SAHGB Publications Limited

SAHGB Publications Limited
The Development of Later Gothic Mouldings in England c. 1250-1400: Part II

Author(s): Richard K. Morris
Source: Architectural History, Vol. 22 (1979), pp. 1-48
Published by: SAHGB Publications Limited
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1568368
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The of later
development Gothic
mouldinBs in England
c. 1250-1400 Part I
by RICHARD K. MORRIS
CONTENTS
6. Mullions Page I
7. Ribs 12
8. Capitals 20
9. Bases 26
Summary 2
Index 44
6. Mullions
During the Decoratedperiod, the varietyof designs for window mullionswas greatly
increased,producingvaluableregionaldifferencesand datingcriteria.Mullionshave the
advantagethat they are generallyeasy to observe close-up, though one must add the
caution that their vulnerableposition and delicateproportions leave them more liable
to restorationthan some other features.119This section is concernedprimarilywith the
of
appearance profiles which subsequently became commonin the Perpendicularperiod,
and these may be grouped for convenience into two families, as below. It should be
noted that certain mullion types dealt with in Part I will not be reconsideredin this
section.120
(a) First Family: Roll andChamferMullions

The archetypaldesign is a three-quarterroll on axis, flanked by a pair of hollow
chamfer mouldings (first variety, Fig. 1 A). By the late Decorated period, it had
become common practice to employ a roll and fillet moulding instead of the roll
(second variety, Fig. 1 B, i), and these two remainthe most standardforms for elab-
orate mullions throughout the Perpendicularperiod.121A third variety uses plain
chamfersinstead of hollow chamfers(Fig. I i D), but it was never as popular, except
in the north east.122Sometimesthis design is preferredfor an exteriorprofile, presum-
ably on grounds of increasedstrengthand reducedcost. The fourthvariety,in which a
fillet is addedto one (or both) of the angles of eachhollow chamfer,is also characteristic
of Decorated in the the north east (e.g. Fig. 1 F).
2 ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 22: I979
PITER BOgOU&H AMIENS AMIENS

SANCTUvAQ(EXT) CHOIt AiSLES: .BL ND TRCEtRY LAGRANGE CH^PELS(ONT)
(123(, 5 ) (t33- 5)
A
N
*/
I
LINCOLN YORK MlNSTER
13SHoP'S EYE (INT) NtVE AISLES
S(NT/EXt)
AMIENS E. E4D (1291 sq)
TRiFoRtiUM OPENWORi I
5s) )
(1236
Ip
BEVERLEY MINSTER HAILE$ ELY

NAVE, S. AISLE (INT) CHEVET (PNT) PRESBNTERV AISLES (INT)
I|NOWAT TEDDNcI9TON,
trLOUCS |
(322 sqq)
YORK MINSTER LICHFI EL

NAVE AISLES (NT)
(ci.l25)
BEVERLEY MINSTER
REREDoS
(133,5)
s
: 3 4 5
k -- 1 --I
INCHES
H H (H H M
o 2 4 8 10
Fig. ii Mullions:theFirst Family

DEVELOPMENT OF LATER GOTHIC MOULDINGS 3
The source for all the varieties except the second lies in northern French Gothic,
whence they were brought over to Englandin the train of the latestbar tracerydesigns.
A heavy version of the plain chamfer variety is used throughout the rebuilding of
Reims Cathedral(c. o sqq.), and it continues to be found in French Rayonnantwell
into the fourteenth century.123In the meantime, the hollow chamfer variety had
emerged, an earlyinstanceoccurringat Amiens (choir aisle chapels,blind tracery,after
1236,Fig. i i G), and it appearsto have been as common as the plain chamfervarietyin
Frenchprovincialworkshopsby the fourteenthcentury.It becameparticularlypopular
in the Low Countries and remainedin use there throughout late Gothic, whereas
it never seems to have found wide acceptancein Germany, nor in mature French
Flamboyant.124
In England,heavy plain chamferdesigns appearedfrom the i24os on.125More often
than not, the chamfersjoin the roll directlywithout intermediatefillets (Fig. i i K), a
form in use in France from the I23os, and continuing in the Low Countriesin the
fourteenth century,126though very rare in England after c. 30o.127 By the 26os and 70s,
the hollow chamfer variety begins to be found, at first rather ponderous in scale
(Fig. II J), but gradually moving towards more delicate proportions, as had also
happenedin France (e.g. St Thibault, St Gilles chapel, c. 270). Significantly,most of
the early examplesin England are in the eastern regions (e.g. Grantham,nave north
aisle, c. I280).128
The fourth variety appearedin the North about 1290, with York Minster as the
initial centre. A workshop distinction seems to exist between this region, where the
fillets are applied to the angles closest to the glass (e.g. York chapterhouse vestibule,
Howden, Selby, Fig. i i E, i), and the North East Midlands,where they are appliedto
those adjacentto the roll moulding (e.g. Hawton, Heckington, Fig. i i F). The use of
pairs of fillets flanking each hollow in the nave aisle mullions of York Minster (I29I
sqq., Fig. ii P, i) points again to northern France as the source of inspiration.The
prototype lies in the east end of Amiens (triforiumopenwork tracery, I236 sqq., Fig.
i H), whence the design was takenup particularlyin North East Franceand continued
well into the fourteenthcentury.129
The second variety is a continuationof an Early English fondness for adding fillets
and keels to roll mouldings (e.g. Fig. i i K), for its applicationto mullions seems un-
known on the Continentuntil the laterfourteenthcentury.Recordedexamplessuggest
that the idea originatedin the North East Midlandsarea,130 from where, in company
with other moulding details,131 it passed to court works in the last decade of the thir-
teenth century (e.g. Hardingstone cross, 1291-94, Fig. ii L; St Stephen's chapel under-
croft, 1292 sqq.).132All the other early examples come from the eastern regions,33
but it is not until the 1320s that it begins to become popular (e.g. Ely presbytery, 1322
sqq., and Crauden chapel, c.I324; Hull south transept, c. 325), and even at this date,
the bulk of examplesis still containedin the east. One of the earliestinstancesin the
west is in the windows of the monastic refectory at Worcester, c. 330.134 By the end of
the Decorated period, examples abound in virtually all regions, but always with a
greaterconcentrationin the main churchesof the east and north than in those of the
west and south west.
The fifth variety,which is an elaborationof the second, multipliesthe numberof roll
and fillet mouldings, generally to distinguish the principal mullions from the sub-
sidiary ones in the articulationof a large window (e.g. Fig. I, B- subsidiary,and
C- principal).135 Judging by the distribution of early examples dating from the
1320o and 3os, it seems to have originated in East Anglia or the North East Midlands,
perhaps at Ely,136and it remained a feature of these two regions and the North into the
second half of the century. It is of considerable interest for theories on the development
of curvilinear tracery on the Continent that a few examples appear in the Low Countries
and northern France in the second half of the fourteenth century (e.g. Tongres, nave
chapels, ?before 1365; Amiens, Lagrange chapels, 373-75, Fig. N; Vendome,
o nave
aisles).137These must be the result of English influence, for they occur in conjunction
with tracery patterns typical of Decorated in the eastern regions.l38
A sixth variety is distinguished by the separation of the axial roll and fillet moulding
from the lateral roll mouldings by the insertion of small hollows and a pair of fillets (or
beads or beaked half-rolls), as in Figs. i S and Q. The resulting design is not unlike a
typical rib profile (cf. Figs. 1 S and 5oQ),and it is extremely unusual to find it used for
mullions in the Decorated period, even though standardization of form between win-
dow and vault areas is a general trend in late Gothic as a whole. The few examples
recorded are contained in significant buildings in the east of England, particularly the
South East, the earliest apparently being in the heads of the east window of the north
choir aisle at St Albans, c. I 290, and of the undercroft windows of St Stephen's chapel,
Westminster, after 1292 (Fig. 3 B).139Other designs related to the group, but without
stressed fillets flanking the axial roll moulding, are illustrated in Fig. I2 A and B.
Again, all the examples occur in the eastern regions, especially in I and IV,140 and the
type in Fig. 12 A, treated with the same delicate fillets as at York, turns up occasionally
at French provincial centres as a mullion for blind tracery at exactly the same period
(e.g. Laon, Fig. 4 F).141
The essential form of this group of mullions is taken from a design employed occa-
sionally in the east in the later thirteenth century, as in the east windows of the south
transept aisle at Peterborough (tracery stylistically c. I27os or 8os). This is an undulating
design, in which the axial roll and flanking rolls are linked by uninterrupted hollows
(Fig. II R), in contrast to the more usual contemporary conventions for principal
mullions of having the roll mouldings either directly adjoining each other or linked by a
short straight piece (e.g. Fig. I 2 G). Undulating mullions continue to be found in the
Decorated period virtually exclusively in the east,142and occasional examples employed
for mullions are also found in French provincial workshops, but none antedates the
earliest ones in England.143For the embellishment of this design with freestanding fillets
or other tiny projections, the source appears to lie in the heads of certain Geometrical
windows in the period . I1260-80, themselves influenced in turn by earlier rib designs,
and for which the key centre of experiment seems to have been Lincoln.44 In fact, as
stated above, the earliest examples in the Decorated period still limit the form to the
head.
In sum, the development of the sixth variety reinforces the impression already gained
of the inter-relationship between the North East Midlands and the South East, with
East Anglia fertilized from both sources; and its virtual exclusion from Decorated in
the west demonstrates the strength of workshop traditions in that half of the country.
Early Perpendicular theContinent

formsderivedfrom
Certain mullion designs belonging to the first family are characteristic of early
Perpendicular work rather than Decorated, and are derived from northern French
Rayonnant.
The most important is the ogee bowtell mullion, of which the earliest surviving
example occurs in the south transept at Gloucester, between I329 and 1337 (subsidiary
mullion of the curtain tracery, Fig. 12 K, ii), but which was evidently known in London
at about the same period.145It remained a feature of work at Gloucester for the rest of
the Middle Ages, and the other early Perpendicular examples in the west appear to
have derived the idea from there.146The only other regions where it is recorded in this
period are the South East, notably at Canterbury, and the South,147and even in later
Perpendicular, it seems to have remained a characteristic more of the southern half
of the country.148In the late fourteenth century, a spiked version of the design appears,
as in the east cloister walk at Gloucester (before 1377, Fig. 12 L), inspired by experi-
ments with spiked hollow mouldings in the South East earlier in the century (e.g.
Fig. 3 H).149 Well before its appearance in England, the ogee bowtell mullion was in
use in northern France, especially in Normandy, where it may have originated (e.g.
St Germer Lady chapel and vestibule, I259 sqq.), and which is the most likely region
from which Kentish masons derived it.150Unlike England, however, its popularity did
not continue into the fifteenth century, and a rare use of the spiked form at Caudebec
after I426 is more likely to result from English influence during their occupation of the
town in that period.151
Also derived from French Rayonnant is the termination of a mullion by a triplet of
roll mouldings, treated as shafts, with the axial roll separated from the lateral ones by
two short straight pieces (Fig. 2 G). It had appeared already in England in the later
thirteenth century, employed for the principal mullions of large windows,152 and
clearly it arrived in the train of bar tracery, for it was a standard termination in northern
France from about 1240 onwards.153In England by the early fourteenth century, it was
supplanted by more advanced mullion designs except in the South East, where its
survival stresses the rather conservative and pro-French taste of that area, and may
well be conditioned by a continuing fondness for Purbeck marble ornamentation.154
In early Perpendicular work, its appearance is almost invariably tied up with the
influence of court masons,155 and examples continue in the south as late as the
seventeenth century.156
A formation based on three-quarter roll mouldings and hollow chamfers in alterna-
tion warrants brief mention here, because of its obvious relationship to the first variety
of mullion, even though it is generally used for responds and piers rather than mullions
(Fig. 12 H). The earliest examples occur in key works of Parisian Rayonnant in the
240s (e.g. Fig. i 2 F),157and in the second half of the century, it spread to other French
provincial centres, being especially popular in Normandy (e.g. Fig. I2 E, i).158 In
England, the first sign of interest in the idea seems to be in the principal mullions of
the vestibule of York Minster chapter house (c. 1290, Fig. i E, ii), a known entrepot
for Continental ideas; but more influential on the developing Perpendicular style was
William Ramsey's use of it at Old St Paul's chapter house, 133 sqq.159In the last third
of the century, it began to increase in popularity in the south, the main centres being
YORK MINSTER PARIS, NOTfRE-DAME WARWICK

NAVE AISLES: DAto NORTHTRANSEPTI CHAPTER HOUSE
BLIND TRACER, (INT) RESPOND
(12ql S,t.
- (-.1245) , (c.1370 st.)
CANTERBURY, ST.AUVGUSTINE
GATECHOUSE
GLOUCESTER
B (c130) CLOISTER : RESPOND
(befor 137')
K
*
GLoUCESrER
Cl.01STER, E. WALK
E 0o
F--
2
--i
3 4
F--
5 l L
INCH4ES
o
- 2HH
H
4
HJCM
to
6 8 RKM 79
Fig. I z Early Perpendicular

FormsderivedfromtheContinent
London and Gloucester,160and it became a stock feature of Perpendicular (e.g. Fig. 7 H).
Two other variations of the formation found in the early Perpendicular work at Glou-
cester are also both derived from French Rayonnant, Normandy again being the most
likely source area overall (cf. Fig. 12 C and D; K and J).161Harvey has drawn attention
to the importance of the first variation in the spread of early Perpendicular in the south
as a whole,'62 but the second never became as popular, and seems to have remained
more a characteristic of Perpendicular in the west.163
The distribution up to c. 400 of the main varieties of mullion in this family is as
follows: the sixth is omitted, as are the early Perpendicular forms in the section above,
as their distribution is fully covered in the text and footnotes. The dominance of the
North (region IV) is very noticeable.
Variety(I). Three-quarter roll andhollowchamfers. e.g. Fig. iI A.
I. Quite frequent,mainlyearlyPerp. e.g. CanterburyCath.(W. door), Herne, Southwark
(S. transept and W. door), Westminster Abbey (porch) and Hall, Winchelsea parish
church, Windsor (aeraryporch).
VIII. Quite frequent, mainly early Perp. e.g. Dorchester, Oxford New College, Salisbury
(tower), WinchesterCollege (cloister).
IV. Average. e.g. Howden (W. front), Patrington, York Minster (nave).
IX. Average, late Dec. and early Perp. e.g. Stoneleigh Abbey (gate), Warwick St Mary
(crypt and vestry).
II. Below average. e.g. Ely (east end, middle bays), Norwich Carnary chapel,
Peterborough (Dec. work).
III. Infrequent. e.g. Grantham(nave and N. porch).
VI. Infrequent. e.g. Ledbury (St Kath. chapel), Pershore (tower).
VII. Infrequent. e.g. Exeter (St Andrew's chapel only).
V. None recorded.
Variety(2). Three-quarter roll andfillet plus hollowchamfers. e.g. Fig. i B, i.

IV. Quite frequent. e.g. Carlisle, Hull (transept, chancel), Whitby (Kentish tracery),
York Minster (east end).
V. Average, especially late Dec. e.g. Chester Cath. (transept), Haughmond (infirmary),
Lichfield (east end), Nantwich.
IX. Average, mainly early Perp. e.g. Coventry St Michael (tower), Warwick St Mary
(chancel).
II. Average. e.g. Cley, Ely (presbytery, Lady chapel), Peterborough (Dec. work),
Snettisham.
I. Average. e.g. Battle (gate), St Stephen's chapel (crypt), Winchelsea parish church,
Windsor (aeraryporch).
III. Below average. e.g. Lincoln (Bishop's Eye), Southwell (pulpitum,N. transeptchapel).
VII. Below average. e.g. Bristol Cath. (Berkeley chapel), Exeter (pulpitum), Malmesbury
(N. aisle chapel).
VI. Infrequent,mainly late Dec. e.g. Hereford Cath. (SE. transept),Worcester(refectory).
VIII. None recorded: contrast with Variety (i) list.
Variety(3). Three-quarterroll (or roll andfillet) plus plain chamfers. e.g. Fig. i D.
IV. Average. e.g. Beverley Minster (nave), Bridlington (S. side), Patrington, Selby.
IX. Average, mainly early Perp. e.g. Coventry St Michael (tower), Hardingstone cross,
Kenilworth Castle (hall).
V. Below average. e.g. Chester Cath. (transept), Stottesdon (Salop).

II. Infrequent. e.g. Cley, Ely Craudenchapel.
VII. Infrequent. e.g. Exeter (Lady chapel W. window), Pucklechurch (Glos.).
III. Infrequent. e.g. Grantham.
VI. Infrequent. e.g. Berkeley Castle (hall), Worcester (transept).
I and VIII. None recorded: contrast with Variety (i) list.
Variety(4). Extra fillet(s) addedto hollowchamfer. e.g. Fig. 11 E, F, P.

IV. Quite frequent. e.g. Carlisle, Howden (nave), Patrington, Selby, York Minster
(chap. house vestibule, nave).
III. Below average. e.g. Hawton, Heckington.
I. Infrequent. e.g. Chartham,Penhurst Place (hall).
VI. Rare. Only Worcester (tower).
All other regions - none recorded.
Variety(y). Multipleroll/rollandfilletmouldings.e.g. Fig. i C.

