Kabita 99

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134 ● sljtf sljtf ● 135
web source: www.khasskhass.com

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sdnfbL, sf7df8f}F
k|wfg ;Dkfbs cfj/0f÷;Hhf M j;Gt/fh c1ft
cd/ lu/L 6fOk M /fwf sfsL{
;Dks{ M kmf]g M )!–$@$@^$^ -k|wfg ;Dkfbs_
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j]a;fO6 M www.nepalacademy.org.np
E-mail : office@nepalacademy.org.np
d"No M ?=$)÷–
d'b|s M k|1f 5fkfvfgf, sdnfbL, sf7df8f}F
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KAVITA
sdnfbL, sf7df8f}F A Collection of Contemporary Nepali Poetry

;|i6fx¿n] cfh cfÇgf] /rgfTds e"ldsfnfO{ cem k|efjzfnL agfpg
cfjZos 5 . csf{lt/ ;|i6fx¿n] ;flxTo, snf, ;+:s[ltnfO{ cg'Tkfbs
If]q 7fGg] / oyf]lrt dxŒj k|bfg gug]{ /fHosf] k'/fg} dfgl;stfsf lj?4
klg cfjfh p7fpg h?/L 5 .
;DkfbsLo ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfdf d"ntM cfnf]rgfTds r]tgf / kl/jt{gsf]
:j/ kfOG5 . o;n] cfÇgf] cfnf]rgfTds r]tgf / kl/jt{gsf] :j/nfO{ cem
sljtf k|sflzt x'g yfn]sf] kfFr bzs ePsf] 5 . @)@! ;fnb]lv ;zSt agfpg' kb{5 . cfd dflg;;Fu o;n] cem ;fy{s ;+jfb ug{
k|1f–k|lti7fgaf6 o; klqsfsf] k|sfzg cf/De ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnL ;Sg'kb{5 . xfdL sljtfsf] efiffnfO{ cem ;fy{s, hLjGt / wfl/nf] agfpg'kg]{
sljtfsf If]qdf o;n] lbPsf] of]ubfg dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . o; cjlwdf sfnv08df plePsf 5f}F . sljtfsf] efiffnfO{ cem} cf]h:jL agfP/, o;nfO{
d'ns' n] 7"N7"nf /fhgLlts 36gf kl/36gfx¿ a]xf]/s ] f] 5 . dxŒjk"0f{ hLjg;Fu cem} ulx/f] u/L ufF;/] / o;df cem} ;fy{s 9ª\un] kl/jt{gsf
kl/jt{gx¿ ePsf 5g\ . kl/jt{gsf lglDt rn]sf cfGbf]ngx¿df ;|i6fx¿sf] w'gx¿ e/]/ g} dg'iosf] o; dft[ efiffnfO{ cem} nf]slk|o / zlStzfnL
klg dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf, ;fdflhs Gofo, agfpg ;lsg] 5 . ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfnfO{ cem} hLjGt / nf]slk|o
dfgjLo ul/df tyf ;f}Gbo{sf lglDt ;ª\3if{ ubf{ s}of}F ;|i6fx¿n] cfÇgf] agfpg, o;nfO{ g]kfnL sljtfsf] k"jj{ tL{ pbfQ k/Dk/f;Fu hf]8b\ } cem} ;d[4
hLjgsf] cfx'lt ;d]t lbPsf 5g\ . s}of}Fn] h]ng]nsf ;fy;fy} c;Ld ug{, sljtf;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ljdz{x¿nfO{ cl3 a9fpg, gofF k|ltefx¿nfO{
dfgl;s Pj+ ef}lts oGq0ff vk]sf 5g\ . rfx] )& ;fnsf] cfGbf]ng xf];,\ k|l] /t / k|fT] ;flxt ug{, klqsfnfO{ ;a} b[li6n] :t/Lo agfpg xfd|f] cys
rfx] )#%–#^ sf], rfx] )$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ng xf];\ rfx] )^@–^# sf], k|oTg /xg] 5 . o;sf lglDt xfdL ;Dk"0f{ slj, ;dfnf]rs, lrGts,
kl/jt{gsf lglDt rn]sf cfGbf]ngx¿df ;|i6fx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ cu|kª\lStdf ljåfg\x¿;Fu ;xof]u / ;'emfjsf] ck]Iff klg ub{5f}F .
pEofPsf 5g\ . d'ns ' sf] ;du| kl/jt{gsf] k|lqmofdf ;|i6fx¿sf] clj:d/0fLo sljtfsf] of] cª\s emG8} Ps jif{kl5 k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . ;dod}
of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . kl/jt{gdf ;flxTosf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg] ePsfn] k|f1 kl/ifb\ u7g gx'Fbf klqsfsf] k|sfzgdf l9nfO ePsf] xf] . o;
;|i6fx¿ cfÇgf] e"ldsfk|lt ;r]t /xG5g\ / /xg' kb{5 . vf;u/L ;flxTon] cª\ssf ;a} ;fdu|Lx¿ o; klqsfsf k"j{ sfo{sf/L ;Dkfbs Pj+ slj
;dfhsf] cflTds ¿kfGt/0f / k'glg{df{0fdf dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbG5 / >Lafa' sfsL{ pbf;n] kl/>dk"js { tof/ kfg'{ ePsf] xf] . o;sf lglDt pxfF
o;sf] ljz]if dxQf klg o;d} cGtlg{lxt /x]sf] 5 . ljz]if wGojfbsf kfq x'gx' G' 5 . xfdL pxfFaf6 cfufdL lbgx¿df klg
cfh xfdL uDeL/ ;ª\qmd0fsf] cj:yfdf 5f}F . /fhgLlt nufot ;a} ;xof]usf] ck]Iff ub{5f}F . g]kfn k|1f–k|lti7fgsf cfhLjg ;b:o Pj+ g]kfnL
If]qdf o;nfO{ dx;'; ug{ ;lsG5 . ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf ;flxTosf cys ;fws hgsljs]z/L wd{/fh yfkf ca xfd|f dfemdf
t ePsf] 5 t/ o;nfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{ cl3 a9\g ;lsPsf] 5}g . kl/jt{gsf x'g'x'Gg . pxfFsf] lgwgn] g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt ePsf] 5 .
pknlAwx¿nfO{ ;dfKt ug]{ p2]Zo ;lxt k|ltufdL, k'g¿TyfgjfbL Pj+ vf;u/L g]kfnL nf]s ;flxTo, sljtf / nf]s ufogsf] If]qdf pxfFsf] pRr
oyfl:yltjfbL zlStx¿ ;nanfpFb} 5g\ . kl/jt{gsf afxs zlStx¿df of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . sljtf kl/jf/ pxfFkl| t xflb{s >4fGhnL k|s6 ub}{
cg]sg sdL sdhf]/Lx¿ df}nfPsf 5g\ . o; l:yltdf ;|i6fx¿sf] e"ldsf zf]s;GtKt kl/jf/ hgx¿k|lt ulx/f] ;+jb] gf k|s6 ub{5 .
cem dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;[hgfTds Pj+ ;+:yfut x:tIf]ksf dfWodaf6
;ª\3if{af6 k|fKt pknlAwx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{ gj g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] lbzftkm{
k|:yfg ug{ ;|i6f¿n] pNn]vgLo e"ldsf ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o;} sf/0f

d d/]sf] ;fFem ■ x]d k|ef; %^
rKkn ■ b]jG] b| /fjn %*
uLt ■ bLk]Gb| /fO{ %(
sljtf qmd d vKg ;lSbgF ■ afh'/fd kf}8n] ^)
uhn ■ /fwf s0f]n ^!
lbjª\ut sljsf] 8fo/Laf6 ■ sfnLk|;fb l/hfn ! e"tk"j{ lhGbuL;Fusf] e]6 ■ 8Da/ /l;s ef/tL ^@
kl/j]z ■ d~h'n $ lgo'lQm ■ lbn kf}8n ] ^$
cfdfnfO{ lr7L ■ kjg cfnf]s % b]z l8hfOg/ ■ ;lagf l;Gw' ^^
h/f;Gw ■ s[i0f k|;fO{+ ^ e":ju{ 3'dfpFbf ■ ;f]emf] ufpFn] ^&
ukm ub},{ xft xNnfpFb} === ■ cf/= cf/= rf}nfufO{+ * k|d] L kxf8 ■ /]gs ' f e6\6 ^(
;ayf]s la;{ ;'gs]z/L d}ofF Û ■ uf]ljGb lu/L ‘k|/] 0ff’ !) eUgfjz]if ■ s]zj k'8f;}gL ‘ljdn’ &)
xNnfxNnf ■ lbJo lu/L !@ snLo'usf s[i0f / k|Zgx¿ ■ ;fdgf kxf8 &@
cGt;\sf] pHofnf] ■ w'j| dlwsdL{ !$ d]nDrL ■ sdnf l/;fn ‘Hof]lt’ &$
dfO{kf]v/L ■ /fw]Zofd n]sfnL !^ k'tnL k|d] ■ ch'g{ ckjfb &^
ljR5]lbt ;DaGw ■ uf]j4{g k"hf !* gjLgtf ■ k~r lj:d[t &*
ltdLleqsf] ;+;f/ ■ ;'l:dtf g]kfn @) d}gaQL ■ df}g rLTsf/ &(
nfna's hLjg ■ u0f]z /fO{ @! PsfTds b[li6sf]0f ■ anb]j e6\6 ‘laxfgL’ *)
;kgf ■ 8f= wgk|;fb ;'jb] L ‘>lds’ @$ Pp6f k|d] sljtf ■ k|sfz 9sfn *!
;lxb rf]sdf ;flnssf] dfnf ■ lji0f' ;'jb] L @^ b'le{If ■ e/tdl0f rf]ªa\ fª -e?kn_ *@
gUg dfgjlrq ■ k"0f{ OGkmfbf @* hf]8L 9's/' ■ yL/nf]rg >]i7 *$
uhn ■ /f;f @( d Tof] g]kfnL jL/ x'F ■ hofgGb hf]zL ‘k/dx+;’ *%
tl:a/df b'Mv ■ ceo >]i7 #) ● dft[efiffsf cg'jfb sljtf
9'ªu\ f;Fu hafkm 5}g ■ 6Lsf/fd pbf;L #@ d of}6f df}g kxf8 ■ 6]saxfb'/ lh/]n *^
Pp6f gf]6sf] hLjgL ■ e"lkg Jofs'n #$ lgVnd e|d ■ rGb| /fgf]xf]5
+ f **
cfˆg} 3/ k/b]z ePsf] a]nf Û ■ uLtf sfsL{ #& ;dfj]zL ■ hLjg nfdf *(
h]g sljtf ■ 5lj/d0f l;njfn #( ● cg"bLt sljtf
;kgfsf] 6«flGh6 ■ cgdf]ndl0f $) jf:tljstf ■ cg'jfbM ljdn ef}sfhL (!
km8\s] lsgf/fsf] ;fIfL ;jf{lwsf/ ■ 3g]Gb| cf]emf $@ ● n]v
/ftsf] ;Ggf6f ■ zs'Gtnf hf]zL $$ dxfsljsf] lq–:tl/t\ === ■ 8f= uf]ljGb/fh e6\6/fO{ (#
cFWof/f] lj?4 ■ k|lt/f]w sfsL{ $^ ;d;fdlos ;flxlTos === ■ 8f= /fdk|;fb 1jfnL !)#
Goftfkf]nsf] b]zdf ■ /fduf]kfn cfz'tf]if $* cfw'lgstf / cfw'lgs === ■ 8f= nId0fk|;fb uf}td !!@
cfdfsf] sfv ■ lvdfgGb kf]v/]n %) ● cGtjf{tf{
>Ldfg\ ■ s'a/] lnDa'lvd %@ hLjgdf /fhgLlt gfds === ■ x]d xdfn !@(
Pl8s 5' dfG5] aGg] ;kgfsf] ■ dlgiff uf}rg %#

lbjª\ut sljsf] 8fo/Laf6
■ sfnLk|;fb l/hfn
dnfO{ yfxf 5
d]/f] O{iof{ ug]{
d]/f] v]bf] vGg]
;flxlTos ldqx¿
d]/f] d[To'kl5
d]/f] ljifodf
k|z;+ fsf] k'n afFWg] 5g\
skf]nslNkt ;+:d/0f ;'gfP/
cGt/ª\u ldqtf, cfTdLotfsf]
bfaL ug]{ 5g\
kl/jf/hgn] klg
d]/f] :d[ltnfO{ lr/sfn;Dd
cIf'00f /fVg] eg]/
s/an nf]snfhs} nflu eP klg
cIfosf]ifsf] :yfkgf ug]{ 5g\
clg k|dv ' cltlysf ¿kdf lgDTofOPsf
;flxTo snfk|lt s'g} ;/f]sf/ g/fVg]
dGqL dxf]bon] klg
s;}n] n]lvlbPsf] efif0f k9]/
;dj]bgf k|s6 ug]{ 5g\
/d
lar/f] d
k|md] leq r'krfk a;]/
of] lgDg:t/sf] gf6s
sljtf ● 1

6'n6' n' ' x]l//x]sf] d ;x[botfsf
af;L km"ndfnf vf]qmf zAbx¿sf] s] cy{ <
/ lemqm] u'R5fn] eGbf klg
;fyLefOn] af]ns ] f k|z;+ fsf zAbx¿n] To;}n] eG5'
a9L 3f]rs ] f] laemfPsf] aGw'x¿sf]
cg'ej ug]{ 5' oL ltd|f cd"No zAbx¿nfO{
/ PSn} dgdg} ;f]Rg] 5' s[kof cfkm}l;t
;w}F s6'jrg k|xf/ ug]{ hf]ufP/ /fv
v'§f tfGg] ef]ln km]l/ ltdLx¿dWo]
d]/f ldqx¿af6 sf]xL dbf{
hLljt 5Fb} s'g} a]nf sfd nfUg]5
:g]xsf b'O{ lgZ5n zAb cIf/sf Jofkf/Lx¿ .●
cfTdLotfsf b'O{ lk|o jrg
;'Gg kfPsf] eP
c¿ s]xL lbg afFRg] lyPF ls Û
/ d]/f] sLlt{ /fVg] gfddf
kl/jf/hgaf6 klg
ePsf] ;DklQ
b'¿kof]u ug'{ ;§f
hLljt 5Fb} d]/f] pkrf/df
cln a9L Wofg lbPsf] eP
;/sf/n] klg ;dod}
s]xL ;xof]u ul/lbPsf] eP
;fob, ;fob
rf/}lt/af6 xtf; lg/f; eP/
olt l56f]
o:tf] ;s;k"0f{ d[To'j/0f ug'k{ g]{ lyPg ls Û
ca df6f] e};s]kl5
k|m] dleqsf] kmut\
Pp6f tl:a/ e};s]kl5
oL k|z;+ f ;xfg'el" t

kl/j]z cfdfnfO{ lr7L
■ d~h'n ■ kjg cfnf]s
3/ xf];\ of dlGb/ xf];\ Tof] ;'b/" k"js
{ f] lIflthdf
t/ Tof] cfˆg} z}nLsf] ;"os{ f t]lhnf ls/0fx¿;Fu}
ltd|f] dfofn' cg'xf/
To;sf] 5]pdf ¿v xf];\ k|:6 b]lv/x]5' cfdf
jf ¿vx¿ x'g\ cfsfzel/ emndn
ltgLx¿ Wofg:y x'g\ h"g / tf/f kf]lvPsf] a]nf klg
¿v;Fu cfsfz xf];\ –;LdfxLg ltdLnfO{ g} b]lv/x]5'
cfsfzdf r/fx¿ x'g\ – :jtGq ToxfFaf6 ltdLn] a;f{Psf] zLtntf
ltdLn] a;f{Psf] :g]x / ddtfsf] cd[tn]
r/f p8]sf] xf] ls cfsfz p8]sf] xf] wGo ePsf] 5'
cfsfz p8]sf] xf] ls cfkm" p8]sf] ltdLnfO{ ;w}F b]lv/xG5'
k6Ss} yfxf gkfOof];\ em/gfx¿df, zLtsf yf]kfx¿df
p8\bf–p8\b} Wofg:y x'g kfOof];\ lxdfnx¿df, km"nx¿df
Wofg:y x'bF fx'bF } p8\g kfOof];\ htftt}
dnfO{ d agfpg] ltdL g} xf}
;xgfO{ ahf];\ st}lt/ of] ;'Gb/ ;+;f/ b]vfpg] ltdL g} xf}
of 9f]n of 306 ;ayf]s lbof} ltdLn]
;ª\uLt cfkm" eP/ gfrf];,\ of cfkm" t/ d}n] s]xL lbg ;lsgF
;ª\uLt eP/ gfRg kfOof];\ cfdf Û dnfO{ dfkm ul/b]pm
d]/f] hLjg eg]s} ltdL
dnfO{ w"nf] x'g kfP klg x'G5, d]/f] cl:tTj eg]s} ltdL
ls/0fsf] /];f x'g kfP klg x'G5 ;ayf]s lbof} ltdLn] dnfO{
dnfO{ v:b} u/]sf] kft x'g kfP klg x'G5 t/ d}n] kL8fafx]s s]xL lbg ;lsgF
5]js
} f] gbL x'g kfP t emg\ slt xf] slt /fd|f] cfdf Û dnfO{ dfkm ul/b]pm .●
dnfO{ of] kl/j]zsf] h] x'g kfP klg x'G5 . ●

hxfF h/f;Gw g5fPsf] xf];\
slxn] hf]uLsf] h/f{–] s]z eP/–
slxn] /fj0fsf] gSsnL e]if eP/,
cEo:t 5 h/f;Gw,
h/f;Gw xd];f ;|ft] / ;Dkbfdf
lg/ª\s'z kf;f kmfln/xG5 .
■ s[i0f k|;fO{+ dfq oltn] gk'u/]
slxn]sfxLF hª\uL h/f;Gw,
h/f;Gw km]l/ Ao"lF emPsf] 5 lxdfn clUnPsf]df kL/ dfg]/
p;nfO{ yfxf 5 ;u/dfyfnfO{ ;d]t ;/flk/xG5 .
km}lng'sf] dhf ufO{sf] /ª\df :ofnsf] dg af]s/] ,
clg yfxf 5 klNs;s]sf] 5 hDa" h/f;Gw–
aGbL agfpg'sf] dhf v/ vhfgf n'6g\ nfO{,
oltv]/ ;fFw–l;dfgf ldRgnfO{
ltd|f] hf] e"v08 5, / c;ª\Vo c;"/ axfgf agfP/,
;ª\s6sfnsf] gfpFaf6– af/Daf/ Rofv] yflk/xgnfO{ .
c3f]lift bf;tf;Fu} lsdfy{ 8/fpFbg} hJa/ h/f;Gw,
lGf/Lx / Gffh's u'lh|/x]5 . gfUfkfzdf kfg{ ltdLnfO{ –
cfkm} Odfgbf/ gx'gs ' f] gfddf– / s;}u/L nhfpFbg} Hofb|f] h/f;Gw,
ltdLnfO{ nf~5gf nfUof] eg] klg RfqmJo"xdf 3]g{ ltdLnfO{ .
cGoyf g7fg] x'G5 ltdLn] va/bf/ af]ln/x]5' d Û
h;nfO{ ltdL ljZjf; ul//x]sf 5f}, h/f;Gw oltv]/–
h/f;Gwn] p;nfO{ klg lsg]sf] 5 hfn yfk]/ hfuf a;]sf] 5 .
/ p;n] h/f;Gws} g'gsf] ;f]emf] ub}5
{ . w/fkdf kf/]/ ltdLnfO{
e]6;] Dd l;ª\u} lgNg–
l;kfn' 5 h/f;Gw, eLdsfo hfnL h/f;Gw,
slxn] lbPh:tf] u5{ – ;w}F bfp x]]/]/ a;]sf] 5 .●
t/ hlt lbG5,
To;sf] bzf}F u'0ff –
ltdLaf6 cfkm" lnG5 gf]6 M dxfef/tsfnLg c;'/ /fh . h;n] ;of}F lgd'vf /fHo k|d'vx¿nfO{
s'g} ufpF 5}g To:tf] aGbL agfPsf] lyof] .
hxfF h/f;Gw gk'us ] f] xf];\
s'g} gfpF 5}g o:tf]

cfkm"nfO{ ‘dxfg\’ 7flgGYof]
c¿n] bf/]/ kmfn]sf]
x8\8L dfq eP klg r':g kfpFbf
7"n} k'?iffy{ ul/P5 eGg] 7flgGYof]
ukm ub},{ xft xNnfpFb,} xNnf dRrfpFb} t/ cfh d cfkm" lxF8g\ ] af6f]
cfkm} agfpg yfn]sf] 5'
■ cf/=cf/= rf}nfufO{+ yf]/} eP klg cfkm"nfO{ vfg k'Ug]
cfkm}n] sdfpg yfn]sf] 5'
ukm ub},{ xft xNnfpFb} cfˆgf] ;kgf cfkm}n] b]Vg yfn]sf] 5'
clg xNnf dRrfpFb} lxF8g\ ;lQmgF To;} eP/ dfG5]x¿ dnfO{
dfG5]x¿ dnfO{ ‘7"nf] eP5, af]Nb}g’ eG5g\
‘7"nf] eP5, af]Nb}g’ eG5g\ ‘Psf]xf]/f] eP5, v'l:sP5’ eG5g\
c¿sf s'/f nfpFb,} sfg km'Sb}
clg e]6s ] f hlt;Fu d'v hf]Tb} ukm ug{ ;lQmgF d af6f]df x/bd sljtf ;f]lr/x]sf] x'G5'
dfG5]x¿ dnfO{ slxn] uLtsf] nfOg u'gu'gfO/x]sf] x'G5'
‘Psf]xf]/f] eP5, v'l:sP5’ eG5g\ slxn] uhnsf] /lbkm / sflkmof agfO/x]sf] x'G5'
slxn] syfsf] s'g} kfq;Fu s'/f ul//x]sf] x'G5'
d cfˆgf] sfd u5'{ t/ d]/f jl/kl/sf clwsf+z dfG5]x¿n]
cfˆgf] af6f] lxF85 \ ' d klg pgLx¿ h:t} ePsf] x]g{ rfxG5g\
cfˆgf] kl;gfsf] sdfO vfG5' v}, lsg lsg Û d To:tf] x'g ;lQmgF
cfˆgf] ;kgf b]V5' pgLx¿sf] xf]df xf] ldnfpg ;lQmgF
dnfO{ c¿sf] v]tfnf eP/ sfd ug{ dg nfUb}g ukm ub},{ xft xNnfpFb}
c¿n] agfPsf] af6f]df lxF8g\ dg nfUb}g clg xNnf dRrfpFb} lxF8g\ ;lQmgF
c¿n] sdfPsf] dfg' xft k;f/]/ vfg dg nfUb}g dfG5]x¿ dnfO{
c¿n] b]vs ] f] ;kgfdf /dfpg dg nfUb}g ‘7"nf] eP5, af]Nb}g’ eG5g\
To;} eP/ dfG5]x¿ dnfO{ c¿sf s'/f nfpFb,} sfg km'Sb}
‘7"nf] eP5, af]Nb}g’ eG5g\ clg e]6s ] f hlt;Fu d'v hf]Tb} ukm ug{ ;lQmgF
‘Psf]xf]/f] eP5, v'l:sP5’ eG5g\ dfG5]x¿ dnfO{
‘Psf]xf]/f] eP5, v'l:sP5’ eG5g\ .●
klxnf–klxnf s'g} a]nf
c¿n] 5'6ØfOlbPsf] ef/L af]Sg kfpFbf
uhSs kl/GYof], bª\u kl/GYof]
c¿n] sf]l/lbPsf] af6f]df cfFvf lrDn]/ bf}l8g kfpFbf

