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Selected Problems in Fluid Mechanics PDF
Selected Problems in Fluid Mechanics PDF
Selected Problems
in Fluid Mechanics
1 Hydrostatics ............................................................................ 3
2 Kinematics .............................................................................. 8
3 Bernoulli Equation ................................................................ 10
4 Integral Momentum Equation............................................... 15
5 Hydraulics ............................................................................. 20
6 Compressible Flows.............................................................. 24
RESULTS
1 Hydrostatics .......................................................................... 27
2 Kinematics ............................................................................ 29
3 Bernoulli Equation ................................................................ 31
4 Integral Momentum Equation............................................... 34
5 Hydraulics ............................................................................. 36
6 Compressible Flows.............................................................. 39
Hydrostatics 4
1 Hydrostatics 1/5 The figure shows a vertical section of a gas pipe. At the lower tap
there is an overpressure of 500 Pa. How big is the overpressure at the
For all relevant problems R = 287 J / kg K , g = 9.81 N / kg upper tap?
There is no flow in the pipe.
1/1 p A − p 0 = ? [Pa ]
ρ air = 1.2 kg / m 3
ρ gas = 0.7 kg / m 3
1/6
p 0 = 10 5 N / m 2 air
z=0 3
ρ 0 = 1.2 kg / m R = 288 J / kgK
1/2 p1 − p 2 = ? [Pa ]
a.) T0 = ? [K ]
b.) p A = ? [Pa ],
if the temperature is constant for 0 ≤ z < 2000m .
1/7 p A = 0.5 ⋅ 10 5 N / m 2
p 0 = 10 5 N / m 2 air
z=0
ρ 0 = 1.25 kg / m 3
1/3 Section 1-2: ρ12 = 1.3 kg / m 3
ρ oil = 950 kg / m 3
a = 3 m / s2
1/4 p 0 ≈ 10 5 Pa (for the calculation of ρ ) p A − p 0 = ? [Pa ]
Outside (air): T1 = 0 o C
p 2 ≈ 760 mmHg
In chimney (smoke):
T2 = 250 o C
p 1 − p 2 = ? [Pa ]
Hydrostatics 5 Hydrostatics 6
1/9 The vehicle is filled with oil. 1/13 The pipe is filled with water.
ρ oil = 950 kg / m 3 p 0 = 10 5 Pa
p A − p 0 = 0 Pa How high angular velocity is needed to surface at
[
a = ? m / s2 ] a.) reach p A = 0.8 ⋅ 10 Pa ?
5
standstill
[
a = ? m/s 2 ]
Hydrostatics 7
1/18 A balloon is filled with hot air of 60°C. Its diameter is 10 m. The environmental temperature 2 Kinematics
is 0°C . Pressure outside and inside the balloon is 105 Pa. The weight of the balloon material
is can be neglected. Determine the buoyant force!
v = 10 r
p 0 = 10 Pa 5
[(rot v )z ]A = ? [1 / s]
p saturated steam = 2 ⋅ 10 4 Pa
T = const
ω = ? [1 / s]
v mean
=?
v max
2/5 Calculate the circulation along the dashed line. 3 Bernoulli Equation
2
v= 2
r
3/1 p t = 3 ⋅105 Pa
[
Γ = ? m2 / s ]
p 0 = 10 5 Pa
v = ? [m / s]
2/6
v1 = 20 m / s
ρ = const.
[a konv ]A = ? [m / s 2 ]
3/2 v = 10 m / s
u = 4 m/s
ρ = 10 3 kg / m 3
p A − p 0 = ? [Pa ]
2
3/6 a = 12 m s
3/10 p 0 = 105 Pa
p 0 = 10 Pa
5
p1 = 0.9 ⋅10 5 Pa
p t = 0.5 ⋅10 5 Pa
Friction losses are
[
q V = ? m3 / s ] negligible.
a.) How big is the starting
acceleration ’a’ when
opening the tap?
b.) H = ? [m] in case of steady flow?
3/7 ω = 25 1 / s
w = ? [m / s] 3/11 How big is the starting acceleration
(w: relative velocity) in point B when opening the tap?
3/8 w = 3 m/s
ω = ? [1 / s] 3/12 How big is the starting acceleration at the
(w: relative velocity) end of the pipe?
p t = 2 ⋅10 4 N / m 2 (overpressure)
v=0
Bernoulli Equation 13 Bernoulli Equation 14
3/14 u = 72 km / h pA − pB r
c.) 2
= f 2 ? (Draw a diagram!)
v = 4 m/s v r1
ρ 0
2
Friction is negligible.
