Equation Sheet

Chemical Foundations Thermochemistry

5°C
(TF ! 32°F ) = TC ! E = q + w = q ! P !V
9°F
9°F work = force " distance
TF = TC " + 32°F !V = V final = Vinitial
5°C
TK = TC + 273.15 w = !P !V
mass ! H = ! E + P !V
Density =
volume q = ms !T
q = C !T
Stoichiometry ! H = H products ! H reactants
mass of element in 1 mole of substance
Mass % = ! 100% At!constant!pressure :"! H = q p
mass of one mole of substance
At!constant!volume :!! E = qv
actual yield (g)
Percent yield = ! 100% ! H ° = # n p ! H of (Products) ! # nr ! H of (Reactants)
theoretical yield (g)
moles of solute ! G° = # n p ! G of (Products) ! # nr ! G of (Reactants)
Molarity(M)=
volume of solution (L) ! S° = # n p S°(Products) ! # nr S°(Reactants)
M ConcentratedVConcentrated = M DilutedVDiluted
S = k lnW
!H
States of Matter ! Ssurroundings = !
T
force
Pressure = ! Suniv = !
!G
area T
P1V1 P2V2 = ! Ssytem + ! Ssurroundings
= ! Suniverse
T1 T2
!G = ! H ! T !S
PV = nRT
! G° = ! H ° ! T ! S°
dRT
molar!mass = At "equilibrium"! G° = 0"therefore"! H ° = T ! S°
P
Products
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + ! ! G = ! G° + RT lnQ"where"Q =
Reactants
! RT $ At "equilibrium"! G° = !RT ln K
Ptotal = ntotal #
" V &%
! H ° $ 1 ' ! S°
n ln K = ! & )+
'i = i R %T ( R
ntotal
Pi = ' i Ptotal
Electrochemistry
3RT
urms =
o
Ecell = Ecathode
o
! Eanode
o

molar!mass o
Ecell = Eanode
o
+ Ecathode
o

Rate!of !effusion! for!gas!1 molar!mass!2

= work!(J )
Rate!of !effusion! for!gas!2 molar!mass!1 E=!
charge!(C)
( ! n$ +
2

* obs
P + a #" &% - . (V / nb ) = nRT charge = !nF
*) V -, " G° = !nFE°
n0 = 2d sin 1 RT
E = E° ! lnQ
" H vap ! 1 $
( )
ln Pvap = / # & +C
R "T %
nF
0.0591
E = E° ! logQ!at !25°C
! P $ " H vap ! 1 1 $ n
ln # 1 & = / Coulombs!of !charge = amps " seconds
" P2 % R #" T2 T1 &%
Properties of Solutions Chemical Kinetics
! [ A] ! [ B]
! mass!of !solute $ Rate = ! =
Mass! percent = # ' 100% !t !t
" mass!of !solution &% Rate = k [ A ] [ B ]
x y

ln [ A ]t = !kt + ln [ A ]0
nA
Mole! fraction!of !A = ( A =
ntotal
" [ A ]t %
moles!of!solute ln $ ' = !kt
Molarity =
liters!of!solution # [ A ]0 &
moles!of!solute " [ A ]0 %
Molality = ln $ ' = kt
kilograms!of!solvent # [ A ]t &
C = kP ln 2
t1 =
Psolution = ( solvent P° solvent 2 k
Ptotal = PA + PB 1 1
= kt +
" Psolution = ( solute P° solvent [ A ]t [ A ]0
moles!of ! particles!in!solution 1
Van 't !Hoff ! factor!(i) = t1 =
moles!of !solute!dissolved 2 k [ A ]0
"T = iK b msolute Ea " 1 %
ln k = ! $ ' + ln A
"T = iK f msolute R #T &
) = iMRT "k % E " 1 1%
ln $ 2 ' = a $ ! '
# k1 & R # T1 T2 &
Nuclear Chemistry "k % E " 1 1%
!N ln $ 2 ' = ! a $ ! '
Rate = ! = kN # k1 & R # T2 T1 &
!t
" N%
ln $ = !kt Chemical Equilibrium
# N 0 '&
K p = K c ( RT )
!n

