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Ekādhikena Pūrveņa: Vedic Mathematics
Ekādhikena Pūrveņa: Vedic Mathematics
EKĀDHIKENA PŪRVEŅA
The Sutra (formula) Ekādhikena Pūrvena means: “By one more than the previous
one”.
Now we relate the sutra to the ‘squaring of numbers ending in 5’. Consider the
example 252.
Here the number is 25. We have to find out the square of the number. For the
number 25, the last digit is 5 and the 'previous' digit is 2. Hence, 'one more than the
previous one', that is, 2+1=3. The Sutra, in this context, gives the procedure 'to
multiply the previous digit 2 by one more than itself, that is, by 3 '. It becomes the
L.H.S (left hand side) of the result, that is, 2 X 3 = 6. The R.H.S (right hand side) of the
result is 52, that is, 25.
Apply the formula to find the squares of the numbers 15, 45, 85, 125, 175 and verify the
answers.
Algebraic proof:
= (a 2+ a ) . 102 + 52
= a (a + 1) . 10 2 + 25.
Clearly 10a + 5 represents two-digit numbers 15, 25, 35, -------,95 for the values a = 1, 2, 3, --
-----,9 respectively. In such a case the number (10a + 5)2 is of the form whose L.H.S is a (a + 1)
Thus any such two digit number gives the result in the same fashion.
b) Any three digit number is of the form ax2+bx+c for x = 10, a ≠ 0, a, b, c Є W.
Hence any three digit number whose last digit is 5 gives the same result as in (a)
for P=10a + b, the ‘previous’ of 5.
It is of the form (ax2 +bx+c)2 for a = 1, b = 6, c = 5 and x = 10. It gives the answer
P(P+1) / 25, where P = 10a + b = 10 X 1 + 6 = 16, the ‘previous’. The answer is 16
(16+1) / 25 = 16 X 17 / 25 = 27225.
The numbers of decimal places before repetition is the difference of numerator and
denominator, i.e.,, 19 -1=18 places.
The sutra is applied in a different context. Now the method of division is as follows:
Step. 18 : Divide 2 by 2
Now from step 19, i.e.,, dividing 1 by 2, Step 2 to Step. 18 repeats thus giving
Note that we have completed the process of division only by using ‘2’. Nowhere the
division by 19 occurs.
First we recognize the last digit of the denominator of the type 1 / a9. Here the last
digit is 9.
For a fraction of the form in whose denominator 9 is the last digit, we take the case
of 1 / 19 as follows:
Therefore 2 is the multiplier for the conversion. We write the last digit in the
numerator as 1 and follow the steps leftwards.
Step. 2 : 21(multiply 1 by 2, put to left)
Step. 3 : 421(multiply 2 by 2, put to left)
Step. 4 : 8421(multiply 4 by 2, put to left)
Step. 5 : 168421 (multiply 8 by 2 =16,
1 carried over, 6 put to left)
Step. 6 : 1368421 ( 6 X 2 =12,+1 [carry over]
Step. 18 : 1052631578947368421
Now from step 18 onwards the same numbers and order towards left continue.
Thus 1 / 19 = 0.052631578947368421
ii) instead of dividing 1 by 19 continuously, just multiplied 1 by 2 and continued to multiply
the resultant successively by 2.
Observations :
a) For any fraction of the form 1 / a9 i.e.,, in whose denominator 9 is the digit in the units place
and a is the set of remaining digits, the value of the fraction is in recurring decimal form and the
repeating block’s right most digit is 1.
b) Whatever may be a9, and the numerator, it is enough to follow the said process with (a+1)
either in division or in multiplication.
c) Starting from right most digit and counting from the right, we see ( in the given example 1 /
19)
- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sum of 9th digit + 18th digit = 9+ 0 = 9
From the above observations, we conclude that if we find first 9 digits, further digits can
be derived as complements of 9.
i) Thus at the step 8 in division process we have 0.0526315 17 and next step. 9 gives
0.052631578
Now the complements of 1, 2, 4, 8, 6, 3, 7, 4, 9 from 9
i.e.,, 8, 7, 5, 1, 3, 6, 2, 5, 0 precede in successive steps, giving the answer.
0.052631578947368421.
Algebraic proof :
1 / a9 = 1 / ( (a + 1 ) x - 1 ) where x = 10
1
= ________________________
( a + 1 ) x [1 - 1/(a+1)x ]
1
= ___________
[1 - 1/(a+1)x ] -1
( a + 1 ) x
1
= __________ [1 + 1/(a+1)x + 1/(a+1)x +2
---------- ]
( a + 1 ) x
= 0.052631 - - - - - - -
Example1 :
= .0204081613322615306111222244448 - -- - - - -
i.e, half of the process stops here. The remaining half can be obtained as
complements from 9.
.
Thus 1 / 49 = 0.020408163265306122448
.
979591836734693877551
1 / 49 = ----------------------------------------------1
= ---------------------------------------------51
= -------------------------------------------2551
= ---- 483947294594118333617233446943383727551
( Carry over ) = 45 + 3 = 48. Hence half of the process is over. The remaining half
is automatically obtained as complements of 9.
1 / 39 = -------------------------------------1
= -------------------------------------41
= ----------------------------------1641
= ---------------------------------25641
= --------------------------------225641
= -------------------------------1025641
Here the repeating block happens to be block of 6 digits. Now the rule predicting
the completion of half of the computation does not hold. The complete block has to be
computed by ekadhika process.
Now continue and obtain the result. Find reasons for the non–applicability of the
said ‘rule’.
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