[
a.) q V = ? m 3 / s ]
b.) How big power is needed to move the pipe?
3/16 The inner diameter of an orifice flowmeter is d = 200 mm . Flow coefficient α = 0.7
Compressibility factor ε = 1 . The measured difference pressure is ∆p = 600 N / m 2 .
ρ = 1.3 kg / m 3 .
[
q V = ? m3 / s ]
4/2 v1 = 30 m / s
u = 13 m / s
Friction losses are negligible.
a) v 2 = ? [m / s] 4/7 G =1 N
4/3 v = 10 m / s
Friction and gravity are negligible.
Calculate the force acting on the arc!
4/12 v = 10 m / s
u = 6 m/s
Friction is negligible. 4/17 There is no friction loss in the pipe.
Calculate the power transmitted by the water jet to the p1 − p 0 = ? [Pa ]
wheel!
4/13 v = 20 m / s
u = 6 m/s
4/18 The flow rate through the lower and upper outlet
Friction is negligible.
is the same. The losses due to the rapid cross
Calculate the mean force acting on the wheel blades in
section change at the upper pipe must be
the direction x and y!
considered.
h = ? [m ]
4/14 v1 = 2 m / s
ρ1 = 1.2 kg / m 3
4/19 Steady flow.
t 1 = 20°C
h = ? [m]
t 1' = t 2 = 300°C
Friction, gravity and density changes of the air because of pressure
changes are negligible.
p1 − p 2 = ? [Pa ]
Integral Momentum Equation 19
v = 0.5 m / s
µ = 0.1 kg / ms
F = ? [N ]
p1 − p 0 = ? [Pa ]
5/4 How do the Reynolds number and the pressure loss of a straight, smooth pipe depend on
diameter in case of laminar and turbulent flow, if the flow rate is constant?
5/5 How does a straight, smooth pipe’s pressure loss depend on the flow rate in case of laminar
and turbulent flow?
5/6 Oil flow rate of q V = 2 ⋅10 −4 m 3 / s has to be transported through a 10 m long straight pipe
( ρ = 800 kg / m 3 , ν = 10 −4 m 2 / s ). The available pressure difference is not more than
2 ⋅10 5 Pa . Determine the diameter D [mm] of the pipe!
Hydraulics 21 Hydraulics 22
ρ Hg = 13.6 ⋅10 3 kg / m 3
ν water = 1.3 ⋅10 −6 m 2 / s
h = ? [m ]
qV = 5 l / s
p1 − p 0 = ? [Pa ]
5/9 The figure shows a part of a lubrication equipment, which ν water = 1.3 ⋅10 −6 m 2 / s
−3
has to transport an oil flow rate of q V = 0.05 ⋅10 m / s . For
3 q V = 180 l / min
[
q V = ? m3 / s ] b) p1 − p 0 = ? [Pa ]
Hydraulics 23
5/15 What power is needed to drive the shaft of a glide bearing with 2880 1 / min , when the shaft
is 60 mm wide, 100mm long and the gap between bearing and shaft is 0.2 mm? 6 Compressible Flows
( µ oil = 0.01 kg / ms ) How is it possible to decrease this power?
1/8 p A − p 0 = 7.23 ⋅ 10 3 N / m 2
RESULTS
1/9 a = 2.45 m / s 2
1/11 The surface at the left side is situated at the left lower corner, the other surface in the right
vertical section at a height of 100 mm.
