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More Than Just Reproductive Health - Dr. Nimfa Ogena
More Than Just Reproductive Health - Dr. Nimfa Ogena
Nimfa B. Ogena
UP Population Institute
When you first heard of
“PopDev,” what was the first
thing that came to your mind?
Perspectives on Population and
Economic development
Population growth promotes economic
development
(Slow to moderate population growth
promotes economic development)
Population growth impedes economic
development
(Rapid population growth, of already large
populations, impedes economic development)
Population growth is not related to economic
development.
(Population growth is only one of many factors
that affect economic development)
Association Between Average Annual World
Population Growth Rates and GDP per Capita
Growth Rates, 1975-2004
8
Growth Rates in Population
7
0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
-1
4
Association Between Fertility and
Education
Percent of Girls Enrolled
in Secondary School
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Source: Population Reference Bureau, Population & Economic Development Linkages 2007 Data Sheet.
5
Association Between Fertility and Poverty
Percent of Population
Living on <$2 per Day
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Source: Population Reference Bureau, Population & Economic Development Linkages 2007 Data Sheet.
6
What is the population of the
Philippines as of
August 1, 2007?
88.57 million
Population Distribution
Population of the Philippines by Regions: 2007
14
11.6 11.7
12
9.7
10
in Millions
8 6.8 6.4
6 4.5
5.1
3.9 4 4.2 3.8 4.1
4 3.1
2.6
3.2
2.3
1.5
2
0
LA
EN
N
O
S
R
L
N
M
AR
A
AS
S
AO
S
EY
P
ZO
O
NA
C
SU
ZO
G
M
YA
G
A
O
C
C
N
AY
AY
A
LL
AV
LU
AR
AR
R
A
O
BI
IN
R
AR
A
A
D
IL
VA
IS
BA
IS
IS
D
EN
S
IM
AL
IN
C
SK
V
.V
.V
A
.M
N
P
TR
E.
AL
C
W
A
N
AY
C
EN
SO
M
AG
ZA
C
Population Size
Infrastructure
Age-Sex Structure
Social Services
Spatial Distribution
Economic Development
Governance and Development
Fertility Administration
Mortality Environmental Development
Migration and Preservation
Current Population Issues
160
147
140 142
133
Population (in millions)
120
100 89
80
60
40 27
20
0 2010
1903
1918
1939
1948
1960
1970
1975
1980
1990
1995
2000
2007
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
Medium High Low Census Population (in million)
Source: CPH various years and NSO/NSCB Official Population Projections
Most Populous Countries, 2009 and 2050
7
6
6
5.2 5.1
5 4.4
4.1
4 3.7 3.5 3.3
3
2
1
0
1970 1975 1980 1984 1991 1996 2001 2006
Source: NSO and ICF Macro (2009). 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey
Fertility is affected by the state of
reproductive health (RH)
Within the framework of WHO's definition of
health as a state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being, and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity,
Reproductive Health addresses the
reproductive processes, functions and
system at all stages of life. Reproductive
health, therefore, implies that people are
able to have a responsible, satisfying and
safe sex life and that they have the
capability to reproduce and the freedom to
decide if, when and how often to do so.
RH elements
1. Family planning.
2. Prevention and management of reproductive tract
infections (RIH) including STI’s and HIV/AIDS.
3. Maternal and child health nutrition (MSC & N).
4. Adolescent reproductive health (ARH).
5. Prevention and management of abortion and its
complications (PMAC).
6. Education and counseling on sexuality and sexual
health, men’s reproductive health (MRH) and
involvement.
7. Prevention and management of breast and
reproductive tract cancers and other gynecological
conditions.
8. Violence against women and children (VAW).
9. Prevention and management of infertility and sexual
dysfunction.
Current Population Issues
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
50
60
70
80
90
00
10
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
aged 0-14 aged 15-59 aged 60 or over
Source: UN. 2009. World Population Prospects. The 2008 Revision. Population Database
The nearly fourfold increase of the ageing index by
the end of the projection period means that by
2040 there will be almost two persons age 60 or
over for every three children under 15 years in the
Philippines.
