+147 Section 5A (j) Hyperbaton: a figure in which the natural word-order is upset, eg. Milton (translating Horace’s ridentem dicere uérum quid uetat?): ‘Laughing to teach the truth, what hinders?’ ie. ‘What hinders one-who-is-laughing from teaching the truth?’ The Latin word-order, however, is normal. Poetic word-order Adjectives and nouns One of the most frequent word-orders in poetry is adjective, then something else, then the noun with which the adjective agrees, e.g. Lauinaque uénit litora ‘and he came to the Lavinian shores’ altae moenia Rémae ‘the walls of high Rome’ Trdiand @ sanguine ‘from Trojan blood’ Romanam condere gentem ‘to found the Roman race’ quem das finem? ‘what end do you give?’ noua pectore uersat consilia ‘she turned over new plans in her heart’ Here is a double example: Saeuae memorem Iiindnis ob tram ‘on account of the unforgetting anger of savage Juno’ The best tactic to adopt is to register the adjective and move on: concentrate your attention on nouns and verbs first and foremost, andtry to solve them as you come to them. This will lay clear the bare bones of the sentence. You can then reread, concentrating on the adjectives and seeing where they fit. Thus a first reading should concentrate on the underlined words: ingentia cernés moenia surgentemque nouae Karthaginis arcem. ‘(something about ‘large’) you will see the walls and (something about ‘rising’ and ‘new’) the citadel of Carthage’. Then reread, concentrating on ingentia, surgentem and nouae, secing where they agree: ‘you will see the huge walls and arising the citadel of sew Carthage’ 316Section 5A 1485 NB. When adjectives precede and are separated from their nouns in prose, the effect is to emphasise strongly one element or the other (usually the first). Exercise Translate the following (adjectives underlined): (a) Tyriam qui aduéneris urbem. (b) templum landni ingens. (c)_ uidet Iliacds ex Sdine pugnas. (d) bellaque iam fama t6tam uulgata per urbem. (©) feret haec aliquam tibi fama salitem. (f) animum pictiira pascit inani. ardentisque duertit eqiios. (t) ~__ fuuat ire et Dorica castra désertésque uidére locés. (@) summa décurrit ab arce. (j)_ tacitae per amica silentia linae. Tyri-usaum Carthaginian _fam-a ae 1f. reputation summ-us a um top (of) qi aduéneris ‘since you pictiir-a ae 1f. scene décurré 31 ran down have come to” pascé 31 feed arx arc-is 3f. citadel lind Vinén-is 3£. che indn-is e illusory tacit-us a um quiet goddess Juno ardéns ardent-is fiery amic-us a um friendly Miae-us a um of Troy, Guerté 3.1 turn aside silenti-a érum 2n. pl. Trojan equ-us 7 2m. horse silences fama ae \f. rumour iuuat it gives pleasure lin-a ae 1f. moon suulgdt-us a um spread Daric-us a um Greck aliquam (acc. s. f.) some désert-us a um abandoned Verbs It is extremely common for verbs to come early in the sentence, sometimes well before the quoted subject. So you must hang on to the person of the verb and wait for a subject to appear, e.g.: obstipuit primé aspect Siddnia Dido ‘he/she/it fell silent at the first look’ — ah, that is ‘Carthaginian Dido fell silent . . Bs , conticuére omnés ‘they fell silent’ — ah, ‘everyone fell silent NB. Verb-subject is also a common order in prose. 317147 Section 5A Word groups ‘We have ‘phrased’ together words that can usefully be taken in groups together, e.g. talibus Grantem dictis Grasque tenentem audiit Omnipoténs ‘the one begging (acc.) with such words and holding (acc) the altars the All-powerful (i.e. Jupiter) heard’ Delayed introductory word Conjunctions like cum, dum, ubi, si, sed, et are often held back in the sentence, (as in prose: see 1244) e.g. namque sub ingenti listrat dam singula templo ‘for while he surveys individual items under the great temple’ magnum réginae sed enim miseratus amérem ‘but pitying the queen's great love’ Latin metre Latin metre is more complex than English because in Latin metre every syllable counts (cf. English, where metre depends largely on stress). For the purpose of metre, every syllable in Latin counted as either heavy (-) or light (u). Heavy syllables may be compared to longer notesin music, light to shorter. Heavy and light syllables Here are some basic rules: (a) Asyllable is heavy if its vowel is pronounced long e.g. pind, iratd (b) Asyllable is heavy if the vowel is followed by two consonantsor a double consonant (x, z) e.g. ingentés. Word division makes no difference, e.g. et is ‘light’, butetfugit would make et heavy, because the t is followed by an f, making two consonants. () A syllable is heavy if it contains a diphthong, e.g. aedés, (cl above). (d) A syllable is light if it contains a short vowel followed by only one consonant (or none), e.g. ef omnibus. Constant ét uiénd. 