1/2 p1 − p 2 = 12360 N / m 2
2
1/7 h = 5650 m pA − p0 = ρ
2
[
ω2 2
]
rA − r02 = 19.7 ⋅ 10 5 N / m 2
Results 29 Results 30
1/15
Apply the equation p = −ρ gz −
r 2 ω2
+ const at first for the oil-filled part and then for the ∂v y
4
x 2 + y2 − x
4
(
1 2
x + y2 ) −3
4
2x
∂v x
2 = 10 at po int A ⇒ = −100 0.1
∂x x 2 + y2 ∂y
water filled part of the pipe. It can be written then:
∂v y ∂v x
pA − p0 =
ω2
[ ( ) ( )]
ρ oil 0.12 − 0.05 2 + ρ water 0.15 2 − 0.12 = 9.25 ⋅ 10 4 N / m 2 [(rot v )z ]A = − = (50 + 100 ) 0.1 = 47.5 1 / s
2 ∂x ∂y
Solution with polar coordinates:
1/16 A = 7.5 m 2
[(rot c )z ]A = dc + c = 10
1
+
10 15
= =
15
= 47.5 1 / s
dr r A 2 r r r 0.1
1/17 a = 0.3 m
2/3
1/18 F = 1200 N
r
7
v = v max 1 −
20 r0
1/19 h= = 2.55 mm
800 ⋅ 9.81
The cross section has to be divided into rings of elementary width 'dr'. Integrate the
± 1mm
l= = 50 mm elementary flow rate through the rings as follows:
± 0.02
1 0
r
r
1
r r 1
r r
7
r
2.55
r02 π ∫0
sin α = = 0.051 ⇒ α = 2.9° v mean = 2rπv(r ) dr = ∫ 2 v d = 2 ∫ v max 1 − d =
50 0
r0 r0 r0 r
0 0 r0 r0
1
1 r
2
1 r
9
2 7 v 7
1/20 ω = 81.8 1 / s 2 v max − 2 v max = v max 1 − = v max ⇒ mean = = 0.778
2 r0 9 r0 9 9 v max 9
0
In general:
2 Kinematics r
n
v n
v = v max 1 − ⇒ mean =
r0 v max n+2
2/1 v1 = 10 m / s ; v 2 = 6.9 m / s
2/4 [a local ]ty==01.5 = 5 m / s 2
2/2 Solution with Cartesian coordinates:
y x a convective = 0
v x = c(− sin α ) = − v
; v y = v ⋅ cos α = v
r r
y y y 2/5 Γ = ∫ v ds = −2.61 m 2 / s
v x = −10 r = −10 = −10
r r 4
x 2 + y2
2
x x x 2/6 r1 πv1 = r 2 πv
v y = 10 r = 10 = 10
r r 4
x 2 + y2 2 1
v = v1r1
r2
∂v y
4
x 2 + y2 − x
4
(
1 2
x + y2 )
−3
4
2x ∂v y
= 10 at po int A : x , y = (0.1, 0) ⇒ = 50 0.1
∂x x 2 + y2 ∂x
Results 31 Results 32
∂v ∂v ∂r
=
2 2 ∆r
= v1 r1 − 3
(− r1ω)2 2
r1 ω 2 v 22 r ω2
2
− = +g⋅h − 2
∂x ∂r ∂x r ∆x 2 2 2 2
∂v 2 v 2 r 4 ∆r Point 1 is situated on the water surface on an arbitrary radius r1 , point 2 at the upper end of
a convective = v = − 15 1
∂x r ∆x the pipe.
2 ⋅ 20 2 0.05 4 0.05 v 2 = 10.8 m / s
[a convective ]A =− = −132 m / s 2
0.075 5 0.8
3/8 ω = 24 1 / s
2 A
p0 v A ∂v
3/9 = + g ⋅ h + ∫ ds
3 Bernoulli Equation ρ 2 0
∂t
A
∂v
3/1
p t v2 p0
= + + g⋅h
∫ ∂t ds = a
0
A ⋅ l = a A ⋅ 3m
ρ 2 ρ
a A = 24.1 m / s 2
v = 19.8 m / s
3/10 a.) [a ]t =0 = 6.55 m / s
ρ
3/2 pA − p0 = (v − u )2 = 1.8 ⋅ 10 4 Pa b.) H = 1.52 m
2
B
ρ 100
4
∂v 5
3/3 ρ water ⋅ g ⋅ h = v 2 − 1 ⇒ v = 7.4 m / s
3/11 ∫ ∂t ds = a B 10 20 + 5 = 7.5a B
2 50 A
[a B ]t =0 = 1.31 m / s 2
3/4
qV 3/12 [a 2 ]t =0 = 7.94 m / s 2
h = A = 0.141 m
2g 3/13 F = 451 N
3/5 q V = 0.793 m 3 / s 3/14 a) The Bernoulli-Equation has to be written between the surface point (1) and the pipe’s
outlet point (2), in a co-ordinate system moving with the pipe. It means that v1 = 24 m / s .
pt p v2 From the Bernoulli-equation:
3/6 + (g + a ) ⋅ h = 0 +
ρ ρ 2 v 2 = 23.4 m / s ⇒ q V = 0.116 m 3 / s
q v = 0.00589 m 3 / s b) the power is necessary to lift the water and to increase its kinetic energy. The change
of the kinetic energy must be calculated with the absolute velocity ’v’.
