Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MIT8 044S13 pss11 PDF
MIT8 044S13 pss11 PDF
Physics Department
8.044 Statistical Physics I Spring Term 2013
Solutions, Problem Set #11
Problem 1: Ripplons
a) (2π)2
ky k-volume/point =
2π/Lx Lx Ly
Lx Ly
2π/Ly
points/k-volume ≡ D(k) =
(2π)2
kx A
=
(2π)2
b)
ky
#() = πk 2 ()D(k) = b k 3/2
k 4/3
= π D(k)
kx b
d# 4 A 1/3 A
D() = = 2
π 4/3
m= 1/3
d 3 (2π) b 3πb4/3
D(ε)
c) Z ∞ Z ∞
1
U = (< n > + 12 )D() d = + 1
D() d
2
0 0 e/kB T − 1
∞
(/kB T 2 )e/kB T
Z
∂U A
CA = = 1
+2 1/3 d
∂T A 0 (e/kB T − 1)2 3πb4/3
∞
x7/3 ex
Z
AkB
= (kB T )4/3 dx ∝ T 4/3
3πb4/3 0 (ex − 1)2
1
One could also proceed directly from U .
∞
4/3
Z
A
U = d + C
3πb4/3 0 e/kB T − 1
A(kB T )7/3 ∞ x4/3
Z
= dx + C
3πb4/3 0 ex − 1
Z ∞ 4/3
∂U 7AkB 4/3 x
CA = = (k B T ) dx ∝ T 4/3
∂T A 9πb4/3 0 ex − 1
d) There is no energy gap behavior because there is no energy gap. For any kB T there are
always oscillators with ~ω < kB T .
a)
2π
eikx (x+L) = eikx x eikx L = eikx x ⇒ kx = nx nx = ±1, ±2, · · ·
L
The same holds of ky .
~k = 2π (nx x̂ + ny ŷ) ni = ±1, ±2, · · ·
L
b)
2
~ = L
D(k) for all ~k
2π
c)
2
D(ε)
ε
d)
8L2
N = #(F ) =
(2π)2 γ
1/2
F = 1
2
π 2 γ 2 (N/A)
e)
Z F
a
D() = a N= a d = 2F
0 2
Z F
a
U = a 2 d = 3F = 23 N F
0 3
f) Thermal agitation only disturbs a fraction kB T /F of the total number of electrons, and
imparts to them an energy of the order of kB T . Thus the total increase in energy from the
T = 0 value is proportional to T 2 and the heat capacity will be linearly proportional to T .
g)
dU = T dS} +SdA
|{z
0 at T =0
dU 2 dF 2 1 F 1 N
S = = N = N (− ) = − F
dA 3 dA 3 2 A 3 A
3
Problem 3: Donor Impurity States in a Semiconductor
a)
3/2
V 2me
Dstates () = 2 2
( − ∆)1/2
2π ~
Z ∞
NC = < ne > D() d
∆
√ −δ/k T
3/2 Z ∞
V 2me −(∆−µ)/kB T
= e δe B
dδ
2π 2 ~2 0
3/2 ∞ √
Z
V 2me kB T −(∆−µ)/kB T
= e x e−x dx
2π 2 ~2
|0 √
{z }
π/2
3/2
V 2me kB T
= e−(∆−µ)/kB T
4 π~2
3/2
−∆/kB T µ/kB T V 2me kB T
= α(T )e e where α(T ) ≡
4 π~2
b) < n > is equal to 1/2 where = µ, so if the donors are only half occupied, and they are
located at = 0, then µ = 0. Since half of the donor electrons are now in the conduction
band, the last equation above becomes
ND /2 = α(T )e−∆/kB T
4
c) When the energy is many times kB T below the chemical potential µ,
kB T ln[ND /α(T )] = −∆ + 2µ
5
d) 1
<n> =
exp[( − µ)/kB T ] + 1
ND
N (e on donor sites) =
exp[−µ/kB T ] + 1
α(T )
exp[−µ/kB T ] = exp[−∆/kB T ]
NC
ND
N (e on donor sites) =
(α/NC ) exp[−∆/kB T ] + 1
ND
N (e on donor sites) + NC = + NC = N D
(α/NC ) exp[−∆/kB T ] + 1
2
NC NC α −∆/kB T α −∆/kB T
+ e − e =0
ND ND ND ND
When T → ∞ α(T ) grows without bound and the first term in the equation can be
neglected leaving
NC α −∆/kB T α −∆/kB T
e − e =0
ND ND ND
with the solution NC = ND .