IV. Quite frequent. e.g. Beverley St Mary (NE. chapel), Carlisle,Durham, Hull (chancel),
York Minster (E. end).
II. Average. e.g. Bury St Edmunds (gate), Cley (S. transept),Ely (presbytery),Trumping-
ton.
III. Below average. e.g. Hawton, Lincoln (Bishop's Eye).
V. Below average. e.g. ChesterCath. (transept),Nantwich.
IX. Infrequent. e.g. Warwick St Mary (chancel).
VI. Rare. Only Richards Castle (Heref.).
I, VII, VIII. None recorded.
(b) SecondFamily: Paired Chamfers/HollowChamfers

The main justification for distinguishing a second family lies in its visual forms. Its
most obvious feature is the duplication of chamfers or hollow chamfers along the
diagonal plane of the mullion, a pattern never found in the first family; there is a greater
interest in preserving the homogeneity of that plane, and in the angular qualities of chamfer
mouldings. Occasionally, the mouldings terminate in a three-quarter roll moulding
(as in the first family), but it is not a significant or early feature of the group. Note that
the single plain chamfer or hollow chamfer mullion often occurs as a subsidiary mullion
in both families, and is too common for it to be usefully considered in this brief survey.164
The family can also be distinguished on regional grounds, for the bulk of examples
occur in the west, especially in the Severn Valley region and those immediately adjacent,
in contrast to the eastern predomination of the first family. Continental influence is
therefore much less marked.
The first variety, and the most common, is the stepped chamfer mullion (Fig. 13 A).
An isolated forerunner occurs in the cross at Geddington, c. 1300 (Fig. 7 B), but it is
almost two decades later before further instances are recorded, of which the earliest
that can be fairly securely dated is in the north aisle of the nave at Worcester, 113 7-27.165
From the 1320s on, examples are common in Decorated works in the Severn Valley,
and, at the same time, a related group appears in the South West.166In both regions,
and in the South and Midlands, the mullion continues into the early Perpendicular
period, but only in the Severn Valley does it seem to persist into the fifteenth century
GLOUCESTER AUXERRE, ST. GERMAIN WINC HESTER CATHEDRAL

EAST END LADY CHAPEL (0T) NAVE , WEST FRONT (cYT)
GrLLERY OPENWORK
(aCCr 1329)
MALMESBURY ELY
NAVE CLERES'ORY | LA'DY CHAPEL CHARTHAM
(I,T/EXT) W. WINDOJ (1NT/EXT) CHANCEL(EXr)
lb C 1u4
WARWICK AACHEN
CHPiNCEL(E-T) PRESBYTERY (NT/EXT)
(c.3Xo sq (1355 sqq)
G H N
TROYES, ST.URBAIN TOURtAI

SANCTOURY (INT/ETr) CHEVET (INT)
z
J 26( ) J (1243- 55)
P
CAERPHILLY CASTLE
HALL (Er')
(c.1325)
E
01 2 345
1- I--i F--:
INCHES
H H H HH CM RKM 79
o 2 4 6 5 to
Fig. I 3 Mullions: the SecondFamily and PolygonalTerminations

IO ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 22: I979
(e.g. GloucesterLady chapel, Great Malvernnave). Almost all Perpendicularexamples

have their chamferscarved on differentplanes, with the innermost one of each pair
canted in towards the other, an idea that apparentlyoriginated in the South West
(Fig. 13 B). In some cases,too, Perpendicularexamplesterminatein an additionalroll or
roll and fillet moulding (e.g. Fig. 13 C).
A second variety of mullion is produced by substituting a hollow chamferfor the
inner chamfer(Fig. 13 G). The earliestexamplesappearjust before the middle of the
century, especially in the east (e.g. Penshurst, hall, C.I340; Ely Lady chapel, west
window, ?before I349).167This is the only member of the family that finds favour in
the South and South East regions, and also (apparentlyas a consequence)continues to
enjoy widespreadfavour through the Perpendicularperiod.168Occasionally,a roll, roll
and fillet, or polygonal terminationis added (e.g. Fig. 13 L).
In the third variety, the double chamfer mullion, the chamfersare separatedby a
smalltriangularnotch (Fig. I 3 D). The distributionis very similarto that of the stepped
chamfer,all the early examplesoccurringin the west, especiallyin the Severn Valley,
from c.I330 on,169and isolated instances continue to occur in the fifteenth century
(e.g. Great Malvern, east window; Taunton, St Mary Magdalene, tower upper
windows).
The fourth variety, the double hollow chamfermullion, is as rare as the third, and
again has a western bias (Fig. 13 E). At Tintern, it was in use before 1301 for the win-
dows in the east chapels of the north transept,where its precocity suggests that it is
probablya local developmentfrom the multiplehollows of the freestonematrixbehind
detachedshafts, like the spiked hollow moulding.170No furtherexamplesare recorded
until the second quarterof the fourteenthcentury,when it appearsat CaerphillyCastle
(hall, c.13 5, Fig. 3 E) and in the St Anselm's chapelwindow at CanterburyCathedral
(1334-36): Thomas de la Bataile,who was in charge of masons at Caerphilly,may be
responsiblefor this interchangebetween east and west.l71Examples continue into the
fifteenthcentury,172 and the design also lent itself readilyto the decorationof woodwork
(e.g. Rufford Old Hall, screen, late fifteenth century).
The few Continentalparallelsthat exist with this family lie away from Paris, in the
Rhinelandand eastern France, an area- like the west of England- that pioneered
the idea of continuous mouldings characteristicof late Gothic. For the preferencefor
angular mullions instead of shafted ones implies the rejection of the capital and an
interest in the uninterruptedflow of mouldings, especially in window tracery. The
second varietyis the most likely one to be derivedfrom the Continent,for it was in use
in the Rhinelandand the Low Countriesin the first half of the fourteenthcentury(e.g.
FrankfurtCathedral;Cologne, St Andrew; Tongres),173and apparentlyanticipatesits
appearancein the east of England. After the middle of the century,a roll moulding is
sometimesadded, as happenedin England in the same period, the exampleat Aachen,
I355 sqq., looking particularlyEnglish (cf. Fig. 13 H, C and G).
On the Continent,it seems probablethat the second variety evolved from the use of
stepped and double chamfermullions (i.e. first and third varieties)in easternFrancein
the second half of the thirteenthcentury.The seeds of the stepped chamferdesign can
be recognized in the Lady chapel mullions of St Germain, Auxerre (after 1277, Fig.
3 F), in that the short straightpieces between the roll and the rest of the mullion arean
DEVELOPMENT OF LATER GOTHIC MOULDINGS II
adaptation of their earlier and more common use to link the profiles of principal and
subsidiary mullions (e.g. Fig. 11 G). Another early instance occurs in the open arcading
of the nave triforium of Strasbourg Cathedral, c. I240-75, where the incorporation of
octagonal shafts may have suggested this form to the mason. After these early experi-
ments, however, the stepped chamfer itself did not immediately gain in popularity on
the Continent.174On the other hand, the double chamfer mullion became a particular
feature of eastern France in this period, the earliest recorded instance being in the east
window of St Urbain at Troyes (i 262-66, Fig. 3 J),175and a link with its later develop-
ment in the west of England must be a possibility, given the other stylistic connexions
that have been noted between the two areas.76 Likewise, the double hollow chamfer
mullion, which appears in northern France and especially the lower Rhineland about
1300 or just after (e.g. Fig. 13 K, ii),177might be connected with its employment by
Kentish masons, as described above. Perhaps of more relevance to England is the fact
that all four varieties continue in intermittent use in late Gothic in the Low Countries
and the Rhineland, at such centres as Antwerp,178and the possibility of inter-relation-
ships with the Perpendicular style in this later period deserves further investigation.
The distribution in England up to c. 1400 of the varieties in this family is as below;
examples of varieties (i) and (2) that have an additional roll moulding or other termina-
tion are included. Note the almost complete absence of the North East Midlands
and the North (regions III and IV) from these lists.
Variety(i). Steppedchamfer. e.g. Fig. 3 A.

IX. Average. e.g. Astley, Geddington, Warwick St Mary.
VII. Average. e.g. Bristol Redcliffe (N. porch, S. aisle), Malmesbury, Milton Abbas,
Yeovil.
VI. Below average statistically,but the main centre with VII. e.g. Gloucester (E. end),
Richards Castle (Heref.), Tewkesbury,179Worcester.
V. Infrequent, all in S. Shropshire. e.g. Ludlow (N. transept), Stottesdon.
VIII. Infrequent, Perp. only. e.g. Winchester Cath. (W. front area).
I. Infrequent. Only Battle (gate).
II, III, IV. None recorded.
Variety(2). Steppedhollowchamfer. e.g. Fig. 3 G.

II. Below average. e.g. Ely (Lady chapel, presbytery),Ingham, Norwich Blackfriars.
VIII. Below average, all Perp. e.g. Oxford New College, WinchesterCath.
IX. Below average, all Perp. e.g. Coventry Holy Trinity, Kenilworth Castle.
I. Infrequent. e.g. Penshurst Place, WestminsterHall.
VI. Rare, Perp. only. e.g. Hereford Cath. (bishop's cloisters).
III, IV, V, VII. None recorded.
Variety(3). Doublechamfer. e.g. Fig. I3 D.

VI. Infrequent, but the main area. e.g. Berkeley Castle (hall), Cheltenham, Gloucester.
V. Infrequent. e.g. Kinlet (Salop).
IX Infrequent, Perp. only. e.g. Coventry St Michael (steeple).
II. Infrequent. Only Elsing.
VII. Infrequent. Only Bristol Cath. (Berkeley chapel).
I, III, IV, VIII. None recorded.
12 ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 22: 1979
Variety (4). Double hollow chamfer. e.g. Fig. I3 E.

VI. Infrequent, but the main area. e.g. CaerphillyCastle, Ledbury, Tintern.
VIII. Infrequent. Only Winchester College.
IX. Infrequent. Only Warwick St Mary (Easter sepulchre).
I. Infrequent. Only CanterburyCath. (St Alselm chapel).
V. Infrequent. Only Stottesdon (Salop).
II, III, IV, VII. None recorded.
(c) PolygonalTerminations
The termination of various types of mullion in three sides of a polygon became a
distinctive feature of Perpendicular (e.g. Fig. 13 L). The earliest examples are in the
east, at Bridlington Priory (south triforium/clerestory, probably early fourteenth
century, Fig. 13 Q) and on a small scale at Chartham, Kent (?c. 294 or I32os, Fig.
3 M). The latter is related to the use of hollow-sided polygonal terminations at Canter-
bury in the first third of the fourteenth century,'80and is also likely to be the source for a
lone appearance of the polygonal termination in the west, in the north chapel at Badge-
worth (Glos., probably i32os), by way of Kentish masons working in the area.181
From the middle of the century, examples begin to become more numerous, with the
piece linking the termination to the core of the mullion attenuated so that it is em-
phasized (e.g. Ely Lady chapel, principal mullions of west window).182 All the early
Perpendicular examples - at Winchester, Oxford, and Worcester - point to the
importance of court masons for the wider distribution of the idea.183 The mullion
continues in use in the fifteenth century,l84 and a demi-profile, often with the hollow-
sided termination, is commonly found in window surrounds (e.g. Fig. 9 J).
The ultimate inspiration for the idea seems to stem from the Picardy area, where
prototypes for the Chartham example may be found in a group of mullions stemming
from the east end of Amiens (I236 sqq., Figs. i H and 13 N);185and for Bridlington in
the ambulatory chapels of Tournai Cathedral (I243-5 5, Fig. 13 P).186 In the fourteenth
century, the idea spread to eastern France and the Rhine valley area, where the increasing
emphasis placed on the termination recalls early Perpendicular mullions and window-
frames of this type (e.g. Fig. 13 K, i).187Moreover, in the same period, a demi-profile
based on the semi-circular hollow and fillets design deriving from Amiens was
becoming a common termination for window surrounds especially in the Cologne area
and the Low Countries (e.g. Fig. io G, H)- a further parallel with Perpendicular.188
No distribution list is necessary, as all the examples recorded are mentioned in the
text.
7. Ribs
Vaulting is limited almost entirely to great churches. So the study of rib profiles is of
considerable interest as a clue to the stylistic affiliations of the major workshops,
particularly so at a time when the forms of late Gothic vault design were being
pioneered. It is in this period that the tendency to simplify rib profiles as vault
patterns increase in elaboration becomes evident for the first time in the lierne vaults
of the west, continuing into early fan vaulting and becoming standard in the
Perpen-
dicular style. In the east, on the other hand, more complicated rib profiles derived from
DEVELOPMENT OF LATER GOTHIC MOULDINGS I3
northern France, with its tradition of simple quadripartite vaulting, continue to exert a
stronger influence. This distinction is the basis for the division of ribs in this period
into two families, as described below. However, their importance is offset to a certain
extent for the amateur archaeologist by the difficulty of observing them accurately in
main vaults. Generally, one cannot be sure of the exact profile unless viewed close-up
from a ladder, scaffold, or clerestory passage; observation through binoculars in good
light is next best, but not always successful.189
(a) First Family: LateralRoll Mouldings

The characteristics of this family are that all its varieties incorporate prominent lateral
roll mouldings flanking the axial roll (or roll and fillet or keel), and that French
influence predominates, the English distribution being essentially eastern.
The key feature of the first variety is that the lateral roll mouldings are separated
from the axial roll by a hollow and fillet formation, the four main types of which are
seen in Figure 14 A, B, C, and D (types (i) to (iv) respectively). The workshop engaged
at Amiens from I220 seems to be the first important Continental centre (e.g. Fig.
14 N),190 and at Lincoln in the same period, a rib profile close in design to type
(iv) was in use (Fig. 14 P); in fact, it is probable that the particular trait of this type, the
direct continuation of the lateral roll into the counter-curve of the hollow, is derived
from the undulating forms typical of Early English mouldings. By the I270S on the
Continent, all the main types had appeared, the most common being type (i), and they
remained in regular use in French Rayonnant until the second half of the fourteenth
century, when they were replaced by more angular Flamboyant designs.l19 In England,
the earliest instance of type (i) is in the undercroft vault of St Stephen's chapel, West-
minster, I292 sqq. (Fig. 14 A),192 and the known Continental affiliations of Kentish
work makes French influence here a near certainty.193This is corroborated by the use of
type (iii) in the gatehouse of St Augustine's, Canterbury, c. 1308 (Fig. I4 C); both types
were common in Normandy (e.g. Fig. I4 F, H). In England, type (ii) seems to be a
fourteenth-century development of type (i), and it became quite common in early
Perpendicular work,194 though it had appeared much earlier in France (e.g. Fig. I4 G).
The distribution of type (iv) implies close contemporary contact over at least two
centuries between major north eastern centres on the one hand, such as York and
Lincoln, and Picardy and the Low Countries on the other. The similar experiments
taking place at Lincoln and Amiens in the first half of the thirteenth century, as described
above, are followed at the end of the century by the use of the fully developed type
(iv) rib at York Minster (nave aisles, I291 sqq.) and Lincoln (cloister, c.1295 sqq.,
Fig. 14 D) as well as at Amiens (nave chapel of St Margaret, c. 1290-1300).195 In the
fourteenth century, the connexion is more with the Low Countries, where type (iv) is
employed at Hal (I34I/2-I410), and where a variation with bead mouldings becomes
common from the later fourteenth century (e.g. Fig. 14 L).196 The attenuation of this
rib profile at Antwerp and Malines, for example, is reminiscent of the similar treatment
accorded type (ii) in the contemporary rebuilding of the east end of York Minster
(cf. Fig. 4 L and M).
The second variety of this family is completely curvilinear (Fig. 14 J), and the
undulating mullion profiles prevalent in the east in the Decorated period are obviously
I4 ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 22: I979
ST. STEPHEN'S CHAPEL ANTWERP

VNDERCROFT EAST E N
(ofttr l2'2)
A L
ELY YORK MINSTER

PRESBYTERYAISLES CHoiR AISLES
td6
SVusiDIARfY (1361 55)
(13025) <
CANTERBURY
ST. AUGUSTINE EVREUX CATHEDRAL AMIENS
GATEHOSSE CHORl AISLES CHOIR AISLES
(c. 3o) DITAGrONALR91 (1236 si)
(_PX (l26o's) g
C if
y4 N Aka.. )
LINCOLN
CLOISTER
Fig. 14 Ribs: the First Family

part of the same development (e.g. Fig. I I R).197The use of the design for ribs appears
to occur only in the North however, and in this context Selby stands out as the only
building to have both mullions and ribs of this form. All the signs are that the idea was
derived from Early English ribs, for there is a notable absence of examples on the
Continent.198At Bridlington, Whitby, and Carlisle, examples from the Decorated period
are all likely to take their lead from pre-existing Early English ribs in those buildings,
and its rare appearance in the west, in the north transept aisle vaults at Hereford,
c. 1260 sqq., would seem to be a continuation of Early English usage.
The third variety is common in France, like the first, but of an older vintage. Its
distinguishing feature is that the lateral roll mouldings directly adjoin the axial one, and
in the basic type, the rib consists of little more than that (Fig. 14 E). It is recorded as
early as the east end of Noyon (c. I I 50 sqq.), and is used in such prestigious thirteenth-
century works as Reims Cathedral (c. I2I0 sqq.) and the Ste Chapelle (lower chapel,
c. 1241 sqq.), though it is rare in this form after the I26os.199Not unexpectedly, given
its French connexions, Westminster Abbey is the earliest important location in England
(C. I245 sqq., Fig. I4 E), and examples continue intermittently in the South East for
almost a century. The South West is the other region where it took root, with Wells as
the main early centre. The first example is in the undercroft passage of the chapter
house (c. I250 sqq.), and it is incorporated in almost all the rib profiles of the various
works there right through to the presbytery vault (c. 133 5-40), also finding its way into
some mullion designs in the I28os and 90s.200 In the chapter house main chamber
(i290s sqq.), the lateral rolls become roll and fillet mouldings, whilst scroll mouldings
are used in this position in the vaults of the chapels of SS Andrew and James at Exeter,
and extensively in Bristol Cathedral, especially in the earlier work (I298 sqq., Fig.
14 K).201Another variation present at Bristol (elder Lady chapel vault, i290s) and Wells
is to add mouldings behind the basic formation (e.g. Fig. I4 Q). This is found earlier in
the South East in the third quarter of the thirteenth century,202and is likely to represent a
hangover of Early English taste, for it is unusual in France, nor is it proven to be earlier
there; the first certain example is at St Urbain, Troyes, I262-66 (wall-ribs of the
eastern chapels and east bays of nave aisles).203
In the distribution charts that follow, the list for the first variety includes examples
in which the lateral roll mouldings are replaced by scroll, keel, or roll and fillet mould-
ings (see part (c) of this section, e.g. Fig. I 5 P, Q); the same applies to the lists for the
second variety (e.g. Fig. Io L) and the third (e.g. Fig. I4 K).
Variety(I). Detachedlateralrolls. e.g. Fig. I4 A-D.

IV. Average. e.g. Beverley St Mary (NE. chapel) and Minster (reredos), Patrington,
York Minster.
I. Average. e.g. Battle (gate), CanterburySt Augustine (gate), Old St Pauls (cloister),204
St Albans (choir aisles, Dec. work in nave), St Stephen's chapel.
II. Average. e.g. Bury (gate), Ely (presbytery, Crauden and Lady chapels), Norwich
(cloister).
III. Below average. e.g. Lincoln (nave, cloister, Easter sepulchre), Southwell (screen).
VI. Infrequent. e.g. Hereford (Aquablanca tomb, chap. house vestibule), Worcester
(nave south aisle).
IX. Infrequent. Only Warwick St Mary.
ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 22: I979
V. Rare. Only Lichfield (nave and E. end).

VII. Rare. Only Exeter (E. end, nave, and bishop's throne).
VIII. None recorded.
Variety (2). Curvilinear. e.g. Fig. I4J.
IV. Frequent. e.g. Bridlington, Carlisle, Guisborough, Selby, Whitby, York Minster
(nave).
III. Infrequent, Geometricalperiod only. e.g. Lincoln (Angel choir).
VI. Infrequent, Geometrical period only. e.g. Hailes (chap. house remains), Hereford
(N. transept).
All other regions - none recorded, though others are likely to exist prior to the
Decorated period.
VarieOt(;). Attachedlateralrolls. e.g. Fig. I4 E, Q.