318Section 5A 1485 Elision Ifa word ends in a vowel or in -m, and the next word begins with a vowel (orh), the final vowel or - syllable is ‘elided’ (‘crushed out of existence’) and does not count for the purposes of the metre, e.g.: eglo] et tii uirtit{em] et um] habeas Notes 1 The ‘heaviness’ or ‘lightness’ of a vowel has no effect on its natural pronunciation. Thus the et of et fugit may count as heavy for the purposes of scansion, but it would not be pronounced é as a consequence. To help you to see the difference between vowel length and syllable quantity we have continued to mark long vowels (immediately above the letter), as well as setting out the metrical pattern (above the line), e.g. corr? pidére indicates that the first vowel (-0-) is pronounced short, but belongs in a heavy syllable (because followed by two consonants -rr-); the fourth vowel, however (-é-), is pronounced long (the syllable will therefore be heavy). 2 Verse was read with the normal word stress (see p. xv). Do not allow the rhythmic stress of the metre to distort the natural stress of the words. The hexameter: Virgil’s metre The hexameter has six feet, consisting of a mixture of dactyls (-v v) and spondees (— —), on the following pattern: 4 5 Tey Here are the first three lines of the first Virgil passage scanned for you: = yuu 3 Gul SE oyy fy corripufére uil[am] intereli, qua] sémita| mGnstrat iamgule] asqendablane coliim, qui | plarimiss | urbi poy. - =F = eu oft imminé| aduersjasqu[e] asplectat dfestipe arcés. 319<147 Section 5A Notes 1 Foot 5 is usually a dactyl, very occasionally a spondee. 2 The line usually has a word-division (caesiira, lit. ‘cutting’) in the middle of the third foot or the fourth. E.g. the caesura in the above examples is after intered (4th foot), ascendebant, aduersasqu(e) (3rd foot). Exercise Scan the next ten lines (p. 321), adding the correct word stress (see rule, p. xv). Mark foot divisions with |, caesuras with 3. Then read aloud, thinking through the meaning as you read. Virgil reading exercises: introduction Pablius Vergilius Maré (Virgil) was born in 70 near Mantua. Heearly on established powerful connections, notably with the governor of Cisalpine Gaul, C. Asinius Pdllié, himself a scholar and poet. It was Pollio who introduced him to Octavian. In the early 30s Virgil becamea member of the circle of Maecénis, the great literary patron and powerful political ally of Octavian. Virgil was the author of three major works. The first two were the Bucolics (or Eclogues), and Georgics, whose apparently rural themes have political overtones, e.g. at the end of Georgics I, there is an appeal to the native gods of Italy to allow Octavian to come to the aid of the civil-war- stricken land. His final work, begun around 30 and still undergoing final revision at his death in 19, was the Aeneid, an epic in twelve books, telating how Aeneas, mythical founder of the Roman race, escaped from the burning city of Troy and finally established a foothold in Italy, after defeating the Rutulian King Turnus in single combat. The ancients saw the purpose of Virgil in this work as twofold: to rival Homer (on whose Iliad and Odyssey the poem draws heavily) and to glorify Augustus. The latter he achieved in three ways. First he accepted and stressed the family connection between Aeneas and the géns liilia (family of Julius Caesarand Augustus), so that the early history of the Roman race is also the family history of Augustus. Secondly, he introduced mentions of Augustus into the poem in prophecies (by Jupiter in Book I and Anchises in Book VI) and on the shield of Aeneas (Book VIII). Thirdly, he reflected the old Roman values which Augustus propagated and supported even by 320Section 5A 148 legislation, in the characters of his epic, especially that of Aeneas, a man distinguished by his pietas (respect for gods, family, home and country). Virgil’s Aeneid Aeneas, storm-tossed from Troy, arrives after many adventures off the North African coast, and is led by his divine mother, Venus, to Carthage. Here he sees the city of Carthage being built. corripuére uiam interead, qua s¢mita mGnstrat, iamque ascendébant collem, qui plarimus urbi imminet aduersasque aspectat désuper arcés. miratur molem Aenéas, magalia quondam, miratur portas strepitumque et strata uidrum. 