143 Section 4G imploriret saepius isirparetque nomen ciuitatis, crux — crux, inquam- 20 infélici et aerumnGsd, qui numquam istam pestem ulderat, comparabatur. (Cicero, In Verrem II 5, 62.160-2) Mamertin-us a um of Messana casit ‘by chance’ esse ciuem .. . [Acc.+inf. after défertur] sé [Hold — expect reflexive verb or ace. tin] lautumni-ae drum 16. pl. stone-quarries queror 3 dep. I complain quem [Connecting relative — who is the antecedent?] Verii (Hold: it will be governed by minitantem] minitor 1 dep. I threaten continually [minor+-it-] 8 [Le. the people reporting to Verres] 5 retrahd 3 retraxi retractus | drag back [Subject of agit is Verres] beneuolenti-a ae 1f. good will erga (+acc.) towards iligenti-a ae 1f. care conlaud-5 1 1 praise ardeB 2 1 burn (intrans.) cradélitas cridalitat-is 3€. cruelty émineo 21 stand out privipis 3/4 1 drag forward 1T bind witg-a ae 1f. rod expedié 41 get ready ille miser (Ie. Gavius) 10 miiniceps miinic 3m. citizen of a miinicipium (= free town) Cinsin-us a um of Consa meruisse [Acc. + inf. construction continues with sé still as subject) mere6 2 1 serve (in the army) splendid-us a um distinguished Panhorm-us 7 2. Palermo (Cf. Lilybae? for case] negitior 1 dep. 1 do business haec [Hold] 296 B 20 iste [Change of subject to Verres. The introductory verb for the acc. +inf. sé comperisse is omitted ~supply dixit) comperié 4 comperi | find out, learn eum [Lc. Gavius] Sfugitiu-us 7 2m. deserter undique from all sides gemit-us fis 4m. groan [Note lack of et between niillus gemitus, niilla uéx (though they are to be taken together): this is called asyndeton: see p. 314(c)} dolor dolor-is 3m. pain crepit-us iis 4m. noise plag-a ae 1f. blow sé [Hold: it is part of an acc. + inf. phrase (in unemphatic position: see 984)) commemorai mention ciuitas ciuitdt-is 3£. (here) citizenship depulsiirum [Understand esse] dépellé 3 dépult dépulsus 1 turn away, prevent cruciat-us fis 4m. torture [Cf crux cue is] corpus corpor-is 3n. body déiectiirum [Understand esse] déicis 3/4 deiéet déiectus 1 drive away hoc [Refers forward to the ut clause] déprecor 1 dep. 1 ward off (by camest prayer) imploro 1 1 implore, beseech fisiirpé 11 use crux cruc-is 3f, cross infélix infélic-is unfortunate [Used as noun here] aerumnés-us a um miserable [Used as noun here] pestis pest-is 3£. curse, bane [Refers to crux] commemoré is 3f.Section 4G 1445 English-Latin Reread the text of 4G(ii) and then translate this passage into Latin: Although' Gavius had named Raecius as his guarantor, you did not send aletter to him. I would like? you to tell me, Verres, this. Why did you delay? Why did you not send him a letter at once? Did not Gavius say’, ‘If you were to* send a letter to Raecius, he would* say that I am a Roman citizen. If he were® present, here, he would® declare that I, whom you are accusing®, am innocent.’ But you, Verres, with the utmost disregard for Gavius, got a cross ready. If 1 were telling$ this story” to wild beasts, even they would> be moved. 4 quamquam + indicative: quamuis or cum + subjunctive. 2 Potential — use present subjunctive. See 1394, > “say's open inverted commas and start the next part before inserting inquit. 4 swere to... . would’: present subjunctives. S'were .. - - would’: use imperfect subjunc Subordinate clause in indirect speech: use pre: 1 gory’: use n. s. oF pl. of hie, oF use ré nt subjunctive verb. Rés gestae diut Augustt in consulati sext6 et septim6d, postquam bella ciuilia exstinxeram, per cOnsénsum GniuersSrum potitus rerum omnium, rem piblicam ex mea potestite in senatis populique Romani arbitrium transtuli. qué pro merit6 med, senatis consult6, Augustus appellatus sum et laureis postés aedium mearum uestiti piblicé corénaque ctuica super ianuam meam fixa est et clupeus aureus in cir: positus, quem mihi senatum populumque R6manum dare uirtittis clémentiaeque et itistitiae et pietatis caussi testitum est per eius clupei inscripticnem. post id tempus, auctoritate omnibus praestiti, potestatis autem nihilé amplius habui