d'6' sdfpg] hf8f] pn{b+ f] 5 aflx/
kxf8 kufNg] Hjfnfd'vL x'sb+{ f] 5 dgdf
cfpm of] lr;f] xftnfO{
of] s7fª\lu|bF f] jftfj/0fnfO{
;ayf]s la;{ ;'gs]z/L d}ofF Û xfdLn] Ps;fy ttfOlbpFm
■ uf]ljGb lu/L ‘k|]/0ff’ ;Demgf / la;{gfsf aftx¿
n]sa];F L ul//xG5g\ ;bf;j{bf
ltd|f] ;Demgfdf d}n] cf]7sf 3fpnfO{ la;{/]
slt /ft tlsof lehfPF eg]/ dgsf cfxtnfO{ la;{/]
eg] klg geg] klg vf6f ag]/ a;]sf b'Mvx¿nfO{
ltd|f] ofbdf d}n] l;/fgLdf /fv]/
slt /ft clgbf] latfPF eg]/ aUb} u/]sf] s'nf]sf] kfgLem}F
cf}nF f efFr] klg gefFr] klg ;xh algb]pm Ps}l5g
;ayf]s la;{ ;'gs]z/L d}ofF of] lhGbuLkl5 s:tf] lhGbuL x'g] xf]
cfhsf] ;fFemnfO{ jf So} gx'g] xf]
of] emb{} uPsf] 3fdnfO{ s] kf] e/f];f 5 /
of] r9\b} uPsf] cFWof/f]nfO{ ;ayf]s la;{ ;'gs]z/L d}ofF
dflQFb} uPsf afFrG' h]n g} t x'g\ aGg]
dgsf /x/x¿nfO{ dfof–lk/tLsf syfx¿
x[bosf] Gofgf] g/d 8;gfdf la;{/] ;f/f b'lgofF
lgl:kmqmL /dfpg b]pm . Ps}l5g cfFvf lrDnG5' d
Ps}l5g cfFvf lrlDnb]pm ltdL
;fFrf] h:t} hLjgdf Ps en Gofgf] k|d] sf] gbLnfO{
em"6 klg ;fy} x'G5 cljefHo aflkFmb} aflkFmb} aUg lbpFm cfh .●
;fFrf] xf] eGb}
s}og\kN6 ltdLnfO{ 9fF6xF] nF' f
s}og\kN6 ltdLnfO{ 9fF6b\ f
cfkm" klg cfkm};uF 9fFl6PF x'nF f
slt jfrf s;dx¿
jif{] e]ndf a]kQf eP xf]nfg\
;'ss ] f kft kTs/ / df6f] 9'ªu\ f;Fu}
;ayf]s la;{ ;'gs]z/L d}ofF Û

dfq of}6f xNnf dfq 7fG5g\
t/ p;sf] ;fgf] xNnfn] klg
b]z g} xlNnG5
7"nf7"nf h'n;' lg:sG5
xNnf g]kfn aGb x'G5
bf]af6f] rf}af6f]df 6fo/ aflnG5g\
■ lbJo lu/L df]6/uf8Lx¿ hnfOG5g\
ljgfsf/0f w]/s } f] Hofg lng] xNnfn]
pm 9'ªu\ f xfG5 ;w}F ;x/ af/af/ tft]s} x'G5
‰ofnsf l;;fx¿ rsgfr'/ kf5{ ;w}F ;8s jf/jf/ tft]s} x'G5
pm /]lnª pv]n/] aLr;8sdf ôfFS5 d rL;f] xft vNtLdf /fv]/
Ps xftn] sfnf] emG8f af]s/] r'krfk ;8s 5]p lxFl8/x]sf] a]nf
csf]{ xftn] 9'ªu\ f xfGb} bu'5{ dnfO{ cfef; x'G5
;8s–;8sdf gf/f nufpFb} xNnf 7"nf]–7"nf] :j/df xNnf dRrfpFb}
d'bf{jfb Û d'bf{jfb ÛÛ d]/f] cl3–cl3 bu'l//x]5
uNnL–uNnLdf gf/f e6ØfpFb} d]/f] kl5–kl5 s'lb/x]5 . ●
lhGbfjfb Û lhGbfjfb ÛÛ
p;sf] bf}8 a]tf]8 5
p;nfO{ e]66\ fpg alb{wf/Lx¿
cl;gkl;g x'bF } s'b5 \ g\
t/ pm km]nf kb}g{
Ps uNnLaf6 k:5
csf]{ uNnLaf6 lg:sG5
gf/f nfpFb} 9'ªu\ f xfGb} bf}l8G5
pm lbge/ bf}l8/xG5
pm /fte/ bf}l8/xG5 .
lxhf]cfh pm
cfk"mnfO{ 7"n} g]tf 7fG5
cfk"mnfO{ 7"n} TofuL 7fG5
cfk"mnfO{ lgs} ;fx;L 7fG5
t/ dfG5]x¿ eg]
p;nfO{ xNnf dfq eG5g\

Psnf;df pleP/
d nuftf/ af]ln/x]sf] 5'
s[lqd pHofnf]
cGt;\sf] pHofnf] / cfoftLt zflGtsf] lvnfkmdf
km}nfO/x]5' cgGt xftx¿
■ w'|j dlwsdL{ cfˆg} cfFugsf] ;u/dfyf;Dd
cfˆg} x[bosf] n'lDagL;Dd .●
rf/}lt/af6 aGb rf}af6f] aLr
a]kQf ;"o{
/ 5f]lkPsf] cfsfzd'lg
d vf]lh/x]5'
cfˆgf] ;fdYo{sf] v';L
cfˆgf] df6f]sf] d':sfg
/ cfˆg} cGt;\sf] pHofnf] .
cltzo 56k6L / sf]nfxnsf aLr

;nanfO/x]5g\ sfnf xftx¿
wldNofOFb5 } kfgL lg/Gt/
a'lgFb5} ;Gqf; / eosf] s7f]/ hfnf]
k|fof]lht cGwsf/ kf]t/] anft\
cfF;s' f] bx
/ /utsf] cfxfndf
hLjgsf] ;To cGj]if0f ug{
cEo:t x'Fb}5g\ cfddfG5]x¿ .
e"ld / leQfx¿ cfˆg} x'g\

t/ 6fFluPsf 5g\ oqtq k/fOsf] P]gf
aflx/af6 aGb r'sn' leq
kl/rosf] ;fptL vf]H5g\ c:ki6 cfsf/x¿
af]s/] ;dosf] lg/Lx laDa
ef}Ftfl/Fb}5g\ uGtJo ljk/Lt lbzfx¿ .

x/]s k|f0fLnfO{ o;n]
ddtf afF85 \ ]
e]befj, 5nsk6 / O{iof{xLg of]
zflGtsf] vfgL xf]
dfO{kf]v/L o;sf] cfsif{0fdf
■ /fw]Zofd n]sfnL d'Uw eP/ ;a}
tgfjd'Qm x'G5g\
cgluGtL /ª\uLla/ª\uL o;sf] ;'Gb/tfdf
df5fx¿sf] y'kf| d] f 8'a/] ;a}
zfGt bxsf] kfgL cfgGbljef]/ x'G5g\
gf} cfsf/df afGsL k/]/
s'g} ;f]rdf 8'as] L hlt x]¥of] plt
z[ªu\ f/o'Qm 3/sL a'xf/Lem}F lgofnL /fv"F h:tL
d]/f] cufl8 5 k|sl[ tsf] cg'kd pkxf/
Onfdsf] cg'kd k|sl[ tdf]xL PsfGt hª\unaLr
u'/fF; cf]9s
] L dfO{kf]v/L Û
s'g} ;'Gb/ u'nfa km'ne ] m}F
a'4sf] cg'xf/em}F lgZrn / zfGt o;sf] lsgf/df
l;ª\uf] :jtGq cfsfznfO{ dgdf]lxgL u'/fF;sf y'uF fx¿n]
o;n] cfˆgf] cfotgdf ;d]6s ] f] 5 cflwkTo hdfP/
d o;sf] xl/of] bxdf dfgf}F gjb'nxLnfO{ em}F
cem ulxl/P/ lgofN5' o;nfO{ ;hfPsf] 5
cgGt ulx/fOdf lax]sf cj;/df aHg] k~r}afhf
afbn ;hfP/ a;]sf] r/fr'¿ª\uLsf ;'dw'/ cfjfhx¿n]
l;ª\uf] gLnf] cfsfz;Fu} cg'et" u/]sf] 5
pGd'Qm p8fg el//x]sf lsgf/df lzjhLnfO{ pEofP/
9's/' sf hf]8LnfO{ klg ;KtClifem}F WofgdUg
cfˆgf] ddtfdf cfˆgf] a};F sf] k|bz{g ul//x]sL
o;n] ;d]6s ] f] 5 u'/fF; cf]9s] L
dfO{kf]v/L
dfgf}F of] bx d]/f] /f]d/f]ddf alNem/x]5 .●
ddtf xf]

sf]66\ fP/ vf6f la;f{O
dL7f] e|dkL8f afFRg] rfxgf
cfh crfgs Ao"lF emPsf] 5
ca km]l/ b'Vg'kg]{ 5}g d}n]
ljR5]lbt ;DaGw g t ltdLn] g} b'vfpg'kg]{ 5 dnfO{
kL8fn] cflQPsf jfbL d]/f /x/
■ uf]j4{g k"hf v';Ln] dflQPsf k|ltjfbL ltd|f] :jfy{
xfd|f] k|d] sf] cbfntdf
x'gs' f] kL8feGbf ;fIfL a:g cft'/ 5g\
gx'gs ' f] k|tLIff dL7f] x'bF f]/x]5 cfpm ;xL 5fk u/f}F
dg hnfpg] ;DaGw– cfuf] ljR5]lbt ;DaDwkqdf
v';L kufNg] pkl:ylt– 3fd gLnf] d;Ln] === .●
alNem/xg] nx/]vf]sL– jrg
3f]lr/xg] cljZjf;– 5f/f]
xf],
glhlsg'sf] lanf}gfeGbf
6f9f x'gs ' f] ;dflKt ;'dw'/ x'bF f]/x]5
xfd|f] ;DaGwsf] d}bfgdf

o:t} v]n v]Nof] lgoltn]
ltdL xf/]/ klg xfg{ gdfGg] of]4f
d lht]/ klg xf:g ghfGg] ljh]tf
crDdsf] k|flKtkL8f
g/dfOnf] k/fho pT;j
b'Mvsf] jiff{df d} ?‰g'kg]{
cfzª\sfsf] x'/Ldf d} p8\gk' g]{
hlt lhnfP klg emfFlu/xg] ltd|f] dxŒjfsfª\Iff
hlt l;nfP klg plw|/xg] d]/f] efUo
;dosf] vx/]df 8'as ] f] sfuh –8'ªu\ ] xfd|f] ;kgf
:kz{sf] kvf{Odf /x]sf] Roltg] rfxgf
gftfleqsf] k/fO{ lr;f]eGbf
k/fO{ aflx/sf] ckgTj Gofgf] x'bF f] /x]5
=== ===

ltdLleqsf] ;+;f/ nfna's hLjg
■ ;'l:dtf g]kfn ■ u0f]z /fO{
ltd|f ;kgfx¿n] agfPsf] d /ftf] vf]nsf] cfj/0fleq
ltdL g} eP/ lgld{t rf/kfg] sfuhsf] sf/fuf/
afFrs
] f] 5' aGbL 5' e"tk"j{ uf]vf{nL l;kfxL d
ablnPsf] 5 d]/f] lrgf/L a"9f] nfx'/] Û
aflx/L cfFvfn] 5n{ªu\ gb]lvP klg hf] d}gf dg{ lalQs} k]G;g clkm; k'U5
ltdLleqsf] ;+;f/df / k]G;g a'em]/ Psl5g cfkm"nfO{ hjfg 7fG5
d ;'/lIft 5'
uf]/f ;fx]asf] 5nL cg'xf/
ltdL eP/ ;f; km]bf{ / To;sf] cfe"if0fleq l5k]sf] hfnL duh
ltdL eP/ x]bf{ v} d s] k9\g ;Sy]F /
ltd|} cfjfhaf6 af]Ng kfpFbf d]/f] c1fgtfsf] kmfObf p7fof] p;n]
ltdL afFrs] f] ;+;f/sf] /, aGbL kf¥of] d]/f] k]G;g] hLjg klg
lrqn] k5\ofO/x]5 dnfO{ d]/f] lhGbuLsf] gfnfos kª\lQm 78fof] p;n] cIf/ 7f]sL
dnfO{ p;n] ;f]wg] cfˆg} lghL hLjgsf] Gjf/fg ubf{
ltd|f ;kgfx¿ b'lawf of c;xdt /xg'sf] s'g} t's /x]g 5fof hLjgk|lt
;fsf/ kfg{ d} x'F of] nfna'sdfG5]
d /x]sf] 7fpFaf6 :jLsfg{ d ljjz 5' p;sf] ablgot
ltdL /x]sf] wtL{df cfpFbf lgb{otf
s] d /, kmnfdsf] 5ftL .
clxn] h:t}
;'/lIft x'g ;S5' <● elGbgF, ToxfF /fOkmn gxf];\ / st{Jo klg
ToxfF PDa'; gxf];\ / d[To' klg
hLjg k8\lsG5 k|To]s kfOnf lylrFbf
hLjg nf; aG5 x/]s ;Gqf; Ao"lF eFmbf
PDa';leq d cfkm} 9n]5 ] ' nfna's d[To'

;]tf] kfgfel/ 6fFluPsf] sfnf] cIf/ hLjg ODkmfneGbf pRr a};F sf] pef/
ljj]sL tkfO{+ v'6o\ fpg ;Sg'xG' 5 Tff]as
|' df au]sf] /utsf] gfOn
nfna's hLjg / d]/f] hLjgaLrsf] leGgtf dfglrqel/ la:kmfl/t uf]vf{nL of]4f
pQfgf] kN6]sf] 5' tkfO{s + f] cfFvfdf d gfnfos cIf/ s;/L v'DRofOPF hfaf] sfuhsf] kfgfleq Û
lgikIf ug'x{ f]nf km};nf tkfO{+ b'jn} fO{ hfFr/] s;/L aGbL ePF d a]sfd] nfna'sleq ÛÛ
uf]vf{ Xof6n] pEofPsf] d]/f] of]4fhLjgsf] sb
/ 9fsf 6f]kLn] r'lnPsf] d]/f] :jtGq lz/sf] prfO cf], uf]/f ;fx]a Û
s'g cUnf] 5, s[kof g9fF6L eGg'xf]nf hjfkm b]pm
Gofo vf]Hg d
gf] DofG;\ NofG8df cnkq yf]qf] a'6sf] kbrfk nfna's pleP/
x/fof] eG7fg]sf] nfna'ssf] kfgfdf kf] v;]5 Û ltd|} cbfntdf xflh/ 5'
;Dem]y,F] v's/' Lsf] rDsfO{ b'Zdgsf] d[To'df lanfof]
¿kfGtl/t cIf/ Tof] d]/} hLjg kf] pleP5 d nfna's d[To' afFRg ;lQmgF .●
s:tf] lj8lDat Û hLjg d]/f]

/fOkmn pleFbf pleFbf xf]lrPsf] sb
cfFugdf 6]ss
] f] xfQL5fk rKknsf] kfOnf v} sxfF x/fof] Û
/utsf] kmfN;fdf km'ns] f] klkkm"nsf] gdL7f] x/s

7f]lSsg cfpFnf Û ck|Tofl;t tkfO{s + f] gfsdf
o'4e"lddf /f]Psf] 3fOt] l;kfxLsf] rLTsf/
/]l6g cfpnf tkfO{s+ f] Åbosf] kx/fdf
cyjf c;xfo l;Ddfsf] cfFvfaf6 tKs]s ] f] an];L
leHg cfpFnf tkfO{s + f cfFvfdf
cGof]ndf 5' s;/L d a]sfd] nfna's ePF Û

s;/L d nfna'sleq hflsPF Û
nfna'ssf] s73/fleq ;Lldt k]G;g] l;kfxL

c:jLsf/ u5{ of] ;Lldttf
l;tfªeGbf ljzfn kl;gfsf] gbL
d'lvof afsf gfpFdf btf{ ePkl5
xfdLn] cfwf /ftd} ufpF 5f8\gk' ¥of]
ca lrGof}F <
d}n] lgwf/ v'DRofPF, /
;kgf glrg]sf] hgfp lbPF
■ 8f= wgk|;fb ;'j]bL ‘>lds’ p;sf] cg'xf/ cem} cFWof/f] eof] / eGof]
k9]sf] lyPF–
ckl/lrt cwa};F ] dfG5]n] ltd|f sljtf / uLtdf ul/a / >ldssf s'/f
PSsfl; RofKk ;dfof] ;'gs
] f] lyPF–
/, dnfO{ eGof]– ltgL s'g} ul/a / >ldssf] kf6L{sf ;b:o 5f}F /]
e"ld x}gf}F < ltdL k9]nv ] s] f dfG5]
d ‘wgk|;fb’ d}n] eg]F ltdL klg la;{b+ f /x]5f}
p;n] ;Demfof]– h;/L g]tfx¿ la;{G5g\– hgtf / ljut
xf] wgk|;fb ltd|f] af]nfpg] gfpF– e"ld n t labf
pm ;/f;/ af6f] nfUof] / cf]em]n k¥of]
d}n] p;nfO{ lrlggF
pm lrgfpg yfNof]– d}n] crfgs p;nfO{ lrg]F
xfdL;Fu} uf]7fnf] hfGYof]F} pm d]/f] afn;vf t]haxfb'/ e'hn]
P];F n] ,' sfkmn l6kL vfGYof}F d ‘t]h' t]h’' eGb} s/fpg yfn]F
afFb/ / 9's/' eufpg x}g s] ef] eGb} >LdtLn] emsemsfOg\
6\ofk6\ofk] ahfpFb–} ‘nf] x}, nf] x}’ uYof}+{ emNof:; Ao"e F m]F
¿kfsf]6 / kfl/ leQf s:tf] ;kgf b]v]5' .●
dfGb|] / s6'; l6Kg hfGYof}F
;Fu} uf]n / u§f v]ns ] f] la:of}{ <
;Fu} w'nf}6] kf6Ldf ‘kf6L k’ k9]sf] la:of}{ <
d}n] cem} lrlggF eg]F

p;n] cFWof/f] x'bF } eGof]–
ltd|f af ufpFel/sf k'/t]
d]/f af ufpFel/sf xnL
rfnL; ;fndf gfkL x'bF f
xfd|f] hUuf
ltd|f lk|o dgx¿ ;'ts
] f lyP Psgf;
/ ltdL ;lxb hfu} lyof}
pxL k'/fgf] /jfkmdf

;lxb rf]sdf ;flnssf] dfnf pxL k'/fgf] ultdf
/ pxL k'/fg} ;kgfdf .
■ lji0f' ;'j]bL
7Ls To;}avt
ha Psflaxfg} cfFugdf r'lF 8Psf] xf]
Pp6f sfnf] sfun] ltd|f ;'Gb/ ;kgfsf] slnnf] d'gf
la:6\ofof] 7Ls} To;}avt
lxhf];Dd ltdLn] 6]ss
] f] k'l5Psf] xf]
kfOnfsf 8f]ax¿df ltd|f] lgwf/sf] /ftf] l;Gb"/
/ s/fof] PsfPs 7Ls To;}avt
/R5\ofgdf cz'e Û s'lNrPsf] xf] ltd|f] cf:yf / ljZjf;
7Ls To;} avt cfhsfn

rl:sPsf] lyof] d]/f] d'6' ;'lgFb5
} ufpFufpFdf
r;Ss Û Tof] ltd|f] ;'Gb/ ;kgf
Tof] slxNo} gcf]Onfpg] b"af]sf] dfnf
Tolta]nf g} xf] /ut eGbf /ftf] l;Gb"/
Df clnstf b'vs ] f] lyP vlNtdf xfn]/
ltdL clnstf b'vs ] f lyof} lxF8]sf 5g\ /] .
b]z clnstf b'vs ] f] lyof] ltd|} ;xofqLx¿
ltd|} ;f/yLx¿ Û
ha crfgs Pslbg
;lxb rf]ssf] ;flnsn] eg t P ;lxb rf]ssf
unfdf wf/0f u/]sf] dfnf Dfxfg ;lxbx¿
x/fof] PsfPs s] of] cf/f]k ;To xf] <
To;} a]nf em'k8Lx¿ ToxL eGb}5g\
;x/ ;'ts] f] lyof] Psgf; a:tLx¿ ToxL af]Nb}5g\ .●
;lxb rf]s ;'ts ] f] lyof] Psgf;

gUg dfgjlrq uhn
■ k"0f{ OGkmfbf ■ /f;f
w/fk ef]sd/Lx¿ b'Mv w]/} kfPsf] cfˆg} uNtLn] xf]
:jKg o'4sf sf]nfh af]s/] wf]sf 7"n} vfPsf] cfˆg} uNtLn] xf]
qmdzM lrqdf k|jz ] ul//x]sf 5g\
pkm\ Û oL gUg dfG5]x¿ kfgL kbf{ r'xg' ] xfd|} 3/ xf] lg,
nf;x¿sf] afbndfly gfRb} 5fgf] To;} 5fPsf] cfˆg} uNtLn] xf]
ljsL0f{ nfhx¿ af]s/]
lrqaf6 eflu/x]sf 5g\– 6f9f6f9f ljif egL hfg]/} lkpg klNsPF
6f9f6f9f– uGtJoxLg d'v 7f8} afPsf] cfˆg} uNtLn] xf]
gUg dfgj Û
qf;b\ o'4 Û s]–s] dfq kfOGg 3/leq vf]h]
xfFl;/x]sf 5g\– lje|d k|of]uzfnfdf dfof h'7} nfPsf] cfˆg} uNtLn] xf]
/ cEo:t 5g\– r'Dagx¿ afF8g\
cle;fl/sf gflosfh:t} ;a} s'/f glhs} k'lu;l/ lyof],
oL cd"t{ b[Zox¿ ‘/f;f’ 6f9} wfPsf] cfˆg} uNtLn] xf] .●
;GtKt x]l//x]sf 5g\– cd"t{ lqm8fx¿
/ªx¿sf] gUg eL8
xftxftdf sfdfGw g[To af]s/]
Jo:t 5g\– k|x;gdf
k|ltlaDax¿ Û
em'lG8Psf 5g\– lrqdf
/ lrqx¿ Û
plePsf 5g\– gUg Oltxf;sf] tf/dfly Û●
s] cfFvfhlt dflg;nfO{ k9\g ;lsg]
;'Gb/ lstfa ;+;f/df s]xL 5 <
of] k|bz{gLsf] leQfdf 6fFluPsf]

tl:a/df b'Mv b'MvL o'jtLsf] tl:a/ b]Vbf
lsg aGb x'g vf]Hb}5 d]/f] x[boult <
■ ceo >]i7
d]/f] b'vsf] kbf{af6 lrxfO/xg]
of] k|bz{gLsf] leQfdf 6fFluPsf] sf] x'g\ oL
;'Gb/, l:gUw / pbf; h;nfO{ b]Vbf
o'jtLsf] tl:a/ b]Vbf ;Eotfsf] c;Eo ;Qfåf/f
lsg o:t/L xlNnG5 d]/f] d'6' < xTof ul/PsL d]/L cfdfsf] ofb
cfh km]l/ dnfO{
xl/of] hª\unaf6 km'Q lg:sg] cfO/x]5 af/Daf/ <●
xl/0fh:tf oL ;'Gb/ cfFvf
/, oL cfFvfaf6 km}ln/x]sf]
clnlvt ;+ljwfgh:tf] cgGt pbf;L
lsg o:t/L kl/lrt nfU5 dnfO{ <
lsg cfTdLo nfUb}5

rGb|dfsf] sfnf] 5fofFh:tf]
of] b'MvL xfF;f] <
oL cfFvf
oL k|l] dnf xft
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d}n] sljtf n]Vg 5f8]F oxL j]udf s'bg\ kfP
:ki6 ldlt ofb 5}g d d]/f] ;kgfsf] cfFugdf k'Ug] lyPF
;fob lax]kl5 d]/f] ;kgf,
Pp6f dfG5] aGg'sf]
cr]n d cfkm} sljtf ePsf] 5' :jtGq dfG5]
a]cy{n] >LdtL kl9/xlG5g\ :jcl:tTj af]ss ] f] dfG5]
d]/f] af]nfO, lxF8fO, njfO, ?jfO of] ahfl/of b'lgofFdf :jrflnt dfG5]
cy{ vf]lh/xlG5g\ Pp6f Pl8s l6g Ph;{ s]6fs]6Lem}F
clkm; rfF8f] lg:sg'sf] d d]/f] ;kgfn] Pl8s 5' .
3/ l9nf] kms{gs ' f] cfdfleq x'bF ,}
bfx|L gsf6\gs ' f], skfn sf6\gs ' f] pgn] dnfO{ ;'d;'DofO/xFbf
d sljtf ePsf] 5' r'/fsf] emGsf/;Fu} aHYof]
d]/} xfF;f] Joª\Uo ag]sf] 5 d]/f] lhGbuLsf] pgsf] cfjfh–
d]/} ;kgf cfFvfdf kf;f] ag]sf] 5 5f]/L Û ;kgf b]v\ tF
d cfkm}nfO{ a'l‰bgF Pp6f dfG5] aGg] ;kgf
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d Pp6f sljtf x'F t]/f lbbLx¿n] ghGdFb} u'dfPsf] dfG5]
;a}nfO{ 5'6 5– dnfO{ k9 / Pp6f cy{ nufpm tF hflGbg;\,
d slj lyPF sljtf ePsf] 5' s;/L lgsflnP t]/f lbbLx¿
:ki6 ldlt ofb 5}g d]/f] ue{af6
;fob lax]kl5 . ● a];do k|;j a]yf nufpg]