5 instant ardentés Tyrii: pars diicere mirés mdlirique arcem et manibus subuoluere saxa. pars optare locum tecté et concliidere sulcd; ifira magistratiisque legunt sanctumque senatum. hic portiis alii effodiunt; hic alta theitris 10 fundimenta locant alii, immAnisque columnis ripibus excidunt, scaenis decora apta futiiris; quilis apés aestate noua per Adrea rira They were like bees at the beginning of sum- exercet sub sdle labor, cum gentis adults mer, busy in the sunshine in the flowery Sficunt (ets, aut cum Tiquentia mella 15 meadows, bringing out the young of the race sipant et dulci distendune nectare cellis, just come of age or treading the oozing honey aut onera accipiunt uenientum, aut agmine ‘and swelling the cells with sweet nectar, or fact taking the loads as they came in or mounting ignduum facés pecus 4 praesépibus arcent; guard to keep the herds of idle drones out of their farmstead. feruet opus redolentque thymé fraglantia mella. ‘6 fortinati, quérum iam moenia surgunt!’ 20 Aenéis ait et fastigia suspicit urbis. (Aeneid 1.418-37) ' In all the Virgil extracts, phrases which you should take as a whole are marked with 321147 corripié 3/4 corripui | seize, devour, hasten along qua where S@mitea ae 1f. path monstrd 11 show ascends 3 1 climb collis coll-is 3m. hill qui plirimus ‘which in its great bulk’ [Register nom., so subject] urbi [Why dat? Wait] immines 2 (+ dat.) 1 overlook, loom over [Solves urbi] aduers-us a um facing [The -que suggests another clause or phrase, so ‘and the facing .. .’, but aduersas is acc. pl. f., so we are waiting for a noun which can be described as ‘facing’, and then (presumably) a verb which explains the acc. case] aspect6 1 1 look at, observe [So probably ‘and looks at the facing . . .") désuper from above arx arc-is 3f. citadel, stronghold [Solves aduersas} miror 1 dep. | marvel at mirdtur (Subject? Wait] molés mal-is 3f. mass, bulk, size (of the city) Aené-as ae 1m. [Greek declension, see HG] Aeneas [Subject] magalia magal-ium 3n. pl. huts quondam once upon a time 5 porta ae 1f. gate strepit-us is 4m. hustle and bustle strét-um 7 2n, (lit. ‘laid flat’) paving instd 11 press on (Subject? Wait] Grdéns ardent-is enthusiastic, eager Tyri-us 7 2m. Carthaginian [Subject] waiting for ‘others'] dicé 3 (here) build (Infinitive: so why? Wait] mitr-us 7 2m. wall milior 4 dep. 1 work at [Note infinitive] manibus (Dat. or abl. pl., but since the men are working, probably abl.] 322 Section 5A subuolud 3 1 roll uphill [Note infinitive) sax-um 7 2n. stone [Solved infinitive yet?] pars [Must mean ‘others’] opté 11 decide on (Note: still infinitive] tect-um 7 2n. br concliids 3 1 con [Infinitive] sule-us 7 2m. furrow, trench [But why these infinitives? There appears to be no controlling verb. So they must be — what sort of infinitives?] ifs ifir-is 3n. law [Subj. or obj? No clue. Wait] magistratiis (Subj. or obj? No clue. Wait] legé 31 select [Do ‘laws and magistrates’ sclect?] sanctus a um holy, revered (Case? ‘What does this suggest about iira etc?) port-us tis 4m. harbour [Case? So wait] aliz [Looks like another string of the pars sort above. Await another ali] effodis 3/4 1 dig hic [So here is another place where they are working: we can surely expect another alif soon] alt-us a um deep (Case? Many possibilities. Wait] theatr-um 7 2n, theatre [Cannot agree with alta, so register dat. or abl. pl. and wait. So far ‘here, something about deep things, something about theatres’) fundament-um 7 2n. foundation [Solves alta: ‘here, something about deep foundations’. So what case is rheatris, with what meaning, probably? locé 11 place [And alii follows, solving the whole thing] imman-is e gigantic [Register case, pl] column-a ae 1f. column [Immediate agreement, happily] riipes ritp-is 3f. rock [Dat. or abl. Something about ‘rocks'] ing, house , mark out encloseSection 5B excids 31 cut out, quarry [All solved (note force of ex-)] sxaenis (Register cases, wait] decus decor-is 3n. ornament, decoration aptous a um fit for (+ dat.) [That solves scaenis] “ferues 21 seethe redoled 21 give off a smell (of x: abl.) [Plural, so await subject. ‘They give off a smell’} thym-um 72n. thyme (plant noted for its nectar) (Case? Construe with redolent? Or wait?] SECTION 5B 1485 