quam céteri qui mihi quoque in magistrati conlégae fuérunt. tertium decimum cénsulatum cum gerébam, senatus et equester ordd populusque R6manus iiniuersus appellauit mé patrem patriae, idque in uestibulé aedium medrum inscribendum et in ciria Iilia et in ford Aug. sub quadrigis quae mihi ex s.c. positae sunt cénsuit. cum scripsi haec, annum agébam septuagénsumum sextum. (Rés gestae 34-5) 297 10 15+143 consulat-us tis 4m. consulship sext-us a um sixth fie 2elond fi 27 septin-us a um seventh postquam after Guil-is e civil exstingud 3 exstinxi I put out cénséns-us iis 4m. agreement iniuers-i drum 2m. pl. everyone potior 4 dep. (+gen.) I gain control of potestas potestat-is 3f. power arbitri-um 7 2n. judgement, arbitration transfers 3 trinstull | transfer 4d [Connecting relative, governed by pro) merit-um 72n. good deedé cénsult-um i 2n, decree appell6 1 1 call laure-a ae 1f. laurel-wreath [Dat. or abl.? Hold] postis post-is 3m. doorpost 5 westi6 41 clothe [Solves laureis] piiblicé publicly ciuic-us a um civic super (++acc.) above fig 3 4th p.p. fix-us I place, fix clupe-us i 2m. shield {see frontispiece] diiri-a ae \f. senate-housc Wili-us a um Julian quem . . . dare lit. ‘which (chat) the senate and the Roman people gave to me’ clémenti-a ae 1f. mercy iistiti-a ae 1f. justice pietas pietit-is 3£. respect for gods, family and homeland 298 10 15 Section 4G caus(s)@ (+ gen.) for the sake of [Follows the noun(s) it qualifies] testatum est ‘it was witnessed’ inscriptis inscription-is 3£. inscription post (+ acc.) after auctoritds auctoritat-is 3f. authority, prestige praestd 1 praestiti | excel x (dat) in ¥ (abl.) nihilé amplius nothing more, no more [Governs potestatis] magistrat-us iis 4m. office conlég-a ae 1m. colleague terticus decim-us awn thirteenth consulat-us fis 4m, consulship lie. 2] equester equestr-is ¢ of knights Ordé Srdin-is 3m. order patri-a ac \f. fatherland finiuers-ns a wm whole nul-um 7 2n, forecourt Inscribendum to be inscribed [Wait to solve inseribendum and id, which agree, till end of sentence] Aug. = Augusté, from August-us a um of Augustus quadrig-ae drum 1f. pl. four-horse chariot 8.0. = senatiis cOnsultd (ci decree) cénsed 2 1 vote [Solves id... inscribendum., Subject of cénsuit?] agé 3 1 pass, live Septuagénsum-us sext-us a um seventy- sixth im i 2n.SECTION FIVE Section 5A Notes 1445 1 From now on you will find notes on new grammar at the end ofeach running vocabulary. Consult these as you read the chapter. 2. Names are given only on their first occurrence in this section. Consult the list on Text pp. 89-92 if you forget them. Running vocabulary for 5A(i) adeé to such an extent agit 11 stir up, discuss {See note] Antinicus 72m. Gaius ‘Antonius C.=Gai-us 72m. Gaius Catitinea ae 1m. Catiline cénsor cinsir-is 3m. consort (official appointed every 5 years to vet senate) Cicerd Cicer Cicero comitica érum 1 n. pl. elections concutis 3/4 concuss? -is 3m. conspiracy conitirator conitirator-is 3m. conspirator nsuétiidin-is 3f. amorous association (+ gen, ‘involving’ cusulateus iis 4m. consulship Curi-us 72m. Quintus Curius déclaré 1.1 declare dédit-us a um devoted to (+ dat.) efficid 3/4 bring (it) about (that: ut + subj.) egregi-us a um outstanding fact-um 7 2n. deed, happening Faesul-ae drum 1f. pl. Facsulae (Ficsole) Serox ferdc-is savage, wild Fuluia ae 1f. Fulvia glorior 1 dep. 1 boast grit-us a um pleasing (to : dat.) in diés day by day in primis especially insoléns insolent-is arrogant insolenti-a ae Vf. arrogance insu inesse infit (+ dat.) Tam in interdum sometimes inuidi-a ae 1f. envy, hatred inuid-us a wn envious Itali-a ae Vf. Italy libids libidin-is 3f. lust mandé 11 entrust (x acc. to v dat.) M.= Marc-us 7 2m. Marcus Mianli-us 7 2m, Manlius minus 3 1 diminish, weaken mons mont-is 3m. mountain moued 2 1 remove (x acc. from ¥ abl.) namque for, in fact narratae ‘told’ (nom. pl. £) narré 11 tell, relate nobilitas nobilitat-is 3f. nobility 299143 Section 5A obnoxi-us aum servile (to Q.