clS;6f]l;g OGh]S;gn] 3f]r/] cfdfn] g} b]vfOlbPsL lyOg\
pkm\ Û la£g ulxl/Psf] oxL ;kgfsf] kl5 s'lb/x]sL 5'
d]/f] cfFvfsf] tnfp n8\b–} p7\b=} == km]l/ n8\b–} p8\b=} == n8\b–} p7\b}
el/P/ klg kf]lvFb} lyof] dnfO{ cNemfpg] nx/fx¿
tn===tn===tn=== 8/ nfUbf 5g\
c;Xo nfdf] nfdf] ;f; km]b{} wd{, ;+:sf/ / k/Dk/fsf
d}n] cfkm} dfG5] x'g] ;kgf 3LgnfUbf em'l;NsL/fx¿ 6fFl;Psf]
t]/} lbbLx¿;Fu k7fOlbPsL lyPF d tL em'l;NsL/fx¿ 6]Sb} dfb}{
tn===tn===tn=== cl3 al9/x]sL 5'
d]/f] ;kgfsf 6'qmfx¿ lsgls d Pl8s ePsL 5'
/utfDo eP/ s6sl6Psf lyP Pp6f dfG5] aGg] ;kgfsf]
gLnf] afN6Lsf] kLFwlg/ :jtGq dfG5]
cfh km]l/ ;kgf b]vs ] L 5' lglb{i6 / lglZrGt dfG5]
tFnfO{ dfG5] agfpg] ;kgf :jcl:tTjn] rnfodfg dfG5]
u'l8ofaf6 dfG5] olta]nf,
hfaf] cfOdfO{af6 dfG5] k'R5«t] f/f sxfF k'lu;Sof]
e|0' f /f]kfO ug]{ v]taf6 dfG5] Kof;L cfFvf af]s/]
of}gt[i0ff d]6g\ ] s'jfaf6 dfG5] dnfO{ cFufNg cfpF5 Pp6f dfG5]
r'nf] rf}sf]df rln/xg] /f]a6{af6 dfG5] h;nfO{ slxNo} n8\g' k/]g
eL/kfvf hª\unlt/ /f]O/xg] GofpnL r/Laf6 dfG5] dfG5] x'gs} lglDt === .●
tFnfO{ dfG5] agfpg
efu]/ cfPsL x'F d
gjf}F ;fFw sf6]/
t]/f] ¿kfsf/df
lnª\u gePsf] lel8of] PS;|s ] f] sfuh xNnfpFb}
gLnf] eP/ ple/x]sf] lyof] pm
d]l8snsf] 7Ls ToxL kl5Nnf] 9f]sfdf
hxfFaf6 t]/f lbbLsf g/d nf;x¿
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o;/L,
dfG5] x'g] ;kgf
ToxLF a;]/
d"naf6f]df cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ug]{
ufO{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof uGb}
d}n] l;s]sf] lyPF– ul0ft Û
d d/]sf] ;fFem d d/]sf] ;fFem
d]/f] d[t z/L/ 9fSg] kLtfDa/:j¿k
■ x]d k|ef; ToxL kLknn] klg lbg]5g} –
pkxf/df– kx]nF f kftx¿ Û
d d/]sf] ;fFem
x'g5
] g} of] b]zdf st} ;'lgg] 5}g zf]sw'g
s'g} xNnfvNnf Û a? aHg]5 /]l8of]df– s[lif sfo{qmd
/, Psfw s[ifsx¿ ;'Gg]5g\–
?g]5g} cfsfz af9Ln] aufPsf] cfˆg} v]tsf] ;dfrf/ Û
efl;g] 5}g wtL{ a? b]lvg]5 6]lnlehgdf–
/, 6'6g\ ] 5}g– k|d] sf] cflbd uLt Û tfgfzfxsf] d':s'/fO/x]sf] h'uF f Û
k[i7e"ldsf r'lnFb} uPsf]
p;}u/L bf}8g]5 atf; dxFuLsf] lzv/df c8]; nfu]/
h;/L bf}8GYof] lxhf]– kf]xf]/;fnem} ;fg;Fu p;n] eGg]5 h?/–
cfˆgfx¿sf] ;'jf; af]s/] au}rF faf6 Û xfdL s[lif qmflGt ug]{5f}F .
p;}u/L c:tfpg]5 3fd
h;/L n'SYof] pm– xfd|f] ;kgfeGbf w]/} 6f9f
cfˆg} cg'xf/df sfnf] kf]t/] lIflthkfl/ Û s'g} /ª\uLg ;x/sf] 8fG;af/df
p;}u/L xtfl/Fb} emg]5
{ em/gf Toltv]/ u'lGh/x]sf] x'g5
] –
h;/L emYof]{ pm– ’d'GgL abgfd x'O{ 8fln{ª t]/] lnP === Û“
dxf;fu/df x/fPsf] k|d] kqsf] vf]hLdf /, ToxfF cfF;' n'sfP/ gflr/x]sL x'g5] –]
xtf/xtf/ Û b]z k9\g uPsL d]/L alxgL Û
d d/]sf] ;fFem
pM Tof] 3/cufl8sf] a"9f] kLkn < x'g5
] g} of] b]zdf
Tof] t d]/L cfdf xf] Û s'g} xnrn Û
d}n] p;}sf] lk7\odF" f a;]/
klxnf]k6s k9]sf] lyPF– olQ s'/fsf] ck;f]r x'g5 ] dnfO{–
k/b]zaf6– d'unfgaf6 kms{g nfu]sL ltdLn]
a'afsf] uGw af]sL NofPsf] kq Û st} e]6g\ ] 5}gf}– d]/f] 7]ufgf Û●

rKkn uLt
■ b]j]Gb| /fjn ■ bLk]Gb| /fO{
hgcfGbf]ngdf w]/n} ] Hofg u'dfP ltdLljgf of] lhGbuL ;w}–F ;w}F cfwf nfU5
d}n] Hofg t arfP cfwf–cfwf eO{ afFRbf xfd|f] uf9f nfU5
t/ u'dfP Pp6f rfOlgh rKkn
hgcfGbf]ngsf] efubf}8df lxpFdfly sf]l/Psf] cIf/h:t} xfd|f] gftf
slxn] lg gRofltg] ToxL cfTdLotf
ca d;Fu afFsL 5 – ltdL;Dd cfpFm eG5' ;w}–F ;w}F 6f9f nfU5
hf]8L u'dfPsf] afofF v'§fsf] Ps rKkn 6f9f–6f9f eO{ afFRbf xfd|f] uf9f nfU5
/ /fv]sf] 5' htgn] sf]7fsf] Pp6f s'gfdf
;kgLdf e]6F" eG5\of} cfpg EofpFlbgF
cfzf d/]sf] 5}g cem}– ;w}F dnfO{ c;f/ kGw| wfpg kfpFlbgF
kfpg]5' s'g} lbg x/fPsf] bfofF rKkn ltdLljgf of] lhGbuL ;w}–F ;w}F ;fbf nfU5
/ nufpg] 5' km]l/ afofF rKkn;Fu} ;fbf–;fbf eO{ afFRbf xfd|f] uf9f nfU5 .●
;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo" Û
d}n] d]/f] rKkn slxn] kfpF5' <●
d vKg ;lSbgF uhn
■ afh'/fd kf}8]n ■ /fwf s0f]n
ltdL pbfpF5f} eg] d ;"o{ dfUg ;lSbgF km"n xf] of] hLjg dfnf ufF:g ;Sg'k{ 5{
ltdL ?rfpF5f} eg] d 5fn 5]Sg ;lSbgF sfF8s
} fF8faLr klg xfF:g ;Sg'k5{
alu/x]5' j]un] d lgem{/L em/]kl5
l;Fr/] u5{' l;h{gf d :ju{ 8fSg ;lSbgF afFRglglDt cg]s y/L efjeª\uLdf
b'lgofFsf ;fd'Gg]df gfRg ;Sg'k5{
d l/St 5' d tLQmtf ;x]/ a:g ;lSbgF
snª\s cª\udf k/] lnP/ aRg ;lSbgF Ps xf]Og cg]s 5g\ ¿k dfG5]leq
ux|f / kmfF6sf s'/f aofg ug{ ;lSbgF ax'/ª\uL agL oxfF afFRg ;Sg'k5{ .
lra]r/L s/fpFbf d df}g aGg ;lSbgF
b'af]h:t} df}nfpg] s'/Llt, s';:+ sf/
bl/b|sf] ;F3f/df d t]l;{P/ al:bgF r]tgfsf] Hof]lt afnL df:g ;Sg'k5{
;xG5' 5fs ef]ssf] n'6/] k]6 elb{gF
¿vf]lk7f] ldn] eg] dL7f] s'/f] d vf]lHbgF km"n xf] of] hLjg dfnf ufF:g ;Sg'k{ 5{
lr;f] / tfk hf]luof];\ ljnf; eJo /f]lHbgF sfF8}sfF8faLr klg xfF:g ;Sg'k5{ .●
d afF8g\ ;S5' xft of] htf 5 ;Lksf] ynf]

d rfNg ;S5' kfOnf cgGtdfly xf];\ enf]
d 3ftsf s'/f st} ;'g/] a:g ;lSbgF
;a} d/]/ b]zd} vk]/ a:g ;lSbgF .●
;'dd'DofP d]/f] d'6'
slt lgofl;|P5g\ oL Û
x/fP5' d klg stf–stf <
xf], oL t d]/f lhGbuLsf cd"No b:tfj]h dfq xf]Og
e"tk"j{ lhGbuL;Fusf] e]6 ;Demgfsf ;fyL /x]5g\
cfTdLo, dfofaL, :klz{nf
■ 8Da/ /l;s ef/tL e]6,F] cfh d}n] e"tk"j{ lhGbuL e]6F] .●
afs;,
– WjfF;f]n] rf}tkmL{ xdnf u/]sf]
– l6gsf], k'/fgf]
– sAhf v'l:sPsf]
– df}lns /ª cg'dfg ug}{ g;lsg]
nueu cfkm" lglv|P/ klg o;n]
hLljt /fv]5 dnfO{,
– x:tlnlvt klqsfsf d"n k|ltx¿
– l;sf? sljtfsf x/kmx¿
– cfPsf lr7Lkqx¿
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clg Snasf] dfOGo'6 / c¿–c¿ y'k}| rLh .

d l;ª\u} k;]5' afs;leq
cf]N6fOkN6fO ul//x]F sfuhx¿
klN6Pgg\ ToxfF l;k{m sfuhsf kfgfx¿
klN6g yfn] qmdzM qmdzM hLjgsf kfgfx¿
cf]em]n kg{ yfn]sf :d[ltx¿
l;sf? sljtfsf x/kmx¿
plk|mP dnfO{ b]Vgf;fy
/, cª\sdfn u/] dfofn' ag]/
k|Zgkqx¿ hLjgkx]nL ag]/ l/ª\lug yfn]
cF xf], oL ;a}–;a}n] 3]/]
pi0ftfsf] lgsf;f–k'sf;f ldn]g eg]
cg'zf;gxLg c/fhs a}7s rN5g\
k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ePsL