VII. Average. e.g. Bristol Cath. and Redcliffe (nave S. aisle), Exeter (choir aisle chapels),
Wells.
I. Below average. e.g. Canterbury (Meopham tomb), St Albans (E. end, cloister),
WestminsterAbbey.
VI. Infrequent,mainly linked to region VII. e.g. BerkeleyCastle(chapelwooden ceiling),
Tintern, Worcester (crossing, refectory pulpit bay).
(b) SecondFamily: Western Varieties

The ribs of the second family almost invariably omit lateral mouldings, and often
favour simpler forms based on plain or hollow chamfers. There is a general lack of
Continental affiliations, and examples predominate in the west of England, ribs provid-
ing perhaps the clearest picture of the regional character of many of its mouldings.
The distinguishing feature of the first variety is the use of the beaked half-roll,
generally large and facing down, though sometimes turned upwards (Fig. 15 B and C).
It is used in the west as an alternative to the lateral roll mouldings of the first family,
and seems to stem from a fondness in Early English work for mouldings undercut in a
similar fashion.205Even before the mid-thirteenth century, the beaked half-roll had been
applied to ribs in the west (e.g. Fig. I A), especially in the region which was to become
its main centre, the Severn Valley.206Examples continue there up to about 340, the
most common type in the Decorated period being that employed in the Tewkesbury
area (Fig. 15 B).207Elsewhere in the west, a rather insignificant beaked half-roll is used
in the main vaults of the east end of Exeter (c. 290 sqq., Fig. I5 D, i), and a similar
form appears in the only example in the east, Norwich cloister (I297 sqq., Fig. I5 E);
in both cases, it supplements the lateral roll mouldings rather than replacing them.208
However, in the later pulpitum at Exeter ( 3I7-26), the ribs are more reminiscent of
Tewkesbury, and echo the appearance of the distinctive one- and two-bay diagonal
vault pattern in both these works (cf. Fig. 15 F and B).209No examples are recorded on
the Continent.
The second variety consists of ribs based on chamfers or hollow chamfers, frequently
with an axial roll or roll and fillet moulding added (Fig. I5 H-L). Its use in ecclesiastical
architecture, other than crypts,210is a distinctively western trait up to the early Per-
pendicular period. The first important instance in the west seems to be Bristol Cathedral,
MUCH WENLOCK BRISTOL CATHEDRAL WELLS

NAVE? I MAIN VAULT LADSI CHAPEL
L
(oSth.r 1306o) r
TEWKE56UBRY
EAST ET> J BRISTOL
) (i3,2oS qa.) BRISTOL CATHE1DRAL ST. MARY REDCLIFFE
CHOIRAISLES NORTHPORCH
{H N
'ORCESTER CLOUCESTER ELY
.AVE, NORTHAISLE PRES6,TERP,/CHOlfR PRE5S6TERY AISLES
2
(131-2l.S) '% MAIN RIB/3 MAIN R6 t
( /C2(aFter l33) <t {
(aSr (321)
EXETER l
TEWKESBURY BATTLE
MN^IN VAULTS TRA NSEPTS I GATEHOQUSE
(1290$5Si,) f \ 3os) (c1339)
TQNT9RN
TINTER
Fig. 15 Ribs: the SecondFamily and Miscellaneous

i8 ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 22: 1979
in the main ribs of the aisle vaults and the ridge ribs of the Berkeley chapel (Fig.
15 H, perhaps no earlier in execution than c. I3 2o) ;211 the subsidiary profiles in the aisle
vaults consist simply of plain chamfers. From the I33os, these ideas begin to appear
elsewhere in the South West, as at Ottery St Mary (nave and transept vaults, plain
chamfers, after I 337), and more notably in the Severn Valley, where the earliest example
seems to be the Tewkesbury nave vault (probably I33os, also plain chamfers).212In the
high vault of the east end of Gloucester (choir bays completed by I35 ), the main
profile is a modification of that in the Bristol aisles (cf. Fig. 5 H and J);213 whilst in the
third quarter of the century, another variation was employed at Hereford (south east
transept and chapter house, 1364-70) and at Tewkesbury (transepts, Fig. I5 K).214
Meanwhile, at Gloucester, the ribs of the fan-vaulted cloister (before 1377) had
adopted the design of an axial roll with flanking hollow chamfers (Fig. I5 L). The
earliest recorded example is actually in the South East, at Penshurst Place (hall porch
vault, c. I 340 sqq.), a work completely familiar with the latest trends of the capital city,
which suggests that this particular variation may be the fruit of the interchange between
eastern and western craftsmen at Gloucester.215It remains fairly rare before 1400, most
of the early examples being in the west and influenced from Gloucester,216but it became
the standard design for ribs as well as for mullions right through the Perpendicular
period.217 In fact, the interest in applying tracery patterns to vaults in fourteenth-
century England, most evident initially in the west, is likely to be a major factor in the
development of this variety of rib, for all its variations were in use earlier as mullions
(cf. Figs. I5 H, K, L, and i K, D, A respectively). On the Continent, the second
variety seems to be completely unknown except in Eastern France, where it appears at
St Urbain, Troyes (1262-66) and St Thibault (c. I290 sqq.).2l1 Given the other known
connexions especially between St Urbain and Bristol, it is hard to dismiss these simi-
larities as merely accidental.219
The third variety of this family is found particularly in the South West in later
Decorated work, and is distinguished by a prominent pair of fillets flanking the axial
roll and fillet moulding (Fig. 15 G). The idea was first introduced in the Lady chapel
and retrochoir at Wells (after 1306, Fig. I5 M), probably by a mason with experience
in the South East, where Kentish masons were beginning to experiment with similar
effects in mullion designs around the turn of the century (see Fig. 9 D).220The isolated
examples at Beverley (Percy tomb) and Snettisham (west porch) may well be derived
independently from the same source. The most popular version is that illustrated in
Figure 15 G, employed at Bristol Cathedral (main vault, ?c. 32o or later), Ottery St
Mary (east end, after 1337), and Berkeley Castle (wooden roof in the former chapel,
?c. 340-5o). Another contemporary design obviously connected with this variety
through its interest in projecting fillets is that illustrated in Figure I5 N; examples
occur in Bristol Cathedral (main vault wall-rib), St Mary Redcliffe (north porch),
Malmesbury (north aisle chapel), and in the related work in the north chapel of Oxford
Cathedral. These rib types are not recorded on the Continent.
The distribution of the three varieties is as follows. In the list for the second variety,
secular examples have been omitted unless they use a rib with an axial roll-based mould-
ing; miniature vaults in the canopies of tombs, sedilia, etc., are also excluded unless
particularly significant.
Variety(i). Beakedhalf-roll. e.g. Fig. I5 A-F.

VI. Average. e.g. Evesham, Hailes, Hereford (N. transept), Tewkesbury, Worcester
(nave).
II. Rare. Only Norwich (cloister).
V. Rare, early. Only Much Wenlock.
VII. Rare. Only Exeter.
Variety(2) Chamfer/hollowchamfer. e.g. Fig. I5 H-L.
VI. Average. e.g. Gloucester, Hereford, Tewkesbury, Worcester (cloister).
VII. Average. e.g. Bristol Cath. and Redcliffe (both porches), Exeter (W. porch), Ottery.
VIII. Below average. e.g. Oxford Cath. (N. chapel), Winchester Cath. (nave).
IX. Below average, all early Perp. e.g. Kenilworth Castle (J. of Gaunt work), Warwick
St Mary.
IV. Rare. Only Selby (nave north aisle).
I. Rare, Perp. type only. e.g. PenshurstPlace.
V. Rare. Only Nantwich (chancel, and vault frag. in N. transept).
II and III. None recorded.
VarietO(3). Prominent fillets. e.g. Fig. I5 G, M.
VII. Average. e.g. Bristol Cath. and Redcliffe (nave S. aisle), Ottery, Wells.
VI. Infrequent,all linked to VII. e.g. BerkeleyCastle(chapel ceiling), Tintern (fragment).
II. Rare. Only Snettisham.
IV. Rare. Only Beverley Minster (Percy tomb).
VIII. Rare, linked to VII. Only Oxford Cath. (N. chapel).
(c) Miscellaneousrib designswith distinctivefeatures

The brief catalogue that follows should be of help in identifying ribs with distinctive
features that do not properly belong in either of the previous families.
The use of lateral roll and fillet or keel mouldings projecting horizontally or diagon-
ally from the rib (e.g. Fig. I4 P, i) already occurs in the Early English period (e.g.
nave aisles at Lincoln and St Albans, c. 215-30); and does not survive into the four-
teenth century except in rare instances, all of them in the east (e.g. Ely presbytery,
1322 sqq., Fig. I5 P, i). On the other hand, the appearance of scroll mouldings in this
position in the late thirteenth century proved more popular in the Decorated period,
especially in the South West (e.g. Figs. I4 K and I5 D), with isolated examples also
recorded in regions I, III, and IV.
The demi-roll and fillet moulding, projecting down from the side of the rib (e.g.
Fig. I 5Q, i), is probably a survival of Early English taste too. In our period, the earliest
recorded example is in the Lincoln Angel choir (aisle vaults, I256 sqq.), but its main
popularity was in the later Decorated period in the four eastern regions,221 though
scattered instances exist elsewhere, e.g. Exeter bishop's throne (c.I3I2), Lichfield east
end (c. I 320 sqq.), and Hereford chapter house vestibule (probably related to Lichfield).
The termination of a rib with a roll and triple fillets (Fig. I 5 Q, ii) was also favoured
mainly in the eastern regions in the Decorated period, particularly combined with the
three-quarter hollow moulding so common there (e.g. Fig. I5 P).222 Occasional
examples exist in the west (e.g. Exeter pulpitum and throne, Fig. 5 F). The feature can
be taken back at least as far as the transept vaults at Lincoln (c. I220-30, very similar to
Fig. I4 P).
A polygonal termination (Fig. I5 R) is encountered occasionally in several regions,
but there is no obvious centre. It is recorded first in the nave aisles at Lincoln (ridge and
tierceron ribs), and persists into early Perpendicular at least (e.g. Winchester Cathedral
nave, 1394 sqq.).223
The use of a double ogee moulding for a rib seems to be unique to the Ethelbert
gatehouse at Norwich (c. 1316-17, Fig. 7 C).
On the Continent, a rib with polygonal termination is employed in some of the nave
chapels at Amiens from c. I296, and is almost certainly related to developments in the
east of England.224 Around the mid-fourteenth century, examples follow at Auxerre
Cathedral (nave, east bays) and in Pope Clement VI's work at Avignon (i 342-52), and a
version of the rib with concave sides to the termination becomes common in Flam-
boyant work.225Of the other features above, only the roll and triple fillets design has
any recorded Continental parallel, in the nave aisles of Auxerre Cathedral (c. 13I 5 sqq.),
a possible indication of English influence.
8. Capitals
The study of capitals is beset by particularproblems. The location of major capitals at a
considerable height above the ground makes it difficult to draw their often minuscule
detail accurately without a close-up inspection.226 Also, anyone acquainted with
capitals would readily agree that their mouldings are subject to an infinite number of
variations, as in no other architectural element except perhaps bases. Despite this,
however, it can be discerned that two main forms dominate the period under considera-
tion, and that certain developments in their detail, generally of French inspiration, lead
towards Perpendicular designs.
The form most distinctive to the Decorated period is the 'three-unit scroll capital'
(Fig. I6 B).227Typically, these are circular throughout in plan, and at least two of the
units consist of scroll mouldings, though the third (generally the middle unit) may be
a keel rather than a scroll, as happens quite often in the Severn Valley and the South
West (Fig. 6 C). Its origin lies in the adoption in the Early English period of moulded
capitals, devoid of foliage carving, in contrast to standard Gothic practice on the
Continent. Around the mid-century, the scroll moulding, also an indigenous feature,
began to be applied to three-unit designs, sometimes to the top unit (abacus), sometimes
to the bottom (necking) as well (e.g. Fig. I6 A, i).228 Not until the I28os and 90s,
however, did the fully developed form gain acceptance, the first major building scheme
to make consistent use of it probably being Exeter Cathedral (after 1280). By the turn
of the century, it was present in the South East (e.g. Winchelsea, after 1288), South
(e.g. Merton College chapel, I289-94), and East Anglia (e.g. Norwich cloister, I297
sqq.), and these regions together with the Severn Valley constitute the major areas of
its use in the Decorated period. In contrast, its virtual absence from the Midlands,
North West, and North is notable. Three-unit capitals continue to be found throughout
the Perpendicular period, but the consistent use of scroll mouldings does not generally
survive beyond the 340s.
WESTMINSTER CANTERBURY9
. TR ANSEPT CLEY ST. AUGVSTINE
(aoter 245) W. DooR
0
I"10
A B
Jl
AUXERRE, ST. GERMAIN

I LADt CHAPEL
(127 sqq)
LINCOLN
LITTLE ST. ang9l&r TRoyES CANTER 6VR CATI4.
SHtmrL
HvGrH'S I ST. URSAMN MEOPHAMTroHB (1333)
(c.l31o) 0 EAST END i
(12612-)
F G T (i
..I
WoRCESTER
WlNCHLELSA \
N
EDWlRD: TOMB
(133o0') Hafl-s;i2
CLoUCESTER
PRESBYTERY/CHOI .
(a0FK'1337) I
PEMBRIDGE
NAVEAACADE
Fig. 6 Capitals
Note: in Figures 16 and 17, a circle indicates that a component is rounded in plan,
and 'polyg.' that it is polygonal (generally part of an octagon)
The other main variety is the 'two-unit capital' (Fig. I6 D). Almost invariably it is
decorated with foliage, and most commonly in Decorated examples, one or both units
consist of scroll mouldings. The general idea can be traced back as far as twelfth-
century foliage capitals on both sides of the Channel,229but its particular significance in
our period is that those English regions that continue to make major use of it display
their affinity with contemporary Continental practice, in which the plain moulded
capital had no place. Virtually all the Continental examples retain the traditional
abacus directly above the upper unit (e.g. Fig. i6 G, H), a feature also found in most
English examples up to c.1290, especially in the east;230but if it occurs after that, one
may suspect Continental influence, as in the canopy of Little St Hugh's shrine at Lin-
coln, c. 1310 (cf. Fig. 6 F and G).231For the typical Decorated foliage capital abandons
the duplication of abacus and upper unit in favour of a single unit, a development
already apparent in certain cases in the west of England from the mid-thirteenth century
on (cf. Fig. 6 D and E). By the last decade of the century, it is recorded in regular use
in the North (e.g. Selby, iz8os sqq.), the North East Midlands (e.g. Lincoln cloister,
c. I 295 sqq.), the South East (e.g. Crouchback tomb, d. 1296), and the South West (e.g.
Wells bishop's chapel, 28os), and it spread rapidly in the first quarter of the fourteenth
century. Not surprisingly, it proved most popular in those regions where the three-unit
capital was rare, notably in the North, where it holds a virtual monopoly. The Severn
Valley seems to be the only region where foliage is frequently omitted, leaving the
hollow simply plain, or decorated with a row of ballflower (e.g. Gloucester, south aisle,
1318 sqq.).
Both varieties continue into the Perpendicular period, but two types of modification
occur fairly consistently. In the first place, a decorative playfulness is introduced by
giving a polygonal plan to the top or bottom unit - or sometimes to the whole capital,
especially in the case of a three-unit design. Heavy octagonal abaci occur in some
instances in the early thirteenth century in England (e.g. Wells nave, Peterborough west
front), but then seem to die out, whereas on the Continent, polygonal abaci remain a
standard feature of French Rayonnant (e.g. Fig. 16 G, H). Thus, the circumstances
surrounding the revival of this idea in English late Gothic smack strongly of Continen-
tal inspiration, especially as all the initial examples appear in the known cosmopolitan
environment of the north east (e.g. York Minster nave, 1291 sqq.; Lincoln cloister,
C.I295 sqq.).232In the I32os, capitals with polygonal top units begin to turn up in the
South East and East Anglia, probably under influence from the north east (e.g. Aymer
de Valence's tomb, d. 1324; Ely presbytery and Lady chapel, I32I-22 sqq.).233 In
contrast, lack of Continental precedents for the completely polygonal capital suggests
that its origin is indigenous, the inspiration perhaps stemming initially from its use
over octagonal piers in the Decorated period (e.g. Herne in Kent, Pembridge in Here-
fordshire).
The other proto-Perpendicular modification is to replace the scroll moulding by more
angular 'chisel-nosed' and 'blunt-nosed' projections (Fig. 16 J, i, and K, i, respectively).
Examples of either are hard to come by before the late Decorated period. The chisel
moulding seems to appear first in England in the South East (e.g. Meopham tomb,
Canterbury, d. 1333), and remains so much a characteristic of that region that when it is
found in Edward II's tomb at Gloucester, also of the I 33os, one can be fairly sure that
DEVELOPMENTOF LATERGOTHICMOULDINGS 23
the mason knew the South East well (cf. Fig. 6 J and N).234 Apart from a few tentative
early examples around the turn of the century (e.g. Fig. 16 M, i),235the blunt-nosed unit
is also essentially a development of the i33os, but more widely spread (e.g. Lichfield
east end, Wells presbytery vault springers), and it is much more popular in the Perpen-
dicular period. In the Severn Valley, an exceptionally simplified capital type appears in
numerous early Perpendicular works, all taking their lead from the remodelling of the
east end of Gloucester (after 329, Fig. I6 P),236and continues in the fifteenth century
(e.g. Great Malvern choir, Ludlow chancel). In origin, the chisel moulding is
undoubtedly derived from northern France (see Fig. 16 G, i, and H, i), and the same
source may also have been influential in the adoption of the blunt-nosed unit; this is
especially so when the filletted end is canted downwards, as occurs in some of the
earlier English examples (e.g. Fig. i 6 G, ii, and H, ii).237 However, the indigenous fond-
ness for filletted mouldings in thirteenth-century capital designs is likely to have been
at least as formative an influence.
With the onset of popular new mouldings like the scroll, it is surprising to find the
extent to which roll and fillet mouldings and keel mouldings continued to be used for
capitals in the Decorated period. This is particularly so in the South East, where
fifty per cent more examples of this type of three-unit design are recorded than three-unit
scroll capitals: and these occur in most fashionable works (e.g. Fig. i6J, ii, M, R).
Another sizeable pocket of resistance is found in the west, but here many of the examples
come from a group of Herefordshire parish churches of relative insignificance nation-
ally (e.g. Fig. i6Q).238 A very curious filletted formation that occurs in the north chapel
capitals at Badgeworth near Tewkesbury finds a precedent only in the South East
(Leeds Castle, gloriette, ?late thirteenth century; Westminster Abbey, c. I245-69), and
provides further evidence of the extent of Kentish influence in the west under the
patronage of Hugh le Despenser the younger (Fig. i6 S, T).239
In this context, a further thirteenth-century element that is preserved is the 'concave
fillet', generally applied to a demi-roll and fillet moulding used as the middle unit of a
three-unit capital, as in Figure i6 L, i. It may draw its ultimate inspiration from a
horizontal moulding akin to a tiny beaked half-roll employed frequently in French
thirteenth-century capitals (Fig. i6 G, iii), which appears in England as early as Win-
chester Castle hall (1222 sqq.), and continues to occur intermittently into the fourteenth
century (Fig. 16 F, i). At Westminster Abbey, after c. 1245, it was adapted to a Purbeck
marble capital, where probably it was the contrast of light and shade created by sharp
incisions in the polished surface that appealed to the masons (Fig. i6 A, ii). Its use in
marble continues through to the later Decorated period (e.g. Meopham tomb, Canter-
bury, d. I333), and may well explain its distribution in the South and especially the
South East, where it is particularly characteristic.
An easily distinguishable design which needs a better survey is a capital carved with
miniature battlements on top. The use of crenellation as decoration can be traced back
to court works of Edward I and Henry III,240but it is apparently not until the 132os that
the idea is applied to capitals and corbels, the seminal work almost certainly being St
Stephen's chapel, Westminster, where it was used for image brackets in the upper
chapel;241 the capitals in the contemporary clerestory in the presbytery at Ely are doubt-
less inspired from this source.242Another early royal example, in the treasury vault off
the Dean's cloister at Windsor (I353), may be the source for the crenellated vault
springers in the transept at Lichfield.243There seem to be no Continental examples.244
Though it does not fall directly within the purview of this study, it should be remem-
bered that perhaps the most important development in this period concerning capitals
was actually their omission, especially in arcades - either completely (e.g. Bristol
Cathedral), or partially, as was more frequent (e.g. Wells retrochoir and presbytery, Ely
presbytery). The latter treatment, with capitals restricted to shafts, became standard in
the Perpendicular period, and derives from experiments in French Rayonnant in the
second half of the thirteenth century (e.g. St Germer, Lady chapel vestibule, after
I259). The more radical step of total omission, much more commonly encountered in
Continental late Gothic, seems to be pioneered in eastern France in the later thirteenth
century (e.g. Auxerre, St Germain, 1277 sqq.),245thence spreading east to the Rhine-
land, with Strasbourg apparently as the key centre in the early fourteenth century; the
stunning Wiesenkirche at Soest (I 33I sqq.) is a product of this stream. Equally, there is
reason to think that the ideas of eastern France were familiar at Bristol, where they
mingled with memories of the regular omission of capitals in works of the 'West
Country School' of the later twelfth century.246
The distribution lists for the main varieties are as follows:
Variety (z). Three-unitscroll. e.g. Fig. i6 B, C.