JSraglans fraglant-is sweet [Make thymum depend on fraglantia?] mel mell-is 3n. honey [Pl. for s. A common poetic device] 20 fortinat-us 72m. lucky man, person moenia moeni-um 3n. walls surg 3 1 rise ait said Jfastigi-um 7 2n. roof, height suspicié 3/4 1 look up to [Aeneas has by now descended the hill] Running vocabulary for 5B(i) addled 3 addin? adductus 1 lead to, draw to adduct (nom. m. pl.) (having been) drawn into Allobrogés Allobrog-um 3m. pl. Allobroges [Gallic tribe, see name list, Text p. 91 and map] ampl-us a um large, great aperié 4 1 reveal arcess6 31 summon auatiti-a ae 1f. avarice, greed auctritas auct5ritat-is 3. weight, authority bellicds-us a um warlike as-us is 4m. fortune cGnspicid 3/4 conspexi 1 catch sight of that . Gabini. Sura dimittd 3 1 send away existimd 11 think, consider Sore ut (+ subj.) ‘that it would happen 2m. P. Gabinius Capito Galli-a ae 1f. Gaul Gallic-us a wn Gallic géns gent-is 3f. race ie-us a um qualified (for), suitable (for) (+dat.) impells 3 1 urge, persuade innoxi-us a um innocent Lentul-us 72m. P. Cornelius Lentulus misereor 2 dep. I take pity on (+gen.) miseri-a ae 1f. misery, distress firea ae 1f. nature negotior 1 dep. I do business ndmind 1 T name ndscé 3 nout notus I get to know (ndui=1 know) ndt-us a um known (to X: dat.) - nouae rés noudrum rérum (1/2 adj. +5€. noun) revolution (lit. ‘new things’) P.= Piiblis: Pibli-is 72m. Publius pauc-i ae aa few perdieé 3 1 bring to plerique pléraeque pleraque the majority of 323«147 Section 5B praccipis 3/4 praecépi | qué+ comparative + sphere of alliance; tr. instruct, order subjunctive ‘in order ‘in x’) praeséns praesent-is present _ that. . . more’ [See sollicité 11 rouse up, priudtim individually notes on Il. 75-76, 77— incite to revolt propingui-us a um near (to 8) spés spé-i SE. hope x: dat.) remedi-um 7 2n. cure status tis 4m. state piiblicé publicly, as a state requird 3 1 seck out ubi primum as soon as queror 3 dep. 1 complain sit? (+ indicative) just as Vmibrén-us 7 2m. Publius quicumgue quaecumque societas societat-is 3f. Umbrenus quodcumque whoever, alliance, partnership whatever (declines like (4gen. expressing qui quae quod) Notes 1. 62 belli governed by societds and completing the idea of partnership by expressing what the partners will share in. |. 63 oppressis: sc. esse (see 143 for the suppression of esse in reported speech). 69 quod . . . esset: subjunctive within reported speech (see 142) 71 qua effugiatis: note the mood of the verb. See 1453. . 72 Grare: historic infinitive. 1.73 quod. . . factiiri essent: subjunctive within reported speech (see 142). There is strong emphasis on the future, hence the composite future subjunctive (= fut. participle + subj. of sum) Ul. 75-6, 77-8 qué maior . . . inesset ) All express purpose, witha com- quo facilius . . . parative idea: ‘in order the more persuadéret —ly to —’ (adv.); ‘in order that qué... amplior esset } more —’ (adj.)’ Learning vocabulary for 5B(i) Nouns auctoritas auctoritat-is 3£. gens gent-is 3£. tribe; race; _spés spé-i SE. hope(s); weight, authority family; people expectation natiir-a ae 1f. nature Adjectives ampl-us a.um large, great ndt-us. a um known, well- _plérique pléraeque pléraque idone-us a um suitable known the majority of (for), qualified (for) pauc-i ae a (pl.) a few, a (+dat) small number of 324Section 5B 148 Verbs aperié 4 aperui apertus 1 ndscé 3 néui notus | get to requiré 3 requisiut requisitus ‘open; reveal know (perfect tenses = T seck out; ask for (re- dimiuts 3 dimisi dimissus 1 know etc.) + quaerd) send away (dis- queror 3 dep. questus 1 sollicité 11 stir up, arouse; + mittd) complain incite to revolt existimé 1 1 think, consider (ex-+ aestims =I value) Others bi primum as soon as (with perfect indicative) Running vocabulary for 5B(ii) cert-us aum sure, certain ——_amercés mercéd-is 3f. profit, — Q.= Quint: Quintus 7 cinsideré 1 1 ponder, reward 2m. Quintus consider ndndum not yet quam maximé as much as dif for a long time opés op-um 36. pl. possible Fabi-us 7 2m. Fabius resources Sang-a ae 1m. Q. Fabius [Quintus Fabius Sanga] —_ patrdn-us 7 2m. patron Sanga fortiin-a ae 1f. fortune praccipié 3.1 give simulé VT feign incert-us a um uncertain instructions to (x dat: studi-um 7 2n. enthusiasm manifest-us a um in the to do y: ut+ subj.) (for) (+ gen.) open, caught in the act, —praemi-um 7 2n. reward, —_tiit-s a um safe plainly guilty prize uolué 3 1 turn over, prd (+abl.) instead of reflect on wits ut Notes 1. 