3/7 Observing in an absolute co-ordinate system, the flow is irrotational ( rot v = 0 ). In a co-
v − v1
2 2
P = ρ ⋅ q V g ⋅ h + 2 = 8.85 kW .
ordinate system rotating with the pipe, rot w = 2ω , so the term ∫ w × rot w ds is equal to
2
∫ 2 w × ω ds , the Coriolis force term. ( w – relative velocity) The Bernoulli equation can be
2 ⋅ ∆p
written after simplifying the terms above: 3/15 v= = 36 m / s
ρ air
Results 33 Results 34
d 2 π 2∆p
3/16 qV = α ⋅ ε = 0.67 m / s
4 ρ 4 Integral Momentum Equation
3/17 Because the stream lines leaving the outlet are straight and
4/1 Fx = 12100 N
parallel, there is only a hydrostatic pressure variation along
the vertical axis. It follows that the outlet velocity is 4/2 After writing the Bernoulli equation for points situated upstream and downstream the blade
constant. we get the result:
q V = 3.15 m 3 / s . v 2 = v1
K 4/4 F = 109 N
3/18 a) in the arc v = , because rot v = 0 .
r
1 2K
r
K r 4/5 F = 57 N
r2 − r1 ∫r1 r
b) v mean = dr = ln 2 Because of continuity: v mean = v 0
r2 − r1 r1
v mean (r2 − r1 ) 4/6 G = 14 N
⇒K= = 3.2
r
ln 2
r1 4/7 The integral momentum equation written for a control surface including only the plate and
K K the upper end of the jet:
⇒ v A = = 4 m / s , v B = = 6.4 m / s
r2 r1
From the Bernoulli-equation: G = ρ ⋅ A ⋅ v2 = ρ ⋅ A0 ⋅ v0 ⋅ v
pA − pB =
ρ
2
( 2 2
)
v B − v A = 1.25 ⋅ 10 4 Pa
with v, the speed at the lower surface of the control surface.
According to the Bernoulli equation:
2
v = v0 − 2 ⋅ g ⋅ h
c.)
2 2 v 0 = 4.55 m / s
pA − pB vB vA
= − = ...
ρ 2 v0 v0
v0 4/8 Write the integral momentum equation for both
2
directions x and y:
... =
(n − 1)3 n + 1
a) F = 636 N
ln 2 n n 2
b) A 1 / A 2 = 5.8
r2
with n =
r1
Solution with constructing the momentum rate
vectors:
(It has to be considered that
ρ ⋅ A 0 ⋅ v 2 = ρ ⋅ A1 ⋅ v 2 + ρ ⋅ A 2 ⋅ v 2 )
Results 35 Results 36
a v1
2
p v2 p ∆p ρ
4/9 α = arcsin
1− a
+ 1 = 2 + 0 + g ⋅ h + B−C where ∆p B−C = (v 2 − v 3 )2 (Borda-Carnot-loss)
2 ρ 2 ρ ρ 2
v 2 = v1 and v 3 = 0 .
4/10 G = 52 N
without plate
4/13 Fx = Fy = 280 N qV
4/20 with plate
= 2
qV
4/14 p1 − p1' = ρ1 ⋅ v1 ( v1' − v1 )
ρ2 2 2
p1' − p 2 = ( v 2 − v1' )
2
p1 − p 2 = 123 Pa 5 Hydraulics
ρ1 2
4/15 p1 − p 2 = (ρ1 − ρ 2 ) ⋅ g ⋅ h − v1
2 dv
5/1 F = A ⋅µ⋅ = 7.5 N
p1 − p 2 = ρ1 ⋅ v1 ( v 2 − v1 ) dy
q V = 51 m 3 / s
5/2 p1 − p 0 = 72400 Pa
5/3 p1 − p 0 = 1500 Pa
q v ⋅ d const
5/4 Re = =
d2π d
ν
4
2
ρ q v L 64 const
4/16 A 2 ( p1 − p 2 ) = ρ ⋅ A 2 v 2 ( v 2 − v 1 ) ∆p lam = = 4
2 d 4 π 2 d const d
h = 6.5 mm
16 d
2
4/17 The Bernoulli-equation between point 1 and 2 (point 2 is situated at the outflow end of the ρ qv L 0.316 const
∆p turb = ≈
pipe): 2 d 4π2 d const d5
4
2 2 16 d
v1 p v p + ρ⋅g⋅h
+ 1 = 2 + 0 because the area of cross section of the pipe is constant,
2 ρ 2 ρ
ρ =const, v 2 = v1
An other solution can be the Bernoulli equation between point 1 and 3 (point 3 is situated
on the water surface):
Results 37 Results 38
2
ρ q v L 64 3m ⋅ 2 ⋅ 9.81m / s 2
5/5 ∆p lam = = const ⋅ q V Starting with λ = 0.02 , v pipe = = 0.827 m / s
2 A2 d q vd 200m
0.02 + 6
A⋅ν 0.05m
2
ρ q v L 0.316 0.827 ⋅ .05
∆p turb = = const ⋅ q V
1.75
Re = = 3.2 ⋅10 4 ⇒ λ = 0.024
2 A2 d q d 1.3 ⋅10 −6
4 v
A⋅ν After the next iteration step, v pipe = 0.755 m / s , and the iteration can be finished.