I. Quite frequent. e.g. Dover (MaisonDieu), Leeds (BattleHall), St Albans (nave, Dec.),
Winchelseachurches.
II. Quite frequent. e.g. ClarePriory,Ely (presbytery,Craudenchapel),Norwich (precinct),
Reepham.
VIII. Average.247 e.g. Dorchester, Oxford Cath. (N. chapel)and Merton, Salisbury(tower).
VI. Average. e.g. Caerphilly Castle (hall), Hereford Cath. (NE. transept), Pershore
(sacristy),Tewkesbury.
III. Average. e.g. Hawton, Lincoln (St Hugh shrine), Wykeham chapel.
VII. Below average. e.g. Exeter, Ottery, Wells (chap. house and vestibule).
IV. Infrequent. e.g. Beverley St Mary (NE. chapel).
V. Infrequent. e.g. ChesterCath. (choir, W. bays).
IX. None recorded, but some must exist.
Varieot (2). Two-unit (from I28os on). e.g. Fig. I6 D (and incl. F).
IV. Frequent. e.g. Guisborough, Patrington, Ripon, Selby, Whitby (nave, Dec.), York
Minster.
II. Quite frequent.* e.g. Bury (gate), Ely (presbyteryand Craudenchapel, minor caps),
Norwich (Carnary,bishop's palace), Peterborough.
VII. Quite frequent. e.g. Bristol Cath. and Redcliffe,Malmesbury,Ottery, Wells (bishop's
chapel), Yeovil.
I. Average.* e.g. CanterburyCath. (chap. house, Peckham tomb), and St Augustine
(gate), St Albans (nave, cloister), St Stephen's chapel, Winchelsea parish church
(window caps, S. aisle tombs).
V. Average. e.g. Lichfield (presbytery),Nantwich.
VI. Average.* e.g. Berkeley Cas. (chapel), Gloucester (S. aisle), Hereford Cath. (nave
aisles, chap. house), Worcester (nave N., refectory).
III. Below average. e.g. Lincoln (Little St Hugh), Southwell (fittings).
IX. Below average, Perp. only. e.g. Kenilworth Cas. (hall porch).
VIII. Infrequent, Perp. only. e.g. Winchester Cath. (nave).
* The lists for these regions include a relatively high proportion of minor capitals
(i.e. on
monuments, fittings, and window mullions) which, if omitted from consideration, would
produce revised figures as follows: I, infrequent; II, average; VI, below average.
Variety( a). Partl or whollypolygonal(excluding those over polygonal piers).

II. Average, some early Perp. e.g. Ely (esp. Lady chapel), Ingham (nave), Reepham,
Snettisham,Sutton.
IV. Average, the source area. e.g. Bridlington, Howden (nave), Selby, York Minster
(nave).
I. Average. e.g. CanterburyCath. (Meopham and Stratfordtombs), Penshurst, Old St
Pauls,248Westminster(A. de Valence tomb).
VII. Below average. e.g. Bristol Cath. (reredos), Ottery (screen).
III. Infrequent. e.g. Lincoln (cloister, Easter sepulchre).
V. Infrequent. e.g. Lichfield (Lady chapel, presbytery).
VI. Infrequent, almost all Perp. e.g. Madley (Heref.), Worcester (cloister, treasury,
N. porch).
VIII. Infrequent,Perp. only. e.g. WinchesterCath. (nave).
IX. Infrequent,Perp. only. e.g. Coventry St Michael(tower).
Variety(4). Chisel-nosed andblunt-nosed

units. e.g. Fig. i6 J, i, K, i, P.
I. Average, mainly chisel. e.g. Battle (gate), CanterburyCath. (Meopham and Stratford
tombs), WestminsterAbbey (Little cloister door).
V. Average, mainly blunt. e.g. ChesterCath. (shrine),Lichfield(presbytery),Shrewsbury
St Mary.
II. Below average, all blunt. e.g. Cley, Ingham, Sutton.
VII. Below average. e.g. Exeter (W. front porch), Ottery, Wells (presbyteryclerestory).
VI. Infrequent, predominantlyblunt and early Perp. e.g. Gloucester (E. end and Ed. II
tomb), Hereford (chap.house vestibule, SE. transept),Worcester(nave S. side, transept,
N. porch).
III. Infrequent,chisel. e.g. Thornton (chap. house).
IV. Infrequent. e.g. York Minster (nave).
VIII. Infrequent, blunt, Perp. only. e.g. Winchester Cath. (nave).
IX. Infrequent, blunt, Perp. only. e.g. Kenilworth Cas. (hall).
Variety(t). Roll andfilletlkeel(from i z8os on). e.g. Fig. I6 J, ii, M, R.

I. Frequent. e.g. Battle (gate), CanterburyCath. (chap. house, Meopham and Stratford
tombs, cloister), St Albans (cloister), St Stephen's chapel, Southwark (transept),
Winchelseaparish church.
VII. Average. e.g. Bristol Redcliffe (S. aisle), Exeter (fittings), Milton Abbas, Wells
(presbytery).
IV. Below average. e.g. Beverley Minster (nave, Percy tomb), Carlisle.
V. Below average. e.g. Lichfield (Lady chapel), Worfield (Salop).
VI. Below average. e.g. Gloucester (Ed. II tomb), Pembridge, Weobley.
II. Rare. Only Ely (presbyteryarcade,occasional cap.).
III, VIII, IX. None recorded.
Varietj (6). Concave fillet. e.g. Fig. I6 A, ii, L, i.

I. Average. e.g. Battle (gate), CanterburyCath. (Meopham tomb), Rochester (transept),
St Stephen's chapel, WestminsterAbbey, Winchelseaparish church.
VIII. Below average. e.g. Dorchester (nave S. aisle), Netley (nave W.).
II, III, IV, VI, VII. Rare, single examplesonly in each region.
V, IX. None recorded.
of three-unitcapital,i.e. variety (i) plus examples in lists for varieties (3)-(6).

Total distribution
Frequent - I (80%), II, VIII; average, over 30%
- III, VI, VII; average, over 20% - IV, V;
none recorded- IX.
Total distributionof two-unitcapital,i.e. variety (2) plus examples in (3)-(6). Frequent- IV

(8o%); quite frequent - I, II, VII; average - V, VI, IX; below average - III; infrequent -
VIII.
9. Bases
As a recent writer has remarked, bases have the advantage of being easy to scrutinize,
and the value of being amongst the first stones worked in a new building enterprise.249
Changes made by masons in the design of base moulds frequently allow one to dis-
tinguish the main phases of construction, and, with the aid of a regional survey, help
one to identify the provenance of some of those masons.250
For a considerable area of the country, the most typical base of the Decorated period
is that illustrated in Fig. 17 A (first variety), generally with a plinth of octagonal plan,
and a simply moulded sub-base. It is derived from northern France, where it had been
in use since the 1230s (e.g. Amiens, east end), and was fully developed by the i26os
(e.g. Fig. 7 B).251In England, it appeared virtually simultaneously in the I28os and 90s
at opposite ends of the country, in the South West (e.g. Exeter), and in the North East
Midlands and the North (e.g. Southwell chapter house door, Selby, York Minster nave).
Possibly the Welsh castle campaigns of the 28os are the link here, as they were for the
wave and sunk chamfer mouldings,252 for there is no evidence that the South East
assumed this role: examples there are relatively few and late. In the first decade of the
fourteenth century, it spread from Wells to the Severn Valley region at Hereford,253
and this was to become the region to make most use of the full design with octagonal
plinth and sub-base. However, if one takes into consideration examples which employ
the base mould only, or a different sub-base (e.g. Fig. 17 C), then the North East Mid-
lands becomes the main area, and the North West Midlands also figures more promin-
ently (see distribution lists). The base goes out of common use in the I340s.
More conservative designs prevailed in the early Decorated period especially in
regions that did not openly accept the first variety. Foremost amongst these is the double
or triple roll (Fig. 17 G), the dominant English base from c. Iz5 to c.I290, but
infrequent thereafter except in East Anglia and the South East, where some remarkably
late examples are recorded (e.g. Bury St Edmunds gatehouse, 340s). Another design
based on roll mouldings, and found mainly in the same two regions, is the 'double roll
and hollow' (Fig. I 7 H), often modified as in Fig. I 7 E, i, to bring it closer to a bell base
(cf. Fig. I7 K). Remarkably, even the form of the Early English water-holding base,
CANTERBURYCATHEDRA,.
ROUEN CH PTER HooSE
CATHEDRAL TADo (13o4 sqq)
LINCOLN S. TRANSEPT
/A CLOISTEf, CHAPTER HoOSE
(1290o-) 1_ ENTRANCE,DAPO
(1304 sqq)
polyg. Po( f
E 'I F
AM ULAToRV
/
(320's)
OI /
P?',y
NoRWICH STE. CHAPELLE
GtTE
ETHELBERT
(c.1316-14)
C6
ELY
PRE56YTERY A%SLES
M
(3;,2 2.)
i Zs_
alY9
ST ER
GLOUCE
NORTH TRANSEPT (
(36-73) IN rIl BEVERLEY
MINSTER
REREDOS poy'.
ELY
J PRESBYERY/
N. ARCADE
poIY (13,22 p,
s1.)
RKM 79
0 2 3 4 5
!----- I--1
HH I I
I-H INCHES
H H H H H ICM
0 2 4 6 S io
Fig. I7 Bases
superseded fifty years previously by the triple roll, survives to a certain extent in
Decoratedwork in these two regions (e.g. Fig. 17 F).
The employmentof a projectingmoulding- scroll, keel, or fillet - on the bottom
roll is quite common in all these more traditionalbase types (e.g. Fig. 17 F, i), and is
itself a survival of an Early English idea.254Its distributionin the Decorated period is
primarilyin the east, south of the Humber,and in this areaespeciallyit is also not un-
common to find it applied to other designs, such as the first variety (e.g. Thornton
chapter house, after 1282) and the bell base (e.g. Meopham tomb, Canterbury,
d. 333).255 The Meopham example is particularly interesting, as the only other recorded
instanceof this particularbase is in the contemporarytomb of EdwardII at Gloucester,
a furtherclue to the Kentish workmanshipof the latter (cf. Fig. 17 L and M).256
In the later Decorated period, masons in the eastern regions particularlybegan to
make use of the base that was to become standardin Perpendicular,the bell base. The
four main types in the fourteenth century are: (i) plain, Fig. 17C, i; (ii) with a roll
moulding at the neck, Fig. I7 K, i, and, in a less clearlypronouncedform, Fig. 17 M, i;
(iii) with a fillet at the neck, Fig. I7 Q, i; (iv) double, Fig. 17 Q, ii257 Types (i) and (iii)
are employed for sub-basesas well, and (i) is invariablyso. The inspirationwas un-
doubtedly Continental,for all four types can be shown to have been in prior use in
France.First to appearwere the plain and roll-neckedtypes in the second quarterof the
thirteenth century (e.g. Fig. 17 D, J, i), and both became standardfor sub-basesin
French Rayonnant, the former continuing into Flamboyant (Fig. I7p).258 This was
followed by the fillet-neckedtype in the z26os(e.g. Fig. 17 S, i), which seems to have
been more restrictedinitially to easternFrancebefore spreadingto the Rhinelandand
the Low Countriesin the fourteenthcentury.259 Only outside Franceis it recordedin use
for the main base as opposed to the sub-base:in the nave of the Antonines' churchin
Cologne, and in some of the laternave chapelsat Tongres, both probablydating before
c.135o. The earliestappearanceof the double bell seems to be that noted by Harvey in
the south transept of Clermont-FerrandCathedral,c. 311, and it remained rare in
France;260 in fact, its use at Caudebec(1426 sqq., Fig. 17 P), is more likely to have been
influencedfrom England, where it was in regularemploymentin Perpendicularworks
in the South East by that time.261
The firstto arrivein Englandwas the roll-neckedtype, in use in sub-basesbefore the
mid-thirteenthcentury in Lincoln nave and Westminster Abbey,262but limited in
impact until the early fourteenth century. Then it began to appearin bases and sub-
bases in the South East and East Anglia, most notably at Ely after 1322, where an
additionalmoulding is added below the bell, as happensquite often in examplesin the
east (Fig. I7 R, i).263 In the west, it appeared very shortly afterwards at Gloucester
(south transept, 1329-37), which became the key centre for its spread in the Severn
Valley and Midlandsin the early Perpendicularperiod.264But alreadyit had arrivedin
the west less conspicuously in the amazingly varied piers of the Wells retrochoir
(?c. 13Io- 5, Fig. 17 U, i), which use the fillet-necked type as well.265Almost certainly,
these should be linked with slightly earlier developments in the South East, as in
Winchelseaparishchurch,which has the firstrecordedexampleof the fillet-neckedtype
in England in its sanctuary,as well as employing the roll-neckedtype in the transept.266
Even earlierthan this, the plain bell had appearedat Lincoln (cloister,c. I295 sqq., Fig.
DEVELOPMENTOF LATER GOTHICMOULDINGS 29
I7 C, i), and it became established in the North East Midlands and the North in the
early fourteenth century, spreading only slowly to the south before the Perpendicular
period (e.g. Ely, after 1322, Fig. 17 R, ii), and with only a single example recorded in
the west (Wells presbytery vault springers, I330s). The double bell is first recorded in
certain bases of Ely presbytery (south arcade, after 1322, Fig. I7Q, ii), and then in
bases throughout the choir at Gloucester (after 1337); as it remains rare until the early
Perpendicular period, these two works must be connected, perhaps by way of the
Ramsey family.267Ely itself is remarkable, in that every type of bell is in use there in the
works of the I320o: a meeting of masons from London and the north east, experi-
menting with forms that were to become the essence of Perpendicular base designs.
One or two unusual features of fourteenth-century bases deserve comment. Bases
(and capitals) that are partly hexagonal in plan are rare, yet the idea had been quite
common for abaci and plinths in French Rayonnant since the i 23os.268 The remodelling
of the east end at Gloucester (after 1329) is the first major work in England to make
consistent use of the feature,269and emphasizes the strong French character of this key
early Perpendicular monument. The only other examples recorded in this period are, in
the South East, the bases of the Meopham tomb canopy at Canterbury, c. 333, and a
part-hexagonal capital surviving from Old St Paul's, that might possibly come from the
chapter house there, 1332 sqq. (see further note 248); and in the North East Midlands,
a series of small-scale works dating from the I290S to c. 1340 at Lincoln, a centre always
open to Continental influence.270It was particularly from Gloucester, however, that it
established a local following, notably at St Mary's, Warwick (c. 1370 sqq.) and in John
of Gaunt's works at Kenilworth (mainly 1390-93).271
A group of extremely elaborate Decorated bases, often carved wholly or in part of
Purbeck marble, deserve closer study. The best known, and apparently the earliest
surviving, are in the west, in the pulpitum at Exeter (31I7-26) and the retrochoir at
Wells (?c. 131o0- 5 and later, Fig. 17 U).272 The other recorded examples all occur in the
four eastern regions in the I33os and 4os (e.g. Fig. 17 T).273The main feature they have
in common, apart from excessive ostentation, is the use of roll and fillet, scroll, and keel
mouldings placed horizontally or canted downwards, which suggests a south eastern
origin for the group,274 as does the use of a sort of sunk chamfer flanked by bead
mouldings (Fig. 17 T, ii, U, ii, and cf. Fig. 6 D, E, G). The bands of foiled figures at
plinth level in several of the examples were a feature of the bases of St Stephen's chapel
Westminster (upper chapel), which would obviously be the key example in this group if
its mouldings conformed, as seems likely from what one can judge from general interior
views.275Another possible link is the trade in Purbeck marble monuments and fittings,
which could explain such far-flung parallels as the marble bases of Exeter pulpitum and
Beverley Minster reredos, both carved to exactly the same design and size (Fig. 17 T).
In contrast, some major churches in the west adopt very simple chamfer or hollow
chamfer bases. The earliest important examples occur in Bristol, in the rudimentary
bases of the piers of the Cathedral (after 1298) and in the north porch of St Mary
Redcliffe (?c. 1320-30). Later in the century, at Gloucester, bell bases are abandoned in
favour of chamfered forms in the north transept (I368-73, Fig. I7 N) and cloister
(before 1377), a parallel to the simple capitals employed there (Fig. 6 P), and a develop-
ment also found in several stylish works in parish churches in the region.276
3
The lists have been arranged as follows, omitting the last three categories as their
distribution is fully covered in the text.
Variety (I). Standard Decorated base (with plinth and sub-base). e.g. Fig. I7 A.
VI. Quite frequent. e.g. Evesham, Gloucester (S. aisle), Hereford, Tewkesbury, Wor-
cester (nave N. aisle).
IV. Average. e.g. Bridlington (S. side), Selby, York Minster (nave).
VII. Average. e.g. Bristol Cath. (aisles), Exeter, Milton Abbas, Wells (chap. house).
III.*Below average. e.g. Southwell (chap. house door, pulpitum), Wykeham chapel.
I. Below average. e.g. Canterbury Cath. (Stratford tomb), Westminster (A. de Valence
tomb).
V.*Infrequent. e.g. Chester Cath. (choir W.), Nantwich.
VIII. Infrequent, a suspiciously low figure. e.g. Salisbury (tower).
II* and IX. None recorded.
* If
examples using the base mould only, or with a different sub-base (e.g. Fig. 17 C), are added,
the revised figures for these regions become: III, quite frequent; V, average; II, infrequent.
Variety (2). Conservativedesigns (after c. I280). e.g. Fig. 17 F, G, H.

I. Frequent. e.g. Canterbury Cath. (chap. house), Leeds (Battle Hall), St Albans (nave,
Dec.).
II. Frequent. e.g. Bury (gate), Cley, Ely (all Dec. works), Norwich (all Dec. works),
Trumpington.
III. Average, mainly triple roll. e.g. Heckington, Sleaford, Southwell (chap. house,
pulpitum).
IV. Average. e.g. Carlisle, Guisborough, Hull (chancel), Patrington (transept).
VI. Below average. e.g. Caerphilly Cas. (hall), Madley, Pembridge, Weobley.
VII. Below average. e.g. Exeter (bishop's throne), Wells (bishop's chapel, chap. house
vestibule, nave E. bay).
VIII. Rare, triple roll only. e.g. Oxford Merton (chapel).
IX. Rare, double roll and hollow, Perp. only. e.g. Kenilworth Cas. (hall porch).
V. None recorded.
Variety ()). Scroll/keel/roll andfillet additions. e.g. Fig. I7 F, M.

I. Average. e.g. Canterbury (chap. house door, Meopham tomb), Leeds Cas.,
St Stephen's chapel, Winchelsea parish church.
II. Average. e.g. Ely (presbytery, Crauden chapel), Snettisham, Trumpington.
III. Average. e.g. Lincoln (St Hugh's shrine), Southwell (chap. house, pulpitum),
Thornton (chap. house).
IV. Below average. e.g. Beverley Minster (reredos),277 Hull (chancel).
VI. Below average. e.g. Caerphilly Cas. (hall),278Weobley.
V. Rare. Only Chester Cath. (transept).
VII. Rare. Only Exeter (bishop's throne).279
VIII and IX. None recorded.
Variety (4). Bell bases.

