback GVFX Series - 3000VA

SMA Windy Boy

SMA Sunny Island

SMA Sunny Boy

Omnipower HT-E Series Modified Sinewave - 150 to 1500W

Omnipower HT-P Series Modified Sinewave with LED indicator - 1200 to 3000W

Omnipower BIBC Series Modified Sinewave - 1000 to 5000W

Omnipower HT-B Series Modified Sinewave 1000W 10A charger

A Series Powermaster Modified Sinewave - 150 to 2500W

CA Series Powermaster Modified Sinewave with 3-way charger

Solar Panels

Solar Inverters

Solar Regulators, MPPT Charge Controllers & Relay Drivers

Combiner Boxes

Deltec Deep Cycle Batteries for solar applications

Solargorilla & Powergorilla

Facts about lightning in South Africa

FAQs

Surge and Lightning Arrestors

Deep Cycle Maintenance Free Deltec Voyage S2000

Batteries for
Solar, Marine & Leisure Applications Click here to return to Battery Page

The Deltec Voyage Series batteries

allow both engine cranking and deep
cycling (approx. 50%) capability in one
power source. They are of flooded cell
construction with a sealed cover which
cannot be removed and which prevent
contamination. The batteries are equipped
with a safety vent which includes a flame
arrester. They require no periodic topping-
up and are certified maintenance free. The
batteries use “wrought lead-calcium”
technology which improves the self
discharge characteristics.

 No topping up
 Built-in hydormeter for immediate
and easy charge status check
 No maintenance
 Long storage life
 Resistant to overcharge, heat and
vibration

Deltec Batteries may be stored during the

winter without the need for periodic
charging provided that they start fully
charged and are disconnected from all
loads however small

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
MODEL   MODEL  
: 20-60V : 30-70V
LENGTH LENGTH
VOLT : mm : 242 VOLT : mm : 277
12 WIDTH mm : 12 WIDTH mm :
AH : 60 175 AH : 70 175
RC HEIGHT mm RC HEIGHT mm
MINS : : 190 MINS : : 190
100 WEIGHT kg : 120 WEIGHT kg :
CCA 14.40 CCA 16.99
DIN : TERMINALS DIN : TERMINALS
250 : Post 300 : Post
CCA CCA
IEC : IEC :
275 325
CCA CCA
BCI : BCI :
400 500

MODEL   MODEL  
: 20-90V : 54-
105V
LENGTH LENGTH
VOLT : mm : 381 mm : 330
12 WIDTH mm : VOLT : WIDTH mm :
AH : 90 175 12 175
RC HEIGHT mm AH : 105 HEIGHT mm
MINS : : 190 RC : 240
150 WEIGHT kg : MINS : WEIGHT kg :
CCA 23.30 165 26.90
DIN : TERMINALS CCA TERMINALS
360 : Post DIN : : Post
CCA 300
IEC : CCA
390 IEC :
CCA 350
BCI : CCA
600 BCI :
625

MODEL    
: 64-
105V
LENGTH
mm : 330
VOLT : WIDTH mm :
12 175
AH : 105 HEIGHT mm
RC : 240
MINS : WEIGHT kg :
165 26.9
CCA TERMINALS
DIN : : Stud
300
CCA
IEC :
350
CCA
BCI :
625

MODEL   MODEL  
: :
M24MF M27MF
LENGTH LENGTH
mm : 275 mm : 320
VOLT : WIDTH mm : VOLT : WIDTH mm :
12 175 12 172
AH : 75 HEIGHT mm AH : 105 HEIGHT mm
RC : 227 RC : 227
MINS : WEIGHT kg : MINS : WEIGHT kg :
125 20.25 160 23.2
 CCA TERMINALS CCA TERMINALS
DIN : : Post/Stud DIN : : Post/Stud
210 300
CCA CCA
IEC : IEC :
250 350
CCA CCA
BCI : BCI :
400 550

Ah = ampere hours delivered by a fully charged battery at a constant load of Rate / 20 for 20 hours & maintain 10. 5 volts
minimum.
RC = Number of minutes a fully charged battery can carry a load of 25 amps and maintain 10.5 volts minimum.
CCA DIN = amps at - 18ºC a fully charged battery can carry and maintain 9.0V minimum for 30 secs & 6.0V minimum for
150 secs.
CCA IEC amps at - 18ºC a fully charged battery can carry and maintain 8.4V minimum for 60secs.
CCA BCI = amps at - 18ºC a fully charged battery can carry and maintain 7.2V minimum for 30 secs.