82 at in altera: supply parte and erant. 1. 86 cénsilid cognits: ‘with the plan having been discovered’ (abl. abs.). 187-8 simulent. . .adeant. . . polliceantur dentque: all verbs in the ut clause introduced by praecipit (1. 86). 1. 87 bene polliceantur: tr. ‘make fine promises’. Learning vocabulary for 5B(ii) Nouns | fortin-a ae 1f. fortune, opés op-um 36. pl. praemi-um 7 2n. prize, luck; (pl.) wealth resources; wealth (s. ops reward , op-is help, aid) studi-um 7 2n, enthusiasm, zeal 325-147 Adjectives cert-us a um sure, certain Verbs consideré 1 1 consider, ponder Others dif for a long time (comp. dititius, sup. dittissimé) manifest-us a um in the open; obvious, clear; caught in the act praecipié 3/4 praecép pracceptus | instruct, give orders to (x dat. to do vy: m+ subj.) (prae + capié) nondum not yet pro (+abl.) instead of (for, in return for; on behalf of; in front of) Section 5B simulé 11 feign quam + superlative adv. 2s = as possible Running vocabulary for 5B(iii) Gcti6 dction-is 3¢. public action adit-us iis 4m. approach Bésti-a ae 1m. Lucius Bestia caedés caed-is 3f. carnage, slaughter Cethég-us 7 2m. C. Cornelius Cethegus i6 is 3¢. public meeting; contiénem habére to hold a public meeting Notes 1. 90 paratis . . . magnis copiis: ‘with great forces having been got ready {ablative absolute), diuidé 3 1 divide duodecim twelve érump 3 I break out, rush out exsequor 3 dep. exseciitus 1 carry out Srangé 3 frégi fractus 1 break (down) L=La 2m. Lucius nobilitas nabilitat-is 3¢. nobility obsides 2.1 besiege paréns parent-is 3m. parent percellé 3 perculi perclsus 1 scare, unnerve propius nearer (comp. of prope) qué + comp. + subj. ‘in order that . . . more’ [See note on Il. 95-6] Statili-us 72m. L, Statilius Il. 91, 92 (€a) contidne habita: ‘with a (this) public meeting having been held’ (ablative absolute). IL. 95-6 qua facilior . 326 . . fieret: ‘in order that there might be ... an easier . . .’ (purpose with comparative idea).Section 5B 148 1. 97 ianud fracta: ‘with the door having been broken (down)’ (ablative absolute). fili7 familidrum i.e. sons subject to patria potestas. The power ofa father over his children was absolute: he could even kill them with impunity. 1. 98 urbe incnsa: ‘with the city having been burned’ (ablative absolute). 1.99 Cicerone necato: ‘with Cicero having been killed’ (ablative absolute). perculsis omnibus: ‘with everyone unnerved (by ...)’ (ablative absolute). Learning vocabulary for 5B(iii) Nouns catdés caed-is 3f. slaughter, _paréns parent-is 3m. father, camage parent; f. mother Adjectives duodecim twelve Verbs frangs 3 frégi fracius 1 obsides 2 obsédi obsessus 1 break besiege (ob + seded) Grammar and exercises for 5B Purpose clauses: qu + comparative + subjunctive ‘in order that +++ more” When a purpose clause contains a comparative (adverb or adjective), itis introduced Not by ut but by qué, e.g. hoc fecit qué celerius perueniret ‘he did this (in order) to arrive more quickly” Cf. quo facilior aditus ad consulem fieret ‘in order that there might be an easier approach to the consul’ The verb in the qué clauses follows the normal rule, and will be either present or imperfect subjunctive. This construction is not difficult to spot, since it has three markers in a sentence: (i) qué (ii) a comparative (iii) 327148 Section: 5B verb in the subjunctive. Remember, when these clues are given, to translate qué by ‘in order that/to’. 149 fore ut-+subjunctive ‘that it will/would come about that...” Latin often ‘talks its way round’ (the technical term for this is ‘periphrasis’) the so-called future infinitive passive (see 118) by using fore ut+ subjunctive, e.g. dixit sé captum iri ‘he said that he would be seized’ (lit. ‘he said that there was a movement towards seizing him’) could also be expressed thus: Thus both dic dixit fore ut (fixed form) caperétur lit. ‘he said that it would come about that he would be seized’ — e6s remissum iri and dicit fore ut remittantur mean ‘he says that they will be sent back”. So in reported speech, watch out for fore ut (ndn) + subjunctive, and translate literally ‘that it will/would (not) come about that’, then retranslate for smoother final effect. Exercise Translate these sentences: (d). 