(i) Plain e.g. Fig. 17 C, i.
IV. Average. e.g. Beverley Minster (nave) and St Mary (NE. chapel), Carlisle, Durham
(Hatfield tomb).
I. Infrequent, almost all Perp. e.g. Canterbury Cath. (Meopham tomb), Westminster
Abbey (nave W.), and Hall.
III. Infrequent. e.g. Lincoln (cloister, Easter sepulchre, Little St Hugh shrine).
V. Infrequent. e.g. ChesterCath. (transept,shrine), Lichfield (E. end).280
VII. Rare. Only Wells (presbytery).
(ii) Roll-necked e.g. Fig. 17 K, M, i, R, i.

I. Average. e.g. CanterburyCath. (Meopham tomb, cloister), Rochester (chap. house
door), St Albans (nave Dec.), Westminster(Eltham tomb, nave W.), Winchelseaparish
church.
IV. Average. e.g. Beverley Minster (Percy tomb), Durham (Hatfield tomb), Patrington
(S. transept),York Minster (E. end).
IX. Average, all Perp. e.g. Coventry St Michael(tower), Kenilworth Cas. (hall), Warwick
St Mary.
II. Below average. e.g. ClarePriory, Ely (octagon, presbytery,Craudenchapel), Snettis-
ham.
III. Below average. e.g. Lincoln (St Hugh shrine), Southwell (sedilia).
VII. Below average. e.g. Bristol Redcliffe(S. aisle), Ottery, Wells (retrochoir).
VI. Infrequent,all Perp. e.g. Gloucester(S. transept),RichardsCastle,Worcester(transept,
N. porch).
V. Rare, related to VI. e.g. Ludlow (N. transept).
VIII. Rare, Perp. only. e.g. Winchester Cath. (nave).
(iii) Fillet-necked e.g. Fig. I7Q, i.

I. Below average. e.g. Canterbury Cath. (nave), Herne (tower), Winchelsea parish
church.
V. Below average. e.g. Lichfield (E. end), Ludlow (N. transept), Shrewsbury St Mary
(SE. chapel).
VII. Below average. e.g. Ottery, Wells (retrochoir),Yeovil.
VI. Below average, all Perp. e.g. Gloucester (S. transept), Hereford Cath. (S. transept),
Worcester (transept).
II. Infrequent. e.g. Ely (presbytery),Sutton.
III. Infrequent. e.g. Lincoln (Bishop's Eye).
IV. Infrequent. e.g. York Minster (E. end).
VIII and IX. None recorded.
(iv) Double e.g. Fig. jQ, ii.

II. Below average. e.g. Ely (presbytery),Ingham (nave, tomb), Sutton.
I. Below average, mainly Perp. e.g. Canterbury Cath. (nave, cloister), Westminster
Abbey (nave W., abbot's parlour)and Hall.
VI. Below average, all Perp. e.g. Gloucester (choir), Hereford (bishop's cloister), Wor-
cester (nave S.).
IV. Rare, Perp. only. e.g. York Minster (E. end).
VII. Rare, Perp. only. e.g. Glastonbury(E. end).
for all tjpes of bellbase:Frequent- IV; quite frequent- I; average- II, III,
Totaldistribution
V, VII, IX; infrequent- VI, VIII.
Summary
The main objective of this survey has been to provide a context for the development
of later Gothic mouldings in England up to the end of the fourteenth century. Nation-
ally, it has demonstrated how the variety of types from region to region forms a valuable
background against which to assess the provenance of an individual building's style.
More important for the study of late Gothic as a whole, however, is the establishment of
numerous real connexions between the mouldings of England and northern Europe,
which imply a more detailed familiarity with each other's working methods than is
generally realized.
The findings for England are summarized in Figure 18, in which most of the features
characteristic of each region are represented.281 Particularly striking is the relative
solidarity of the four eastern regions, seen against the main western ones, VI and VII, as
indicated in their choice of mullions and ribs (Fig. 18, sections 6 and 7, and note also 4
and 9). The influence of the Continent in the eastern regions is a key factor in this dif-
ferentiation, but it is by no means uniform. East Anglia is noticeably less affected than
the South East and the Humber area, and similarities appear in these two regions which
largely bypass East Anglia (Fig. 18, sections i and 5).282 Thus, regional tendencies within
the eastern group underlie the initial appearance of solidarity. For example, one could
point to a 'northern block', in the way regions III and IV reject the sunk chamfer and
the double ogee, and retain designs of their own, such as curvilinear mullions and ribs
(Fig. 18, sections 2, 3, 6, 7). In the South East, the conservative tendencies that run
through the east as a whole - a combination of Early English survival (e.g. section 4)
and French Rayonnant influence - are more strenuously maintained than in any other
region in the country (sections 2, 7, 8),283even though it was also a major employer of
the latest Decorated mouldings, such as the sunk chamfer and the three-scroll capital.
This apparent paradox may be at least partly explained by the attraction of masons from
other regions to the court as the major fount of patronage in the land, especially in the
creative years of the late thirteenth century following the royal castle-building cam-
paigns in Wales. East Anglia thus finds itself between two regions of strongly marked
character, and in centres like Norwich and Ely one can trace affinities with both the
north and south (e.g. sections 6, undulating mullions, and 3 respectively).
On the other side of the country it is not unexpected to find parallels between the
Severn Valley region and the South West, this being obvious in their mullion, rib, and
base types, and in their rejection of mouldings like the three-quarter hollow with fillets
(Fig. 18, sections 4, 6, 7, 9). More revealing, however, are the differences between the
two, which suggest that the Severn Valley is more introverted,284in its excessive use of
wave and sunk chamfer mouldings, and with its own distinctive rib design, the beaked
half-roll (sections i, 2, 7). It is not a primary area, in that all its important features are
adopted from outside, especially from region VII.285 Whereas the South West shows
signs of fairly continuous contact with the South East (e.g. sections 3; 7, first family;
and 9, bell base),286and it is likely that the main channel was by way of region VIII, the
South. This region physically connects the Purbeck and Bath quarries with London,
and exhibits specific links both with the South East, such as three-unit capitals with
concave fillets (section 8), and with the South West (e.g. sections 3 and 7).287 Thomas of
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Witney, Richardof Farleigh,and WilliamWynfordare documentedexamplesof master