lgo'lQm cg'kl:yt a]?h' gkfPsL
hLjgsf tdfd ;DaGwsf t]l/h s;]sL
■ lbn kf}8]n lhDd]jf/, ;xgzLn / clt of]Uo 5f}
d]/} ;dfhsf] :js[ltdf
cK7\of/f] gdfg / t lgo'lQm u/] ltdLnfO{– d}n]
d}n] a'‰b} ga'emL
lgo'lQm u/]sf] xf]Og ltdLnfO{ g Eof6 dfU5 g lgz]iff1f nfU5
cfFvfn] l;kmfl/; k7fof] vf/]hLdf k/]sf] 5— labf
d':sfgn] lgj]bg r9fof] uf]Ko rf~rNotf gn'sfPsL
rfxgfx¿sf] kmfOlnª y'lk|Pkl5 l6k]S; gnfsf] ;f}Gbo{ af]ss
] L
dgdg} btf{ u/]/ cToGt h?/L ‘XofG;cfp6’ 5f]ks ] L
xflh/ u/fPsf] xf]– lbnleq ;?jf grfxg], k]G;gkl5 cjsf; ghfg]
‘klGrª’ ePsf ;"rgf–af]wfy{ glbg]
kbcg';f/sf] of]Uotf pQKt pi0ftfsf] cfef lnk]sL
kbflwsf/ kmfF6sf] cg'ej 5 sfkmL cfzo a'‰g], :jljj]sL clt of]Uo 5f}
gd|, lzi6, nHhfjtL 7fG5'
tflnd k|fKt, ;xof]uL, cfsif{s dfG5' b}lgs hLjgsf] sfo{qmd rnfpg
sfd, st{Jo a'em] sL d]/} s}lkmotdf
tgfj Joj:yfkg ef]us ] L lgo'lQm u/] d}n] –ltdLnfO{
e'Qmef]uL, pd]/sf] xbaGbL gdfGg] cK7]/f] gdfg –kq a'emfpg afFsL g} 5
lagf df]nflxhf lbnsf] cf;gdf a;]/ xflh/ e} kbef/ ;Dxfn–lgodfg';f/
k|0fogLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{ x'bF } hfG5 ===.●
ltdL bIf / clt of]Uo 5f}
cfˆg} Åbosf] cfu|xdf
/ t lgo'Qm u/] ltdLnfO{– d}n]
c;Gt'li6x¿ 5g\– Åboleq
lg/fzf cfO{– lgj]bg xfN5g\
u'0f:t/Lo ;]jfdf tTk/ geP
;kgfsf ;a} clen]v hN5g\
b]z l8hfOg/ e":ju{ 3'dfpFbf
■ ;lagf l;Gw' ■ ;f]emf] ufpFn]
;f]R5f}F, cfpm ljb]zL ldq Û
hlGdof];\ o:tf] l8hfOg/, ltdLnfO{ d]/f] b]z b]vfpF5'
h;n] sf]/f];\ b]zsf] eljio cfs[lt
agfcf];\ b"/bzL{ lehg s[i0f, a'¢, df]xDdb / lh;;n]
Nofcf];\ s'g,} cu|ufdL kl/jt{g ;Fu} 8lG8laof] v]ns] f] b]vfpF5'
ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg],{ dlGb/, dl:hb, u'Daf / rr{n]
k|lta4tf Pp6} ljZjf; afF8s ] f] b]vfpF5'
lgdf{0fsf gofF of]hgf
klv{/xG5f}F syfsf] sfNklgs b]z cf:yfsf] cfsfz prfNg]
syfsf kfqx¿ kz'kltsf] uh'/ b]vfpF5'
syfdf b]zsf] ;Da[4tf zflGtsf] uLt ;'gfpg]
syfsf gfos cyjf ;Ifd g]tT[ j n'lDagLsf k/]jf b]vfpF5'
xfdL b]zsf] sNkgf u5f}+{ ;dk{0fsf] ;'kf/L ;f6\g]
dx;'; u5f}+{ ;d'Gglt hfgsLsf] d08k klg b]vfpF5'
/ b]lv/xG5f}F /x/nfUbf ;kgf
xfdL cfˆgf] b]z;Fu syfsf] b]zsf] :jfledfgsf] w/x/faf6
t'ngf u5f}{+ ;Eotfsf] :joDe" b]vfPkl5
sNkgf jf ;kgfsf] b]zsf] t'ngf u5f}+{ dgf]sfª\Iff k'/f u/fpg
36gfx¿ ;'G5f}F dgsfdgf hfpFnf
xfdL cfkm} b]z aG5f}F df]If k|flKtsf] rfxgf /fVof} eg]
:jfledfg, clnslt ljj]s dfly d'lQmgfylt/ klg n}hfpFnf
;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLTj
xfdLx¿, xfdLdWo] g} vf]lh/xG5f}F cfpm ljb]zL ldq Û
b]z l8hfOg/ .● ltdLnfO{ d]/f] b]z b]vfpF5'
lxpFsf] km]6f afFws
] f] ;u/dfyf
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O{iof{ nfUof] eg]
s[kof Û a'¢;Fu gh/ h'wfpg'
;b\efjsf] ;ª\uLt ;';n] s ] f] ;'g/] k|]dL kxf8
:juL{o cfgGbn] ;':s]/f xfNg]5
■ /]g'sf e6\6
/f/fdf 8'aN' sL dfg]{ cK;/fx¿
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wtL{ xf] ls of] :ju{ xf] cfˆgL k]l| dsfnfO{ kv{b+ }
5'6o\ fpg} d'l:sn k¥of] eg] pleO/x]sf] 5
k[YjLsf] dfglrq kN6fP/ vf]Hg' o'u o'u cgGt kvf{Odf
h'gn] L /ftdf 8fFkm] gfRg] 7fpF Pp6f el/of
ToxLF j/k/ e]l6g]5 Effn]sf] ldld{/] uLtsf] nodf
lzj kfj{tLsf] ufpF kxf8sf] prfO kfOtfnfsf] tfnn] pSnG5
ysfOdf ;':s]/f xfNb} Ps}l5g
vKt8df k"mnsf ;of}yF /L k"mnx¿ ddtfsf] sfvh:tf] rf}tf/Ldf ;':tfpF5
/ k"mn;Fu n'sfdf/L v]ln/x]sf k'tnLx¿ b]v/] n6\6fOn] lvr]sf] rª\ufsf] b"/Lem}F
of] t OGb|sf] au}rF f xf] eGnfpm cfˆgf] eljio 6fFU5 ;Demgfsf] sdhf]/ wfuf]df
Ps y'uF f nfnLu'/fF; glhsaf6 lgofNg' gLnf] cfsfzh:t} /ª\luPsf]
d':s'/fO/x]sf] nfnLu'/fF;sf] /ª cfˆgf] ;'Gb/ ef]lnnfO{ cfFvd} f 6fF:5
/ aneb|n] aufPsf] /utdf clg nDsG5 cfˆg} af6f]sf] ;xf/fn]
s'g} leGgtf e]l6g] 5}g tfs]sf] 7]ufgfdf af6f]n] k'¥ofpg] e/f];fdf
cfpm ljb]zL ldq Û x/]s ofqLnfO{ rflxg]
ltdLnfO{ d]/f] b]z b]vfpF5' y/Ly/Lsf af6fx¿ af]s/] a;]sf] 5
6f9faf6 x]bf{ gLnf] ;f}Gbo{ xf]nf of] kxf8
e":ju{ 3'd/] :jb]z kmlj{mb+ f la5f]8df dfofs} kf]if0fn] afFRg]sf nflu
Ps dfgf] d}bfgsf] dfof n}hfg' c6n kvf{Osf] dxfg\ k|d] L xf]nf of] kxf8
Ps kfyL kxf8sf] xl/ofnL n}hfg' t/ k]d| L / ofqLx¿n]
/ lxdfnsf] d':sfg klg ;w}F 5f]8/] uPsf] kxf8 ltdL g} aGof} eg]
Ps d"/L pkxf/ n}hfg' . ● cfkm" / cfkm"h:t} kxf8nfO{ x]b{} ;f]Wg]5f} –
;fFRr} s;nfO{ klv{/x]5g\ oL kxf8n] <●
slt nufPsf] lyof}F p;n] / d}n] lk/tL
slt b]vs ] f] lyPF d}n] p;sf] sfvdf lgbfP/
;'Gb/ hLjgsf ;Kt/ª\uL ;kgfx¿
logL ;kgfx¿ dgsf] tfgdf pg]/
eUgfjz]if slt a'gs ] f] lyPF d}n] ljZjf;sf /]zdL k5\of}/Lx¿
x]/ t cfh s;/L kmf6\of]
■ s]zj k'8f;}gL ‘ljdn’ a'Gbfa'Gb}sf oL /]zdL k5\of}/Lx¿
tfgx¿ efFlrP dlSsPsf] l;dnsf] xfFuf eP/
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r'lnFb} cfPsf] xfd|f] ljZjf;sf] w/f]x/f ltdLnfO{ ;fIfL /fv]/
yfxf gkfpFb} s;/L 9Nof] uNof{du'nD{' d slt cUnf] agfPsf] lyPF d}n]
slt a]nf cfof] ljgfzsf/L dxfe"sDk cgGt k|d] sf ;u/dfyfx¿
/ kl/0ft ul/lbof] xfd|f ljZjf;x¿nfO{ xfjfdf p8]sf uf]bfj/Lsf] jf;gfh:t}
jLeT; v08x/x¿df s;/L lanfP z"Gotfdf ;u/dfyfsf prfOx¿
gbL lsgf/df x'l66\ofpFn] afn'jf vf]l;|Pem}F ltdLn] b]vg] f} / <
olt a]nf vf]lh/x]sf] 5' d s;/L /f]lsof] cfh aUbfaUb} xfjf
xfd|f ljZjf;sf cjz]ifx¿nfO{ s;/L lgEof] dWocfsfzd} aNbfaNb}sf] ;"o{
;s] cjz]ifx¿ hf]8/] Pp6f o'u agfpF5' d s;/L d8fl/of] gLnf cfsfzsf] cfFvfdf sfnf] afbn
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/flVyg\ . ;a}eGbf klxn] O;f k"j{ 5}6f}F ztfAbLdf slj xf]d/n] lu|;]nLdf cf]l8;L 5g\ . cg]sf}F sfJo sljtf / ufyf n]v]sf 5g\ . ljZjsf cGo ;|i6fx¿n] klg
dxfsfJo n]v] . o; dxfsfJodf klg hfb"ugL{ ;;L{sf] cWofo /x]sf] 5 . cf]l8;L ;;L{nfO{ ptf/]sf 5g\ . t/ g]kfnLsf] lgldQ of] gfd gf}nf] x'g'kg{] . dxfsljn] of]
dxfsfJosf dxfgfos ofqL cf]l8l;o;n] ljZj ljhosf] sfdgf /fv]/ 3'Db} hfFbf k'/fsyf s;/L g]kfnLdf NofOk'¥ofpg' eof] xf]nf . oBlk dxfsljn] dfofljgL ;;L{
cfÇgf of]4fx¿ ;lxt} ;;L{ a;]sf] cfOofcfOof 6fk"df cjt/0f u/] . ToxfF ;;L{n] n]vs ] f] s]xL jif{kl5 ef/tjif{sf dxfg\ ;|i6f lg/b ;L rf}w/Ln] b slG6g]G6 cj\ ;;L{
tL ;a} of]4x¿nfO{ kf]zgsf Kofnf lknfP/ s;}nfO{ ;'Fu'/, s;}nfO{ efn', s;}nfO{ cyf{t\ ;;L{sf] dxfb]z zLif{s Ps lgaGw ;ª\u|x -!(^%_ n]v]sf 5g\ . To;
af3 l;+x h:tf hLjx¿df kl/0ft ul/lbOg\ . wGo cf]l8l;o; dfq ar]sf lyP s[ltdf pgn] ef/tjif{nfO{ g} ;;L{sf] dxfb]z cyf{t\ hfb"6g' fsf] /x:odo b]z eGg]
kl5 pg}n] ltgLx¿nfO{ d'Qm u/fP/ ToxfFaf6 kmls{{P . kl5 kl5sf lu|;]nL cy{df k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . o; s[ltn] ljZj k'/:sf/ klg kfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df
syfx¿df ;;L{sf a]Un} ;+:s/0fx¿ klg cfPsf 5g\ . slj x]l;cf]8n] ;ftf}F To:t} hfb"6g' f df]xgLsf] s'/f 5 ls ;'Gb/ dlte|d u/fpg] ¿ksf] s'/f 5 ls jf c¿
ztfAbLdf /r]sf]] lyof]uf]gL zLif{s sljtfdf a]Un} syf 5 . kl5 Nofl6g efiffdf s]xL 5, df}lns s[ltsf] cWoog kZrft\ dfq} tL s'/f eGg ;lsPnf k/Gt' Ps lu|;n] L
elh{nåf/f /lrt u|Gy Plg8Plg8df cs{} syf 5 . h; cg';f/ Ps hgf of]4fkfq b]jLnfO{ g]kfnL e"lddf ptfg{s ' f] kl5 s'g /x:o lyof] xf]nf, of] s'/f clxn];Dd v'ns ] f]
O6fnLsf] Ps 6fk"df k'u]sf] a]nf Pp6f 3g3f]/ h+unaf6 cfPsf] eoª\s/ lrTsf/ 5}g, kl5 v'Nb} hfnf .
clg /f]bg qmGbg ;'g]/ To;sf] j0f{g o;/L ub{5 M
ca d dxfsljn] k|dv ' rl/q agfpg'ePsL csf{] v08sfJosL gflosf
l;qmL r'8F fNg vf]Hb} uh{s
] f af3x¿ k|fh] /lkgf
/lkgfsf] af/]df s]xL s'/f k|sfz kfg{ rfxG5' . k|fh] /lkgfnfO{ k|fh] /lkgL cyjf
qm'4 ePsf bf/] ag]nsf 3'/fOx¿ k|fh ] /kfOg klg elgPsf] 5 . ;;L{ lu|;n ] L ;Eotfdf pTkGg eP/ /f]d x'bF } cGoq
efn'sf 8/ nUbf cfjfhx¿ k'us ] f] b]lvG5 eg] k|fh ] /lkgfsf] ufyf /f]daf6 pTkGg eP/ cGoq uPsf] 5 . pgL
AjfF;fsf /f]bgx¿ ;'Gbf klg Ps /f]dg u8]; cyf{t\ /f]dg b]jLsf] ¿kdf lrlglG5g\ . k|fh] /lkgf cGg kmnkm"n
hxfhL ofqLsf sfg} aGb x'g vf]h] .. s[lif Pjd\ pj{/tfsL b]jL dflglG5g\ .
cf]l8;; h:t} Plg8 gfdsf] Ps lu|;n] L dxfkfq klg ofqf ubf{ub{} /f]dsf] lu|;n] L / /f]dg ;Eotf em08} ;Fus } f x'g\ w]/} s'/f lu|;n] Laf6 /f]dglt/ cfPsf]
O6fnL k'us ] f] lyof] . oxL bGTosyfdf ;;L{n] kz'df kl/0ft u/]sf dflg;x¿sf] Toqf] 5 . /f]daf6 ptf klg uPsf] 5 . k|f]h/lkgfsf] k'/fsyf klg lu|;]nLaf6 /f]ddf
uh{g ;'lgof] . o;/L cf]l8;;\b]lv Plg8;Dd cfpFbf cf7;o jif{ JotLt eP . cfPsf] xf] / b'jl} t/sf gfdx¿ a]Unfa]Un} x'G5g\ . lu|;n] Ldf k/;Lkmf]gL tyf pgsL
To;a]nfsf cg]s sljn] ;;L{ ufyf n]Vt} uP kl5 cfP/ dxfg\ /f]dg slj cf]le8n] dftf lbldt/af6 hGd]sL k'qLsf] syf /f]ddf cfPsf] syf xf] . /f]dgx¿n] klg
Ol:j ;+jt\ ;'? x'g] a]nfdf d]6fdkmf{]l;; -¿kfGt/0f_ zLif{s s[lt n]v] . o; s[lt pgnfO{ pj{/f zlQmsL b]jL dfg], cGgkft s[lif sd{sL b]jL l;l/;sL k'qL dfg] . /f]dsf]
-kGw|j6f k':tsx¿sf] Pp6} ;ª\ux| d]6fdkmf{l] ;;_ df @%) hlt k'/fsyfx¿ Pp6f kj{tdf pgsf] dlGb/ /x]sf] 5 / /f]dsf ljlzi6 gf/Lx¿sf] lgldQ oL b]jL cfbz{
n]lvPsf 5g\ . ltg}dWo] Psdf ;;L{sf] klg ljj/0f /x]sf] 5 . ;;L{sf] aofg ubf{ /x]sL 5g\ . k|fh] /lkgf Ps k|sf/n] cwf]nf]s -cG8/jN8{_ If]ql;t ;Da4 b]jL x'g\ .
s'g} k'iksf] /; cyjf c¿ d/dznf yk]/ hfb"6g' f u/]/ zlQmjw{s /; tof/ kf/L j;GtCt'sf] cfudg ePkl5, afnLgfnL a9\g yfn]kl5 gjhLjg rqm b]lvg yfn]kl5
d[To' / k'ghL{jgsf] rqm;Fu} pgsf] ;Demgfdf k"hf x'G5 . k|fh] /lkgf k;L{kmf]gL h] eP aofg lbPsf 5g\ . Nofl6g efiffdf Ps bh{ghlt o;sf ;+:s/0fx¿ 5g\ . :yfgsf,
tfklg ‘k|f:] k/’ Nofl6g d"n zAbfy{n] eG5 pGglt, ljsf;, k|ult cflb . hldgsf] kfqsf, 36gfsf, ;;fgf cGt/ x'G5g\ t/ cem c¿sf] cfb]zdf Kn'6f] b]jtfn]
pj{/tf / hLjgsf] gjLgtfnfO{ o; gfdn] ;ª\st] u5{ . cwf]nf]saf6 k|fh] /lkgfnfO{ 5f]l8lbg] eP t/ pgn] lxF8g\ ] a]nfdf cgf/sf 5j6f laofF
t/ Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f s] 5 eg]— cflb sfnb]lv g} gf/L / k'?ifn] cfcfÇgf tL o'jtLnfO{ vfg lbPsfn] ubf{ 5 dlxgf cwf]nf]sdf / 5 dlxgf k[YjLdf cfpg'kg{]
zlQmsf] k|of]u / k|bz{g ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . gf/Lx¿n] an / zlQmsf] k|of]udf cfkm" eof] . ljZjk|l;4 snfsf/ 8fG6] u|Øfla|n /f]h6] Låf/f lgld{t Ps ;'Gb/ j:q wf/0f
kl5 k/] tfklg dfofljgL ¿k lnP/, df]xgL ¿k lnP/, k'?if hfltnfO{ ;Ddf]lxt ug{,] u/]sL hLjGt o'jtLsf] xftdf clnslt af]qmf] 5f]8fOPsf] kfs]sf] cgf/sf] bfgf 5 .
jzLs/0f ug{] cflb syfx¿ y'k|} n]lvPsf 5g\ eg] csf{lt/ kfZrfTo ldyx¿df ToxfF /ftf bGtnx/ h:tf kmn b]lvG5g\ . tL o'jtL xftdf kmn wf/0f u/L cGodgis
k'?ifåf/f gf/Lsf] ckx/0fn] Hofb} 7"nf] lyd jf syfj:t' agfPsf] 5 . To;f] t k"jd{ f e} ToxfF 3f]l/PsL 5g\ . ;fob pgdf 5 bfgf cgf/sf laofF vfO;s]kl5sf] of]
klg gf/Ls} ckx/0fl;t hf]l8Psf /fdfo0f, dxfef/t nufotsf c¿ syf ufyfx¿ ;j{gfzsf] l:ylt lrGtf x'gk' 5{ . ca 5 dlxgf k[YjL 5 dlxgf cfwf]nf]s ug{k' g{] eof]
klg 5g\ . t/ klZrdn] o;df ;+;f/nfO{ lht]sf] 5 . cflbsfnsf lu|;]nL syf, lg ¤ cem} klg j;Gt Ct' nfu]kl5 5 dlxgfsf] nflu k|fh] /lkgf k[YjLdf cfpFl5g\ clg
/f]dg syfdf gf/Lsf] ckx/0f / k'?ifsf] an k|bz{g hxfF klg b]lvPsf] 5 . 5 dlxgf Kn'6f]l;t a:g cwf]nf]sdf hflG5g\ . o; syfsf] s'g cy{ jf :j¿knfO{
] /lkgfsf] syfdf klg of] syfsf] d'Vo c+z jf d"n lydrflxF k|f]h/lkgfsf]
k|fh dxfsljn] ;FufNg' eof] xf]nf Tof] eGg ;lsFbg} . o;sf] cfzo rflxF ;f}Gbo{ If0feª\u/'
ckx/0f xf] . pgdf /x]sf] ;f}Gbo{, zlQm / 1fgk|lt k'?ifsf] nf]e / O{iof{ xf] . 5 / of] kfg ug{ b]jtfx¿ klg nfnflot 5g\ eGg] xf]nf . o; ufyfsf] cy{ k"hf
ubf{ub{} k'hgLo b]jLx¿ n'l6Psf 5g\, k'?ifsf] sfd, qmf]w, ;f}o{ ;a} Ps;fy rn]sf]
cwf]nf]saf6 k|fh] /lkgfnfO{ ToxfFsf b]jtfn] ckx/0f u/]kl5 cfdfn] pgsf] b]lvG5 . o; ufyf egf}F ldyssf] k|efjn] ubf{ cª\uh ]| L ;flxTosf dxfg\ ;|i6f
vf]hL ug{ yflng\ / s]xL ;dosf nflu pgnfO{ wtL{df lkmtf{ lbOof] . k|fh ] /lkgfsf] cn]Sh]G8/ kf]kn] c7f/f}F ztfAbLdf /]k cj\ b ns -r'N7fsf] ckx/0f_ zLif{s Ps
oxL syfn] g} /f]dg ;flxTo el/Psf] 5 . cwf]nf]ssf b]jtfn] tL o'jtLnfO{ rf]//] k|l;4 v08sfJo n]v] . cfh klg To;sf] k7gkf7g xFb' } 5 . ToxfF cfÇgf] ;f}Gbo{sf]
nu]sf] 36gfnfO{ k|fh ] /lkgfsf] anfTsf/ -/]k cj\ k|fh
] /lkgf_ egL gfd lbPsf] 5 . cledfg ug{] Ps o'jtLsf] s]z /fzLsf] ckx/0f ePsf] 5 . pgsf] ;f}Gbo{sf] cledfg
tLg xhf/ jif{ cufl8 z'?ePsf] of] ldys k'/fsyfdf cfwfl/t lydn] /f]dg bl08t 5 . o'jtL, sGof, k/:qL cflbnfO{ ckx/0f ug{] k'?if v]nsf] :yfkgf slxn]
k'ghf{u/0fsfnsf cg]sf}F slj, jf:t'lzNkL, syfsf/x¿, d"lt{sf/x¿nfO{ 7"nf] k|/] 0ff eof] s;}n] eGg ;Qm}g lsgls b]jtfx¿ klg To;}df ;+nUg lyP . tL klg 5n5fd
k|bfg u¥of] . leG;]g\ hf] /f]zLn] agfPsf] Ps snflrqdf Åi6k'i6 z/L/ ePsf uy{], e]if abNy] .
;Dk"0f{ gUg ¿ksf cwf]nf]ssf b]jtfn] To:t} gUg¿kdf /x]sL pj{/f zlQmsL b]jL
k|fh] /lkgfnfO{ xftn] ;dft]/ prfnL j/k/ x]b}{ s'wfPsf] Pp6f t:aL/ 5 . kfZrfTo @))$ ;fndf lnlvt dfofljgL ;;L{ / @)!) ;fndf k|sflzt ;'Gb/L
lrq / d"lt{df o:tf xhf/f}F lrq / d"lt{ xf]nfg\ . csf{] n'sf luof]bf{gf]n] agfPsf] /]k k|fh] /lkgf b'js
} f k|lt dbg k'/:sf/ k':tsfnodf jf sfxLF cWo]tfsf cfjf;df ;'/lIft
cj\ k|fh] /kfOg zLif{s lrqdf klg lz/df d's6' wf/0f u/]sf x§fs§f alnof b]jn] xf]nfg\ . olt k[i7e"ld k|:t't u/]kl5 o;sf cfwf/df cGo cWo]tfn] klg c¿ cy{
c¿ ;f/fn] x]bf{xb] {} gbL lsgf/af6 l6k]/ tL ;'Gb/LnfO{ p8fPsf] b]lvG5 . csf{] Ps v'nfpg ;Sg]5g\ . cyf{t\ csf{]kN6 d cfkmF} klg n]vf}Fnf .
r]sf gfds k]G6/sf] lrqdf rf/3f]8] aUuLdf xfn]/ ;dft]/ p8fPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L o;sf] ;f/f+z s] x'G5 eg]— dxfsljsf] p2]Zo c;Lldt lyof] . tf:sGb
of] ufyfn] slt snfsf/ slt lrGts sljnfO{ k|l] /t u¥of] of] elg;fWo 5}g . of] ;Dd]ngdf -@)%*_ df pxfFn] eGg'ePsf] 5— ljZjsf cGo efiff ;flxTosf] ultljlwaf/]
d'Vo lu|;]nL ldysdWo] Ps xf] . xfdL cgle1 eP/ g]kfnL ;flxTo kl5 k/]sf] 5, cg'jfbsf cefjn] xfd|f] ;flxTo kl5
Nofl6g efiffdf a]Un} lu|;n] Ldf a]Un}, cg]s ;+:s/0f 5g\ . cem lu|;n] Ldf tf k/]sf] 5 . cfhsf] t'ngfdf @)!$–!% ;fndf g]kfnL ;flxTo ev{/ slnnf] lyof]
Kn'6f] gfds b]jtfn] k|fh
] /lkgfnfO{ ckx/0f u/]sf] s'/f 5 . of] k|fh] /lkgfsf] OR5f tyflk cGo efiffdf k'uf},F cGo ;Eotf lrgf}F / tLl;t cfbfgk|bfg a9f];\ g]kfnL hfltn]
ljkl/t s'/f lyof] . dxfslj cf]le8n] cfÇgf] ;ª\sng d]6fdkmf]l{ ;; ;;df o; syfsf] ljZjsf] sNkgf ug{ ;sf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] g} pxfFn] o:tf lu|;n] L ufyf g]kfnLdf Nofpg'

ePsf] lyof] . xfdLn] rflxF ltgsf] ;ª\st] a'em]g5f},F cy{ a'em]g5f},F tL /TgbfgfnfO{ sfo{kq
3fF; k/fnn] 5f]k/] hldg d'lg ufl8/fv]5f}F . oL tf kf7Øqmddf /fv]/ xfd|f
kf7snfO{ lu|;n] L ofqfdf nfg'kg{] xf]Og / <
t];f| ] e"uf]ndf k'u—
] sf]O/fnfsf] g]kfn–ef/t–k|mfG;–a]nfot . o;/L Jofks
ljZjsf] ofqf ug{ gofF e"uf]ndf k'u/] n]Vg] c¿ s'g} g]kfnL ;|i6f b]lvPsf] 5}g . ;d;fdlos ;flxlTos ;Gbe{df dxfslj b]jsf]6f
;Gbe{ ;"lr — 8f= /fdk|;fb 1jfnL
— lu| s dfOyf] n f] h L dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f g]kfnL ;flxTosf s]Gb|Lo k|ltef x'g\ . pgL
— dxfsflj b] j sf] 6 f hGd ztfAbL :dfl/sf, l;nu9L -@))*–@))(_ cfÇgf] ;dosf ;r]t, pQ/bfoL, b"/bzL{ / gful/s r]tgf ePsf ;flxTosf/ lyP .
— dxfslj b]jsf]6f :df/s JofVof ;ª\u|x— b]jsf]6f :d[lt;ef sn}of, af/f, :jR5Gb z}nLdf :jtM:km"t{ cleJolSt lbg] k|jl[ Qsf ;|i6f eP klg pgn] gful/s
-@)%(_ bfloTjaf]w u/]/ g} ;flxTo l;h{gf u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] pgsf /rgfdf cfÇgf] o'usf]
— /rgf
/rgf, dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f ljz]iffª\s k"0ff{ªs
\ !)$ -@)^^_ ;dsfnLgtf jf ;d;fdlostf kfOG5 . g]kfnL sljtf / g]kfnL lgaGw b'j} ljwf
— dxfslj JofVofgdfnf
JofVofgdfnf— g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg -@)^(_
— a[xt\ /Tg g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf k|fof]lus v08 -@)^*_ pgLaf6} cGt/f{li6«o :t/df p7\g ;'? ePsf x'g\ . syf, gf6s, uLt cflb ;flxTosf
— e[s'6L dxfslj b]jsf]6f ljz]iffª\s— -@))^_ cGo ljwfx¿df klg pgsf] pNn]vgLo of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . pgn] cfÇgf l;h{gfx¿df
g]kfnL hghLjgsf ljleGg kIfx¿nfO{ uDeL/ ;+jb] gfsf ;fy ;Daf]wg u/]sf 5g\ .
b]zelSt, /fli6«o :jfledfg tyf /fli6«o d'lSt r]tgfsf kIfdf pgn] lbPsf] cleJolSt
-dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] !)^ cf}F hGdhoGtLsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn Ps]8d] Lsf] klg k|z;+ gLo 5 eg] ;fd|fHojfb, pklgj]zjfb / lj:tf/jfbsf lj?4 klg pgsf] snd
kB ljefuåf/f cfof]lht Pslbg] ;ª\uf]i7Ldf k|:t't sfo{kq -sflt{s $–@)&!_ rn]sf] 5 . cfhsf] g]kfnL ;dfhdf /x]sf juL{o pTkL8g, hftLo e]befj, n}ªl\ us
zf]if0f, ljb]zL x:tIf]k cflb cg]s ;d:ofx¿ pgsf] ;dodf klg ljBdfg lyP . tL
;d:ofnfO{ pgn] o'ufg'sn " x'g] u/L ;Daf]wg u/]sf 5g\ . To; ;Daf]wgsf qmddf
pgn] p7fPsf sltko d'2fx¿ cfhsf ;Gbe{df klg plQs} ;fdlos / ;fGble{s
/x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] pgnfO{ cfhsf] ;fdlos ;Gbe{df klg x]g{ ;lsG5 / x]g{' klg
k5{ . o; ;fgf] n]vdf pgn] ;Daf]wg u/]sf tL ;Gbe{x¿nfO{ ;ª\st] sf txdf /
k|ltlglwd"ns ¿kdf ;Demg] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 h'g g]kfnL ;dfhdf cfh klg plQs}
68\sf/f] ¿kdf ljBdfg 5g\ / ;fdlos ;Gbe{df klg ljZn]if0fLo 5g\ .
!= juL{o d'2fdf ;d;fdlos b]jsf]6f

g]kfnLx¿ cfh klg juL{o d'lSt cfGbf]ngsf nflu ;ª\3if{ ul//x]sf 5g\ .
aflx/af6 x]bf{ g]kfnLx¿df ;of}F ;d:ofx¿ b]lvG5g\ tfklg s]Gb|Lo ;d:of eg] juL{o
g} /x]sf] 5 . juL{o ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g] xf] eg] g]kfnLsf ;d:ofx¿dWo] clwsf+z
;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg x'g ;S5 . To;}n] juL{o pTkL8gaf6 d'lStsf] d'2f jt{dfg
g]kfnsf] klg ;d;fdlos d'2f xf] . dxfslj b]jsf]6fn] sljtf sfJosf] ofqf ubf{ ;'?
;'?df juL{otfsf] cy{ ga'em]/ tyf kl5 kl5 juL{otfsf] ;d:ofnfO{ a'em]/ sljtf sfJo