! E = ! mc 2
! G° = !RT ln K
pH + pOH = 14
Structure and Bonding "# H + $% "#OH ! $% = 10 !14
c = !"
pH = ! log "# H + $%
! H = !"
"# H + $% "# A ! $%
!c Ka =
E photon = [ HA ]
!
E = mc 2 " BH + $% "#OH ! $%
Kb = #
! = ! m" [ B]
%QQ (
E = (2.31 # 10 $19 Jnm) ' 1 1 * %"Dissociation =
[ dissociated ]
& r ) [initial ]
%QQ ( K a K b = K w = 10 !14
Lattice"energy = k ' 1 1 *
& r ) pK a + pK b = 14
Calculated"dipole"moment(µ) = Q # r
& " A! $ ) & [ Base ] )
% measured"dipole"moment "of "# $ Y ( pH = pK a + log ( # % + = pK a + log (
%"Ionic"= ' # 100% ' [ ]*
HA ' [ Acid ] +*
& calculated"dipole"moment "of "# + Y $ *)
! H = + D(bonds"broken) $ + D(bonds" formed)
[ Buffer ] = "# H + $% "# A! $%
K sp = [ cation ] [ anion ]
x y
1
Fml!chrg = (valence!e$ ) - (bonding!!e$ ) - (nonbonding!!e$ )
2
 Constants and Conversions
SI Base Units Unit Conversions
Meter (m) – The unit of length equal to the length of the path traveled by light in Ångrstrom Å 1.0 × 10-10m
a vacume during 1/299792458 of a second. Atmosphere atm 101325 Pa
Kilogram (kg) – The unit of mass equal to the mass of a platinum-iridium Atomic mass unit u 1.661 × 10-27 kg
cylinder kept at BIPM, Paris.
Second (s) – Unit of time is the duration of exactly 9192631770 periods of Bar bar 1.0 × 105 Pa
radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground Becquerel Bq 1s-1
state of caesium-133 atom. British thermal unit btu 1.055 × 103 J
Ampere (A) – The unit of current between two straight parallel conductors Calorie (thermo) cal 4.184 J
placed 1 meter apart in a vacuum that produces a force of 2E-7 newtons per meter of
length. Calorie (diet) Cal 4184 J
Kelvin (K) – The unit of thermodynamic temperature is the fraction 1/273.16 of Coulomb C 1As
the thermodynamic temperature at the triple point of water. Cubic foot ft3 2.832 × 10-2 m3
Mole (mol) – The unit of amount of substance is the amount of substance which Cubic yard yd3 0.7646 m3
contains as many elementary entities as there atoms in 0.012 kilogram of pure carbon-
12. Electronvolt eV 1.602 × 10-19 J
Farad F 1 C V-1
SI Derived Units Foot ft 0.3048 m
Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz = s-1) foot pound – force ft lbf 1.356 N m (or J)
Force is measured in the Newton (N = kg m s-2) Gallon (UK) gal 4.546 × 10-3 m3
Energy is measured in the Joule (J = kg m2 s-2) Gallon (US) gal 3.785 × 10-3 m3
Power is measured in the Watt (W = kg m2 s-3) Hour h 3600 s
Pressure is measured in the Pascal (Pa = kg m-1 s-2) horsepower hp 745.7 W
Charge is measured in the Coulomb (C = A s) Hundredweight (UK) cwt 50.80 kg
Potential difference is measured in the Volt (V = kg m2 s-3 A-1) Kilowatt hour k Wh 3.6 × 106 J
Resistance is measured in the Ohm (Ω = kg m2 s-3 A-2) Knot kn 0.5144 m s-1
Capacitance is measured in the Farad (F = A2 s4 kg-1 m-2) Light year 9.461 × 1015 m
Radioactive activity is measured in the Becquerel (Bq = s-1) Liter L 1.0 × 10-3 m3
Liter atmosphere L atm 101.325 J
Physical Constants Micron µ 1.0 × 10-6 m
Mile (statute) mile 1.609 × 103 m
Speed of Light c 2.9979246 × 108 m s-1
Mile (nautical) n mile 1.852 × 103 m
Faraday constant F 9.6484563 × 104 C mol-1
Mile per hour mph 0.4470 m s-1
Avogadro constant NA 6.0220453 × 1023 mol-1
millimeter of mercury mmHg 133.3 Pa
Atomic mass unit mu 1.6605656 × 10-26 kg
Newton N 1.0 kg m s-1
Boltzmann constant k 1.3806624 × 10-23 JK-1
Ohm Ω 1.0V A-1
Elementary charge e 1.6021892 × 10-19 C
Ounce oz 2.835 × 10-2 kg
Mass of electron me 0.9109534 × 10-30 kg
Fluid ounce (UK) fl oz 2.841 × 10-5 m3
Mass of proton mp 1.6726486 × 10-27 kg
Fluid ounce (US) fl oz 2.957 × 10-5 m3
Mass of neutron mn 1.6749544 × 10-27 kg
Parsec pc 3.086 × 1016 m
Planck constant h 6.6261764 × 10-24 J Hz-1
Pascal Pa 1.0 N m-2
!= h 1.0545888 × 10-34 J s
2! Pint (UK) pt 5.682 × 10-4 m3
Standard gravity gn 9.80665 ms-2 or Nkg-1 Pint (US) pt 4.732 x 10-4 m3
Molar volume gas Vm 22.413837 L mol-1 Pound lb 0.45359 kg
Gas constant R 8.3144126 J K-1 mol-1 Torr Torr 133.3 Pa
R 0.082056872 L atm K-1 mol-1 Volt V 1.0 J C-1
Watt W 1.0 J s-1
Yard yd 0.9144 m
Unit and Magnitude Scaling
1.0 kg = 1,000g = 1,000,000 mg = 1,000,000,000 µg
1.0 m = 10 dm = 100 cm = 1,000 mm = 1,000,000 µm
1.0 hr = 60 m = 3600 s
1.0 mol = 1,000 mmol = 1,000,000 µmol
1.0 L = 1,000 mL = 1,000,000 µL
1.0 mL = 1.0 cm3

SI Prefixes
1018 exa E 10-1 deci d
1015 peta P 10-2 centi c
1012 tera T 10-3 milli m
109 giga G 10-6 micro µ
106 mega M 10-9 nano n
103 kilo k 10-12 pico p
102 hecto h 10-15 femto f
10 deca da 10-18 atto a