masons practisingacross all three regions.288
The two Midland regions, V and IX, demonstrateconsiderablecohesion (sections
I, 2, 8),289 and seem, by and large, to be secondaryareaslike the SevernValley, with the
notable exception that the royal works in Wales in the later thirteenthcentury placed
the North West Midlandsbrieflyin the architecturalspotlight. The Severn Valley was
influentialon both regions, particularlysharingthe prolificuse of wave mouldingswith
region V (section i), and conveying certainmullion and base types to IX in the second
half of the fourteenth century (sections 6, second family, and 9). The most notable
outsideinfluence,however, is that of the north easternregions (III and IV) on the North
West Midlands,as is evident in their reluctanceto employ the double ogee, and in their
use of similar mullions, capitals, and bases (sections 6, first family; 8, two-unit; 9,
variety i without plinth).290
The exchange of ideas with the Continent divides broadly into two main streams
one flowing between the lower Rhine (northern Germany, the Low Countries, Picardy)
and the Humber area, the other between the Seine valley (Normandy and the Paris
area) and the South East. The strength of the first stream is illustrated by the contem-
porary interest in both areas in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in filletted
moulding formations, especially in the freestanding fillet (section 5);291 to this can be
added polygonal terminations for mullions and ribs, and the use of the first family of
rib (type iv) especially in the Low Countries and the north-east English regions in the
fourteenth century.292 Moreover, the appearance of the elaborate filletted mullion
(Fig. 11 C) at Tongres and Amiens in the third quarter of the fourteenth century must
be an import from one of the eastern regions II, III, or IV.293
Numerous features illustrate the second stream, the most distinctive to the South
East being the so-called prototypes for the sunk chamfer.294What almost all the features
have in common is that very close parallels can be found in Rouen and its vicinity,
suggesting that the nature of the connexion with England was the shipment to the
South East in particular of Caen and other Norman building stones.295Ideas flowed in
the other direction too, for in the first half of the fifteenth century, spiked ogee bowtell
mullions and double bell bases in use in Perpendicular works in the South East appear
at Caudebec.296
It would be wrong, of course, to envisage these streams as entirely self-contained.
For instance, North East France has been included in the first stream, and undoubtedly
Amiens in particular was very influential on developments in the lower Rhine area and
had close contact with centres like Lincoln. However, the presence of features such as
the polygonal-tipped mullion in the Canterbury area indicate that it was not without
influence in the South East as well.297 Harder to categorize are the routes of contact
between England and the region of Eastern France. It is clear that ideas developed in
this region in the later thirteenth century were taken up in Rhineland centres like Stras-
bourg, and thus it might well be by way of the first stream that a feature such as the
undulating moulding found its way into the Humber area, the lower Rhine, and Eastern
France (Figs. 4 D, E, and io B). Yet the existence of a double ogee in the porch at
Chaumont, where the arrangement of gables is reminiscent of works at Westminster,
suggests a connexion with the South East perhaps by way of Paris.298And how is one
to explain the appearanceof double chamfer mullions and second family ribs in the
westernregions VI and VII and in EasternFrance? It is temptingto route these features
through the second stream as well, especially given Gloucester's strong connexions
with London masons and with Normandy, but if so, it should be noted that they
apparentlyleft little mark on the South East in passing.
Though the primary intention of this survey has been to provide archaeological
dating criteria,it has been a pleasantbonus to find that it has also breathednew life
into the study of masons as individuals whose movements can be traced, when cir-
cumstancespermit, from the stonework that survives. To cite one example: the odd
design of the capitalsin the north chapelat Badgeworth,near Tewkesbury,meantlittle
in their local context until this survey establishedthat similardesigns appearin only
one other region, the South East, first at Westminsterand then at Leeds Castle.Given
that Badgeworth is linked with works at CaerphillyCastle and Tewkesbury both
through style and patronage,299 the evidence of the capitalsnow suggests not only that
Thomas de la Bataile,who is documentedin chargeof masonsat Caerphilly,worked for
the Despenser family in Gloucestershireas well, but also corroboratesindependently
the observationmade some time ago that he was connected with works on the Leeds
Castleestate.300The stonesindeed speakto us. As Harveyhasaptlyremarked,mouldings
can revealthe hand of the architectmuch as brushworkdoes that of the painter.301
NOTE
The author's main acknowledgementsare as in Part I. Figure and footnote numbers continue
from Part I, as do the conventions governing reference to regions (see n. i6) and periods
(n. 18). Titles of works given in the footnotes for Part I are not repeatedin full in Part II.
NOTES
9 One can guard against this to a certain extent by checking the demi-profile of the mullion on the
window surround, which is less subject to restoration, particularlyinternally.
z20 Wave mullions (p. 23), sunk chamfer mullions (p. 29), and the mullion with undercut hollow
chamfers (pp. 44 sqq.).
121 So established in the ecclesiastical context that examples survive into the seventeenth century
(e.g. chapels of Hatfield House, I6o8-I2, and Wadham College, Oxford, I6I0-I3).
122 Nor does it assume much significancein Perpendicular,with local exceptions (e.g. a group around
Coventry -St Michael's tower, I373 sqq.; St John Baptist's nave aisles, after I357; Kenilworth
Castle hall, 1390-93).
123 e.g. in regionA, Tournaieast end (triforium,I243-55), Hal (dadoand triforium,1341/2-1410);
C, Evron (c. 1320), Rouen Cathedral(south transept rose, after 1280); D, Amiens nave and choir aisles
(after 1220, an important early example, illustrated in Durand, op. cit., I, pp. 230, 272); E, Auxerre
Cathedral(nave aisles, east bays) and St Germain (Lady chapel, 1277 sqq.), Chaumont (porch, blind
tracery, c. 1340), Troyes St Urbain (east end, I262-66); F, St Sulpice (c. I245 sqq.); G, Tours Cathedral
(transept clerestory, c.135o).
124 e.g. in region A, Antwerp (nave aisles, c. 1400-50), Malines (east chapels), Maastricht St John's
(east end and tower, mainly fifteenth century) and St Servaas (south chapels, fourteenth century),
Tongres (nave, later chapels). In B, only Schwabisch Gmiind (nave, c. 1320 sqq., Fig. 10 A) and Aachen
( 355 sqq.), the latter apparentlybelonging with the Low Countries' group above.
125 e.g. Westminster Abbey (1245 sqq.), where a detached marble shaft is substituted for the roll
moulding.
126 The important early examples in France are in region F - St Denis (I231 sqq.), Paris Notre-Dame
(aisle chapels, i23os sqq.) and Ste Chapelle (upper chapel, c. 241 sqq.): the last two use hollow
chamfers. Fourteenth-century examples in the Low Countries are the eastern chapels at Antwerp
(I 352 sqq.) and Malines; and in Germany, Soest, Wiesenkirche (north-east chapel, 1331 sqq.).
127 Exeter Cathedralis a remarkablecase of conservatism in this respect, keeping the mullion design
from the east end (c. I280 sqq.) in the nave work of post-I329. Other fourteenth-centuryinstances are
CarlisleCathedral(choir aisle east windows and surround of great east window, 1317 sqq.), Dorchester
Abbey (Jesse window), and Winchester Cathedral(transept east aisles): all use plain chamfers.
z28 The profile is also incorporated in the mullions of the nave aisle dado at York Minster, I291 sqq.
(Fig. 12 A, i). At St Albans, the mullions of the choir aisles (after 1257), though actually of the free-
standing fillet variety, also represent an important stage in this development (Neale, op. cit., pl. 55).
129 e.g. (in approximate chronological order) Tournai, chevet clerestory (I243-55) and chapel of the
Sacrament (probably early fourteenth century); Laon Cathedral, chapels added to south choir aisle,
and Soissons Cathedral,exterior blind tracery on north wall of north transept (both late thirteenth or
early fourteenth century); Amiens, north transept rose (c. I325) and Lagrange chapels (i373-75, Fig.
ii N). It is not uncommon in the Low Countries in the fourteenth century (e.g. Malines, dado of
chevet chapels; Tongres, eastern chapels of nave north aisle); and at least one example occurs in Nor-
mandy (Evron, chevet chapels on south side). The development of this mullion type is connected with
that of the freestanding fillet moulding (Part I, 46 sqq.).
I30 The prototype seems to be the clerestory mullion design of Lincoln Angel choir (I256-80, Fig.
I M), with which the Lichfield nave mullions are obviously connected (Fig. I K), and which may
well have been the direct source for its appearancein the Hardingstone cross.
I3 See Part I, 25 (wave moulding, variety 4) and 45-46 (undercut hollow chamfer).
132 For the St Stephen's mullion, see Mackenzie, op. cit., pl. xnI. Even if the window traceryand vault
were not executed until c. 1320, the fact that the demi-profile of this mullion type was used in the win-
dow jambs from the sill means that it is quite probably a design established in the first campaign in the
I290S.
133 e.g. Winchelsea parish church, lateral windows (heads only, 1288 sqq.); Peterborough, nave aisles
and south choir aisle windows with tracery of stepped lancet lights (stylistically c. 1300); Beverley
Minster nave, south aisle, 1308 sqq. (window jambs only).
134 Morris, 'Worcester Nave', op. cit., Fig. 4 G.
I35 Sometimes only the axial moulding is a roll and fillet, with the two behind as plain rolls; alterna-
tively, this sequence is reversed, particularlyin Perpendicular(e.g. Coventry St Michael, nave clere-
story, after c. 1400; Oxford Divinity School, 1424 sqq.).
I36 The earliest example at Ely is in the south aisle (easternmost window) of Bishop Hotham's three
presbytery bays (1322 sqq.); the design is still slightly tentative, in that a small hollow separates the
axial roll and fillet from those behind it. It is also used at Ely in the presbytery clerestory, and other
examples in the period are- Trumpington, north transept; Lincoln, Bishop's Eye; Hawton, chancel.
137 Tongres - the chapels are off the fourth bay of the nave from the east; the south chapel in the
fifth bay was founded in 365 -M. T. Thys, 'L'Eglise de Notre-Dame de Tongres', Annales de
l'Academie d'Archeologie de Belgique, xxII (i866), I99 sqq. The mullions employed at Amiens are of the
fourth variety popular in the Humber area (cf. Fig. 1 N and P). At Vendome, the windows in question
are in the third and fourth bays of the nave aisles, where the detail is quite unlike that of the fifteenth-
century Flamboyant bays to the west, and therefore may possibly be late fourteenth century; a known
English connexion is the burial there in I3 5 1 of Guy, son of Thomas I de Beauchamp,Earl of Warwick
(Dugdale, Antiquitiesof Warwickshire (I656), 284). One other recorded example is at Tours Cathedral,in
the surrounds of the east windows of the nave south aisle, which belong with work on the south
transept somewhere between c. 1300 and the I 370s (F. Salet, CongresArcheologiquede France, Io6, Tours
(1948), 29-40): but the tracery here is more conventional late Rayonnant.
138 The windows at Amiens and Vendome both have curvilinear elements, for which reasonable
similarities can be found at e.g. Beverley Minster nave, especially the north aisle (c.133os or 40s), or
Bury St Edmund's gatehouse, a derivative Yorkshire work (blind tracery,c. I340s): the latter also uses
the variety 5 type mullion, as at Amiens. A comparable arrangementto the four-petal pattern set in a
curved-sided square, as used in the Tongres windows, occurs in the south transept window at Cley in
Norfolk (second quarter of the fourteenth century).
139 For St Albans, see Neale, op. cit., pl. 53; and for its dating, see n. 55. The design continued at St
Albans Lady chapel (mainly after 1308) and cloister (blind tracery surviving against nave south
wall, after 1323): and other examples are recorded at Ely, presbytery west bays (every aisle window
except the third from the crossing on the south, I322 sqq., Fig. i Q), and the Craudenchapel, c. 1324;
and at Beverley Minster, reredos (mullions of blind tracery, I330s, Fig. I S).
140 Examples of Fig. 12 B are Canterbury, St Augustine's gatehouse (windows of west front, c. 1308),
and St Anselm's chapel window (1334-36); and of Fig. 12 A, York nave aisles, I29I sqq. (dado and
window mullion), and the identical designs used for the east front at Selby (framesonly, c. I290-I 300)
and the blind tracery of Little St Hugh's shrine at Lincoln, c. I300-I0.
141 The Laon choir aisle chapels may date from either the late thirteenth or early fourteenth centuries,
so it is difficult to be sure whether this example antedates York (I29I sqq.); but undoubtedly the
ultimate source for this formation, used for dados and responds, is French (e.g. Fig. 12 F).
142 e.g. Selby, north choir aisle (c. I280-I300, Fig. 4 E); Ely, Crauden chapel (c. 1324); Southwell,
pulpitum (blind tracery). A lone western example occurs in the ballflower studded windows of St
Katharine's chapel, Ledbury (probably I330s).
143 The recorded examples for mullions are all early fourteenth century - Laon (south transept
window), Coutances (nave south aisle, eastern chapels, blind tracery),and Auxerre St Germain (pres-
bytery triforium). See also Part I, 27.
144 See further Part I, 41 and 45 sqq., and Fig. 8 D.
I45 The mullions of the tomb chest of Aymer de Valence (d. 1324) are very similar,but with an angular
junction between shaft and hollow instead of an ogee curve; also, a mullion fragment from Old St
Paul's, perhaps connected with William Ramsey's chapter house/cloister work, 1332 sqq., incorporates
an ogee bowtell (Figure 3 H). Note that the mullion illustrated in Figure 2 K, ii is the same as that
in the south transept at Gloucester.
I46 e.g. at Gloucester, the cloister tracery (east walk only, before 1377) and Lady chapel (c. I450 sqq.);
elsewhere, the remodelling of Glastonbury presbytery (Abbot Monington, 1342-74) and the north
porch of Exeter Cathedral west front, c.I380 (Robert Lesyngham is probably the link between
Gloucester and Exeter - see Harvey, Dictionary,I66).
147 e.g. CanterburyCathedral(nave west door, c. 1380 sqq., and cloister, 1397 sqq.) -illustrated in
Harvey, MediaevalArchitect,op. cit., p. I85; Oxford, New College Chapel, 1380 sqq., which employs
the variant used on Aymer de Valence's tomb (see n. 145).
148 e.g. (besides Gloucester Lady chapel) Oxford, Merton College chapel (north transept,c. 1420 sqq.);
Warwick, Beauchamp chapel (I443 sqq.); Coventry, St Michael's, nave south chapels (c. I465).
I49 For the spiked hollow, see further Part I, 49 sqq. Other recorded early examples are at Canterbury
Cathedral(cloister) and Oxford, New and Merton College chapels (as n. 147).
5o Rouen in particularseems to have remaineda centre for its use throughout the fourteenth century,
e.g. cathedral, north transept (after 1280), and probably west front (openwork tracery flanking rose
window, c. 370 - needs checking from scaffolding); St Ouen, east end through to nave (I318 sqq.).
Other examples in France include: region C, Evron (chevet east chapel); D, Noyon (nave
north chapels); E, Dijon, Champmol (fragment of the north oratory, 1383 sqq., a very late example);
H, Avignon, papal palace (Clement VI's hall, after 1342). It also spread to the Rhineland in the first
half of the fourteenth century, e.g. Oppenheim ( 317 sqq.), Worms (St Joseph chapel); and it appeared
later in the chevet of St Andrew's, Cologne (curvilineartracery, probably early fifteenth century). Its
distribution is generally related to that of the single ogee moulding (Part I, 38).
151 The spiked ogee bowtell mullion is apparentlynot found earlier in Normandy, but it was in use
across the Channel in Canterbury(see n. I49). It is recorded that the English captain of the town from
I435 to I447 made a gift of English stained glass to the church: see J. Lafond, 'The English window at
Caudebec-en-Caux', Journal of the British Society of Master Glass Painters, xI (I956), 42-47.
I52 e.g. Wells, chapter house stairs, 1286 sqq.; Grantham, nave north aisle, c. 1280.
I53 Among the earlier dated examples are: Amiens east end (I236 sqq., Fig. i1 G, ii); Paris, Ste
Chapelle (c. 1241 sqq.) and Notre-Dame, south transept (I258 sqq.); St Germer, Lady chapel (1259
sqq.); Troyes, St Urbain (1262-66); Auxerre, St Germain (1277 sqq.). It continues in use in northern
France and Belgium until at least the third quarter of the century; a late datable example is in the
chapel off the fifth bay of the nave south aisle at Tongres, founded I 365.
154 The Purbeck marblers used this formation in their work from at least the third quarter of the
thirteenth century until the mid-fourteenth, e.g. tombs of Bishop Aquablanca in Hereford Cathedral
(d. 1268, sideshafts of canopy) and of Archbishop Stratford in Canterbury(d. 1348, blind tracery of
tomb chest); Old St Paul's cloister (1332 sqq., mullions).
I55 e.g. Westminster Hall, I394sqq.; Canterbury Cathedral cloisters, I397sqq.; Oxford, New
College, 1380 sqq.; Warwick, St Mary's (chapter house, c. 1370 sqq., Fig. 12 G).
I56 e.g. Sherborne (nave and choir aisle mullions, c. 1420 sqq.); Oxford Wadham College chapel
(east window mullions, I6Io-I3).
I57 e.g. the dados of St Denis (I23I sqq.) and the Ste Chapelle (c. 1241 sqq.). It is especially in the
lower chapel dado of the Ste Chapelle that the three-quarterroll effect begins to appear, and this
idea is fully developed inside the north transeptof Notre-Dame, Paris (blind tracery,c. I245, Fig. 12 F).
Villard de Honnecourt illustratesthe design for the chevet chapels at Reims Cathedral,c. 210 sqq.: see
H. R. Hahnloser, Villard de Honnecourt(rev. ed., 1972), pls. 60, 63.
158 e.g. in region C, Rouen Cathedral, south transept (c. I280 sqq.) and St Ouen, east end window
frames (1318 sqq.); St Germer, Lady chapel vestibule (c. 1270); and continuing in the early fifteenth
century, e.g. Caudebec, arcade arches (1426 sqq.): D, Laon, north choir aisle chapels (Fig. 4 F): E,
Auxerre Cathedral, transept and nave (c. I310 sqq.): G, Vendome, Lady chapel (I3o6 sqq.). In the
Low Countries, there is a lone example at Tournai, in the vault responds of the south choir aisle
chapels (I243-55), probably connected with the early roll and chamfermullions at Amiens (Fig. i G).
159 Window surrounds of the chapter house undercroft, illustrated in Harvey, 'The Origin of the
Perpendicular Style', Fig. 8.3.
i6o The examples in the South East, at Westminster and Canterbury, are all illustrated in Harvey,
Mediaeval Architect, pp. I85, I87. Gloucester (cloister, before 1377, Fig. 12 H), is the direct source for
the examples at Warwick (chancel, c. 1370 sqq.), Worcester (transept, 1375-76), and Exeter (west front
porch, c. 13 80), but its presence at Yeovil is more likely to be an offshoot of the works of William
Wynford (e.g. at Wells).
i6I The seeds of the first variation are already present in the responds of the Lady chapel vestibule at
St Germer (c. I270, Fig. I2 E, ii). Outside Normandy, parallelsfor the termination (only) of the second
variation may be found at Amiens (nave south aisle, third chapel from the east, mullions, early four-
teenth century); in mullions derivative of Amiens at Tongres (nave, four east chapels on north side-
probably amongst the chapels dated I306, I312, I343 by Thys, n. I37); and probably at Schwabisch
Gmiind (east end arcadearches, 135I sqq.- but needs confirming by close-up inspection). A possible
Kentish intermediary between Rouen and the second variation at Gloucester is suggested by the
mullions of St Augustine's gatehouse, Canterbury (c. I308, Fig. 12 B).
I62 Harvey, 'The Origin of the Perpendicular Style'. The only other fourteenth-century examples
recorded are at Old St Paul's (chapter house, 1332 sqq. - but here the intermediate roll mouldings are
linked to the three-quarterrolls by hollow chamfer mouldings rather than by continuous casements);
Windsor (responds of the aeraryporch, 1353); Warwick, St Mary's (chancel and vestry, c. 1370 sqq.);
Oxford, New College (chapel transept, I 38 sqq.); and Bristol, Redcliffe(nave vault shafts, after 376).
The Windsor and St Paul's examples are illustrated in Harvey, Mediaeval Architect, pp. II7, 179.
I63 e.g. in the fourteenth century, at Worcester, on the south side of the nave (c. 1340-50 sqq. - see
Morris, 'Worcester Nave', Fig. 5) and in the chapter house remodelling (1386 sqq.); and in the win-
dows of the two westernmost bays of the north choir aisle at Wells (probably 1340s). In the fifteenth
century, Gloucester Lady chapel, Tewkesbury cloister, Sherborne (choir clerestory), Oxford Divinity
School, Warwick Beauchamp chapel. The only examples known in the east are some fragments
recovered from the 1978 excavation on the chapter house site at St Albans, which seem to be vertical
ribs of a fan vault probably executed during the completion of the chapter house remodelling in the
abbacy of William Wallingford, I476-92. I am grateful to Martin Biddle for permission to refer to
these as yet unpublished fragments.
164 Though a thorough collection of relevant data on a regional basis (particularlythe size of chamfer
and the geometry used to establish its angles) should reveal useful gradations of chronology and
workshops.
165 Morris, 'Worcester Nave', 123, and Figure 3.
I66 On stylistic grounds, the earliest of these should be the mullions in the east end of Milton Abbas,
which may antedatethose at Worcester. Possibly the connexion between Worcesterand the South West
group is William de Schokerwych, documented as master mason to the cathedral priory in 1316:
Morris, 'Worcester Nave', i22.
i67 Though the design is used later in the east end of the cathedral, in the two bays directly east of
Hotham's presbytery, work generally linked with Bishop Barnet, I366-73 (north gallery, ruined
tracery).
i68 e.g. Sherborne choir aisles (c. 1420 sqq.); Oxford, Merton College, crossing tower (1448-51);
St George's chapel, Windsor (I475 sqq.); Thornbury Castle (c. 151I-2I).
i69 The jamb of a window surround (with a ballflower capital) surviving in the outer wall of the east
range of monastic buildings at Gloucester (just north of the chapterhouse) employs this mullion profile,
and may be associatedwith work on the reredorter,1303-I3 (observation of Mr B. J. Ashwell, architect
to the dean and chapter); but stylistically the fragment looks later.
I70 At Tintern, there is a steady abandonment of shafting after its employment in the early parts of
the church- the main east and south windows, and the lowest parts of the west front (see also the
evolution of the spiked hollow moulding in the west, in Part I, 49). The tracery remains in the east
aisle of the north transept are reminiscent of the multi-foiled designs employed in the east end of
Exeter in the i290S, and are therefore amongst the last works to be executed before the church's
completion in 1301.
171 The moulding had been used earlier in Canterbury- though not for an actual mullion - in the
quatrefoil roundels of the west fagade of St Augustine's gatehouse (c. 1308), and Continental influence
in Kent is also possible (see below, main text).
172 e.g. Coventry, St Michael's (sanctuary windows, c.I40oosqq.); Taunton, St Mary Magdalene
(west window, c. I480-90).
173 For the dating of the Frankfurt transept, see Part I, 48; the examples at Tongres are in the four
easternmost chapels on the nave north side for dating, see n. 16I. The Rayonnant tracery of the
relevant chapels in St Andrew's, incorporating curved-sided squares, could also belong to the first
half of the century and, in this connexion, it is interesting to note that one of the earliest English
examples of the mullion type is in another Dominican church- the Blackfriarsat Norwich.
174 The exceptions being Cologne, St Andrew's (nave north chapels, tracery stylistically c. I300);
and Tongres, where it is employed for the blind tracery on the division walls between the first five
chapels on the south side (1306 sqq.), and also in the fifth on the north side (here with roll moulding
attached). The masons at Tongres clearly were fond of this family, for the terminationsof the dado and
window mullions in the two easternmost south chapels are stepped chamfers, and the presence of
variety 2 mullions in the north chapels has already been noted (n. 173).
I75 Other recorded examples in region E are: St Thibault (windows of the chevet, c. 1290-1300); and,
about the same period, St Maclou at Bar-s-Aube (chevet) and Vignory (south chapel). Occasional
examples appear in Normandy and the Rhineland in the early fourteenth century, e.g. Evron (south
transept and two chevet chapels), and Oppenheim (nave, south windows). Like Tongres, Oppenheim
was obviously a centre fond of second family mullion types (see notes 177, 178).
176 See N. Pevsner, 'Bristol, Troyes, and Gloucester', ArchitecturalReview,cxIII (I953), and Morris,
'The Remodelling of the Hereford Aisles', ut supra.Note also the connexion between ribs at St Urbain,
St Thibault, Bristol, and Gloucester (see section 7, (b)).
177 In region B, Strasbourg Cathedral,curtain traceryof second stage of west front (probably before