/r]sf 5g\ h'g cfh klg ;fGble{s b]lvG5g\ . juL{o d'2f d"ntM cfly{s / Goflos r'gf}tL;d]t lbPsf 5g\ . o;df p7fOPsf] juL{o d'2f cfh klg ;dfKt eO{ g;s]sfn]
ljifo;Fu glhs x'g] u5{ . cfly{s ljifdtf, cfly{s zf]if0f, >ddflysf] zf]if0f / of] sljtf cfh klg ;fdlos g} 5 .
cy{zlStsf andf ul/g] >dhLjLdflysf] pTkL8g cflb s'/fx¿ o; ljifo;Fu b]jsf]6fsf] juL{o kIfw/tf / gful/s clwsf/k|ltsf] b[9 cfafh ‘o'ujf0fL’
;DalGwt x'G5g\ . g]kfnL ;dfh cfh klg cfly{s ljifdtf / Goflos c;dfgtfsf] klqsfsf] ;Dkfbg / To; ;dosf pgsf sljtfx¿df klg d'vl/t ePsf] kfOG5 .
r]kaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . o;} sf/0f nfvf}F g]kfnLx¿ cfh klg a]/f]huf/ 5g\† clzlIft pgsf ‘;fF9,] af3n] aRrf lsg vfG5 < efFrF" efFrF" nfU5 snd, 8fodg s's/' ’ cfflb
5g\† ljb]zlt/ knfog eO/x]sf 5g\ /g]kfndf cfh klg juL{o zf]if0f r/df]Tsif{df g} cg]s sljtfx¿df juL{o pTkL8g / ;fdGtjfbsf lj?4 cfqmf]z tyf Joª\Uo kfOG5
5 . To;}n] of] ljifo ;d;fdlos ;Gbe{x¿dWo] d'Vo ;Gbe{ g} xf] . eg] hgkIfLo kl/jt{gsf nflu ;Gb]z klg kfOG5 .
dxfslj b]jsf]6fn] juL{o ;d:ofnfO{ cfÇgf] sfJoofqfsf] k|f/Deb]lv g} p7fpg w]/} d5{g\ yf]/} afFR5g\ 7'nf] df5f GofofwLz 5,===
;'? u/]sf x'g\ . oBlk sfJoofqfsf] k|f/Dedf pgn] juL{o ;r]ttfsf ;fy sljtf gn8L sf]xL x'Gg ljh]tf,===
n]vs ] f] b]lvGg tfklg efjgfsf txdf pgL juL{o pTkL8gsf lj/f]wL g} b]lvG5g\ . ha af3n] d[u vfg cfF6s ] f] b]V5' ;fyL,
‘d'gf dbg’ sf] syf g]kfnL ;dfhdf /x]sf] cfly{s ljifdtf / juL{o ;d:ofs} syf ta d]/f dlSsPsf x8\8Ldf klg bwLlrsf cfTdfsf] eoª\s/ an k;]/ af]Ng
xf] . d'gf–dbgsf] gfos dbg x\nf;f hfg' cfly{s ;ª\s6af6 d'lSt kfpsf nflu yfN5=== h:tf cleJolStx¿df pgsf] juL{o r]tgf k|R5Gg ¿kdf d'vl/t ePsf]
ljkGg ju{åf/f ul/Psf] tTsfnLg k|oTg lyof] . gflosf d'gfn] klt x'bF fx'bF } klg 5 . o:tf] cleJolSt cfhsf cg]s k|ultzLn sljx¿n] clxn] klg lbO{ g} /x]sf
kltaf6 6f9f a;L lj/xL hLjg latfpg afWo x'g' / PSnL ePsLn] u'G8faf6 5g\ eg] o:t} lsl;dn] cleJolSt lbg'kg]{ cj:yf cem} klg /lx/x]s} x'gfn] klg b]jsf]6f
;tfOg'sf] l:ylt klt lab]l;Psf cfhsf kTgLx¿n] klg a]xf]l//x]s} 5g\ . x\nf;faf6 cfh klg ;fdlos / ;fGble{s g} b]lvG5g\ .
kms]s { f] dbg /f]un] ylnP/ cfpg'sf] l:ylt c/alt/af6 /f]ufP/ g]kfn kmls{/x]sf dxfslj b]jsf]6fn] ‘s[lifafnf’ -uLltgf6s_ sf dfWodaf6 p7fPsf] cfafh
cfhsf o'jf o'jtLx¿;Fu ldNbf] b]lvG5 . ;'vsf nflu k/b]z uPsf] g]kfnL hLjg cfhsf] ;Gbe{df klg plQs} ;fGble{s 5 . s[lifafnfdf pgn] >dhLjL ls;fgsf]
kL8f, /f]u, Joyf / b'vfGt ef]Ug ljjz ePsf] syf d'gf dbgdf g} 5 . of] cj:yf clwsf/sf nflu ju{ ;ª\3if{ / ;fd"lxs ljb|fx] sf] ;Gb]z lbPsf 5g\ . ls;fgsf]
c/a tyf cGo b]zdf uPsf g]kfnLx¿sf] hLjgdf cfh klg 3l6t eO/x]sf] 5 . clwsf/sf] d'2f cfh klg p:t} 5 . >ddflysf] zf]if0f cfh klg eO/x]s} 5 /
:j¿k km]l/Psf] cjZo xf] t/ cGtj{:t' cfh klg pxL 5 . v'nf ¿kdf 5/k:6 eP/ To;sf lj?4sf] cfGbf]ng cfh klg hf/L g} 5 . s[lifafnfn] u/]sf] dfu cfhsf
w]/} dfqfdf b]lvPsf dfq x'g,\ ;d:of cfh klg p:t} 5g\ . ef]ufOsf ¿kdf s]xL ;Gbe{df klg plQs} dfu g} ePsfn] / Tof] dfu cfh;Dd k'/f gePsfn] pSt cfafh
leGgtf b]lvPsf] xf], ef]ufOut kL8fg'el" t cfh klg p:t} 5g\ . To;}n] d'gf–dbg cfhsf ls;fgsf] cfafh klg xf] . o; uLltgf6sdf pgn] s[ifsx¿sf clwsf/ /
v08sfJon] b]jsf]6fnfO{ ;d;fdlos ;Gbe{df ;d]t plQs} dxŒjk"0f{ b]vfpF5 . juL{o pTkL8gaf6 hgtfsf] d'lStsf nflu o;/L cfx\jfg u/]sf 5g\ M
oBlk g]kfnL ;dfh cfh juL{o ;r]ttfsf b[li6n] b]jsf]6fsf] o'usf t'ngfdf wtL{sf] of] dflnSofOF 7fn'af6 vf];
w]/} a9L ljsl;t cj:yfdf 5 tfklg b]jsf]6fsf] ;dodf h:t} juL{o ;d:ofx¿ cfh Ps} cfafh u/ ls;fg Ps} 8Nnf] agL
klg 5/k:6 g} b]lvG5g\ . cfhsf ;|i6fx¿n] juL{o ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]/ w]/} g} xHhf/ ul/a Psflt/ csf{lt/ wgL
/rgfx¿ ul//x]sf 5g\ eg] dxfslj b]jsf]6fn] klg ju{ut ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]/ xftdf nf7L n]pm ls;fg t;f{pg" vfln
cg]s sljtf sfJox¿ n]vs ] f 5g\ . pgsf To:tf /rgfx¿df pTkLl8t juL{o cfkm" ltdL gxlRsP ulnhfG5 hfnL
kIfw/tf kfOG5 . km'6s/ sljtfx¿sf s'/f ubf{ of] r]tgf ls;fg, jg h:tf juL{o kIfw/tfsf] cleJolStsf s'/f ubf{ dxfslj b]jsf]6fn] @)!% ;fndf
sljtfx¿df b]vf kb}{ cfPsf] xf] t/ o; r]tgfsf] k|R5Gg ¿k ;j{ky| d ‘kxf8L k'sf/’ ?;sf] tf;sGbdf lbPsf] k|jrg klg ;Demg'kg]{ x'G5 h'g k|jrgf cfhsf] ;Gbe{df klg
n3'sfJodf b]vf k¥of] . kxf8L k'sf/df pgL >dhLjL ls;fg, dhb'/ / pTkLl8t dxŒjk"0f{ b]lvG5 . pgn] ?;df ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;flxTo ;Dd]ngdf ;fd|fHojfb,
ju{sf kIfdf v'n/] af]ns ] f 5g\ . o;df /f0ffsfnLg ;fdGtL /fHoJoj:yfsf lj?4 pklgj]zjfb / lj:tf/jfbsf lj?4df / /fli6«o cl:tTjsf kIfdf af}l4s cleJolSt lbFb}
rsf]{ ljb|fx] 5 eg]juL{o zf]if0f ug]x{ ¿sf lj?4 hfOnfUb} pgn] pTkL8s ju{nfO{ v'nf ;flxTonfO{ pTkL8s ju{sf lj?4df x'g] u/L zlStzfnL af}l4s xltof/sf ¿kdf
pkof]u ug'k{ g]{ wf/0ff k|:t't u/] . pgn] ToxfF eg]— æhLjgsf lglDt ljgfzsf lj?4, / hghfltk|ltsf] ;Ddfg efjnfO{ sflJos cleJolStåf/f k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . ‘s'l~hgL’,
;xcl:tTjsf lglDt ;}lgs cfqmd0fsf lj?4 cfw'lgs dfgj hfltsf] dxfg\ ;ª\3if{n] ‘n"gL’ / ‘Dx]Gb"’ v08sfJox¿ o;sf k|df0f x'g\ . @))) ;fndf /lrPsf] ‘s'l~hgL’
hfu?s hut\df zlStzfnL ;dy{g kfpg yfn]sf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf ;flxTo df u'?ª hfltnfO{, @))! ;fndf /lrPsf] ‘n"gL’df z]kf{ hfltnfO{ / @))# ;fndf
dflyNnf] ju{sf] ;f]vsf] ljifo aGg ;Sb}g . ca of] ;dfh / hgtfsf] xftdf Pp6f /lrPsf] ‘Dx]Gb"’ df tfdfª hfltnfO{ gfosTj k|bfg u/L hftLo e]befj lj/f]wL
7'nf] xltof/ ePsf] 5 .Æ o; cleJolStdf ;flxTon] /fli6«o d'lSt cfGbf]ng / dfGotfsf] sflJos k|f¿kLs/0f pgn] u/] . oL v08sfJox¿sf dfWodaf6 pgn]
hgtfsf kIfdf uDeL/ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'k{ g]{ s'/fdfly hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 / of] s'/f g]kfn ;a} hfthfltsf] ;femf b]z xf] / ;a} hfltn] plQs} ;Ddfg / ;dfg cj;/sf]
cfhsf ;Gbe{df klg plQs} cfjZos b]lvG5 . cfh n]lvPsf clwsf+z sljtf tyf clwsf/ /fVb5g\ eGg] ;dfj]lztfsf] dfGotfnfO{ k|:t't u/] . of] ;d:ofhftLotf /
cGo ;flxTonfO{ uDeL/ eP/ x]l/of] eg] clwsf+z /rgfdf oxL cfafhnfO{ k|sf/fGt/n] ;dfj]lztfsf] d'2fsf ¿kdf cfh klg /lx/x]sf] / b]jsf]6fn] pltv]/} o; ;d:ofnfO{
cleJoSt ul/Psf] kfOG5 . juL{o kIfw/tf ;DaGwL o:tf] ;fdlostf b]jsf]6fsf uDeL/tfsf ;fy ;Daf]wg u/]sf] kfOPsfn] pgL o; ;Gbe{df klg plQs} ;fdlos /
cg]s cleJolStdf e]6g\ ;lsG5 . of] t k|ltlglw cleJolSt dfq xf] . o; cy{df ;fGble{s b]lvG5g\ .
klg b]jsf]6f cfh klg plQs} ;fdlos / ;fGble{s 5g\. ;dfj]lztfsf] s'/f ubf{ cfhsf] 68\sf/f] d'2fsf ¿kdf blntsf] d'2f klg /x]sf]
5 . cfh klg a|fx\d0f IfqLx¿af6 dfq geO{ cGo hfltaf6 ;d]t cfÇgf] hfltleqsf
@= hftLo tyf ;dfj]lztfsf] d'2fdf ;d;fdlos b]jsf]6f blntdfly 5'jf5't nufotsf cg]s ckdfghgs Jojxf/ ul/G5g\ . blntdfly x'bF }
g]kfnL ;dfh / g]kfnL hLjg cfh klg hftLo e]befjaf6 pGd'lSt vf]Hb} 5 cfPsf o:tf cltl/St pTkL8gnfO{ b]jsf]6fn] glhs}af6 b]vs ] f lyP . To;}n] pgsf]
eg] ;dfj]zL klxrfgsf nflu klg ;ª\3if{ ul//x]sf] 5 . hftLo lje]b / blnt Wofg blntsf ;d:oflt/ klg k'us ] f] b]lvG5 . ‘bdfO{+ bfO’, ‘el/ofn] ef/L prfNof]’
pTkL8g cfhsf] g]kfnsf k|dv ' d'2fx¿df k5{g\ . ;lbof}bF l] v bafOPsf blnt, cflb s]xL sljtfx¿df pgn] o; d'2fnfO{ p7fPsf 5g\ M
hghflt / dlxnfx¿ juL{o pTkL8gsf ;fy} hftLo pTkL8gaf6 klg d'lSt vf]lh/x]5g\ . ‘l;of]sf] 6'Kkf]n] d'6' laHof] bdfO{+ bfO,
o; ;d;fdlos ;Gbe{;uF hf]8/] x]bf{ klg dxfslj b]jsf]6fsf /rgfx¿ pNn]vgLo cfhnfO{ b]zn} fO{ b]v/]
g} 5g\ . dxfslj b]jsf]6fn] hftLo lje]b / o;} lgx'dF f ul/g] cdfgjLo Jojxf/sf] hh{/ kftdf ls/fn] bdfO+{ bfO
lj/f]w /f0ff zf;gsfnb]lv g} ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . ‘d'gf dbg’ v08sfJoaf6 pgn] b]zbzf emnSs} n]v/] ’ h:tf cleJolStdf pgn] blntsf] d'2fnfO{ ;Daf]wg
o;sf] z'ef/De u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; v08sfJodf pgn] >dhLjL hgtfsf] hLjg u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; cleJolStn] pgsf] o; lsl;dsf] efjgfsf] k|ltlglwTj u5{ .
l:yltsf] pb\3f6g ug's { f ;fy} >d u/]/ vfg] ju{kl| tsf] kIfw/tf k|:t't u/]sf] pko'S{ tafx]s klg cg]s sljtfx¿df pgn] k/Dk/f, hflt, wd{, ;+:s[lt,
b]lvG5 . To; ;dodf ef]6] hfltnfO{ s'nLg ju{sf dflgg] afx'g IfqLx¿n] 3[0ffsf cGwljZjf; cflbsf cfwf/df x'g] u/]sf c;dfj]zL / hftLo ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{
b[li6n] x]y{] . tNnf] hfltsf ¿kdf dfq geO{ ufO{vfg] hflt eg]/ ;d]t hfltjfbL 3[0ff o:tf s'/faf6 ;dfh / hLjgnfO{ d'St ug'k{ 5{ eGg] ;Gb]z lbPsf] kfOG5 . o:tf
ul/GYof] . b]jsf]6f o; ;To;Fu kl/lrt lyP eg] o; k|rngk|lt c;Gt'i6 klg ;fIox¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ x]bf{ cfhsf] hftLo tyf ;dfj]lztfsf] d'2fdf klg dxfslj
lyP . To;}n] pgn] ‘d'gf dbg’ df cfÇgf cfbz{ ljrf/sf] k|If]k0fsf nflu ef]6] b]jsf]6f ;fdlos / ;fGble{s b]lvG5g\ .
hfltsf] >dhLjL tyf dfgjLo kfqnfO{ g} /f]h] . dbgsf] /Iff / ;]jf ug]{ dxfg\ kfqTj
ef]6n] fO{ k|bfg u/L dfG5]sf] dxfgtf hfltdf xf]Og, ;Tsd{ / ;]jfd'vL ;b\efjgfdf x'G5 #= n}ª\lus d'2fdf ;d;fdlos b]jsf]6f
eGg] cfbz{ ljrf/sf] k|If]k0f u/] . ‘If]qLsf] 5f]/f] of] kfp 5'G5 l3gn] 5'bF g} , dflg; gf/Ldflysf] pTkL8g g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;lbof}bF l] v b]lvFb} cfPsf] 7'nf] ;d:of xf]
7'nf] lbnn] x'G5 hftn] x'bF g} ’ eGg] cleJolStsf dfWodaf6 pgn] o; d'2fnfO{ / of] ;d:of cfh klg oyfjt\ 5 . cfh gf/L clwsf/sf gf/fx¿ ;fdlos d'2fsf
;flxTodf hLjGt kf/]/ p7fP . ¿kdf hf]8tf]8sf ;fy p7]sf 5g\÷p7fOPsf 5g\ eg] gf/L d'lStsf] cfGbf]ng cg]s
hftLo e]befj lj/f]wL o; d'2fnfO{ b]jsf]6fn] ‘d'gf dbg’ df dfq ;Lldt :j¿kdf rln/x]s} 5 . gf/Lsf o:tf ;d:of;Fu b]jsf]6f klg kl/lrt lyP . pgn]
/fv]gg\ . kl5 kl5 n]vs ] f sljtf sfJox¿df klg pgn] o; d'2fnfO{ p7fPsf 5g\ o; d'2fnfO{ klg cfÇgf] sljtf ofqfsf] ;'?b]lv ;Daf]wg ub}{ cfPsf] kfOG5 . d'gf
dbgdf tTsfnLg g]kfnL gf/Lsf JoyfdWo]sf] Ps :j¿k b]vf k5{ t/ of] v08sfJo sljtf ofqfsf] klxnf] r/0fb]lv g} ;fdfGo r]tgfsf ;fy o; d'2fnfO{ p7fpg yfn]sf
gf/Lsf] ;d:ofnfO{ g} s]Gb|df /fv]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] s[lt lyPg . @))# ;fndf x'g\ eg] bf];f| ] r/0fb]lv ;r]t ¿kdf / kl5Nnf] r/0fdf cfqmfds ¿kdf g} o; d'2fnfO{
k|sflzt ‘;'nf]rgf’ dxfsfJodf pgn] gf/Lsf tTsfnLg d'Vo ;d:ofdWo]sf] Pssf] p7fPsf] kfOG5 . pgn] Toltv]/ p7fPsf tL d'2f cfh klg ;dfwfg eO{ g;s]sfn]
lrq0f u/] . pgn] o;df gf/Ldfly x'g] dftflktfsf] cgk]lIft lgoGq0f / To;sf] o; ;Gbe{df klg b]jsf]6f ;d;fdlos b]lvG5g\ .
kl/0ffd:j¿k pTkGg x'g] kfl/jfl/s ;d:ofnfO{ Psflt/ b]vfP eg] cgd]n ljjfxsf] b]jsf]6fn] ‘jg’ zLif{ssf] sljtf -klxnf] r/0f_ b]lv g} nf]stflGqs r]tgf
;d:of / ljwjf gf/Lsf] ;d:ofnfO{ csf{lt/ p7fP . g]kfndf ljwjf ljjfx cfh klg k|:t't ug{ yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . o; sljtfdf :jtGqtfk|ltsf] tLj| rfxgf JoSt ePsf]
;xh / ;/n 5}g eg] /f0ffsfndf t Tof] c;Dej h:t} lyof] . t/ b]jsf]6fn] o; 5 -cGt:s/0fsf] :jtGqtf of] t/ 5 cxf ¤ cgdf]n_ . ;Tosf kIfdf ;Demf}tfxLg
dxfsfJodf ljwjfsf] ;d:of dfq b]vfPgg\, lah'nL gfds gf/L kfqsf] rl/q lrq0fsf ;ª\sNk ul/Psf] 5 -d}n] af]n— F] lry/f nfpF5' ;To d 6]Sb5' efO_ . jL/x¿sf]
dfWodaf6 ljwjf ljjfxnfO{ ;fdflhs :jLs[lt lbOg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf cl3 ;f/] . alnbfgsf] houfg ul/Psf] 5 -d}n] af]nF] jL/x¿sf] alnbfg ePsf] 7fpF_ . ;fdflhs
tTsfnLg l:yltdf of] r]tgf k|:t't ug'{ gf/Ldfly x'g] u/]sf pTkL8gsf lj?4df bfloTjsf] ;Gb]z lbOPsf] 5 -afNg' 5 aQL cem 5 cFw/] f] ;+;f/_ . oL s'/f cfhsf
lbOPsf] 7"nf] xfFs / dxŒjk"0f{ qmflGt r]tgf lyof] . afn ljjfx, cgd]n ljjfx, ljwjf klg cfjZostf / cfbz{ x'g†\ To;}n] ;d;fdlos 5g\ . o; sljtfdf k/f]If ¿kdf
ljjfx / s]xL xb;Dd k|d] ljjfx ;d]t cfhsf] ;dodf ;d:ofsf ¿kdf g} /x]sfn] /f0ffsfnLg zf;gsf] lj/f]w 5 h;nfO{ nf]stflGqs r]tgfk|ltsf] tTsfnLg kIfw/tfsf
b]jsf]6fsf] pSt k|oTgnfO{ ;fdlos ;Gbe{df klg pNn]vgLo dfGg'k5{ . ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
‘nIdL syf ;ª\ux| ’ sf s]xL syfx¿n] klg gf/Lk|lt b]jsf]6fsf ;sf/fTds dxfsljn] cfkm"leqsf] nf]stflGqs r]tgfnfO{ klxnf] k6s a9L lxDdt /
wf/0ff a'‰g ;xof]u u5{g\ . g]kfnL ;dfhdf gf/L hfltdfly x'g] u/]sf cfly{s tyf ;r]t hfu[ltsf ;fy k|:t't u/]sf] rflxF ‘kxf8L k'sf/’ n3'sfJob]lv xf] . /f0ffzf;g
cltl/St n}ªl\ us pTkL8g;Fu b]jsf]6f kl/lrt lyP .To;}n] pgsf] dgdf gf/L sfndf /lrPsf] o; n3'sfJodf b]jsf]6fn] juL{o pTkL8gsf lj?4df / :jtGqtf,
hfltk|lt ;xfg'el" tsf ;fy} ;Ddfg efj klg lyof] . pgn] cGw ljZjf; / k/Dk/fsf gful/s cl:tTj / k|hftGqsf kIfdf qmflGtsf/L :j/ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . :jtGqtf
¿kdf gf/Ldfly x'g] u/]sf cGofosf s]xL ¿ksf] pb\3f6g u/]/ o;lt/sf] cfÇgf] / gful/s clwsf/sf kIfdf v'n/] k|:t't ePsf pgn] o;df ;Rrf dflg;n] a? dg'{
;+jb] gf k|s6 u/]sf] b]lvG5 . oBlk zlStzfnL ¿kdf ljb|fx] L gf/L kfqx¿sf] ljwfg plrt x'g] t/ bf;tf ;x]/ a:g gx'g] wf/0ff k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . o; sljtfdf
u/]sf] b]lvGg t/ kLl8t gf/Lk|ltsf] ;xfg'el" tdf pgsf] of] kIfw/tf d'vl/t ePsf] cleJoSt nf]stflGqs r]tgfsf] sflJos :j/ o:tf] 5 M
b]lvG5 . cfÇgf v08sfJo tyf dxfsfJox¿df gf/LnfO{ g} gfosTj / pbfQtf Hofg} kf] hfcf];\ k|f0f} kf] hfcf];\ kjf{x ub{g} f},F
lbnfpg'n] klg pgsf] gf/Lk|ltsf] ;Ddfg efjnfO{ atfpF5g\ . Dx]Gb', s'l~hgL, n"gL, dflg;nfO{ rflxg] xs glnO{ 5f8\bg} f}F
zs'Gtnf, ;'nf]rgf nufotsf gflosf kfqx¿ v8f u/L ltgLx¿k|lt b]vfPsf] kIfw/tfn] dg'{ t Pslbg cjZo k5{ kz' em}F glhpmF
o; s'/fsf] k'li6 u5{g\ . tfTko{ s] eg] dxfslj b]jsf]6f n}ªl\ us pTkL8gsf klg dflg; xf}F eg] dflg; em}F lhpmF dflg;sf] xs lnpmF
lj/f]wL lyP / cfÇgf sljtf / syfx¿df pgn] o; ;DaGwL cleJolSt lbPsf 5g\ . ‘o'ujf0fL’ klqsfdf k|sflzt b]jsf]6fsf cg]s ;DkfbsLo / sljtfx¿, ‘OGb|g] L’
pgn] p7fPsf gf/L ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg cem} klg eOg;s]sf] kl/k|I] odf klqsfdf k|sflzt b]jsf]6fsf cg]s sljtfx¿ tyf ‘s[lifafnf’, ‘k|ldy;’ nufotsf
pgsf To:tf n]v /rgfx¿klg cfhsf ;Gbe{df ;fdlos g} nfU5g\ . cGo /rgfb]lv ?;df lbOPsf] k|jrg cflbdf b]jsf]6fleqsf] nf]stflGqs r]tgfn]
cleJolSt kfPsf] 5 . /rgfx¿df pgn] p7fPsf nf]stflGqs d'2fx¿sf] ;dfwfg
$= nf]stGqsf] d'2fdf ;d;fdlos b]jsf]6f x'g cem} afFsL /x]sfn] o; ;Gbe{sf pgsf /rgfx¿ klg cfhsf ;Gbe{df ;d;fdlos
nf]stflGqs g]kfnsf] :yfkgf cfhsf] d'Vo ;d;fdlosljifo ag]sf] 5 . / ;fGble{s g} 5g\ .
;dfhnfO{ nf]stflGqs agfpg' eg]sf] ;To / Gofosf] :yfkgf ug'{ xf]† hgtfsf] hLjg
:t/ p7fpg' xf]† b]znfO{ ljsl;t agfpg' xf] / ;a} ju{, ;a} hft, ;a} wd{, ;a} %= dfgjLo d"No/Iff / dfgjtfsf] d'2fdf ;d;fdlos b]jsf]6f
;Dk|bfosf dflg;x¿sf] dxTTjnfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug'{ xf] . dxfslj b]jsf]6fn] cfhsf] g]kfnsf] d'2fsf ¿kdf dfgjLo d"No/Iff / dfgjtfsf] d'2f /x]sf
5g\ . qm"/ lx+;fn] pTkGg u/]sf 3fpx¿df dnd nufpg'kg]{ l:ylt cfh ag]sf] 5 To:t} b]jsf]6fn] s]xL ;do lzIffdGqL ag]/ lzIff If]qdf sfd u/] . pgn]
/ dfgj clwsf/sdL{x¿ ;d]t o; d'2fdf af]ln/x]sf] l:ylt 5 oBlk cem} klg To; ;dodf u/]sf sfdsf] k|efj cfh;Dd b]Vg ;lsG5 eg] ;dfh ;]jfsf ¿kdf
;dfwfg x'g ;s]sf] Goflos l:ylt 5}g . dxfslj b]jsf]6f ;'?b]lv g} dfgjLo d"Nosf] klg s]xL e"ldsf lgjf{x u/] . tL e"ldsf klg pNn]vgLo /x]s} 5g\ . g]kfn k|1f
/Iff ub}{ dfgjtfsf] lj:tf/sf nflu sflJos cf/fwgf ub}{ cfPsf slj x'g\ . pgn] k|lti7fg –tTsfnLg gfd ‘/f]on g]kfn Ps]8d] L’ sf] :yfkgfsf nflu pgn] lgjf{x u/]sf]
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7f6af6sf nflu e|i6 x'bF } uPsf] / Tofu / ;dk{0faf6 6fl9Fb} uPsf] 5 . ;d;fdlos ;S5g\ < gful/ssf] bfloTj s] xf] < cu|hx¿sf of]ubfgnfO{ s;/L ;Demg'k5{ <cflb
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:jKg b]jsf]6fn] plxNo} ‘jg’ zLif{ssf] sljtfdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . To; sljtfdf ;fGble{s 5g\ . o;} u/L pgL g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ g]kfndf dfq} / g]kfnL efiffdf dfq}
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o; sljtfdfkm{t pgn] nf]esf] ;+:sf/ / cf8Da/sf] ;+:s[lt Tofu]/ Tofu / dfgjtfsf] cg'jfb u/L ljZjdf km}nfpg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf /fVy] / cfkm"n] To; ;dodf hlt ug'{
;+:sf/ / ;+:s[lt cFufNg ;Gb]z lbPsf 5g\ h'g cfhsf] g]tT[ jsf nflu klg plQs} ;Dej lyof] o;tkm{sf] sfo{ klg u/] . pgsf] Tof] ;f]r / k|oTg cfh klg cg's/0fLo
dxTTjk"0f{ 5 eg] ;fdlos klg 5 . cfhsf] g]tT[ jn] o:tf s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ / cfbz{ sfo{sf ¿kdf 5g\ . cfh To; lbzfdf klg sfo{x¿ eO/x]sf 5g\ tyflk
g;s]sf] b]lvgfn]of] k|Zg cfh klg ;fdlos ag]sf] 5 . pgn] ;f]r] h:tf] ljsf; To; lbzfdf eO;s]sf] l:ylt 5}g . To;}n] o; s'/fdf klg
dxfslj b]jsf]6fsf ;a}h;f] /rgfdf dfgjLo d"Nosf] vf]hL /x]s} 5 . zf;s b]jsf]6f ;fdlos / ;fGble{s /x]sf 5g\ .
ju{sf dfG5]nfO{ geO{ zfl;t ju{sf dfG5]nfO{ pgn] ljz]if dxTTj lbPsf 5g\ / ltgsf
;+jb] gfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf 5g\ . cfhsf] g]kfnsf] n8fOF ;j{;fwf/0f dflg;nfO{ ^= lgisif{
t'R5 dfg]/ dgkl/ ug]{ zf;s ju{sf lj?4sf] n8fOF klg xf] . dxfsljn] o; lsl;dsf] dfG5]sf nflu wtL{ / cfsfz tyf xfjf / kfgL cflb k'/fgf eP/ klg oL s'/f
ljrf/nfO{ hxfF hxfF k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ ToxfF ToxfF o; ljrf/n] ;d;fdlos ;Gbe{;uF d]n ;b}j ;fdlos / ;fGble{s eP em}F dxfg\ ;|i6f / dxfg\ ;flxTo k'/fgf eP/ klg ;b}j
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dfgjLo d"Nosf kIfdf h] h:tf] cfafh d'vl/t u/]sf 5g\ To;df klg oxL s'/f / ;flxTon] ltg} cfj]u / ;+ju] x¿nfO{ ;dofg'sn" x'g] u/L ljleGg :j¿kdf k|s6
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t/ ;Gb]zsf ¿kdf rflxF dfgjLo d"No / dfgj hLjgsf] /Iff g} /x]sf 5g\ . ;fdGtL alg/xG5 . dxfslj b]jsf]6fsf /rgfnfO{ klg o;} tfTko{df lng'k5{ . pgn] cfÇgf
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pTkL8s ju{ cfh klg k|ldy;sf] zf;sem}F lgb{oL / pTkL8s 5 . To;}n] cfhsf] x:tIf]k sd ug{, clzIff 36fpg, juL{o pTkL8g sd ug{, ul/aL / a]/f]huf/L sd
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oLafx]s b]jsf]6fn] cGw ljZjf;, ;fdflhs s'/Llt, wfld{s cf8Da/, /fhgLlts plQs} d"Nojfg\, ;d;fdlos / ;fGble{s 5 eGg ;lsG5 .●
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;Gbe{df klg b]jsf]6fnfO{ ;d;fdlos / ;fGble{s dfGg ;lsG5 . kB ljefuåf/f cfof]lht Pslbg] ;ª\uf]i7Ldf k|:t't sfo{kq -sflt{s $–@)&!_