328 (a) (b) (©) (e) Catilina sociis suis niintiauit fore ut incendium et caedés in urbe fierent. Vmbrénus Gabinium uociuit, qué facilius Allobrogibus uerbis suis persuadéret. Allobrogés, quippe qui praemia belli magna fore arbitrirentur, rem dit cdnsiderabant. sed légati tandem sénsérunt fore ut opibus ciuitatis R6minae facillimé uincerentur. igitur Allobrogum légati Ciceréni omnia narrauérunt, qué maius auxilium ciuitati suae ferrent.Section 5B 151 Ablative absolute You have already seen (109, 120°) how Latin likes to put a noun with another noun, adjective or present participle in the ablative as a separate phrase in a sentence, e.g. Verre praetore ‘with Verres as praetor’, Cleomené ébrid ‘with Cleomenes drunk’, Cleomené pétante ‘with Cleomenes drinking’. The most common usage, however, is to put the noun with a past participle, e.g. nauibus captis ‘(with) the ships having been captured’ hominibus interfectis ‘(with) the men having been killed’ Past (perfect) participle passive The past (or perfect) participle of deponent verbs is active in meaning, ¢.g- moratus having delayed’, lociitus ‘having spoken’ etc. (Cf. lociitus sum ‘I have spoken’.) The past (or perfect) participle of all other verbs is passive in meaning, eg. amatus ‘having been loved’, auditus ‘having been heard’, factus ‘having been made’, captus ‘having been captured’ etc. (Cf. captus sum ‘I have been captured’.) Like deponents, they act as 1/2 adjectives (amat-us a um) in agreeing with the person or thing ‘having been —ed’ and in describing action prior to the main verb. But they are most frequently used predicatively (see 77). E.g. mulieris amdatae ‘of the woman having-been-loved’, ‘of the woman when she had been loved’ légati auditi ‘the ambassadors having-been-heard’, ‘the ambassa- dors after they had been heard’ nauis capta ‘the ship having-been captured’, ‘the ship after it had been captured’ Watch out for this usage in the ablative absolute construction, ¢-g- naue capta ‘(with) the ship having been captured’ uiré necét6 ‘(with) the man having been killed’ signé uisé ‘(with) the signal having been seen’ This style of ablative absolute construction is very common indeed in Latin. Since it is not very common in English, it is best not to settle for a wholly literal translation. Try the following suggestions: 329151 Section 5B signd uis6, coniitratorés fagérunt (lit.) ‘with the signal having:been seen, the conspirators fled” This can be translated as: “Because/when/after they saw the signal, the conspirators fled’ ‘The conspirators saw the signal and fled’ “The signal was seen and the conspirators fled’ “After/when/because the signal was seen, the conspirators fled’ Notes 1 Sometimes ‘although’ will be the best translation for an abl. abs. e.g. militibus captis, Catilina tamen pugnabat ‘though the soldiers were taken, Catiline fought on’. As with cum =‘although’ and qui= ‘although’, some word for ‘nevertheless’ (tamen, nihiléminus etc.) will often be found. Cf. exigua parte aestatis reliqua Caesar tamen in Britanniam proficisci contendit ‘though only a small part of the summer remained, Caesar hastened to set out for Britain’ (Caesar). 2 The construction is called ‘absolute’ (absolué absoliitus “having been released’: note the passive past participle!) because the phrase does not appear to be integral to its clause, since it qualifies neither subject nor object — it seems to stand all alone, ‘released’ from its surroundings. Cf. uice uersa ‘(with) the position turned/changed’; pollice uersd ‘(with) the thumb turned’ (up to indicate death, the evidence suggests). w Exercises Form the perfect participle passive of these verbs and translate them: dimittd, requir6, opprimé, aperid, simuld, considerd, frangd, obsided, existims, sollicitd, (optional: quaeré, petd, tolld, agitd, mando, par, narr6, efficid, moued, interficis). 2 Say which of these perfect participles are deponent and which passive (translating each example): aditinctus, questus, profectus, impeditus, adeptus, lociitus, nixus, conuocitus, prohibitus, collocatus, adlocitus, mortuus, abiectus, actus, perfectus, (optional: repulsus, seciitus, positus, cultus, solitus, relictus, ausus, uetitus, mentitus, occisus, exspectitus, uisus, iratus, passus, acceptus). 3 Translate these ablative absolute phrases (at first use the pattern ‘with X having been —ed’): 330Section 5B 152 @ (b) 1] (d) ) © () 0) @ 0 coniaratiéne parata. his rébus narratis. conuocatis militibus. exercita collocaté. daté signd. simulaté studio. hostibus oppressis. praemiis consideratis. interfectis parentibus. paucis dimissis. 