I318); Oppenheim, nave north windows (I317 sqq.): D, Noyon, nave north chapels (except the two
easternmost): E, Auxerre, St Germain, nave aisles and clerestory (c. I365 sqq.).
178 Variety i, in region B, Oppenheim (west choir). Variety 2, in region A, Antwerp (clerestory of
east end and north transept, exterior, 1352-c. 1 500): H, St Bertrand-de-Comminges,choir aisle south
chapel (curvilineartracery). Variety 3, in region A, Antwerp (clerestory of east end and nave, interior
profile, and some nave chapels). Variety 4, in region A, Antwerp (some nave chapels): B, Cologne,
Minorites (curvilinear window over south door of nave) and Franciscans (cloister); Schwabisch
Gmiind (east end clerestory, I35I sqq.): G, Poitiers, ducal palace (windows behind hall fireplace,
1382-88); Tours Cathedral (curvilinear windows of nave clerestory).
I79 The mullions at Tewkesbury, in the west window of the Lady chapel and the easternmostwindows
of the nave aisles, are unusual in being triple stepped chamfers.
180 e.g. Canterbury Cathedral, choir screen openwork tracery (1304 sqq., Fig. 9 D), and dado in
St Anselm's chapel (1 334-36); see further Part I, 45.
I8I See Part I, 46 and 50, and notes o10, II7. Badgeworth is linked stylistically to both Tewkesbury
and Caerphilly (e.g. ballflower; tracery with curved-sided triangles; mouldings with semicircular
hollows and fillets).
I82 Perhaps before 1349, but stylistically more likely to be a decade or two later: see n. I67.
I83 e.g. the windows associated with Bishops Edington (I345-66) and Wykeham (I394 sqq.) in the
nave at Winchester Cathedral(Fig. 13 L); the mullions of New College chapel, Oxford ( 380 sqq.),
identical in design to those of Wykeham's work above, both attributableto MasterWilliam Wynford;
and in the chapter house mullions at Worcester (I 386 sqq.), a work closely connected in style to the
Perpendicularremodelling at Gloucester.
I84 e.g. Merton College, Oxford (chapel, north transept, c. 1420); Great Malvern (nave, c. 1460 sqq.);
Sherborne (choir clerestory, after 1437).
I85 See first family, variety 4, and n. I29. The examples relevant to Chartham (i.e. without a roll
termination) are the mullions of the chapel of the Sacramentat Tournai, and the dado mullions of
the south choir aisle chapels at Laon (Fig. 13 N), both stylistically c. I300; there are also fourteenth-
century examples in the north rose at Amiens, and in the exterior blind tracery on the north transept
of Soissons Cathedral;and, in region C, in the east chapels at Evron (subsidiarymullions in all cases).
I86 The design continues in this region up to the mid-fourteenth century at least, e.g. Amiens, all the
nave chapels except Lagrange (c. 1295 sqq.); Laon, south transept window (early fourteenth century),
subsidiary mullions in both cases. The use of the design for ribs in this area should also be noted (see
further section 7, (a) ).
187 e.g. Auxerre, St Germain, transept triforium (c. 313 sqq.); Oppenheim, window surrounds of
nave north chapels (1317 sqq.); Schwabisch Gmund, east end (I35I sqq.).
I88 See Part I, section 5, especially 47 sqq.
I89 All the drawings in this section marked with an asterisk were recorded by the second method;
this is the case with almost all the Continental examples, but it should be noted that many of these are
situated in aisles or chapels where observation from the ground is fairly reliable.
I90 The nave vault employs type (iii): illustrated in Durand, op. cit., I, 216.
191 e.g. type (i), in region B, Essen (nave): C, Evreux Cathedral(east end, transverseribs): E, Auxerre
Cathedral (nave aisles); Troyes, St Urbain (east chapels and aisles): G, Vend6me (east end):
H, Bayonne (nave aisles). Type (ii), only in C, St Germer (Lady chapel vestibule). Type (iii), in A,
Maastricht,Lady Church (crossing): C, Evreux Cathedral(east end, diagonal ribs): D, Amiens (cross-
ing): E, Dijon, Champmol: H, Avignon palace (hall). Type (iv), in A, Hal (east end): C, St Germer
(Lady chapel): D, Amiens (most of nave south chapels and Lagrange chapels).
192 Though the vault proper may not have been executed until c. 1320, its springers (which incorporate
this rib profile) may well be a design of the I29os: see H. M. Colvin (ed.), The History of the King's
Works, I (I963), 519 sqq., for a summary of the arguments.
193 See Part I, 28 and 32 sqq.
194 e.g. Ely presbytery aisles (lesser rib, 1322 sqq.); Worcester, nave south aisle (lesser rib, c. 135o);
York Minster, east end (aisles, 1361 sqq.); Warwick, St Mary's (chancel, c. I370 sqq.).
I95 The use of a Lincoln tierceron design for the crossing vault at Amiens (before 1269) is another
sign of this contact; as far as one can tell from the ground, the crossing rib profile is type (iii).
I96 Other examples occur at Tongres (nave chapels) and Malines (east end, aisles and chapels).
The prototype may be a very similar rib design in the chapels added to the north choir aisle of Laon
Cathedral, stylistically late thirteenth century or early fourteenth.
I97 See section 6, (a); and Part I, 27.
I98 There are possible examples at Evron (c. 1320) and Aachen (I355 sqq.), but both need close-up
inspection: in the design used in the ambulatoryat Evron, the curves of the hollows and the axial roll
moulding appearnot to be continuous. If the Aachen example is confirmed, it is likely to relate to con-
temporary developments in the Low Countries (e.g. Antwerp, Fig. 14 L).
I99 Other recorded examples are: in region D, St Martin-aux-Bois: E, Troyes, St Urbain, transept
porches (need a close-up inspection to be absolutely certain) and west bays of the nave (with small
chamfers added, see further n. 203): F, Rampillon, St Sulpice-des-Favieres.
200 In the bishop's chapel and hall, and the chapter house; also in the elder Lady chapel window at
Bristol Cathedral, c. 1290-1300.
201 In the Newton and Berkeley chapels, in the first bay of the aisle vaulting adjacentto the former,
and for the wall-ribs only in the rest of the north and south choir aisle bays. The variation with lateral
roll and fillet mouldings also occurs in some loose rib fragments at Tintern (stylisticallylate thirteenth
century).
202 e.g. Westminster Abbey (chapter house vestibule) and St Albans (choir aisles, I257 sqq.).
203 Others are in the east ends of Auxerre, St Germain (1277 sqq.) and Vendome (1306 sqq.), but
the former adds nothing more than a hollow and short chamfer behind each lateral roll (see also the
west bays of the nave at St Urbain, Troyes). A much earlier example of this kind may exist in the east
chapels of St Remi, Reims (c. I 70s), but needs checking close-up.
204 Many rib sections of one design, stored in the cathedral library, and which, judging by their
curvature, seem to belong with the traceryfragments from the upper cloister ( 332 sqq.).
205 e.g. Wells, ribs of north porch, before I209 see Brakspear, 'West Country School', pl. xvIn,
top left illustration; the mouldings here are demi-roll and fillets.
206 e.g. Pershore choir aisles (c. I220-39); Tewkesbury, St James's chapel (c. I230S); Much Wenlock
Priory, nave ruins (mid-thirteenth century, Fig. I5 A). Later thirteenth-century examples include
Hereford Cathedral, north transept (c. I260 sqq.) and Hailes, chevet (I27I-77, fragments put in the
museum in I977).
207 The full list of examples of this pattern reads: Evesham, chapter house entrance (c. 1317); Hailes,
loose fragment (date and provenance unknown); Pershore, choir vault (c. I288-I3I), south east
chapel, and sacristy remains; Tewkesbury, Lady chapel (c.1320 sqq.) and choir vault. The inverted
pattern survived exceptionallyas late as I 377, when the construction of the Worcesternave vault began,
working from springers laid down almost fifty years earlier: see Morris, 'Worcester Nave', 134.
208 Is Winchester the connexion between Exeter and Norwich, through the carpenter, William
Lyngwode? His choir stalls at Winchester (Part I, n. 87) are characterizedby a sort of tiny beaked roll
moulding (Fig. 8 G), and Harvey has demonstrated links that also exist between Winchester and
Exeter, in the person of Master Thomas of Witney (Mediaeval Architect, 133 sqq.).
209 See H. Bock, 'The Exeter Rood Screen', Architectural Review, cxxx (I96I), 313-17.
210 Plain and hollow chamfers had long been in use in many regions for undercrofts, and were also
the most common rib type in secular buildings, such as gatehouses and porches. Simplicity presumably
also dictated its use in Cistercianchurches, as in the choir aisles at Netley (I239 sqq.).
DEVELOPMENT OF LATER GOTHIC MOULDINGS 4I
21I The fact that this profile is absent from what appear to be the earliest works at Bristol (i.e. the
Newton chapel, the west bay of the south choir aisle, and the renovation of the elder Lady chapel)
inclines one towards a date considerably later than the official starting date of I298. Only one instance
in the west is likely to be earlier,and that is the use of a chamfer-basedrib (actuallya semi-sunk chamfer)
in the short westernmost bay of the choir at Exeter (? c. 13Io).
212 Morris, 'Tewkesbury Abbey: the Despenser Mausoleum', I49.
213 The same design continued in use in the north transept (i368-73). The south transept vault
(1329-37) has ribs based on a stepped chamfer design with a roll attached (see Morris, 'Worcester
Nave', Fig. 7 M). This may also be seen as influence from Bristol, here adapting the pre-existing stepped
chamfer mullion (Worcester, north aisle, 1317-27) for use as a rib; but given the strong French
characterof other mouldings in the transept, including the responds (Fig. 12 C) and the termination of
the main rib itself, it is possible that the inspiration comes from eastern France (e.g. Fig. 13 F). This
design appears again at Worcester (nave south aisle, c.135o), and at Kenilworth Castle (hall porch,
I390-93).
214 Morris, Thesis, op. cit., 431 and n. (xx).
215 Another example of this interchange is the use of profiles related to those of Gloucester south
transept and choir in the vault of the aeraryporch at Windsor (I 353), a work under the direction of
Master John of Sponlee, whom Harvey also links with Gloucester (Dictionary,248-49).
216 The examples at Worcester (cloister, after I372), St Mary's, Warwick (chancel and vestry, c.
1370 sqq.), and Exeter west front (fan-vaulted porch, c. 1380) are all influenced by the work at Glou-
cester: for Exeter, see further n. 146.
217 In domestic architecture, it survives as late as the gatehouses of Burghley (I577, with ovolo
mouldings added) and Wadham College, Oxford (I6Io0-3).
2 8 At St Urbain, the chancel piscina vault uses the design of Figure 5 L, and in the transeptporches
the subsidiary ribs that spring from the door frames are essentially the design of Figure 5 J; at St
Thibault, the ribs of the chancel vault consist of large hollow chamfers.
2 9 See section 6, (b), and n. I76.
220. Mullion designs of this kind also appear at Wells for the first time in the Lady chapel and retro-
choir. Master Thomas of Witney is a possible intermediary- see Harvey, MediaevalArchitect,133 sqq.
221 A design found also in mullions in this area (e.g. Fig. ii S).
222 See further Part I, section 4.
223 See section 6, (c), for the vogue for this termination in Perpendicularmullions (e.g. Fig. 13 L).
224 See further mullions, section 6, (a), variety 4, and (c), especially notes I29 and i85. For Amiens,
see Durand, op. cit., I, 41 sqq. and his illustration of the rib type on p. 466.
225 An important early example is in the Duke of Berry'schapel at Riom (c. 1380-90); typical fifteenth-
century examples are at Alengon, Caudebec, and Clery.
226 For this reason, the number of Continental examples for comparison is smaller in this section
than in any other.
227 In this section, 'unit' refers to a projecting moulding or coherent group of projecting mouldings,
generally - and sometimes misleadingly - termed a 'roll' in the earlier literature(e.g. Bond, op. cit.,
443-44).
228 In Westminster Abbey, most of the arcade capitals of the east end (after 1245) have single scrolls
whereas those of the nave east bays consistently employ two (illustrated in R.C.H.M., London,I,
op. cit., 95).
229 See Bond, op. cit., Ch. xxvIIm.
230 e.g. Lincoln Angel choir (I256-80); Southwell chapter house (c. I28os sqq.). Visually, this differs
from the three-unit capital in that the top and middle units are generally closer together, and foliage
decoration is used (cf. Fig. I6 A and G).
231 Other recorded examples, by region, are: I, St Stephen's chapel, undercroft (window capitals,
after I292); Westminster, Aymer de Valence's tomb (d. 1324): IV, Guisborough (i289 sqq.): V,
Lichfield, presbytery (? French ideas of William Ramsey, after 1337): VI, Worcester, refectory (pulpit
canopy, I370s).
232 The only exceptions are the three-unit capitals of the tower arcades of St Mary Redcliffe, Bristol,
stylistically later thirteenth century (? 1294 sqq.), in which the top two-thirds of each is polygonal: do
they represent a local survival/revival of Early English practice in the West Country?
233 Certainly, the style of decorative work in Ely Lady chapel is that of the North East Midlands:
see further Part I, 25 and 27, and Fig. 3 F, G.
234 See also further comparisons between this tomb and works at Canterburyin n. 35, and in section 9
(Fig. I7 L and M).
235 e.g. probably the arcade capitals of York Minster nave (I29I sqq.), but this needs confirmation
from a close-up inspection.
236 Examples also derived ultimately from Gloucester occur outside the region at Exeter (west front
porch), Kenilworth Castle (hall undercroft), and Shrewsbury, St Mary's (south east chapel).
237 e.g. in the South East, at Herne (tower vault, probably c. 1 330-40) and Battle (gatehouse, licence
to crenellate, I339).
238 See Morris, 'Pembridge and Mature Decorated Architecture in Herefordshire'.
239 For Westminster, see R.C.H.M., London,i, op. cit., 95 (capitals of east arm and transepts, nave
ist-5th piers, and north cloister walk). For further comparisons between the detail of Badgeworth
(which was a manor of the lord of Tewkesbury), CaerphillyCastle hall, and the South East, see Part I,
46 and 50; these relationships add further substance to Harvey's observation that Thomas and John
de la Bataile were associated with Leeds Castle in Kent (Dictionary,26-27).
240 e.g. Westminster Palace, painted chamber (1236, and after 1263); the Eleanor crosses (129I-94),
and the Crouchback tomb (d. I296).
241 E. W. Brayley and J. Britton, History and Description of the late Houses of Parliament and Ancient
Palatial Edifices of Westminster (I836), pl. vI.
242 Two other eastern examples, Sutton-in-the-Isle (south door, c. 36os) and Irnham (Easter
sepulchre, c. 1340), stem from Ely.
243 The Windsor example is illustrated in W. H. St J. Hope, Windsor Castle (I9I3), I5, Fig. 13.
Lichfield in turn may have provided the inspiration for the mid-century examples at Richards Castle
and Wigmore in north Herefordshire, as other stylistic ties exist between these two areas: see further,
R. K. Morris, 'Late Decorated Architecture in Northern Herefordshire', Transactions of the Woolhope
Naturalists' Field Club, forthcoming.
244 Though a famous early example of a miniaturecrenellatedparapetoccurs in the chancel piscina of
St Urbain, Troyes, c. 1270, and must be related to English developments.
245 And St Urbain, Troyes, if its transept porches are 1262-66.
246 See further, Morris, 'Worcester Nave', I29; and R. Recht, L'Alsace Gothiquede r3ooa ai s6 (1974),
60 sqq., though he does not take sufficientaccount of the examples in Eastern France.
247 The Winchester choir stalls, which employ this variety, are assigned to region II: see further n. 87.
248 Fragment of a three-unit capital, partly hexagonal in plan, now in the cathedrallibrary,and which
might possibly come from the main chamber of William Ramsey's chapter house, 1332 sqq. (though
note that Ramsey consistently favoured octagonal bases). I am very grateful to Christopher Wilson
for his comments on this fragment.
249 S. Rigold, 'Romanesque bases...', ut supra.
250 e.g. Morris, 'Worcester Nave', i20 and n. 9.
25 I Other early examples include the Ste Chapelle (exterior) and Reims Cathedral(west bays, where
the plinth is still square in plan); and other fully developed examples in the thirteenth century include
St Germer (Lady chapel), Evreux Cathedral (east end), and Auxerre, St Germain (Lady chapel). It
lost its popularity in France in the second half of the fourteenth century.
252 See Part I, 27 and 31.
253 See further, Morris, 'The Remodelling of the Hereford Aisles', 32 sqq.
254 e.g. Wells north porch, illustrated in Brakspear,'West Country School', pls. xvI and xvII.
255 Some examples exist in other regions too, e.g. in the east end of Exeter, all the variety I designs
used in the window frames are scroll-moulded on the bottom lip.
256 See also n. 35, and Fig. i6 J and N.
257 Also called a 'double-fold base': Harvey, 'The Origin of the PerpendicularStyle', Appendix II.
258 Rayonnant examples of (i) include: in region C, Evron, Rouen Cathedral(transepts)and St Ouen:
D, St Martin-aux-Bois: E, Auxerre Cathedral (nave): F, Notre-Dame, Paris (chapels): H, Bayonne
(nave). Of (ii), in B, Cologne Cathedral,Essen (nave): C, Evron: D, Reims Cathedral(nave, west bays):
E, Chaumont (porch): F, Ste Chapelle, St Sulpice-des-Favieres.
259 e.g. region A, Antwerp (nave), Hal (east end), Malines (east end), Tongres: B, Cologne Antonines:
E, Auxerre Cathedral (nave), St Thibault, Troyes St Urbain: G, Clermont-Ferrand(south transept
portal).
260 For Clermont, see Harvey, 'The Origin of the PerpendicularStyle', Fig. 8.8, detail E.I. The only
other recorded examples are in the eastern nave piers of Auxerre Cathedral(after c. 3 o), and rather
similar in appearanceto the presbyterynorth arcade piers at Ely (after 1322, Fig. I7 Q, ii).
261 See further n. I 5 I. The bases of Westminster Abbey nave (west bays, c. 375 sqq.) and Westminster
Hall (I394 sqq.) are of the Caudebec type: illustrated in Harvey, Mediaeval Architect, p. i86.
262 Illustrated in R.C.H.M., London, I, 95, bottom row.
263 e.g. John of Eltham's tomb; Rochester chapter house door; Percy tomb, Beverley. Examples also
occur occasionally elsewhere, e.g. Bristol, St Mary Redcliffe, nave south arcade. They are always bases
rather than sub-bases.
264 See Morris, 'Worcester Nave', 130 and Fig. 5 K.
265 If the Lady chapel was complete by the time of the re-burial of Bishop Bytton I there in 1319,
then the four retrochoir bases integral with its western arcades must be earlier. The fillet-necked type
appears in the bases of the retrochoir proper, probably dating from the I320s.
266 The fillet-necked type occurs in the interior surround of the sanctuary east window, and also in
the sedilia/piscina of the south aisle; the roll-necked type in the surround of the ruined west windows of
the transept. All are sub-bases. For dating, see n. 5.
267 For the suggested involvement of John Ramsey at Ely and William Ramsey at Gloucester, see
Harvey, Dictionary, 213-18: William Ramsey's debt to East Anglia is summarized in Harvey, 'The
Origin of the Perpendicular Style', 150-5 , in which he also illustrates double bell bases for William
Ramsey's chapter house at Old St Paul's, 1332 sqq. (Fig. 8.8). In a paper to the British Archaeological
Association at Ely (Easter, 1976), Christopher Wilson argued for a close connexion between William
Ramsey and parts of the Ely presbytery work.
268 e.g. regions A and B, rare, only Cologne Antonines (chancel, capitals only); Schwabisch Gmiind
(nave, capitals only); Tournai (chapel of the Sacrament, stylistically related to region D): C, Eu (nave);
Rouen Cathedral (north transept) and St Ouen; St Germer (Lady chapel and vestibule): D, perhaps
the source area, Amiens (capitals only); Laon (east chapels); St Martin-aux-Bois (capitals only); E,
Auxerre Cathedral (transept, nave); Troyes St Urbain (transept portals, capitals only): F, St Sulpice-
des-Favieres (capitals only).
269 Discounting occasional thirteenth-century experiments, such as the large hexagonal plinth around
the corner shaft clusters on the buttresses of Newstead Abbey west front (Notts., c. i275).
270 e.g. cloister, Easter sepulchre, Little St Hugh's shrine canopy, the frame of the Bishop's Eye,
St Hugh's shrine base, and the Burghersh tombs. The only other example recorded in the north east
is the later monument of Bishop Hatfield at Durham (c. 1370 sqq.).
271 Other works with hexagonal bases influenced by Gloucester are found in Herefordshire, all mid-
fourteenth century or later (Dilwyn, south porch; Kinnersley, nave south arcade; Richards Castle, west
window), and in Shropshire (Ludlow, north transept; Shrewsbury St Mary, south east chapel).
272 Both works associated by Harvey with Master Thomas of Witney: see Mediaeval Architect, I 33 sqq.
Some of the Wells bases are fundamental to the Lady chapel arcades, but others seem to belong with
the presbytery works of the I320S (see further n. 265).
273 The full list, by region, is: I, Canterbury, Meopham tomb (d. 1333); II, Ely, monumental two-bay
canopy in north choir aisle; III, Irnham, Easter sepulchre (c.1340, plinth of 'tomb chest'); Lincoln,
St Hugh's shrine base and the Burghersh tombs (c. 1330s, plinth of tomb chests in the latter); IV,
Beverley Minster, reredos (east face, I330s).
274 See distribution list for Variety 3 below.
275 See M. Hastings, St Stephen's Chapel and the Development of the Perpendicular Style (I955), pi. 28,
detail of the second bay of the upper chapel, from J. T. Smith, Antiquities of Westminster (I807-09).
The idea of quatrefoil bands is especially popular in shrine bases (e.g. St Frideswide's, Oxford, before
1289; St Alban's, 1302-08), and in this context seems to derive from metalwork: see N. Coldstream,
'English Decorated Shrine Bases', ut supra.
276 e.g. Bredon, Worcs. (north aisle); Leintwardine, Richards Castle, and Wigmore in Herefordshire
(all north chapels); also the fan-vaulted porch in the west front at Exeter, c. 380.
277 This includes the free-stone bases, which are not likely to have been imported, unlike the Purbeck
marble ones (see n. 33).
278 The presence of the feature here may be the result of influence from the South East.
279 This too may imply influence from the South East.
280 Including the Lady chapel, if Scott's restoration there can be trusted.
281 Fig. 18 is not a comprehensive distribution list, and common mouldings are represented only in
those regions in which they are most prevalent (especially in the Decorated period); the reader is
referred to each section for complete lists.
282 Other similarities (though not of Continental inspiration) are the early development of 'roll and
fillet plus hollow chamfer mullions', and the use of mullions with lateral rolls and hollows (section 6,
(a), varieties 2 and 6 respectively). This trend is complemented by the appearance of Kentish tracery
patterns in the North at Kirkham, Whitby, and Hull.
283 In section 2, the prototype sunk chamfers (ii) and (iii) (Part I, 32 sqq.); in section 7, the late twelfth-
century rib type (first family, variety 3).
284 That is, the presence of masons with experience in the east (as at Caerphilly under Hugh le
Despenser the younger, and at Gloucester after I329) is more spasmodic than in region VII.
285 e.g. the wave, the three-scroll capital, and the standard Decorated base, all of which appeared
early in region VII even though eventually they had less impact there than in VI.
286 Note that the rib design with prominent fillets (section 7, (b), variety 3) is also likely to be derived
from mullions with detached fillets in use at an early date in the South East.
287 The fact that some of the features that link I to VII are not recorded in VIII may well be because
VIII, with IX, is the least thoroughly surveyed of the regions.
288 See Harvey, MediaevalArchitect, 133 sqq., and Dictionary,104-05 and 307-10.
289 Especially the unusual feature of parallel fillets flanking wave and sunk chamfer mouldings
(sections x, variety 3, and 2, variety 3).
290 Other parallels exist, such as the ribs of the Lady chapel and presbytery at Lichfield, which are
closest in design to varieties I (type iv) and z of the first family (Fig. 14 D and J respectively), both
characteristicspecifically of the North.
291 See Part I, 46 sqq.
292 See sections 6, (c); and 7, (a), variety i, type (iv), and (c).
293 See section 6, (a), variety 5.
294 The others are the ogee bowtell mullion and the three-quarterroll and hollow chamfer formation
(section 6, (a), Fig. 2 K, ii and J); the rib with lateral rolls directly adjoining the axial roll moulding
(section 7, (a), Fig. 14 E); and hexagonal bases and capitals (section 9). One could add the fussy fourth
variety of wave moulding, though the North East Midlands provides an example apparentlyslightly
earlier than those recorded in the South East (Part I, 25 sqq.).
295 The trade is documented in L. F. Salzman,Buildingin Englanddownto y40o(rev. ed., I967), 135-37.
296 See especially notes 15 and 261.
297 Section 6, (b). Note that Bony demonstrated strong ties between the south east of England and
the same area of the Continent in the later twelfth and early thirteenth centuries: J. Bony, 'The Resis-
tance to Chartresin Early Thirteenth-CenturyArchitecture', Journalof theBritishArchaeological Asso-
ciation,3rd ser., xx-xxi ( 957-5 8), 35-52.
298 Part I, 37-38. The early appearance of Kentish split-cusping in the south portal of Auxerre
Cathedralwest front (c. I260-70) and in Bishop Bradfield's tomb at Rochester (d. Iz83) is a similar
example.
299 For Badgeworth and Caerphilly, see Part I, 46 and 50; for Badgeworth and Tewkesbury, see
Morris, Thesis, Ch. im, part 4.
300 Harvey, Dictionary,26-27,
301 Harvey, 'The Origin of the PerpendicularStyle', x55.
INDEX OF PLACES AND CRAFTSMEN (excluding the variety lists)