n]v klg xf] . oL ;a} b[li6af6 x]bf{ k"j{:yflkt dfGotfsf cfwf/df g]kfnL sljtfdf
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;"rssf ¿kdf b]vfk5{ .
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cfw'lgstfjfbsf clenIf0fsf cfwf/df g]kfnL sljtfsf] cfw'lgs sfnsf]
:j¿k tyf k|jl[ Q cjlw xfn;Dd sl/a cf7 bzs /x]sf] 5 . dfWolds sfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf]
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;do g} cfw'lgs sfn xf] . g]kfnL sljtfsf] cfw'lgs sfnsf] yfngLsf ;DaGwdf
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sf]zLo ¿kdf cfw'lgs zAb ;doaf]ws ag]/ cly{G5 / o;n] kl5Nnf] cltzo lgoda4tf, cg'zf;g, ;+oldt / lgolGqt n]vg, cf}krfl/stf, tLj|
;donfO{ ;ª\st] ub{5 . cfw'lgs zAb tT;d cw'gf cJoo zAbdf Os k|Too lzNk;r]ttf cflbsf lj?4 nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6faf6 zf:qLo lgoda4 cg'zf;gnfO{
nfu]/ ag]sf] ljz]if0f zAb xf] . o;} cfw'lgs zAbdf tf k|Too nufpFbf cfw'lgstf tf]8]/ cgf}krfl/s z}nLdf c;+oldt / clgolGqt pGd'Qm cfj]usf ;fy sljtf
gfd zAbsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . cfw'lgs zAb Nofl6g efiffaf6 Jo'TkGg cª\uh ]| L l;h{gf ug{ yflnPkl5 kl/isf/jfbL wf/fsf dfGotfx¿ lzlyn x'g yfn] / b]jsf]6fsf]
modern sf] / cfw'lgstf zAb modernity sf] g]kfnL ¿kfGt/ xf] . cfw'lgstf g]t[Tjdf g]kfnL sljtfn] Pp6f ljlzi6 df]8 lnof] . cem ljz]iftM zf:qLo
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/ gjLg k|j[lQ;fk]If cy{ a'emfpF5 . sljtfx¿ kl/:sf/jfbL k|j[lQsf lj?4df :jR5GbtfjfbL k|j[lQsf ePsfn]
kfZrfTo ;flxTodf h:t} g]kfnL ;flxTodf klg cfw'lgstfjfbL lrGtg / :jR5GbtfjfbL wf/faf6 g} g]kfnL sljtfsf] cfw'lgs sfn ;'? ePsf] dflgG5 .
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kfZrfTo ;flxTosf] cfw'lgs ;Gbe{ / g]kfnL ;flxTosf] cfw'lgs ;Gbe{sf aLr w]/}
csf]{ cfwf/ xf] . g]kfnL sljtfsf] cfw'lgstfsf clenIf0f, ljz]iftf / k|j[lQnfO{
leGgtf kfOG5 .
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JolQmljz]ifaf6 dfq geO{ o;sf k5fl8 Pp6f 7"nf] k[i7e"ld / lgwf{/s cfwf/ clt;ª\lIfKt ¿kdf o;k|sf/ b]vfOG5 M
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;f+:s[lts cflb k[i7e"lddf x]gk{' b{5 . cfw'lgstf sfnv08 dfq geP/ k|jl[ Qljz]if ug]{ cfu|x cflb .

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tTsfnLg pkl:yltn] g]kfnL sljtfdf cfw'lgstfsf ;fy} :jR5GbtfjfbL k|jl[ Q lelqPsf] :jR5GbtfjfbL wf/fleq s]xL j]un} lsQfsf ¿kdf k|ultjfbL k|jl[ Q klg ldl;g
kfOG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df !((@ h]7sf] zf/bf klqsfdf ltjf/Lsf] dfv{s ' f] 5x/f cfOk'us ] f] b]lvG5 . s]xL ljåfg\x¿n] k|ultjfbL wf/fnfO{ leGg} wf/fsf ¿kdf klg
zLif{ssf] pgn] k|yd uBsljtf egL n]vs ] f] pQm sljtf k|sflzt ePkl5 / uf]kfnk|;fb dfg]sf] kfOG5 -kf08]o, @)%% M #$–$#^_ .
l/dfnsf] !((@ kmfu'gsf] zf/bf klqsfdf sljsf] ufg zLif{ssf] uBsljtf ‘;flxTodf k|ultjfb eGgfn] dfS;{, Pª\un] , n]lgg cflbn] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] /
k|sflzt ePkl5 zf:qLo 5Gbdf sljtf n]Vg] k/Dkl/t dfGotf elTsPsf] b]lvG5 . ljsl;t ePsf] bz{gsf] To; ljlzi6 wf/f;Fu cfwfl/t /xg uPsf] ljrf/wf/f xf], h'g
‘l/dfnn] 5Gbsf] aGwg tf]8/] , gofF kbfjnL l;h{gf u/]/, clg laDa / k|tLssf] k|of]u b[li6sf]0f /fhgLlts If]qdf ;fDojfb, bz{gsf If]qdf åGåfTds ef}ltsjfb, Oltxf;sf]
u/]/ sljtfsf] ¿k cToflws km]/’] ->]i7 / zdf{, @)$^ M %!_ eg] nIdLk|;fb cWoogsf If]qdf P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfb, ;fdflhs If]qdf ;dfhjfb, cfly{s If]qdf
b]jsf]6fn] k"/} kl/:sf/jfbL sfJodfGotfsf ljk/Lt /x]/ snd rnfP . !((! df cltl/Qm d"Nosf] l;4fGt / snf ;flxTo If]qdf ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfb elgG5 .