4 Translate these sentences. Say whether the ablative absolute is better regarded as temporal (‘when — had been —ed’), causal (‘because — had been —ed’), or concessive (‘although — had been (@) (b) iC) (4) © 19) @) ed’): Catilina ex urbe égressé Lentulus nouds sociés petébat. legatis Allobrogum Rémae manentibus Vmbrénus 3 socié quédam uocatus est. Vmbrénus, Gabinid uocatd6 qué maior auctéritas sermoni inesset, cOnsilium aperuit. cénsilis aperts, ndminatis sociis, Wmbrénus tamen Allobrogibus persuddére ndn poterat ut conidratérés fierent. Cicerd cénsilid cognitd conitiratdrés quam maximé manifests habére uolébat. bene facta male lociita! male facta arbitror. (Ennius) nihil est simul inuentum et perfectum. (Cicero) * lpcita ‘spoken of*, ‘described’. (For passive usage of deponent past participle see Reference Grammar C4 Note 2.) English-Latin 1 Translate these clauses into Latin, using ablative absolute with past participle: @) (b) © () () © When all hope had been taken away . . . Although the soldiers had been sent away .. . Because allies had been sought out . . . Once things had been pondered . . . Although a reward had been given . . . If the city had been besieged . . . 2 Reread the text of SB(i)-(ii), then translate this passage: Umbrenus led the ambassadors of the Allobroges out of the forum into a certain person’s house. Next he called Gabinius, a man of great 331+151 Section SB weight, so as to persuade them more quickly. When Gabiniushad been! called, Umbrenus persuaded the ambassadors to promise their aid. But they had not yet decided to join the conspiracy, inasmuch as they thought that they would be defeated? by the resources of the Roman state. Finally, they revealed the whole matter to Sanga. When Cicero had found out the plan! via Sanga, he instructed the Allobroges to feign enthusiasm, so that he might more easily capture the conspirators. 1 Use ablative absolute. 2 Use fore ut + subjunctive (‘that it would turn out that . . .). Virgil’s Aeneid Aeneas, welcomed warmly into Carthage by the queen Dido (who is slowly Salling in love with him) is encouraged to tell the story of the destruction of his homeland Troy. Here Aeneas describes how the wooden horse was brought into the city — and laments the blindness of the Trojans. diuidimus mirés et moenia pandimus urbis. accingunt omnés operi pedibusque rotarum subiciunt lapsiis, et stuppea uincula colld intendunt; scandit fatalis machina miirés feta armis. pueri circum innaptaeque puellae 5 sacra canunt fiinemque manii contingere gaudent; illa subit mediaeque minans inlabitur urbi. & patria, 6 diuum domus Ilium et incluta bellé moenia Dardanidum! quater ipsd in imine portae substitit atque uterd sonitum quater arma dedére; 10 instimus tamen immemorés caecique furdre et mOnstrum infélix sacrata sistimus arce. tune etiam fitis aperit Cassandra futiiris Even at this last moment Cassandra opened Sra dei juss: ndn umquam crédita Teucris. her lips to prophesy the future, but the gods nds délibra deum miseri, quibus ultimus 15 had ordained that those lips were never cesset believed by Trojans. This was the last day for ille diés, festé uélamus fronde per urbem. a doomed people, and we spent it adoming the shrines of the gods throughout the city with festal garlands. (Aeneid 2.23449) 332Section 5B &uids 31 open up eeieusT2m. wall moenia moeni-um 3n. pl. buildings [Nom. or acc.? Wait] pandé 3 reveal, disclose satis [Gen., so must qualify moenia] ccing6 3 1 get ready for (+ dat.) peditusque (-que shows another clause/ phrase, so hold ‘and something to do with fect in the dat./abl.”] 1a ae If. wheel [Can this be “feet of the wheels’? Scems unlikely] subicié 314 1 place x (acc.) under ¥ (dat) [Are pedibus v2] Lipsus is 4m. slipping [So: ‘they place slippings under the fect’. Can tolérum construc with ‘slippings’, i.c. ‘they place slippings of whecls under the feet’? But under whose fect? ‘Ans. the fect of whatever is coming into Troy. In other words . . . ‘What might ‘slippings of whecls* mean?] stuppe-us a. um made of tow [Hold case possibilities} sincubum 7 2n, halter, rope [Solves stippea: n, pl., nom. or acc. Which? Wait. ‘And something about tow haters’) coll-um 72n. neck [Must be ‘on the neck’ (dat.)] intends 3 1 stretch, draw tight x (acc.) con(to) ¥ (dat.) {Solves it] sand 31 climb {What climbs? Wait] {fatalis e deadly imichin-a ae 1f. device, siege-engine [Subject] 5 fetus aum pregnant with (+ abl.) [Agreeing with what2] pueri [Probably subject, but hold] «ircum around about inndpt-us a. um unwed sacra {Cannot agree with ‘boys and girls, whatever else it agrees with] cané 3.