(I - Part I; II - Part II; craftsmen are in italics)
Aachen, I, 49, nn. 65, 69; II, Io, nn. 124, 198, Fig. I3 H
Acton Burnell, church, I, 49
Alengon, I, n. 6y; II, n. 225
Amiens, I, 33, 38, 47-48, 49, nn. 42, 77, Fig. o1 D; II, 3, 4, I2, 13, 20, 26, 34, nn. 123, I29, 138, I53,
I6i, I85, i86, 191, 268, Figs. xI G, N, 14 N
Antwerp, I, nn. 42, 65, 69, io6; II, xI, 13, nn. 124, 26, 259, Fig. 14L
Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Castle, I, n. 6i
Astley, I, Fig. 2 G
Auxerre, Cathedral,I, 27, 28, nn. 68, 8i, 113; II, 20, nn. 123, I58, 191, 258, 259, 260, 268; St Germain,
I, 27, nn. 42, 68, Fig. 4 D; II, io, 24, nn. 123, 143, 153, 177, 187, 203, 25I, Figs. 13 F, i6 G
Avignon, Papal Palace, I, n. 68; II, 20, nn. 150, 191
Badgeworth, I, 46, n. II7; II, I2, 23, 35, Fig. i6 S

Bar-s-Aube, St Maclou, II, n. 175
Bataile, Thos.de la, II, io, 35: Thos.and John,II, n. 239
Battle, Abbey, I, n. 83; II, n. 237, Fig. i 5
Bayonne, II, nn. 191, 258
Berkeley, Castle, II, I8
Beverley, Minster, I, 39, 42, nn. 33, 83, 92, Fig. 9 K; II, i8, nn. 133, 138, 139,263, 273, Figs. i D, S,
17 T: St Mary, I, 41, n. II6, Fig. 7 H
Bredon, II, n. 276
Bridlington, II, 12, 15, Fig. I3 Q
Bristol, Cathedral, I, 23, 31I, 35, n. 74, Figs. 2 A, B, 5 C; II, I 5, i6, i8, 24, 29, n. 200, Figs. 14K, i G,
H: St Mary Redcliffe, II, i8, 29, nn. i6z, 232, 263, Fig. i N
Bromyard, I, 31, Fig. 5 C
Burghley, House, II, n. 217
Bury St Edmunds, I, n. 83; II, 26, fl 138
Caernarvon, Castle, I, 27, 31

Caerphilly, Castle, I, 5o, n. 117; II, 10, 35, Fig. 13 E.
Canterbury, Cathedral, I, 33, 37, 41, 45, 49, nn. 35, 83, 92, III, Figs. 3 E, 6 E, F, 9 D; II, 5, IO, 12,
nn. 140, 149, 1 5, 160, Fig. 17 E, F; tombs, I, 42, n. 35; II, 22, 23, 28, 29), nn. 154, 273, Figs.
I6 J, 17 M: St Augustine, I, 25, 33, 41, Figs. 3 D, 6 G; II, 13, nn. 140, 161, 171, Figs. 12 B, 14 C,
66D
Canterbury, Michael of, I, 25, 33
Carlisle, I, 4I, n. 92; 1I, 15, n. 127
Caudebec, I, n. 65, Fig. 4J; II, 5, 28, 34, nn. 158, 225, Fig. 17 P
Chartham, II, 12, nl. I85, Fig. I3 M
Chaumont, 1, 37, 50o, n. I13, Fig. 7 J; II, 34, nn. I23, 258
Cheltenham, II, Fig. 13 D
Clermnont-Ferrand, Cathedral, II, 28, n. 259
Clery, I, 38; II, n. 225
Cley-next-the-Sea,II, n. 138, Fig. i6 B
Cologne, Cathedral, I, n. 42; II, n. 258: churches, 1, 48, n. 0og, Fig. io K; II, io, 28, nn. 150, 174, 178,
259, 268
Coutances, 1, n. 113; II, n. 143
Coventry, churches, 1, 37, 41, nn. 6z, 109g; II, nn. 122, 135, 148, I72
Dijon, Champmol, II, nn. 150, 191

D>ilwyn, 11, n. 27 I
Dorchester, Abbey, I, 26-27; II, n. 127
Dudley, Castle, I, nl 38
Durham, Cathedral,I, 33; II, n. 270
Eardisley, I, 29
Eleanor Crosses - see Geddington, Hardingstone
Elsing, I, Fig. 7 D
Ely, Cathedral, I, 25, 2 7, 2 9, 33, 42, 50, nn. 83, 94, I16, Figs. 3 G, 6 K; II, 3, 4, 1o, 12, 1 9, 22, 23, 28,
29, 32, nn. 1 39, 1 94, 273, Figs. I I1, 13 G, I15P, 17 H, Q, R: Crauden Chapel, I, 42;11, 3, nn. I 39,142
Essen, I, 48; II, nn. 191, 258
Eu, il, n. 268
Evesham, Abbey, II, n. 207
Evreux, Cathedral, I, n. 45 ; II, nn. 191, 25I, Fig. 14 F, H
Evron, I, nf. 42, 68, I13; 11, nn1. I23, 129, 150, I75, 185, 198, 258
Exeter, I, 31, 35, nn. 33, 83; Il 15, i6, 19, 20, 26, 29, nn. 127, 146, i6o, 211, 216, 236, 255, 276, Fig.
15 D, F
Farleigh,Richardoqf,I, 34
Finedon, I, 42
Fownhope, 1, n. 36
Frankfurt, Cathedral,I, 48; II, i0
Geddington, Cross, I, 25, 27, 35, n. 58, Fig. 7 B; II, 8

Glastonbury, Abbey, II, n. 146
Gloucester, Cathedral, I, 46, 49, 50, nn. 35, 112;IIz 5, 7, 10, I8, 22, 23, 28, 2 9, nn. 146, 163, 169, Figs.
12iC, H,K, L, 13 A, i5 J, L, i6 N, P, I7 L, N
Grantham, 1, 41, n. 99; II, 3, n. i5z
Great Malvern, I, n. l09; II, IO, 23, n. 184
Guisborough, 1, 46; II, n. 231
Hailes, Abbey, II, nn. 206, 207, Fig. IIJ
Hal, I, nf. 42, 69, io6, Fig. io H; II, 13, nn. 123, 191, 259
4
Hardingstone, Cross, I, 3 II, 3, 0. 130, Fig. i L

Hatfield, House, II, fl 121
Hawton, I, 27; II, 3, 0. 136, Fig. ii F
Heckington, II, 3
Hereford, Cathedral,I, 31, 38, 41, 42, 46, n. 83, Fig. 5 D, 8 C; II, I5, i8 , I, 26, nl. 154, 206, Fig. i6 E
Herne, I, 29, f. 92; II, 22, n. 237
Herstmonceux, Castle, 1, 45
Honnecozurt, Villard de, II, n. I57
Howden, IL, 3
Hull, I, 41, 45
Ingham, I, 29, 43, Fig. 2F

Irnham, II, nn. 242, 273
Kenilworth, Castle, II, 29, nn. 122, 213, 236

Kinnersley, II, n. 271
Lacock, I, n. 38
Laon, Cathedral,I, z8, nn. 42, 68, I02, Fig. 4 F; II, 4, nn. 129, 143, I58, i86, i96, 268, Fig. 13 N
Ledbury, I, 3I; II, nl. 142
Leeds, Castle, II, 23, 35, Fig. i6 T
Leintwardine, II, n. 276
Lesyngham, Robt, II, n. 146
Lichfield, I, 33, 41, 45, 46, 0. 92, Figs. 6 A, 8 A, 9 G; II, 19, 23, 24, nn. 130, 231, 290, Fig. ii K
Lincoln, I, 38, 41, 42, 45, 48, 49, n. 46, Figs. 8 D, E, io L, M; II, 4, 13, 19, 20, 22, 28, 29, 34,
on. 130, 136, I40, 230, 273, Figs. ii B, C, M, 14 D, P, i6 F, 17 C
London, Old St Paul's, I, 25, 37, 41-42, 45, 46, Figs. 3 H, 7 E; II, 5, 29, on. 145, 162: Temple Church,
I, 41
Ludlow, church, I, 23, 29, 31, n. 36; II, 23, n. 271
I, n. 87; II, n. 208
Lyngewode,VIYilliam,
Maastricht, churches, II, nn. 124, 191

Madley, I, 29
Malines, 1, 38, on. 42, 6 , io6, Fig. 7 L; II, 13, nn. 124, 126, 129, i96, 259
Malmesbury, II, i8, Fig. 13 B
Malvern - see Great Malvern
Milton Abbas, I, 23; II, n. i66
Much Wenlock, II, n. zo6, Fig. i A
Nantwich, I, 23
Netley, II, n. 210
Newstead, Abbey, II, n. 269
Norwich, Cathedraland precinct, I, 35, 37, 45, nn. 58, 87, 92, Figs. 7 C, 8 F, 9 B, C; II, i6, 20, 32,
Figs. I E, 17 G: Blackfriars,II, n. 173
Noyon, I, o. 42 ; II, i5, no. I5O, 177
Old St Paul's - seeLondon
Oppenheim, I, 38, 46, 48, 49, 50, nn. 4I, 113, Fig. ioB; II, on. 150, 175, I77, 178, 187, Fig. i3K
Ottery St Mary, I, 31, 35, nn. 92, 1i , Figs. 7 G, 9 E; II, i8, Fig. i 7K
Oxford, Cathedral,II, i8: Divioity School, II, nn. 135, i63: Merton, I, 25, 45, Fig. 4 A; II, 20, nn. 148,
I49, i68, 184: New, I, 39, 4I; II, nn. 147, 149, 155, 162, I83: Wadham, II, on. 121, 156, 217
Paris, Notre-Dame, I, 27-28, 38, n. 42; II, no. 126, 153, 157, 258, Fig. 12 F: Ste Chapelle, I, 28, 33-34,
on. 42, 48, Fig. 6 B, C; II, 15, nn. 126, 153, 157, 251, 25 8, Fig. 17 J
Patrington, 1, 27, 41, 46, 49, n. Iii, Fig. io E, F
Pembridge, I, o. 36; II, 22, Fig. i69
Penshurst, Place, II, Io, 18
Pershore, I, 23; II, nn. 206, 207
Peterborough, 1, 42, 45, Fig. 9 J; II, 4, 22, n. I33, Fig. ii
A, R
47
Plas Cadwgan, I, 27
Poitiers, Ducal Palace, II, n. 178
Rampillon, II, n. 199

Ramsey, John, I, n. 93: William, I, 37, 4 , n. 93;
3 II, , n. I445: familY, II, 29
Reims, Cathedral, I, 27, 33, Fig. 4 C; II, 3, I5, nn. I57, 251, 258: St Remi, II, n. 203
Richards Castle, I, 29; II, nn. 243, 271, 276
Riom, II, n. 225
Rochester, Cathedral,II, l. 263
Rouen, Cathedral, I, 28, f. 45, Fig. 4 G; II, nn. 123, 250, 258, i6i, 258, 268, Figs. 12 J, 17 D; St Ouen,
I, nn. 45, 68; 11, nn. 150, I58, 258, 268, Fig. i2 D
Rufford, Old Hall, II, 10
St Albans, 1, 29, 35, 45, nn. 55, 8o, 92, III; 11,4, i9, nn. i28, I39, 163, 202
St Bertrand-de-Comminges,II, n. 178
St Denis, IT, nf. 126, 157
St Germer-de-Fly, I, nn. 48, 68; II, 5, 24, nn. 153, i58, i6i, I91, 251, 268, Figs. z2E, 14 G
St Martin-aux-Bois, II, nn. 199, 258, 268
St Stephen's Chapel - seeWestminster
St Sulpice-des-Favikeres, I, 28; II, nn. 123, I99, 258, 268
St Thibault-en-Auxois, I, 28, 49, nn. 42, 65, ii3; II, 3, I8, nn. 175, 259
Wlilliamde, II, n. i66
Schockerwych,
SchwTbisch Gmiind, I, 48, 49, 50, nf. I09, 113, Fig. 10o A; II, nn. 124, I6I, 178, 187, 268
Selby, I, 27, n. III, Fig. 4E;II1, 3, 15, 22, 26, nn. 140, 14z, Fig. 14J
Sherborne, iI, nn. 156, i63, i68, 184
Shrewsbury, St Mary, II, nn. 236, 271
Snettisham, I, 42, Fig. 5 F; II, I8
Soest, churches, I, 38, 48, nn. 65, 69, 107, Fig. io G; II, 24, n. 126
Soissons, Cathedral,1, f. 42, Fig. 6H, J; II, nn. 129, i85
Southwell, 1, 25, 27, 42, Figs. 3 A, F, 8 B; II, 26, nn. 142, 230
Spalding, Wykeham Chapel, 1, 23, Fig. 2 E
Sponlee,Jobnof, II, n. 215
Strasbourg, Cathedral, I, 48, 50, nn. 40, 42, 48, 65, 68, Fig. 5 E; 11, 11, 24, 34, n. 177
Sutton-in-the-Isle, II, n. 242
Tattershall, Castle, I, 45, n. 6i

Taunton, II 10, n. 172
Tewkesbury, I, 23, 29, 31, nn. 83, 92, Fig. 2 D; II, I6, I8, 35, nn. 263, 206, Figs. i B, K, 17 A
Thornbury, Castle, II, n. i68
Thornton, II, 28
Tintern, I, 3 42, 45, 491,n. 55, Figs. 7 A, 9 F; II, io, n. 201, Fig. 15 R
Tongres, I, n. 69; II, 4, i0, 28, 34, nn. 124, 129, 138, 153, i6i, 174, i96, 259
Tournai, Cathedral, I, 47, n. 102, Fig. i0 C; II, 12, nn. 123, 129, 158, 268, Fig. 13 P
Tours, Cathedral, Il, nn. 123, 237, 178
Troyes, St Urbain, I, 28, 48, nn. 42, 65, 68, 8i, Figs. 4 H,77K II, iI, 25, i8, nn. 23, 153, 19I, 199, 203,
244, 245, 259, 268, Figs. 13 J, i6 H, 17 B, S
Trumpington, 1, 23, 29, 42; II, n. 136
Vale Royal, I, 27
Vend6ome, I, nn. 42, 65; II, 4, nn. 138, I58, 19I, 203
Vignory, II, n. 175
Warkworth, Castle, I, 45, n. 6i

Warwick, St Mary, I, n. 47; II, 29, nn. 15 x6o, 16z, 194, 216, Figs. 12 G, 13 C: Beauchamp Chapel, I,
38, 50; II, nn. I48, 263: West Gate, I, 25, Fig. 2 H
Wells, Cathedral, I, 23, 25, 31, 35, 41, nn. 56, 92; II, i5, I8, 22, 23, 24, z6, z8, 29, nn. 152, 163, 205,
220, 254, Figs. I M, i6 C, 17 U: Palace, I, 23, 27, 35, Fig. 2 C; II, 22, Fig. 14Q
Weobley, I, 29
Westminster, Abbey, I, 38, 4I-42, 46, nn. 46, 92, Fig. io J; II, 15, 23, z8, nn. 125, i6o, 202, 26i, Figs.
I4E, i6A: tombs, I, 35, 42, f. 35; II, 22, nf. 145, 23I, 263; St Stephen's Chapel, I, 25, 28, 33,
37, 38, 43, 46, 5o, nn. 35, 82, 92, 98, III, Figs. 3 B, C, 6 D; II, 3, 4, 13, 23, 29, n. 23i, Figs. 14 A,
i6 R; Hall, II, nn. x55, i6o, 26i
Whitby, I, 33, 46, 49; II, 15
Wigmore, church, I, 29; II, nn. 243, 276
Winchelsea, churches, I, z6, 27, 31, 33, 42, nn. 15, 35, Figs. 4 B, 5 B, G; II, zo, z8, n. I33, Fig. I6 L, M
Winchester, Cathedral, I, 41, 43, Fig. 8 G; II, 20, nn. I27, 183, 208, Fig. I L; College, I, 39: Castle, I,
33; II, 23
Windsor, Chapel and cloister, I, 37, nn. 6o, 8o; II, 24, nn. i62, i68, 2I5
Witney, Thos. of, I, 31, n. 37; II, 34, nn. 2o8, 220, 272
Worcester, Cathedral and precinct, I, 27, 29, 31, 35, 41, 45, n. 117, Figs. 7 F, 9 H; II, 3, 8, nn. i6o,
I63, 183, I94, 207, 213, 2z6, 231, Figs. I 5 C, i6 K
Worms, I, nn. 68, 69, II3 II, n. i o
Wykeham Chapel - see Spalding
Wynford,William,II, 34, nn. i6o, 183
Yeovil, I, 41, n. io0; II, n. i6o
Yeveley,Henry,I, 3
York, Minster, I, 25, 41, 42, 45, 46, 50, Fig. 9 A; II, 3, 4, 5, 13, 22, z6 nn. 128, 140, 194, 235, Figs.
I IE,lPI, 12 A, 14 M

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The Development of Later Gothic Mouldings in England c. 1250-1400: Part II

(a) First Family: Roll andChamferMullions

PITER BOgOU&H AMIENS AMIENS

BEVERLEY MINSTER HAILE$ ELY

YORK MINSTER LICHFI EL

Fig. ii Mullions:theFirst Family

Early Perpendicular theContinent

YORK MINSTER PARIS, NOTfRE-DAME WARWICK

Fig. I z Early Perpendicular

Variety(2). Three-quarter roll andfillet plus hollowchamfers. e.g. Fig. i B, i.

V. Below average. e.g. Chester Cath. (transept), Stottesdon (Salop).

Variety(4). Extra fillet(s) addedto hollowchamfer. e.g. Fig. 11 E, F, P.

Variety(y). Multipleroll/rollandfilletmouldings.e.g. Fig. i C.

(b) SecondFamily: Paired Chamfers/HollowChamfers

GLOUCESTER AUXERRE, ST. GERMAIN WINC HESTER CATHEDRAL

TROYES, ST.URBAIN TOURtAI

Fig. I 3 Mullions: the SecondFamily and PolygonalTerminations

(e.g. GloucesterLady chapel, Great Malvernnave). Almost all Perpendicularexamples

Variety(i). Steppedchamfer. e.g. Fig. 3 A.

Variety(2). Steppedhollowchamfer. e.g. Fig. 3 G.

Variety(3). Doublechamfer. e.g. Fig. I3 D.

Variety (4). Double hollow chamfer. e.g. Fig. I3 E.

(a) First Family: LateralRoll Mouldings

ST. STEPHEN'S CHAPEL ANTWERP

ELY YORK MINSTER

Fig. 14 Ribs: the First Family

Variety(I). Detachedlateralrolls. e.g. Fig. I4 A-D.

V. Rare. Only Lichfield (nave and E. end).

VarieOt(;). Attachedlateralrolls. e.g. Fig. I4 E, Q.

(b) SecondFamily: Western Varieties

MUCH WENLOCK BRISTOL CATHEDRAL WELLS

Fig. 15 Ribs: the SecondFamily and Miscellaneous

Variety(i). Beakedhalf-roll. e.g. Fig. I5 A-F.

(c) Miscellaneousrib designswith distinctivefeatures

AUXERRE, ST. GERMAIN

Variety (z). Three-unitscroll. e.g. Fig. i6 B, C.

Variety( a). Partl or whollypolygonal(excluding those over polygonal piers).

Variety(4). Chisel-nosed andblunt-nosed

Variety(t). Roll andfilletlkeel(from i z8os on). e.g. Fig. I6 J, ii, M, R.

Varietj (6). Concave fillet. e.g. Fig. I6 A, ii, L, i.

of three-unitcapital,i.e. variety (i) plus examples in lists for varieties (3)-(6).

Total distributionof two-unitcapital,i.e. variety (2) plus examples in (3)-(6). Frequent- IV

Variety (2). Conservativedesigns (after c. I280). e.g. Fig. 17 F, G, H.

Variety ()). Scroll/keel/roll andfillet additions. e.g. Fig. I7 F, M.

Variety (4). Bell bases.

(ii) Roll-necked e.g. Fig. 17 K, M, i, R, i.

(iii) Fillet-necked e.g. Fig. I7Q, i.

(iv) Double e.g. Fig. jQ, ii.

'I_ ^K ' PROTOTYPrs'

9. B165AS .g (4. ( 4 PL. 4tPL. 4Pf

Witney, Richardof Farleigh,and WilliamWynfordare documentedexamplesof master

INDEX OF PLACES AND CRAFTSMEN (excluding the variety lists)

Badgeworth, I, 46, n. II7; II, I2, 23, 35, Fig. i6 S

Caernarvon, Castle, I, 27, 31

Dijon, Champmol, II, nn. 150, 191

Geddington, Cross, I, 25, 27, 35, n. 58, Fig. 7 B; II, 8

Hardingstone, Cross, I, 3 II, 3, 0. 130, Fig. i L