jf:tjdf k|ultjfbnfO{ dfS;{jfbL bz{gsf] cjt/0fsf ¿kdf af]w ug{ ;lsG5 r]tgf, o'uLg oyfy{sf] cleJolQm, dfgjk|d] / /fi6«kd]| sf] cleJolQm, :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf
-ltdl;gf, @)%( M !%%_ tfklg :jR5GbtfjfbL wf/f;Fu} g]kfnL sljtfdf k|ultjfbL / e|ft[Tj, ;fdflhs zf]if0fsf] lj/f]w, xflb{stf, ;xhtf, k|0fok/stf, o'4sf] lj/f]w,
wf/f klg ldl;g cfPsf] geO{ :jR5GbtfjfbL wf/fleq k|ultjfbL k|jl[ Q klg ;Fu} o'uLg kL8fsf] cleJolQm, zf:qLo lgoda4 n]vgsf] kl/Tofu, :jR5Gb n]vgz}nLsf]
b]lvPsf] kfOG5 . o; cjlwsf sljtfdf k|ultjfbsf] åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbeGbf j/0f, cg'kf| ;o'Qm ;/n t/ cfnª\sfl/s efiffz}nLsf] k|of]u, efjcg'sn" laDa /
ljb|fx] , cfqmf]z / qmflGtr]tgf a9L kfOG5 . o;} k[i7e"lddf :jR5GbtfjfbL wf/fleq} k|tLssf] k|of]u cflb ljz]iftf kfOG5g\ . :jR5GbtfjfbL wf/f uf}0f x'bF } uO{ k|of]ujfbL
k|ultjfbL sljtf klg n]lvg yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . ‘:jR5Gbtfjfb / k|ultjfb k/:k/ wf/f / To;kl5sf] ;d;fdlos wf/f;Dd klg jf cfh;Dd klg s]xL sljx¿n] o;}
lj/f]wL ePsfn] tL b'j} Ps} 7fpFdf cfPsf] geO{ :jR5GbtfjfbL jf cGo sljx¿sf wf/fsf ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ sljtf n]vs ] f] kfOG5 . :jR5Gbtfjfbf]Q/
sltko sljtfdf 5'66\ } tyf :jR5Gb 9ª\un] k|ultsf] sfdgf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;} ;dosf t/ o;} efjwf/fdf /x]/ sljtf n]Vg] sljx¿nfO{ gj:jR5GbtfjfbL /
;Gbe{af6 g]kfnLdf k|ultjfbnfO{ :jR5Gbtfjfb;Fu} hf]8/] :jR5GbtfjfbL–k|ultjfbL gjk|ultjfbL klg elgPsf] kfOG5 -lqkf7L, @)$^ M !$$_ tfklg g]kfnL sljtfdf
eGg] u/]sf] klg kfOG5, t/ oL b'O{ PsLs[t ¿kdf cfpg] jfb xf]Ogg\ . :jR5GbtfjfbL k|ultjfb jfbsf ¿kdf gcfO{ k|jl[ Qsf ¿kdf cfPsfn] :jR5GbtfjfbL d"n wf/fleq
ljb|fx] fTdstfleq k|ultzLntf vf]Hg ;lsG5 t/ Tof] g} k|ultjfb rflxF xf]Og . o;} k|ultjfbL k|j[lQ lelqPsf] b]lvG5 .
;dofjlwdf ljleGg sljx¿sf k|ultjfbL b[li6sf]0fn] cf]tk|ft] y'k}| sljtfx¿ k|sflzt cfw'lgs sfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf] :jR5GbtfjfbL wf/fsf sljtfdf b]lvPsf
ePsf b]lvG5g\’ -n'O6]n, @)^) M @$!_ . d"ne"t k|jl[ Qx¿nfO{ tnsf s]xL a'bF fx¿df :ki6 kf/]/ b]vfOPsf] 5 M
o;/L g]kfnL sljtfdf :jR5GbtfjfbL wf/f;Fu} / o;} cGtu{t k|ultjfbL != sljtf n]vgdf zf:qLo lgod / cg'zf;gsf] kl/Tofu,
sljtfsf] klg k|jz ] ePsf] kfOG5 . ‘@))$ ;fndf /f0fflj/f]wL x'gfn] cfTdlgjf{;g @= pGd'Qm cfj]u, sNkgfsf] c;Lldt p8fg / :jR5Gb jf :jtGq lsl;dsf]
eO{ agf/; k'u/] ToxfF o'ujf0fL
jf0fLsf] ;Dkfbg ub}{ === kxf8L k'sf/ k|sflzt u/fP/ n]vglt/ em'sfp,
g]kfnL hfltnfO{ /f0fflj?4 h'Wg hfu?s agfpg] nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f === qmflGtlagf #= d"nt M k|sl[ tsf] cfGtl/s :j¿ksf] lrq0f / c+ztM afx\o:j¿ksf] lrq0f,
zflGt x'bF g} eg]/ sljtfTds cleJolQm lbg] Pjd\ 5 jif{;Dd ‰ofnvfgfdf a;]/ $= ctLtk|ltsf] df]x, jt{dfgk|ltsf] c;Gt'li6 / eljiok|ltsf] :jlKgn sNkgf,
;j{:j;d]t x/0f ul/Psf l;l4r/0f >]i7 nufotsf sljx¿af6 k|ultjfbL g]kfnL %= oflGqstf, h8tf / aGwgsf lj?4 qmflGtsf/L ljb|fx] L r]tgf Pjd\ d'lQm /
sljtfsf] k|jt{ g ePsf] xf]’ -clwsf/L, @)%^ M &(_ . To;kl5 uf]kfnk|;fb :jR5Gbtfsf] rfxgf,
l/dfnnufotsf sljx¿n] o;sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/] . b]jsf]6f, l;l4r/0f / ^= :jR5GbtfjfbL–k|ultjfbL r]tgfleq ljZjdfgjtfjfbL b[li6sf]0f,
l/dfndf :jR5GbtfjfbL k|jl[ Q a9L / k|ultjfbL k|jl[ Q s]xL sd b]lvG5 eg] o'4k|;fb &= /fli6«otf, :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf, ljZjaGw'Tj / k|sl[ tk|d] sf] cleJolQm,
ld> nufotsf sljx¿df :jR5GbtfjfbL k|jl[ Qleq} k|ultjfbL k|jl[ Q s]xL a9L *= jt{dfgsf ljljw c;ª\ultx¿k|lt ;zQm Joª\Uo / cfqmf]z,
kfOG5 . e"lk z]/rg klg o; wf/fsf ;zQm slj x'g\ . (= k|0fok/s cleJolQm / gf/Lk/s lrGtgsf ;fy} hLjgjfbL lrGtgsf] cleJolQm,
:jR5GbtfjfbL wf/fsf] d'Vo ;do jf pTsif{ sfn !((! b]lv @)!^ ;Dd eP !)= ;xh, ;/n / ;Dk|i] o efiffz}nLsf] k|of]usf ;fy} efj / lzNksf aLrsf] ;Gt'ng,
klg o;sf] k|efj eg] cBfjlw;Dd /x]sf] kfOG5 . k|of]ujfbL wf/f ;'? ePkl5 !!= ljleGg kl/j]zaf6 lnOPsf laDa / k|tLssf] k|of]usf ;fy} cg'kf| ; / cGo
:jR5GbtfjfbL wf/fsf] jr{:j / k|efj sd eP klg o; wf/fdf snd rnfO/x]sf :jfefljs cnª\sf/sf] k|of]u,
k'/fgf sljx¿sf] ;d"x klg l;h{gzLn g} b]lvG5 . nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] sfJoofqfsf] !@= ;fª\uLltstf jf no;f}Gbo{kl| tsf] ljz]if cg'/fu cflb .
bf];f| ] r/0flt/af6 o; :jR5GbtfjfbL wf/fleq} k|ultjfbL 9fFrfsf :j/x¿ ;lDdlnt
ePsf] kfOG5 . o; wf/fsf sljtfdf efjgfsf] ;xh / :jt:km"t{ cleJolQm, #=@= k|of]ujfbL wf/f -@)!& b]lv_
sNkgfzLntf, pGd'Qm efjfj]z, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts r]tgf, k|sl[ tr]tgf, ljb|fx] L / k|of]ujfbL wf/f :jR5GbtfjfbLsf] Jolt/]sdf cfPsf] wf/f xf] . g]kfnL sljtfsf]
qmflGtsf/L r]tgf, lj;ª\ultk|lt Joª\Uo, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts lj;ª\ultsf] cfw'lgs sfnsf] k|of]ujfbL wf/fsf] jr{:j /x]sf] ;do eg]sf] @)!& b]lv otfsf] ;do
lrq0f, k|ultjfbL dfgjtfjfbL b[li6sf]0f, oyfy{jfbL / kl/jt{gwdL{ r]tgf, /x:ojfbL xf] . :jR5GbtfjfbL wf/fkl5sf] / ;d;fdlos wf/fk"js { f] cjlwnfO{ g]kfnL sljtfsf]
k|of]ujfbL wf/fsf] o'u dflgG5 . k/Dkl/t :jR5GbtfjfbL efj'stf, k|ultjfbL /fhgLlts cfGbf]ngn] klg k/Dkl/t ;flxTonfO{ r]K6f] ;flxTo dfg]/ To;sf lj?4df gofF
cfu|x / tTsfnLg kl/jlt{t /fhgLlts kl/l:yltsf sf/0f sljx¿n] cleJolQmsf] lsl;dsf] l;h{gfsf] cfu|x /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . cfofd]nLsf cg';f/ k/Dkl/t ;flxTodf
leGg} tl/sf ckgfP/ n]Vg yfn] / o; qmddf gofFgofF k|of]ux¿ ug{ yfn] . o;} nDafO / rf}8fO dfq 5, ulx/fO 5}g, To;sf/0f ;flxTodf t];f| ] cfofd cyf{t\ ulx/fO
qmddf @)!& ;fnsf] ¿k/]vffdf df]xg sf]O/fnfsf] 3fOt] o'u sljtf k|sflzt ePkl5 x'gk' 5{ . cfVofg / ;dfnf]rgfdf OGb|axfb'/ /fO{ / sljtfdf O{Zj/aNne Pjd\
sljtfsf] efj, efiff / z}nL cflbdf gjLg k|of]u lelqof] . To;sf/0f k|of]ujfbL a}/fuL sfOFnf o; wf/fdf ;zQm b]lvG5g\ . k|jl[ Qut ¿kdf k|of]ujfbL sljtf /
wf/fsf] yfngL df]xg sf]O/fnfaf6 ePsf] dflgG5 . g]kfnL sljtfdf k|of]ujfbL wf/f cfofd]nL sljtfsf aLr vf;} leGgtf gkfOP klg cfofd]nL sljtfsf cfkm\g} s]xL
kfZrfTo ;flxTodf h:tf] jfbsf ¿kdf gcfP/ k|of]usf ¿kdf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ljlzi6tf 5g\ . cr]tg cg'el" tsf tt\If0ftfdf dg'io / hLjgsf ;Dk"0f{tfnfO{ ;dfTg]
k/Dkl/t ?l9sf lj?4 jf k|rlnt dfGotfeGbf leGg lsl;dn] gofF / ljlzi6 r]i6f ug',{ r]K6f] efj'stfaf6 hf]luP/ ulx/fO / af}l4stfnfO{ u|x0f ug',{ cd"t{
lsl;dsf k|of]ux¿ u/]/ n]lvPsf sljtfnfO{ k|of]uzLn sljtf elgG5 / g]kfnL lrqsnfsf] efifftkm{ ?lr lng', j}olQms cfj]unfO{ eGbf cfGtl/s j:t'tfnfO{ ;dfTg'nfO{
sljtfsf ;Gbe{df o:t} sljtfnfO{ k|of]ujfbL dflgPsf] 5 . cfVofglg/k]If nfdf] cfofd]nL sljtfsf k|dv ' k|jl[ Q dflgG5 . oLdWo] w]/} k|jl[ Qx¿ k|of]ujfbL sljtfsf
sljtf n]vg o; wf/fsf] d'Vo k|flKt xf] . klg k|j[lQ x'g\ .
k|of]ujfbn] k/Dkl/t dfGotfsf ;6\6fdf gjLg k|of]usf dfGotfnfO{ cjnDag k|of]ujfbL wf/fsf] o; cjlwdf k|of]usf sltko gofF dfGotf jf :yfkgf
u/]/ ljlzi6tf b]vfpF5 . @)!& ;fndf /fhgLlts bnx¿dfly k|ltaGw nflu :j¿k s]xL sflJos cfGbf]ng jf cleofgx¿ klg b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . cfofd]nL
k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ;"qkft ePkl5 cleJolQm :jtGqtfdf klg k|ltaGw nfUof] . cfGbf]ng -@)@)_, /fNkmfnL cfGbf]ng -@)@#_, c:jLs[t hdft -@)@^_,
o;k|sf/ k|ltalGwt ;fdflhs /fhgLlts kl/l:yltsf sf/0f cleJolQmsf] gofF tl/sfsf] cdn]v -@)@^_, oª\u /fO6;{ k|m:6 -@)#!_, a'6kfln; -@)#!_ o; cjlwsf
vf]hLsf ¿kdf / k/Dkl/t n]vgsf Jolt/]sdf k|of]ujfbL wf/fsf] hGd ePsf] xf] . k|d'v sflJos cfGbf]ngx¿ x'g\ . t];|f] cfofdsf gfdaf6 k|rlnt cfofd]nL
cª\uh]| Ldf Experimentalism eg]/ lrlgg] k|of]ujfb d"ntM af}l4stfk"0f{ c;Dk|i] o cfGbf]ng bflh{lnª\uaf6 ;'? ePsf] a9L rlr{t cfGbf]ng xf] . ;g\ !(^# -@)@)_
n]vgsf ¿kdf lrlgG5 . k|yd ljZjo'4kl5 klZrdL ;flxTodf 6L=P;=Olno6, Ph|f sf] t];|f] cfofd klqsfdf t];|f] cfofd cfGbf]ngsf] 3f]if0ff k|sflzt ePkl5 /
kfpG8 cflbn] o'4hGo ;ª\s6u|:t dfgl;stf / To;af6 pTkGg o'uLg c;xdltnfO{ cfofd]nL cfGbf]ngsf] d'vkq km"n kft kts/ kts/df cfofd]nL /rgfx¿ 5flkg
JoQm ug{ cd"t{ lrGtgnfO{ dfWod agfP/ sljtf l;h{gf ug{ yfn] / cfVofgljxLg yfn]kl5 of] cfGbf]ng cToGt rlr{t / ljjfbf:kb klg ePsf] kfOG5 . lSni6,
nfdf sljtfx¿ n]Vg yfn] . o; lsl;dsf sljtfnfO{ kfZrfTo ;flxTodf k|of]ujfbL b'?x, c;Dk|]io, cd"t{ / hl6n Pjd\ af}l4s lsl;dsf sljtfn]vg, ljb|f]xL r]tgf,
sljtf elgPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnL ;flxTosf ;Gbe{df eg] @)!& sf] /fhgLlts o'uLg s'07f, lg/fzf / c;Gt'li6, lj;ª\ultaf]w, dfgjLo cl:tTj / d"NoxLgtf,
kl/j{gsf sf/0f pTkGg kl/l:yltnfO{ k|of]ujfbL sljx¿n] sljtfdfkm{t\ cfkm\gf hLjgsf ;Dk"0f{tfsf] cleJolQm, cr]tg dgsf tTIfl0fs cg'e"ltsf] cleJolQm,
c;Gt'li6x¿ cleJoQm u/]sf 5g\ . o; ;dosf sljx¿ b'?x, c;Dk|i] f0fLo tyf ljleGg lsl;dsf ldys, laDa / k|tLssf] k|of]u, hLjgsf cfzf, lg/fzf, lg:;f/tf,
af}l4s sljtf l;h{gftkm{ k|jQ [ ePsfn] kf7s / sljtfsf] ;DaGw qmdz M IfL0f d[To' cflbsf] cleJolQm, cd"t{ lrqsnfsf] k|efj cflb o; wf/fsf sljtfdf kfOg]
x'G5 . a9L af}l4stfk"0f{ / cd"t{ n]vgsf sf/0f hl6n / b'?x ag]sf k|of]ujfbL d'Vo ljz]iftf x'g\ .
sljtfdf k"jL{o / kfZrfTo ldys Pjd\ laDax¿sf] k|z:t k|of]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 eg] g]kfnL sljtfsf] :jR5GbtfjfbL wf/fkl5sf] ;zQm / d"nwf/f eg]sf] k|of]ujfbL
k|foM ;a} k|of]ujfbL sljx¿n] laDaax'n sljtf n]vs ] f] kfOG5 . df]xg sf]O/fnf, wf/f g} xf] tfklg o; cjlwdf kl/isf/jfbL tyf :jR5GbtfjfbL efj / z}nLsf
a}/fuL sfOFnf, O{Zj/jNne, åfl/sf >]i7, pk]Gb| >]i7, dbg /]UdL, s[i0feQm >]i7, t'n;L sljtfx¿ klg s]xL dfqfsf n]lvPsf] kfOG5 . k|of]ujfbL wf/fsf] pbokl5 :jR5GbtfjfbL
lbj;, tf]of u'?ª, aflg/f lu/L cflb w]/} sljx¿n] o; wf/fnfO{ prfOdf wf/f PSsf;L lj:yflkt geO{ qmdzM uf}0f / IfL0f x'bF } uPsf] jf k|of]ujfbL wf/fsf]
k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . cfudgkZrft\ cf]em]ndf k/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|of]ujfbL wf/fsf] o; cjlwdf sljtfsf
k|of]ujfbL wf/fleq} csf]{ t];f| ] cfofd jf cfofd]nL cfGbf]ng klg b]vfk5{ . If]qdf cToGt gofFgofF k|of]ux¿ ePsf 5g\ . o:tf gofF k|of]ux¿ efj / z}nL b'jd} f
@)@) df bflh{lnªaf6 OGb|axfb'/ /fO{, a}/fuL sfOFnf / O{Zj/aNnen] rnfPsf] o; b]lvP klg efiffz}nLdf a9L ePsf] kfOG5 . sljtfsf] ljiforog, nfdf] sljtf n]vg,
efj, efiff, z}nL cflb ljleGg kIfdf cToGt gofF k|of]ux¿ ug'{ k|of]ujfbL wf/fsf ;Gbe{df_ ;d;fdlos wf/f dflgPsf] 5 . k|of]ujfbL hl6ntf, b'?xtf, lSni6tf,
sljx¿sf] d"n ljz]iftf xf] . c;Dk|i] f0fLotf, cd"t{ tf, cltzo af}l4stf cflbsf lj?4 g]kfnL sljtfn] ;dsfnLg
cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] k|of]ujfbL sljtfdf b]lvPsf d"ne"t sljtfTds hLjgsf ef]ufO / cg'el" tnfO{ ;Dk|i] o efiffz}nLdf cleJol~ht ug{ yfn]bl] vsf] cjlw
k|jl[ QnfO{ ;ª\If]kdf o;k|sf/ a'bF fa4 ul/G5 M g} ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf] cjlw xf] . k|of]ujfbL wf/fsf] ;dofjlwleq}sf ljleGg
!= cltoyfy{jfbL, lj;ª\ultjfbL, cl:tTjjfbL / k|tLsjfbL cr]tg n]vg Pjd\ cd"t{ sflJos cfGbf]ng jf cleofgx¿n] klg ;d;fdlos g]kfnL sljtfsf] k[i7e"ldsf nflu
n]vgsf] ;dli6 k|efj, Pp6f cfwf/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 / kl5Nnf sltko sflJos cfGbf]ng jf cleofgx¿n]
@= cd"t{ lrqsnfsf] k|efj / cr]tg dgsf tTIf0fsf cg'el" tsf] cleJolQm Pjd\ slj / kf7ssf aLrsf] b"/L sd ug{ vf]hs ] f] b]lvG5 . o;/L ;d;fdlos g]kfnL
r]tgk|jfx k4ltsf] k|of]u, sljtfsf] yfngL PSsfl; ePsf] geO{ k|of]ujfbL wf/fsf] ;doleq}af6 qmdzM ePsf]
#= 5Gbf]a4 sljtfx¿df s'g} gofF k|of]u geP klg o; cjlwsf s]xL 5Gbf]a4 kfOG5 . @)#^ sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g;Fu ufFl;Psf] ;8s sljtf qmflGt qmflGtn]
sljtfdf o'uLg oyfy{sf] cleJolQm, /fhgLlts :jtGqtfsf kIfdf sljtfsf dfWodaf6 hgr]tgf hufpg yfn]kl5 ;d;fdlos
$= cToGt af}l4s, laDaax'n cd"t{ n]vg / hl6ntf, b'af]W{ o Pjd\ lSni6tfsf g]kfnL sljtfsf] d'Vo / ultzLn k|:yfg ;'? ePsf] dflgG5 .
sf/0f sljtfdf ;Dk|i] f0fsf] ;ª\s6, cª\uh]| Ldf contemporary elgg] ;d;fdlos zAbn] ;fdfGotof clxn]sf]
%= kª\lQm jf cg'R5]but ¿kdf efj :ki6 geO{ ;dli6ut ¿kdf efju|x0f ug'k{ g]{ jf Ps} ;dosf] eGg] a'emfpF5 . kl/isf/jfbL, :jR5GbtfjfbL / k|of]ujfbL wf/f
sljtfsf] l;h{gf, qmdzM kfZrfTo ;flxTodf classicism, romanticism / experimentalism
^= o'uLg hghLjgn] ef]Ug'k/]sf lj;ª\ultsf] lrq0f / dfG5]sf] hLjgsf lg:;f/tf, h:tf jfbx¿af6 k|efljt eP/ g]kfnL sljtfdf lelqPem}F ;d;fdlos wf/f s'g} (ism)
lg/y{stf, s'07f, lg/fzf / Joy{tfsf] cleJolQm, jf cleofg geP/ cfw'lgs sljtf n]vgsf] ;aeGbf kl5Nnf] ;do / k|j[lQ xf] .
&= hLjgsf] cl:tTj / cl:dtfsf] vf]hL Pjd\ clezKt dfgjhLjgsf] k|:t'ltsf ;fy} /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o ;dsfnLg ljljw 36gf;Gbe{x¿n] sljtfdf k|efj kf5{g\ /
lg/LZj/jfbL–z"GojfbL lrGtgsf] k|:t'lt, o:tf] k|efjdf n]lvPsf sljtfx¿nfO{ ;dsfnLg sljtf elgG5 . ‘;fdfGotof
*= cfVofg/lxt 6'qm] cg'el" tnfO{ ;+of]hg / lj:tf/ u/]/ k|of]uwdL{ nfdf sljtfsf] kfZrfTo ;flxTodf bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5sf sljtfnfO{ ;dsfnLg sljtf elgPsf]
l;h{gf, kfOG5’ (Gilbert, 2001 : 559) . tfklg k|To]s ;dosf] cfkm\gf] ;dsfnLgtf
(= k"jL{o kfZrfTo If]qsf ljljw ldys / laDa Pjd\ k|tLsx¿sf] k|of]usf ;fy} x'G5 . ‘klZrdL ;flxTodf ljz]iftM cª\u|]hL ;flxTodf ;g\ !()% b]lv !(@) sf
:jlgld{t laDax¿sf] ;d]t k|of]u, aLrdf hlGdPsf sljx¿nfO{ cflwsfl/s lsl;daf6 g} k|yd ;dsfnLg sljx¿
!)= z[ªv \ nfljxLg cltzo ljrngo'Qm efiffz}nLsf] k|of]usf ;fy} ax\jyL{ laDa / eg]/ gfd lbOPsf] 5’ -P]hg_ . k|To]s bzssf sljx¿nfO{ To; ;dosf ;dsfnLg
k|tLsx¿sf] k|of]u, slj dfg]/ To; cjlwdf /lrPsf sljtfnfO{ ;dsfnLg sljtf elgPsf] kfOG5 .
!!= k/Dk/feGbf leGg lsl;dsf] ;fª\sl] ts efiffsf] vf]hL, sYo / lzNkdf ‘ljZj;flxTo / cem cª\uh]| L ;flxTosf ;Gbe{df ;dsfnLg sljtf eGgfn] lglZrt
gjLgtf Pjd\ cy{xLg Wjlg;d"xsf] k|of]uåf/f cJofVo]o lsl;dsf sljtfsf] ;dosf] sljtf eGg] dfq a'lemFb}g . o;nfO{ x]bf{ ;dsfnLgtf;Fu ;Da4 eP/
l;h{gf cflb . cfpg] s'/fx¿ h:t} M ;dov08, k':tf / sfJo;Dk|bfox¿n] ;dsfnLgtfnfO{ lgwf{l/t
u5{g\’ -P]hg_ .
#=# ;d;fdlos wf/f -@)#^ b]lv otf_ g]kfnL sljtfsf ;Gbe{df ;dsfnLg sljtf jf ;d;fdlos sljtf eGgfn]
;d;fdlos wf/f k|of]ujfbL wf/fsf] Jolt/]sdf cfPsf] wf/f xf] . g]kfnL k|of]ujfbL clthl6ntfsf Jolt/]sdf b]vfk/]sf] / xfn;Ddsf] kl5Nnf] sljtfwf/f
sljtfsf] cfw'lgs sfnsf] ;d;fdlos wf/fsf] ;do eg]sf] ?9 cy{df @)#^ xf] . k|of]ujfbL wf/fsf] cjlwleq}sf cfofd]nL cfGbf]ngafx]s cGo sltko
b]lvotfsf] ;do xf] . k|of]ujfbL wf/fsf k|jl[ Qx¿ Uf}0f / IfL0f x'bF } uO{ g]kfnL sljtfn] cfGbf]ng jf cleofgx¿ hl6n, b'af]W{ o / c;Dk|i] o sljtfsf Jolt/]sdf g} b]lvG5g\ .
gofF df]8 lng yfn]bl] v otfsf] sl/a ;f9] b'O{ bzssf] cjlwnfO{ -cfh;Ddsf tL cfGbf]ng;Fu ;Da4 clwsf+z sljx¿ / cGo sljx¿n] ;xh / ;/n
Pjd\ ;'af]Wo sljtfdfkm{t kf7s;Fu ;DaGw :yflkt u/] . ;'af]Wo / ;Dk|i] o sljtf != klxnf] r/0f M @)#^ b]lv @)$^ ;Dd
n]Vg] log} sltko sljx¿ ;8s sljtf qmflGt;Fu klg ;Da4 /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . @= bf];f| ] r/0f M @)$& b]lv @)^!÷@)^@ ;Dd
k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] tLj| bdgsf] pTsif{sf] ;dodf @)#^ sf] hgcfGbf]ng pln{of] #= t];f| ] r/0f M @)^@÷@)^# otf
/ sljx¿n] klg hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] lsl;dsf sljtf n]Vg yfn], k|jl[ Qut b[li6n] klxnf] r/0f / bf];f| ] r/0fsf aLr Tolt 7"nf] leGgtf b]lvFbg}
h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ;8s sljtf qmflGtsf gfddf sljx¿ ;ª\ul7t eO{ sljtfnfO{ / oL b'O{ r/0fsf aLrsf] df]8nfO{ 7"n} df]8 jf kl/j{tg dfGg ;lsFbg} tfklg ;fdfGo
;8sdf ptfg{ yfn] . o;} /fhgLlts / ;flxlTos 36gfqmdaf6 g]kfnL sljtfn] kl/jt{g eg] b]lvG5 . To;kl5 b]zsf] cGof]nu|:t /fhgLlt, xTof, czflGt / ;Gqf;
ljlzi6 df]8 lnPsfn] @)#^ otfsf] g]kfnL sljtfnfO{ ;d;fdlos wf/f egL Pjd\ åGåsf sf/0f pTkGg c;xh l:yltsf] af]w krf;sf] bzssf] klxnf] r/0fb]lv
gfds/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . c¿ wf/fx¿sf] yfngL j}olQms ¿kdf Pshgf sljaf6 g]kfnL sljtfdf kfOg] x'gfn] sljtfdf b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts If]qsf]
ePem}F ;d;fdlos wf/fsf] yfngL Pshgf sljaf6 dfq} geO{ ;8s sljtf qmflGt;Fu ;d;fdlos oyfy{ a9L :ki6 ¿kdf d'vl/t ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;kl5sf sljtfdf
;Da4 slj / cGo sljx¿sf] ;fd"lxs ¿kaf6 ePsf] xf] . sltko k|of]ujfbL ;z:q åGåhGo k|efj d'vl/t ePsf] 5 . cem To;kl5 nf]stflGqs–u0ftflGqs
sljx¿n] klg ;d;fdlos wf/fdf ;zQm ¿kdf snd rnfPsf 5g\ tfklg d'Vo r]tgf, /fhtGqsf] lj/f]w cflb efj klg d'vl/t ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnL sljtfsf]
¿kdf kfl/hft, ljdn sf]O/fnf, If]qk|tfk clwsf/L, lbg]z clwsf/L, tf]of u'?ª, ;d;fdlos wf/fsf] klxnf] r/0fsf] yfngL @)#^ df eof] . To; ;dodf o'uLg
lji0f'lje' l3ld/], ejfgL l3ld/], cz]if dNn, ljgo /fjn, lzj clwsf/L, a]~h' zdf{, kl/jt{gsf] 5fn pn]/{ cfof] / To;sf] k|efj g]kfnL sljtfdf k¥of] . To;kl5 Tof]
s[i0f k|wfg, k"0f{lj/fd, uf]ljGb jt{dfg, ljdn lgef, dLgaxfb'/ lai6, piff z]/rg, 5fn ;]nfP/ uof] . @)$^ df klg o'uLg kl/jt{gsf] 5fn To;/L g} pn]/{ cfof] /
s[i0fe"if0f an, tLy{ >]i7, zf/bf zdf{, z}nG] b| ;fsf/, b'a;' If]qL, df]ldnf, To;sf] k|efj klg g]kfnL sljtfdf k¥of] . To;kl5 Tof] 5fn klg ;]nfP/ uof] .
ljKnj 9sfn, >j0f d'sf?ª, dg' dlGhn, v'dgf/fo0f kf}8n] cflb c;ª\Vo sljx¿ @)%) sf] bzssf] k"jf{wl{ t/ jf @)%@÷)%# af6 o'uLg /fhgLlts kl/j{gsf] csf]{
o; wf/fdf l;h{g/t 5g\ . 5fn b]vfk¥of] . o;af6 b]zdf ePsf] cfGtl/s o'4, ;/sf/ / ljb|fx] L kIfsf aLrsf]
g]kfnL sljtfsf] ;d;fdlos wf/f clxn];Ddsf] kl5Nnf] wf/f xf] / @)$& åGå, czflGt, xTof, lx+;f, ;Gqf;, ;/sf/ / ljb|fx] L b'j} kIfaf6 ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnL
;fnsf] k|hftGq k'g:yf{kgfkl5 o; wf/fsf sljtfdf s]xL ¿kdf k|jl[ Qut kl/j{tg hgtfn] ef]Ug' k/]sf] b'Mv, kL8faf]w cflbsf] cleJolQm sljtfdf b]vfkg{ yfNof] . of]
klg b]vfk/]sf] 5 . @)$^ k"js { f sljtfdf tTsfnLg zf;g;Qfsf sf/0f o'uhLjgn] o'uLg kl/jt{gsf] 5fn klg ;]nfPsf] 5 . nf]stflGqs–u0ftflGqs r]tgf, ;ª\3Lotfsf]
ef]Ug'k/]sf kL8fnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 / ;Qfsf gfosx¿k|lt pkxf; Pjd\ Joª\Uo klg cleJolQm, ;dfj]zfTdstf, ;LdfGtLs[tx¿sf] cleJolQm cflb k|jl[ Qx¿ Kl5Nnf]
ul/Psf] 5 . @)$^ kl5 k|ultjfbL lsQfsf ;d;fdlos sljtfdf hgcfGbf]ng ;dodf a9L b]lvPsf 5g\ .
k"0f{tof pknlAwd"ns x'g g;s]sf] ;ª\st] u/]/ cfqmf]z klg JoQm ul/Psf] 5 / g]kfnL sljtfsf] ;d;fdlos wf/fsf] k|jl[ Qsf b[li6n] log} tLgcf]6f r/0fnfO{
lg/Gt/ ;ª\3if{ ug'k{ g]{ efj JoQm ul/Psf] 5, t/ sltko sljtfdf eg] k|hftGqsf] ;BM jt{dfg, rfn' jt{dfg jf ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf] d'Vo ;do dfGg ;lsG5 .
k'g:yf{kgfnfO{ :jfut klg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . k|hftGq k'g:yf{kgfsf] b'O–{ tLg jif{otfsf o; ;dosf sljtfx¿ oyfy{sf] w]/} glhs 5g\ / ltgdf ;d;fdlos r]tgf tLj|
sljtfdf g]tfx¿sf] cj;/jfbL / :jfyL{ k|jl[ Q, e|i6frf/, gftfjfb, s[kfjfb cflb tdfd b]lvG5 . g]kfnL sljtfsf] ;d;fdlos wf/fsf] p7fgb]lv g} ljleGg sflJos cfGbf]ng
ljs[lt / lj;ª\ultx¿nfO{ ljifoj:t' agfOPsf] 5 . @)$^ sf] k"jj{ tL{ / pQ/jtL{ / cleofgx¿ tLj| x'bF } uPsf] b]lvG5 . o:tf d'Vo cleofgx¿df ;8s sljtf qmflGt
sltko sljtfdf ;lxbefjnfO{ klg d'Vo ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;k|sf/ -@)#^_, ef]ssljtf cfGbf]ng -@)$)_, cflj:sf/ cfGbf]ng -@)$$_, t/njfb÷
;d;fdlos wf/fn] g]kfnL sljtfdf @)$^ sf] cfGbf]ng / o;};uF ;Da4 cfGbf]ng t/ntfjfb -@)$)_ / -@)$^_, hgcfGbf]ng sljtf -@)$^_, ;+/If0f sljtfofqf÷
sljtf tyf ;z:qåGå / @)^@÷@)^# sf] nf]stflGqs–u0ftflGqs cfGbf]ng;Fu cfGbf]ng -@)%#_ / -@)%%_, 5Gb arfpFm cleofg -@)%#_, rf}yf] cfofd -@)%^_,
;Da4 sljtfn] k|jl[ Qut kl/jt{g NofPsf] / ;d;fdlos g]kfnL sljtfdf Pp6f df]8 l;h{gzLn c/fhstf -@)%&_, 5Gb hfu/0f cleofg -@)%(_, ;8s sljtf cfGbf]ng
cfPsf] x'gfn] ;d;fdlos wf/fsf sljtfnfO{ klxnf] r/0f, bf];f| ] r/0f / t];f| ] r/0f -@)^)_, ;f}xfb{ ;flxTosf] cjwf/0ff cleofg -@)^)_, ljz]if /ª\ujfb -@)^!_,
u/L o; lsl;dn] juL{s/0f ug'{ pko'Q { m x'G5 M u0ftGqjfbL sljtf cfGbf]ng -@)^!_, ljnog n]vg -@)^@_, nf]stflGqs ;|i6fx¿sf]
;+oQ ' m d~r -@)^@_, sljtfdf nf]stGq -@)^@_, /x:odo sflJos vf]h -@)^#_ z}nLdf ljljwtf kfOG5 . ljz]iftM laDa / k|tLsx¿sf] k|of]udf lghfTdstf
cflb cfGbf]ng / cleofgx¿ d'Vo b]lvG5g\ . oL dWo] ;8s sljtf qmflGtsf] a9L b]lvg yfn]sf] x'gfn] ;d;fdlos wf/fsf s]xL sljtfx¿ sljsf] cfkm\gf]
;d;fdlos sljtf wf/fsf] k|jt{ gdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf b]lvG5 . k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] klxrfg lbg] vfnsf b]lvG5g\ . o; ;dofjlwdf slj / sljtfsf] ;ª\VofTds j[l4
bdg / zf]if0fsf lj?4df eO/x]sf] hgcfGbf]ngsf kIfdf sljx¿n] ;8s sljtf cTolws ePsf] kfOG5 t/ To;sf] cg'kftdf u'0ffTds j[l4 eg] sd b]lvG5 . o;}
qmflGtsf] cf/De u/] . v'nf ;8sdf tTsfnLg Joj:yflj/f]wL, hgr]tgfd"ns, ;dofjlwdf 5Gbf]a4 sljtf;DaGwL b'Oc{ f]6f cfGbf]ngx¿ b]lvP klg k|efjsf/L
hfu/0fd"ns cflb lsl;dsf sljtf ;'gfP/ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ jt{dfg l:yltsf] af]w 5Gbf]a4 sljtf eg] cToGt sd n]lvPsf] kfOG5 . ;du|df cfw'lgs g]kfnL
u/fpg] sfd ;8s sljtf qmflGtaf6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . v'nf ;8sdf ;'gfOg] o:tf sljtfsf] ;d;fdlos wf/fsf sljtfdf b]lvPsf d"ne"t k|jl[ Qx¿nfO{ ;ª\If]kdf
sljtfx¿ ;/n, ;xh / ;Dk|i] o ePsfn] ;Dk|i] f0fsf] b"/L sd ug{ o:tf sljtfsf] cxd\ o;k|sf/ a'bF fut ug{ ;lsG5 M
e"ldsf b]lvG5 . /fhgLlts p2]Zoaf6 clek|l] /t eP klg cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf != k|of]ujfbL hl6ntf, b'?xtf, lSni6tf / c;Dk|i] otfsf lj?4 ;/ntf, ;'af]wtf /
¿kdf cfPsf] o; cfGbf]ngn] k|of]ujfbL hl6ntf, b'?xtf / c;Dk|0] fLotfsf] l:yltaf6 ;Dk|i] otflt/ pGd'v sljtf n]vg,
g]kfnL sljtfnfO{ d'Qm u/fO{ ;/ntf, ;xhtf / ;Dk|i] f0fLotfsf] d"nwf/lt/ k|Tofjt{g @= cd"t{ n]vgsf] kl/Tofu u/L d"t{ / oyfy{ n]vglt/sf] pGd'vtf,
u/fPsf] x'gfn] ;8s sljtf qmflGtaf6 g} g]kfnL sljtfsf] ;d;fdlos wf/f ;'? ePsf] #= dfgjd"Nosf] pk]Iff, dfgjtfsf] vf]hL / hLjgsf lj;ª\ultsf] lrq0f,
dflgG5 . o; cleofgn] hgdt;ª\u|xsf] 3f]if0ffkl5 clw/fHosf ljleGg $= ;z:q åGåhGo kl/l:yltsf] oyfy{ lrq0f,
;b/d'sfdx¿df ;d]t k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L ;8s sljtf qmflGtn] g]kfnL %= o'uLg /fhgLlts cJoj:yfsf] lrq0f,
sljtfdf gofF df]8 jf kl/jt{g NofPsf] b]lvG5 . ^= kZrudgsf] lj/f]w / cu|udgsf ck]Iffsf] cleJolQm,
cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df ;d;fdlos wf/fsf] dxTjk"0f{ &= cfly{s lj;ª\ultsf] lrq0f / k|ultjfbsf] lg/Gt/tf,
e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . k|of]ujfbL wf/f;Dd /x]sf] lSni6tf, b'?xtf / hl6ntf Pjd\ *= ;fdflhs c;dfgtf / lj;ª\ultsf] k|:t'lt,
c;Dk|i] otfsf 7fpFdf ;d;fdlos wf/fsf jf ;d;fdlos sljx¿n] ;xh, ;/n / (= cGt/f{li6«otfjfbL ;r]ttf,
;Dk|i] o sljtfn]vgdf hf]8 lbO{ sljtf / kf7ssf aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ :yflkt u/]sf !)= sYout ;dfgtf jf k'g/fj[QLo k|:t'lt,
5g\ / ;d;fdlos wf/fsf sljtfx¿ o'uLg oyfy{sf] cleJolQmsf b[li6n] a9L !!= o'uLg ljljw lj;ª\ut kl/l:yltk|lt Joª\Uo,
k|efjk"0f{ b]lvG5g\ . ;d;fdlos wf/fsf] o;} d"nk|jl[ Q cGtu{t k|ultjfbL lsQfsf !@= ;+:s[lt r]tgfsf] k|:t'lt,
sljtf klg n]lvPsf 5g\ eg] cToGt uf}0f ¿kdf kl/:sf/jfbL / :jR5GbtfjfbL !#= ;fd"lxstfsf] cleJolQm,
k|jl[ Qsf sljtf klg s]xL n]lvPsf] kfOG5 . d'Vo ¿kdf eGg'kbf{ ;d;fdlos wf/fsf] !$= dfgjclwsf/jfbL r]tgfsf] cleJolQm,
;dofjlwleq} sljtf n]vg ;'? u/L :yflkt ePsf / ;dsfnLg k|jl[ Q cg'¿k sljtf !%= lrqsljtfTds cleJolQm,
n]Vg] sljx¿nfO{ ;d;fdlos wf/fsf sljsf ¿kdf dflgG5 . ;d;fdlos kl/jlt{t !^= ;dfj]zL / ;ª\3fTdstfsf] cleJolQm,
/fhgLlts, ;fdflhs o'uLg kl/j]znfO{ cfkm\gf sljtfsf dfWodaf6 cleJoQm ug]{ !&= /fhtGqsf] lj/f]w / nf]stflGqs÷u0ftflGqs r]tgf,
;dsfnLg sljx¿ klg k|z:t 5g\ . !*= pQ/cfw'lgs k|jl[ Qsf] k|efj,
g]kfnL sljtfsf] o; ;d;fdlos wf/fsf] ;dofjlwdf k'/fgf] kl/:sf/jfbL / s= k|ljlw ;+:s[ltsf] k|efj / e"d08nLs/0fsf] cleJolQm,
:jR5GbtfjfbL z}nLsf sljtfx¿ klg s]xL dfqfdf n]lvPsf 5g\ . o:tf sljtfdf v= la/fgf]kg / ;ª\s6fkGg cj:yfsf] cleJolQm,
j0f{gfTdstf / /fufTdstf a9L kfOG5 eg] o'uLg cleJolQm cToGt sd kfOG5 t/ u= ckl/roLs[t dfgjLo cl:dtfsf] lrq0f
gjLg k|of]usf] cfu|x :j¿k n]lvPsf k|of]uwdL{ sljtfdf eg] a9L ¿kdf n]lvlds 3= lg:;fl;Fbf] / ljs[t ;xl/of kl/j]zsf] lrq0f
ljrng kfOG5 . zAb / jfSosf] clgoldt ljGof;åf/f sljtfdf ljrngsf] k|of]u ª= k'/fgf s]Gb|x¿sf] e~hg / gofF s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf
ug]{ k|jl[ Q klg s]xL sljtfdf b]lvG5 . o; cjlwsf sljtfdf ljifoj:t' jf efj / r= cy{sf] clgwf{/0f / cGtlj{ifostf
5= ljwfe~hg / cGtkf{7Lotf cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf k|j[lQsf] lgwf{/0f x'G5 . dfly wf/fut ljj]rgfdf
h= gf/LjfbL r]tgf pNn]v ePsf a'Fbfx¿df cfPsf k|j[lQx¿sf] ;dli6 g} cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfsf]
em= 8fof:kf]l/s r]tgf k|j[lQ xf] . cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtf log} ljz]iftf / k|j[lQsf] ;ª\s'n j[Qaf6
`= ;LdfGtLo r]tgf cflb . cufl8 a9]/ ultzLn 5 .
o;} ;d;fdlos wf/f;Fu hf]l8P/ pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL ax'njfbL k|jl[ Q klg
cfhsf sljtfdf k|dv ' cGtj{:t' / z}nL eP/ cfPsf] 5 . cfhsf jf kl5Nnf] k|d'v ;Gbe{;"rL
;dosf sljtfdf ;LdfGtLo r]tgf, ;dlnª\uL / t];f| ] lnª\uLsf ;d:of tyf clwsf/, -s_ g]kfnL
;fOa/ ;+:s[ltsf] k|efj / kof{j/0fLo ljgfzaf6 pTkGg ;d:of, lsgf/Ls[tx¿sf sF8]n, 3gZofd, cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfdf o'uaf]w, ef/t ;dfrf/ ;dfrf/, -jif{ !,cª\s !,
clwsf/, blnt / hghfltx¿sf clwsf/ cflbsf s'/fx¿nfO{ klg cfhsf sljtfn] ;g\ @))!_ k[=$^–$* .
;Daf]wg u/]sf 5g\ . Pp6} d"n k|jl[ Qdfq cfhsf sljtfdf gkfOg] / w]/} k|jl[ Qx¿sf] sf]O/fnf, df]xg, ;Dkf= g]kfnL sfJo ljrf/ uf]i7L 7L, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f
k|lti7fg, @)$( .
;ª\sn' j[Qaf6 cfhsf sljtf n]lvPsfn] kl5Nnf] ;dosf sljtfnfO{ ax'njfbL uf}td, nId0fk|;fb, ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf] laDak/s ljZn]if0f, sf7df8f}F
k|j[lQsf sljtfsf ¿kdf dfGg' o'lQm;ª\ut x'G5 . M ;femf k|sfzg, @)^) .
==========, ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf k|j[lQ, sf7df8f}F M k}/jL k|sfzg, @)^^ .
$= lgisif{ ==========, pQ/jtL{ g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf M s]xL k|lt¿k t¿k, sf7df8f}F M k}/jL k|sfzg,
;dosf] tLgv08] ljefhgdf cfw'lgstfsf] ;DaGw jt{dfg;Fu /x]sf] x'G5 . @)^* .
of] Ps lsl;dn] k/Dk/fsf lj/f]wdf b]vfk/]sf] gjLgtf xf] . of] jt{dfgsf] :jr]tgf;Fu rfkfufO{F, g/]Gb| / blw/fh ;'j]bL, ;Dkf=, sfJo;dfnf]rgf, lj/f6gu/M k"jf{~rn
;Da4 x'G5 . k/Dkl/t ;+:sf/, ;+/rgf, d"No, dfGotf cflbnfO{ lj:yflkt u/]/ gofF ;flxTo k|lti7fg, @)%@ .
hf]zL, /TgWjh, cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;flxTosf] emns emns, t];|f] ;+:s=, nlntk'/ M ;femf
d"No / dfGotfsf] :yfkgf g} cfw'lgstfsf] d'Vo klxrfg xf] . d"ne"t ¿kdf k|sfzg, @)#( .
j}olQms cl:tTjsf] vf]hL, PSnf] jf la/fgf]kgsf] efj, ;DaGwljR5]bsf] l:ylt, ltdl;gf, clg?4, ;dsfnLg g]kfnL k|ultjfbL sljtfsf k|j[lQx¿, k|n];, -jif{ &,
:j}lR5s / :jtGq hLjgz}nLsf] j/0f cflb ljz]iftfnfO{ k|d'v ljz]iftfsf ¿kdf k"0ff{ª\s !#, @)%(_, k[= !%%–!*$ .
dflgG5 . g]kfnL sljtfsf ;Gbe{df cfw'lgstfsf] yfngLsf ;DaGwdf w]/} lqkf7L, jf;'bj] / cGo ;Dkf=, g]kfnL sljtf efu–$, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg,
dtdtfGt/x¿ b]lvG5g\ tfklg kl/:sf/jfbL wf/faf6 cfw'lgstfsf] yfngL ePsf] @)#( .
dfGg] dt / :jR5GbtfjfbL wf/faf6 cfw'lgstfsf] yfngL ePsf] dfGg] dtsf aLr kf08], tf/fsfGt, k|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtfdf cleJol~ht oyfy,{ ck|sflzt ljBfjfl/lw
a9L ljjfb b]lvG5 . cfw'lgstfnfO{ 7DofpFbf o;sf dfGotf, ljz]iftf / lenIf0fx¿nfO{ zf]wk|aGw, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, @)%% .
k|;fO{,F s[i0f, ;Dkf=, g]kfnL ;d;fdlos sljtfx¿, l;lnu'9L M eQm /fO{ :d[ltd08k,
cfwf/ agfP/ x]gk{' g]{ x'G5 . o; b[li6n] zf:qLotf / cfbz{ cfw'lgstfsf clenIf0fsf
@)$* .
¿kdf b]lvFb}gg\ . zf:qLotf lgoda4 / cg'zfl;t n]vg xf] eg] lgoda4 / k|/] 0ff lu/L, uf]ljGb / b'a;' If]qL, ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf] ¿k/]vff, sf7df8f}F
cg'zf;gsf] pR5]bg cfw'lgstfsf] d'Vo clenIf0f xf] . o; cfwf/df kl/:sf/jfbL M j;'Gw/fdfg k|sfzg, @)%# .
wf/fsf] cGTokl5 g} g]kfnL sljtfdf cfw'lgstfsf clenIf0fx¿ 3l6t ePsfn] aGw', r"8fdl0f, ;Dkf=, ;femf sljtf sljtf, rf}yf] ;+:s=, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg,
kl/:sf/jfbL wf/fsf k|j[lQx¿ uf}0f x'Fb} uO{ !((! b]lv :jR5GbtfjfbL wf/fsf] @)$# .
k|jt{g;Fu} g]kfnL sljtfdf cfw'lgstfsf] yfngL ePsf] dflgG5 / k|of]ujfbL wf/fdf e§/fO{, uf]ljGb/fh, sflJos cfGbf]ngsf] kl/ro kl/ro, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo
cfP/ o;n] kl/k'i6tf k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfw'lgstf ultzLn k|j[lQ / k|1fk|lti7fg, @)$( .
e08f/L, hubLzrGb|, k|ultjfbL g]kfbL sljtf M /]vfª\sg / ljZn]if0f f0f, sf7df8f},F
cjwf/0ff ePsfn] of] jt{dfg;Dd g} cl:tTjzLn / ultzLn x'G5 . cfw'lgs
d'GgL e08f/L, @)%% .
g]kfnL sljtfdf b]lvPsf pko'{Qm tLgj6f wf/f / ltgsf k|j[lQx¿sf] ;dli6af6