\sing [So ‘boys and girls sing..." - perhaps sacra. What gender and case is sacra?] 1 3 1525 Sinis fin-is 3m. rope [‘And something to do with a rope in the acc.'] contings 3.1 touch [Infinitive. Why?] gauded 2 1 rejoice, delight (to) [Solves the infinitive] illa [Change of subject. illa is f. - so what does it refer to?) subed | come up mediaeque [‘and something about the middle’; numerous case possibilitics. Wait for agreement] mindns [Something in the nom. ‘threatening’. Presumably illa is threatening. minor takes a dat. there one about? Not yet . dbor 3 dep. 1 slide in, slip into (+ dat.) urbi [Ah! Dat., and £,, so what agrees with it?] patri-a ae Vf. fatherland ditium = diuérum ‘of the gods’ Ili-um i 2n. Troy inclut-us a um famous [But famous what? Wait} bellé [Perhaps shows you in what whatever-it-is is famous, i.e. ‘famous in war'] moenia moeni-um 3n. pl. walls, town [Solves it] Dardanid-ae 1m. pl. (gen. Dardanidum) Trojans quater four times limen limin-is 3n. threshold port-a ae 1f. gate(way) subsisté 3 substiti | stop, halt. [What must the subject be?] uter-us 7 2m, belly, womb [Case? Hold] sonit-us iis 4m. sound [Register case] arma (Subject? Object? Probably subject, since sonitum must be obj. So the weapons do something to a sound. H'm] dedére = dedérunt (Of course, that's what they do to the sound! This should now solve uterd] insté 11 press on is 333151 immemor immemor-is mindless(ly), forgetful caec-us a um blind furor furér-is 3m. madness [Dependent on caeci?) ménstr-um 7 2n. monster [Subject or Section 5C lix (n.s.) catastrophic, ill-boding: sacrat-us a um sacred [Register cast. Can you solve it yet? No] sisté 3.1 bring to a halt [Solves monstrum infelix) arce [Solves sacrata] object? Hold] Section 5C Running vocabulary for 5C(i) ad hoc in addition impellé 3 1 drive to, prius quam before aliter otherwise persuade (+subj.) breut (sc. tempore) shortly, —_infim-us a um lowest propius nearer soon infra below repudié 1 1 reject Cassi-us 72m. L. Cassius item likewise signat-us a um sealed (sige Longinus itis itirandum itr-is itirand-i 1) iinctor | dep. 1 delay, Qn. +1/2 adj.) oath societas societiteis 3. hesitate (+inf.) mandat-um 7 2n. order alliance €6 to that place (i.e. to né+ subj. don’t T.= Tito: Titeus 72m, the Allobroges perfers perferre | carry to Titus territory) praecept-um 7 2n, Volturci-us 7 2m, Titus exempl-um 7 2n. copy instruction Volturcius Notes 1, 103 quod . . . perferant: note mood of verb (quitsubj. expressing purpose). . 104 fore ut: assume a verb of saying before this, ‘they said’. . 105 ‘uentiirum: esse has been suppressed. . 111 intellegds: subjunctive ‘you should understand’, ‘understand’. |. 112 considerés: subjunctive ‘you should consider’, ‘consider’. pets: subjunctive ‘you should seek’, ‘seek’. |. 115 accipias: subjunctive ‘you should take on’, ‘take on’. proficisedris: subjunctive ‘you should set out’, ‘set out’. 334Section 5C Learning vocabulary for 5C(i) Nouns exempl-um 7 2n. copy; itis ivirandwn i firand-i example (n. + 1/2 adj.) oath Verbs ainaor 1 dep. I delay, hesitate (+ inf.) Others bneui shortly, soon (sc. £3 to that place tempore) item likewise 152 propius nearer Running vocabulary for 5C(ii) its quickly diffids 3 | distrust, despair ‘ohortor 1 dep. 1 of (+ dat.) encourage @doct-uis a um having been tomitdt-us iis 4m. retinue informed (of x: acc.) Gina-usa.um the whole exorior 4 dep. exortus 1 (of ari dprehends 3 | capture, Gall-i drum 2m. pl. the arrest Gauls déserd 3 déserui désertus 1 gladi-us 7 2m. sword desert itum est ‘they went’ (pf. pass. of ed) [see note] Notes ailitdr-is e military Mului-us a um Mulvian occulté secretly, in hiding, pons pont-is 3m. bridge st58= 58 sicuti just as timid-us a um frightened tradé 3 hand over tumultus is 4m, noise nuelut as, just as L117 qua proficiscerentur: note mood of verb (qui+subj. indicating purpose.) 1.118 ciincta édoctus: verbs which take two accusatives in the active (like doced ‘I teach x y’) often retain one of them in the passive: here it expresses the thing taught. 1. 120 itum est: lit. ‘it was gone’; tr. ‘they went’, ‘there was a general movement to the bridge’. 1, 121 praeceptum erat: note the gender of the part. 1, 122 ad id loci: ‘to that place’ (cf. quid cénsili). 335