6
Problem 4: Spin Polarization
a) Recall that in zero field the density of states for spin- 12 Fermions is
3/2
V 2m
D0 () = 1/2 >0
2π 2 ~2
= 0 <0
These are equally divided between spin up and spin down. The application of a field shifts
all ms = 12 states down in energy by µ0 H and all ms = − 12 states up by µ0 H (assuming a
~ Thus
positive µ0 , that is, a magnetic moment parallel rather than anti-parallel to S).
1
D 1 () = D0 ( + µ0 H)
2 2
1
D− 1 () = D0 ( − µ0 H)
2 2
1
D() = [D0 ( + µ0 H) + D0 ( − µ0 H)]
2
b) The filling of D() at T = 0 must stop just short of = µ0 H where the ms = − 12 states
would begin to fill.
Z µ0 H Z 2µ0 H
1
N = D() d = D0 () d
2 | {z
−µ0 H 0 }
a1/2
a2
= (2µ0 H)3/2
23
" 3/2 #
1 V 2m
= (2µ0 H)3/2
3 2π 2 ~2
3/2
2 4mµ0 H
6π N/V =
~2
7
4mµ0
(6π 2 N/V )2/3 = H
~2
1 ~2 (6π 2 N/V )2/3
H0 =
µ0 4m
The negative µ0 means that the electron spins are polarized anti-parallel to the direction of
~
H.
d) For 3 He, M = 5.01 × 10−24 g, µ0 = 1.075 × 10−23 ergs-gauss−1 , and n = 1.64 × 1022 cm−3 .
So in this system
H0 = 5.1 × 107 gauss = 5.1 × 103 Tesla.
Problem 5: T = 0 solubility of 3 He in 4 He
a) Recall that for non-interacting spin 1/2 Fermions in 3 dimensions with an effective mass
m∗
1/3
kF = 3π 2 (N/V )
2/3
~2 3π 2 N
F =
2m∗ V
When the Fermi energy of 3 He in 4 He equals the potential difference W , any additional 3 He
atoms will begin to fill their own phase where their kinetic energy can begin at zero. Thus
~2 2 max 2/3
W = 3π n3
2m∗
2m∗ W 2/3
= 3π 2 nmax
3
~2
3/2
2m∗ W
1
nmax
3 =
3π 2 ~2
8
b)
3/2
2m∗ W
1
nmax
3 =
3π 2 ~2
3/2
2 × 10−23 × 0.5 × 10−16
1
=
3π 2 10−54
−39 3/2
1 10 1 14 3/2
= = 10 × 10
3π 2 10−54 3π 2
√
10 10
= 2
× 1021 ≈ 1021
3π
Then
n3max 1021
≈ = 5%
n3 + n4 2 × 1022
a) The entropy of a Fermi gas at T = 0, the model for the liquid 3 He, is zero.
c) At T = 0 in the presence of a large ”effective magnetic field” each of the spins in the solid
will be oriented with its moment anti-parallel to the effective field. Thus the entropy of the
solid goes to N kB ln 1 = zero.
d) In region II the slope of the melting curve is −kB ln 2/v0 . Yes, it is negative.
f) When heat is added to the system, the entropy must go up. The only way for that to
happen is for some of the liquid to turn into solid, that is, to freeze. In this region on the
melting curve, when one heats the system it solidifies and when one cools it, it melts.
9
MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu
For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.