dw'sdL{, w'j,| ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf k|j[lQ / :j/
:j/, sf7df8f},F g]kfn ;flxTosf/ sfJojftf{ slj x]d xdfn;Fu ÷ladn ef}sfhL
;+3, @)%& .
n'O6]n, vu]Gb|k;| fb, sljtfl;4fGt / g]kfnL sljtfsf] Oltxf;
Oltxf;, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn
/fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg, @)^) .
zdf{, df]xg/fh, ;dsfnLg ;dfnf]rgf M l;4fGt / k|of]u , sf7df8f}F M g]kfn
/fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg, @)%% . hLjgdf /fhgLlt gfds
>]i7, bof/fd / df]xg/fh zdf{, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;ª\lIfKt Oltxf;
Oltxf;, t];|f] ;+:s=,
nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg, @)$^ . /fIf;sf] k|j]zn]
;'jb] L, cle, /rgf / dfWod
dfWod, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg, @)%$ .
dfgjtfnfO{ ;vfk
-v_ cª\ u | ] h L
Abrams, M.H, A Glossary of Literary Terms, 5th edn., Delhi: Prism Book kfl/lbPsf] 5
Pvt. Ltd., 1992.
Andrews, Robert, ed., Contemporary Quatations, London: Cassel
■ x]d xdfn
Wellington House, 1996.
Hamiltion, Ian, ed., Twentieth Century Poetry in English: New York, Oxford
University Press, 1994.
Roberts, Neil, ed., Twentieth Century Poetry, U.S.A.: Black Well Publishers
Ltd. 2001.
The World Book Encyclopedia, London M World Book International, 1995.
Waugh, Patricia, Literary Theory and Criticism, New York: Oxford -aL;sf] bzs g]kfnL ;flxTosf] sfJoIf]q lgSs} rlr{t /x\of] . rlr{t o;
University Press, 2006. ♦ cy{df ls To;a]nf n]lvPsf sljtfx¿ kf7s tyf ;|ft] fåf/f cToflws dgk/fOGy] .
ltg} dgk/fOg] sljtfsf ;h{sx¿dWo] Ps k|ltlglw x'g\ slj x]d xdfn .
ha–ha x]d xdfn sfJod~rx¿df pSnGy] / sljtf k9\y,] pgsf sljtfx¿n]
jfxjfxL n'6y\ ] . vf; u/]/ 5f]6f / ;l6s sljtf n]Vg'df / jfrg ug{df pgL kf]Vt lyP .
ljDa k|of]u pgsf sljtfx¿sf d"n ljz]iftf xf] . oxL ljz]iftfdf cfwfl/t
k|d] sf] ljifo xf];\ of /fi6«jfbL lrGtg xf];\ pgsf sljtfx¿df ;d]l6Psf kfOG5g\ .
sljtf–n]vg;Fu;Fu} uLlt–n]vgdf ;d]t pgsf] bx|f] ks8 /x]sf] 5 . To;f]
t, gu0o uLtx¿ pgLåf/f l;h{gf ePsf 5g\, tyflk /]s8{ eP/ tL lgSs} nf]slk|o
klg /x] .
af;' zzL :d[lt k|lti7fgåf/f x/]s jif{ k|bfg ul/g] ‘af;' zzL :d[lt k/:sf/’,
@)^! af6 ;Ddflgt slj xdfn lxhf]cfh cfk\mgf] :jf:Yosf sf/0f 3/d}
cf/fd ul//x]sf 5g\ . :d/0fLo 5, O:jL ;Djt\ @))# df pgsf] d[uf}nf k|Tof/f]k0f
ul/Psf] lyof] .
‘;x/ 5f8\g'eGbf klxn]’, ‘ufpF ufpF h:tf] 5}g ;x/ ;x/ h:tf]
5}g’, ‘;x/ / ;kgf ;kgf’’ tyf ‘x]d xdfnsf sljtfsljtf’’ zLif{ssf $ yfg k':tsn]
g]kfnL sljtfsf] kmfF6 ;hfO;s]sf pg} cu|h slj x]d xdfn;Fu pgs} lgjf; gofF

afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}dF f ‘zf/bf
zf/bf’’ tyf ‘sljtf
sljtf’’sf ;Dkfbs ljdn ef}sfhLn] u/]sf] ✍ o;sf] 5f]6f] ¿k x]bf{ t lxhf]cfh rrf{df /x]sf] ‘xfOs'’sf] ememNsf] kf]
5f]6f] sfJojftf{ oxfF k|:t't 5 ._ lbG5 t o;n] <
✍ x]dbfO, sljtf n]Vg 5f8\ge ' Psf] xf] < @ xf]Og, xfOs' Pp6f lglZrt cfsf/df n]lvG5 . Tof] clns :ki6 klg
@ xf], clxn] sljtf z"Gosf] l:yltdf 5 . nfUb}g . t/ ‘ufpF vfg] sljtf’ d'St, ;/n / :ki6 x'G5 .
✍ lsg o;/L ;':tfpg'ePsf] < ✍ tkfO{n+ ] nfdf sljtf klg n]Vg'ePsf] 5 <
@ clxn] d cf/fd ul//x]sf] 5, ;':tfOPs} klg xF' . d]/f] :j:Yosf] af/]df @ dnfO{ ;w}F nflu/xG5, ;fgf zAbx¿ Jff 5f]6f jfSof+zn] g} w]/} cy{ lbg
tkfO{+nfO{ hfgsf/L 5Fb} 5 . ;S5 eg] a9L zAbx¿ lsg vlr{g] < ha s'g} ljifon] dgdf em6\sf lbG5 / ta
✍ ca sljtf n]Vb} gn]Vg] / < dgleq hfu[t x'g] efjgfnfO{ tTsfn d"t¿ { k lbFbf lgdf{0f x'g] Tof] cfsf/ ;fob nfdf
@ ;fFRr} eGg] xf] eg] sfuhdf gsf]l/Psf] cj:yf dfq} xf] of] . t/ cfk"mleq
sljtfx¿sf] bfFhf]df k|foM ;fgf] x'G5 . x'g ;S5, of] d]/f] sljx[bosf] :jefj xf] .
hf] vhfgf 5, leq 5Fb} 5 Tof] . pld|g eg] afFsL 5 . o; cfwf/df x]bf{ lgZro g} d}n] Pp6} klg nfdf sljtf n]vs ] f] 5}g .
✍ sljtfsf cnfjf tkfO{n + ] uLtx¿ klg n]Vg'ePsf] 5, xf]Og <
✍ slxn] k9\g kfOG5 xf]nf tkfO{s + f gofF sljtf <
@ s'g} a]nf n]vs ] f] lyPF . hlt n]vF] tL k|foM /]s8{ klg ePsf 5g\ /
@ sljtf of ;flxTo;DaGwL ha–ha o;/L s'/fsfgL x'G5 ta dnfO{
tTsfn sljtf n]lvxfn"F eGg] xf};nf ldN5 . t/ o:tf] ;+of]u af/Daf/ ldNb}g . /]l8of]df obfsbf lxhf]cfh klg aH5g\ .
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ljd'v eO/xg' k/]sf] 5 . t/ klg n]Vg vf]lh/x]s} x'G5' . ePsf] xf] <
✍ oltv]/, tkfO{+ cfk"maf6 l;lh{t s'g} sljtf jfrg ul/lbg ;Sg'xG' 5 < @ ;fFRr} eg"F eg] dnfO{ sljtfeGbf a9L k|efjzfnL uLt g} x'G5 eGg]
@ ‘ufpF ufpF h:tf] 5}g ;x/ ;x/ h:tf] 5}g’ eGg] d]/f] sljtf;ª\ux | df nfU5 . uLt a9L efjgfTds klg x'G5, To;sf] bfFhf]df sljtf clns ljrf/k|wfg
;ª\ux[ Lt Pp6f ;fgf] sljtf eG5', h'g o:tf] 5– x'G5 . dnfO{ b]z–;dfhsf] cj:yfn] ;DejtM a9L j}rfl/s w/ftndf s]lGb|t x'g
ljjz u/fof] .
‘duhnfO{ rfdn k;ndf
✍ o;sf] cy{ tkfO{s + f sljtfx¿ /fhgLlt pGd'v eP <
aGwsL /fv]/
@ xf]Og, To:tf] sbflk xf]Og . d]/f s'g} klg sljtf /fhgLltaf6 k|efljt
6f]kLleq 6fpsf] n'sfpg] dfG5] .’ 5}gg\ . ljDa / k|tLsdf of] ;dfhnfO{ k|ltljlDat ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5' d}n] cfk\mgf
✍ clg o;sf] zLif{s < k|To]s sljtfx¿df .
@ o;sf] zLif{s ‘hflu/]’ . ✍ t/ /fhgLlts :jfb gePsf sljtf t sljt} xf]Og eGg] klg ul/G5 lg
✍ zLif{s lsg sljtfeGbf k5fl8 lg < cfhsn <
@ of] Pp6f k/Dk/f xf] . o:tf] k/Dk/fsf sljtfnfO{ ‘ufpF vfg] sljtf’ eGg] @ Tof] t Pp5f k"jf{ux | dfq} xf] . /fhgLlts kf6L{sf sfo{stf{ ePsf
ul/G5 . h:tf] ‘ufpF vfg] syf’ x'G5 . o;df km/s s] 5 eg] ‘ufpF vfg] syf’df tyfslyt sljx¿n] eGg] s'/f] xf] of] . jf:tljs sljn] slxNo} o;f] eGb}g / To:tf]
k5fl8 k|Zg ;f]lwG5, t/ ‘ufpF vfg] sljtf’df eg] ToxL sljtfsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]/ sljtf n]Vb}g klg . xf], of] ;TonfO{ gsfg{ ;lsGg ls sljtf eg]/ n]lvg] cfhsfnsf
hafkmsf] ¿kdf zLif{s cfpF5 . sljtfx¿df /fhgLlts k|efj a9L g} 5 . o; cy{df, r]tgfsf] :t/df eg] j[l4 ePs}
✍ g]kfnL ;flxTodf o:tf sljtfsf] k|rng klg 5 / < dfGg'k5{ . t/ o;f] eGb}df /fhgLltsf] lk5nUu' aGg x'Fb}g sljx¿n] . xf],
@ g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ljz]iftf xf] of] . vf; u/]/ Ps tfsf xfd|f] kfnf]df ‘ufpF
sljx¿ klg oxL ;dfhsf k|f0fL x'g,\ PSnf] afFRg ;Sb}g slj klg . sljnfO{ PSnf]
vfg] sljtf’ cToGt} rlr{t lyof] . cfhef]ln To:tf sljtf n]lvPsf e]l6Ggg\ . 5f8\g klg x'Fb}g .

✍ dtna, /fhgLltlagf sljtf afFRg ;Sb}g eGg] xf] <
@ /fhgLlt / sljtf b'O{ w'j | sf k[ys\–k[ys\ ljifo x'g\ . sljtf PSnf]kgdf
l;h{gf x'G5 t/ /fhgLlt cfd dfG5]df hfG5 . tyflk xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5, ;+;f/df
lg/k]If s]xL–sf]xL klg xF'b}g . d}n] egL klg ;s]F, slj PSnf] eP/ afFRg ;Sb}g .
/, slj PSnf] eP/ afFRg ;Sb}g eg] sljtf s;/L PSn} hLljt /xg ;S5 < /fd|f /
pTs[i7 sljtf l;h{gfsf lglDt ;dfhsf x/]s kIfsf] ;kf]6{ rflxG5 . t/ cfhsf]
cj:yf tkfO{n+ ] eg]em} F /fhgLlts b[li6sf]0fn] gn]lvPsf sljtfx¿ sljt} xf]Ogg\ ls
eg]h:tf] eO;s]sf] 5 . dnfO{ nfU5, ljs[t /fhgLlt o:tf] /fIf;sf] ¿kdf clxn]
dfG5]sf] hLjgdf k|jz ] u/]sf] 5, h;n] dfgjtfnfO{ g} ;vfk kfl/lbO;s]sf] 5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf sxfF ;flxTosf s'/f < sxfF sljtfsf s'/f <
✍ cGtdf clnslt k|;ª\u abnf},F cfh;Ddsf] sljtf–ofqfaf6 tkfO{n + ]
e]6g\ e' Psf] hLjgsf] cy{ s:tf] 5 <
@ slj eP/ hLjgnfO{ x]bf{, dnfO{ hLjgdf sljtf Tolt k|flS6sn nfu]g .
slj eg]sf] cfk\mg} w'gdf /dfpg], cfj]zdf cfpg] / oyfy{nfO{ la;{g] Pp6f cgf}7f]
hLj /x]5 . o; cy{df, hLjg slxn] ;f]rh ] :tf] x'Gg /x]5 . d klg o;sf] ckjfb
/lxgF . hLjg / sljtfsf] tfnd]n sxLF–st} klg ldNbf] /x]g5 eGg] dnfO{ nflu/x]5 .
✍ To;f] eP tkfO{s + f sljtf n]vgn] lg/Gt/tf gkfpg'df o:tf] k|sf/sf]
lg/fzfn] klg e"ldsf v]ns ] f] xf] <
@ s]xL xb;Dd of] klg Pp6f sf/0f xf] . t/ sljtf k]ml/ To:tf] ljifo k/]5,
h;n] slj x[bonfO{ slxn] klg k5\ofpg 5f8\bg} . d]n] dfly klg elg;s],F dleq
sljtfTds vhfgfx¿ d8fl/O/x]sf 5g\ . ;fFRr} egF," Pp6f sljsf] hLjgdf
sljtfsf] k|jfx slxNo} klg /f]lsGg .
✍ cfzf u/f},F tkfO{s + f gofF l;h{gfx¿n] k'gM pxL k'/fgf] x]d xdfnnfO{ gofF
k':tfaLr rrf{–kl/rrf{ u/fpg ;sf];\ . z'esfdgf x]dbfO ¤
@ wGojfb ¤
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sljtfk|wfg rf}dfl;s klqsf

134 ● sljtf sljtf ● 135

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k|sfzs M g]kfn k|1f–k|lti7fg

136 ● sljtf sljtf ● 137

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cltzo 56k6L / sf]nfxnsf aLr

e"ld / leQfx¿ cfˆg} x'g\

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xfd|f] ;DaGwsf] d}bfgdf

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s:tf] lj8lDat Û hLjg d]/f]

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d}n] cem} lrlggF eg]F

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lsg cfTdLo nfUb}5

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d kl9/x]5' cfˆg} 3/ k/b]z ePsf] a]nf Û

s'lx/f]sf] b]zlt/ ltgnfO{ vf]Hg

b"ws'08af6 ax]sf] kfgLh:tf]

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k}rF f] dfu]/ Ps d'7L cfzf

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Pslbg dxf/fhn] pbL{ u/],

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ltdL hxfFaf6 aflxl/PsL lyof}

af/Lsf] kf6f]df /f]ks] f] Tof] cGgafnL

d ToxLFaf6 ltdLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul//x]sf] 5'

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d]/f] pR5\jf;df s'lF b/x]5

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d afF8g\ ;S5' xft of] htf 5 ;Lksf] ynf]

clg Snasf] dfOGo'6 / c¿–c¿ y'k}| rLh .

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hLjgsf] uf]/6] f]df

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