To reach h = 12 m , the necessary velocity at the confuser’s outlet must be:
5/6 Considered that the flow will be laminar and using the formula λ = 64 / Re , we get
v 2 = 2 ⋅ g ⋅ h = 15.3 m / s
d = 13.4 mm .
The Reynolds number is 189 which is less than 2300, so the flow is laminar. 0.755 m / s
d2 = ⋅ 50 mm = 11 mm
15.3 m / s
5/7 p1 − p 0 = 143 Pa
q v = 1.47 ⋅10 −3 m 3 / s
5/8 h = 17 mm
5/17 a) At first the velocity without friction loss can be calculated: v ideal = 2 ⋅ g ⋅ 3m = 7.7 m / s ,
2
v L 18
5/9 g⋅h = 1 + λ m3 / s
2 d and A = 3600 = 6.5 ⋅10 −4 m 2
7.7 m / s
Considering laminar flow, the result will be d = 19.3 mm .
So the pipe diameter is in this case 29 mm. Because of friction losses, we need a pipe of
Re = 33 < 2300 , so the flow is really laminar.
larger diameter. We start the iteration with λ = 0.02 and d = 50 mm :
5/10 q v = 0.23 m / s 3
3m ⋅ 2 ⋅ 9.81m / s 2
v= = 2.36 m / s ⇒ A = 21.2 ⋅10 −4 m 2 ⇒ d = 52 mm
14m
0.02 + 4 + 1
5/11 q v = 0.0817 m 3 / s 0.05m
2.36 ⋅ 0.052
Re = = 9.45 ⋅10 4 ⇒ λ = 0.018
5/12 p1 − p 0 = 10900 Pa 1.3 ⋅10 −6
(At this Reynolds number we consider that the pipe is hydraulically smooth)
5/13 p1 − p 0 = 28500 Pa In the next iteration step with λ = 0.018 and d = 52 mm we get the new diameter of
51.2 mm . The iteration can be finished.
5/14 a) H=2m
b) If the dike is higher, the pressure in the pipe can reach the pressure of saturated steam. In
b) p1 − p 0 = 40000 Pa
this case, the water column is going to break. The lowest pressure appears after the valve, at
the upper right point of the dike. From the equation
5/15 P = 77 W
ρ L + L2
The power can be decreased by sinking the oil viscosity and by increasing the gap. p min = p 0 − ρ ⋅ g ⋅ h max − v 2 1 + 1 λ + ζ
2 d
5/16 The resultant height loss is h res = 15 m − 12 m = 3 m . h max can be calculated.
v2 L
g ⋅ h res = λ + 2ζ
2 d
Results 39 Results 40
T* 2
6/4 = = 0.833
T1 κ + 1
a 1 = κ ⋅ R ⋅ T1 = 346 m / s
T*
a* = a 1 = 316 m / s = v *
T1
1
T * κ−1
ρ = ρ1 = 2.9 kg / m 3
*
T1
q m = v * ⋅ ρ* ⋅ A * = 0.018 kg / s
6/5 q m = A 2 ⋅ ρ 2 ⋅ v 2 = 0.25 kg / s
qm
A* = = 2.34 ⋅10 −4 m 2
v * ⋅ ρ*
d min = d * = 17.3 mm
2
6/6 a) v 2 = (p1 − p 2 )
ρ
κ −1
2 κ p1 p 2 κ
b) v 2 = 1 −
κ − 1 ρ1 p1
2 κ p1 2
c) v 2 = 1−
κ − 1 ρ1 κ + 1
6/7 Ma = 0.59
6/8 v = 80 m / s