70.00
60.00
Actual
Ageing
50.00
Index
Projected
40.00
Ageing
Index
30.00 Potential
Support
20.00 Ratio
10.00
0.00
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
1,600,000
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
0
1950- 1955- 1960- 1965- 1970- 1975- 1980- 1985- 1990- 1995- 2000- 2005- 2010-
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
Source: UN. 2009. World Population Prospects. The 2008 Revision. Population Database
Current Development Issues
140
120
100
Percentage
80 2000
2001
60 2002
2003
40 2004
2005
20
-
GER NER GIR NIR
Indicators
Source: DepEd BEIS as cited in Philippine Progress Report on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) An Independent Appraisal of MDG2
Fluctuating CSR and CR and worsening
repetition and drop-out situation
Cohort
School Completion Drop-out Repetition
Survival
Year Rate Rate Rate
Rate
2001-
2002 75.90 74.94 5.75 1.95
2002-
2003 72.44 71.55 6.69 2.08
2003-
2004 71.84 70.24 6.89 2.18
2004-
2005 71.32 69.06 6.98 2.24
2005-
2006 69.90 67.99 7.36 2.89
Source: DepED Basic Education Information System (BEIS) as cited in Philippine Progress Report on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) An Independent Appraisal of
MDG2
Typical Progression of a Sample Cohort of
Pupil
100
66
58
43
23
14
Source: Department of Education as cited in Philippine Progress Report on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) An Independent Appraisal of MDG2
Current Development Issues
50 Rural
15.0
40
10.0
Philippines
%
30 28.4%
5.0
Urban
20
0.0
10
-5.0
0
GNP GDP 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000
-10.0
1980
1970
1972
1974
1976
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
35000
30.0
30000
25.0
in percent
in pesos
25000
20.0
20000
15.0
15000
10.0
10000
5000 5.0
0 0.0
on
y
s
on
no
M
as
as
R
as
ol
a
le
co
ag
C
M
ic
uz
da
uz
ay
ay
ay
al
N
Ilo
R
ar
V
.L
.L
is
is
is
in
A
C
.V
.V
n
.V
.M
C
S
ya
E
C
W
a
ag
C
Balisacan, A (2005) as cited in Barba (2007) Dual Malnutrition: the Philippine Case. Philippine Population Association National Conference, July 28, 2007, Cebu City
Malnutrition among children by
%
household income, 2003
60 Income
quintile
From Barba (2007) Dual
1Q Malnutrition: the
Philippine Case.
50 Philippine Population
2Q Association National
Conference, July 28,
3Q 2007, Cebu City
40 4Q
5Q
30
10 1Q = P5,973.55
5Q = P57,573.83
0
0–5y Underweight 6 – 10 y
Malnutrition among children by
%
household income, 2003
7
60 Income 6
6.5
quintile 5
1Q 4
50 3
2Q 1.8
2
3Q 0.7 0.7
1 0.4
40 4Q 0
5Q Overweight-for-height (0 - 5y)
30
Mean per capita
income: P22,277
20
1Q = P5,973.55
5Q = P57,573.83
10 From Barba (2007) Dual
Malnutrition: the
Philippine Case.
Philippine Population
Association National
0 Conference, July 28,
40
30
20
From Barba (2007) Dual
Malnutrition: the
10 Philippine Case.
Philippine Population
Association National
Conference, July 28,
2007, Cebu City
0
Stunting Overweight males Overweight females
Double burden
Persistent undernutrition
and micronutrient
deficiencies among
children and vulnerable
groups,
20.9 %
(Philippine Human
Development Report
2005, p. 2)
Human Insecurity Indicators
Individuals
construct their own
life course through
the choices and
actions they take
within the
opportunities and
constraints of
history and social
circumstances.
Therefore
We need to
EMPOWER