The energy that can be derived from the sun is our future. Whilst the age of mineral oil may be extended

a little longer, even oil industry lobbyists admit that the more economically produced mineral oil will be

used up in just a few decades. By contrast, the sun represents an inexhaustible energy source.

Therefore, our future greatly depends on our being able to successfully tap into it and by doing so we will

be able to survive without fossil fuels. There is no question that solar energy is already making a very

significant contribution to the long overdue turning point in our energy economy. At DAKO POWER, we

are ready to take it to another level.

Contemporary energy is regenerative energy and regenerative energy is reliable energy.

Energy for all - worldwide.

Solar power - comparisons show it to be unbeatable

The conventional generation of electricity places a huge strain on the environment. Even the building of a

power station will consume vast amounts of energy. On top of this, there are the permanent emissions

and other harmful substances, not to mention the unsolved problems of waste disposal from nuclear

power plants.

Solar electric technology has a crucial advantage here because every minute on the power grid improves

the overall ecological balance. After all, solar energy significantly reduces the amount of carbon dioxide

and other pollutants in the atmosphere. Even the installation of solar power facilities uses limited

resources. Within three years, a solar plant will recover all of the energy used in its construction.

The overall positive energy balance will be determined by the efficiency of the module, the orientation of

the system and the quality of the system.

For Universal well-being

It is silent, environmentally friendly and produces no waste. Consequently, solar energy is becoming

increasingly appealing. Whether it is to be derived from the roof of a school or as a so called stand alone

system, far removed from a national power grid.

Human beings nor animals will not be harmed by solar power systems. In any way whatsoever.

Furthermore, the technology is perfectly integrated into the architectural environment. Undoubtedly,

renewable energies promise great potential for our future and will surely replace conventional energy

sources in the foreseeable future.

Solar power systems separate from the power grid

In the case of so-called island systems without grid connection, the direct current generated by solar

panels is either used immediately or stored in a battery, to supply electrical appliances with power.

The essential difference between DC and AC systems is that DC systems do not convert the direct

current. This means that they are lower in cost but require special direct current consumer appliances.

Therefore, they are suitable for camping vans, garden huts, boats etc.

AC systems include an inverter, which converts the battery current into the regular alternating current

used in the power grid. Consequently, AC systems are suitable for normal AC appliances in, for example,

hospital wards, schools or houses, which are not connected to the power grid.
1. Solar panels JUTA Solar panels guarantee especially high energy yield and reliability.

2. Solar charge controller or Charge regulator Protects the battery from over-charging and

deep discharging. May also comprise many additional functions such as timer switch.

3. Battery Stores the generated solar power which is fed in.

4. Inverter Converts direct current from the battery into alternating current as used in the power

grid.

Solar power systems feeding into the power grid

In the foreseeable future Eskom will be forced to follow suit and implement power input remuneration like

the rest of the developed world.

All electrical current produced from sunlight is fed into the public power network. This simple process

involves the solar modules producing Direct Voltage which is converted directly into 220V Alternating

Voltage or 400V three-phase voltage. This then flows into the mains supply.

As a capital investor, you will be able to profit from this thanks to the principle of power input

remuneration.
1. Solar panels JUTA Solar panels guarantee especially high energy yield and reliability.

2. Inverter Converts direct current from the battery into 220V alternating current.

3. Input meter Accurately counts the kilowatt-hours generated and fed into the power grid.

4. Meter measuring own use Documents your household power consumption.