= Quint-us 72m. superbi-a ae 1f. pride, x: dat.) [see note on Quintus arrogance 1.9] quaecumque whatever Tulli-us 72m. Tallivs obsciir-us a um ignoble (lit. (things) (acc. pl. n.) udnitis uanitateis 36. ‘dark’) quamuis however [See vanity, boasting opportiin-us a um strategic note] uetus ueter-is old, long- paré 11 get ready [Sce res piiblic-a ré-i piiblic-ac established (like dives. note] (Sf. + 1/2 adj.) state See 47) periculds-us a um reticed 2 keep quict ut (+ subj. preceded by dangerous (about) ded, tantus, tam: plérusque pléraque stupr-um 7 2n. sexual dicating result) that plérumue the majority intercourse [Outside of marriage, and frowned pollué 31 pollute upon because of portire (See note] Fulvia’s status] post *(put) behind (them)’ Notes 1. 2 adeé points forward to ut (= ‘that’: result). Il. 3, 4 tanta points forward to ut (= ‘that’: result). 1. 6 tam points forward to ut (= ‘that’: result). . 7 ade points forward to ut ‘that’: result). |. 8 tam points forward to ut (= ‘that’: result). 1.9 nisi. . . esset reports his conditional statement ‘if you don’t lick my boots, I'll. . .’ Translate ‘if she were not .. .” . 10 causa cognita ‘with the reason having been found out’ (ablative absolute). tam points forward to ut (= ‘that’: result). 13 tam points forward to ut (= ‘that’: result). . 14 nouns homo i.e. a man whose family had not previously held a consulship. ndllent is pl. because pléraque nabilitas = ‘most of the nobles’, . 15 quamuis qualifies égregius: ‘a homo nouus however égregius’. Il. 16-17 comitiis habitis ‘with the elections having been held’ (ablative absolute). 1. 19 agitare: infinitive, but used as main verb: translate ‘he stirred up’. 1. 20 pardre: infinitive but used as main verb: translate ‘he got ready’. 1. 21 portare: infinitive but used as main verb: translate ‘he conveyed’. Learning vocabulary for 5A(i) Nouns arm-a drum 2n. pl. arms; coniiirator conitiratér-is 3m. mons mont-is 3m. armed men conspirator mountain conitiratié conitiration-is 3f. cénsulat-us tis 4m. rés pitblic-a ré-i pitblic-ae conspiracy consulship GF. + 1/2 adj.) state, republic 300Section 5A Adjectives gtus a um pleasing (to x: dat) Verbs iio \ L stir up, incite (ep+-i4) ied 34 effec effectus 1 bring about (often followed by ut-+ subj.); cause, make; complete Others 6 to such an extent in diés day by day in primis especially netus ucter-is (like dines, 47) old; long- established insum inesse in (x: dat.) mand \ V entrust (x acc. to ¥ dat.) moued 2 méut mots 1 remove; move; cause, begin quanuis however, ever such a (qualifying an adj.; cf. quamuis + subj. —‘although’) 1445 ndrré 1 1 tell, relate (x ace. to ¥ dat.) paré 11 prepare, get ready; provide; obtain Running vocabulary for 5A (ii) cbrurd-us a um foolish, silly accens-us a um on firc, adiungg 3 adiiinxt adiiinctus I join (x ace. to ¥ dat.) es align-urn aer-is alién-t Gn. +1/2 adj.) debe (it. ‘someone else’s bronze’) ects aeta-is 3f, age aliquot several ceant-us is Am, singing ear-us a um dear committe 3 commist | commit decus decor-is 3n. honour doc-us a:um skilled (in x: abl) fasticae frum Af. pl, wit ortindt-us a um fortunate (in x: abl.) incidé 3 incidi 1 fall into {in + ace.) ingeni-um 7 2n. intellect interficid 3/4 imterfect interfectus 1 kill ioc-us 72m. joke (iocum mouére = ‘to crack a joke’) Latin-us a wn Latin lepds lepér-is 3m. charm liber-7 drum 2m. pl. children libids libidin-is 36. lust litter-ae arun 16. pl. literature matron-a ae 1f. lady, wife and mother modest-us a um chaste moll-is ¢ gentle pet 31 proposition, court procax procac-is bold, forward prirsus ina word pudiciti-a ae 1f. chastity quaest-us is 4m. living saltaris saltatin-is 3f. dancing Sempréni-a ae Vf. Scmpronia sollicitd VAstir up stupr-um 7 2n. prostitution tolerd 1 1 sustain el . . .uel . . el either Lor... OF uers-us iis 4m. verses (pl-) poctry uiril-is eof aman urban-us a wm of i city ' ut (+subj.) in order that ei [See a UL 25-6) ut (+subj.) that (Result: see note on I. 33] 301143 Section 5A Notes IL. 25-6 ut+ subjunctive =‘in order to’ (purpose). Il. 30-1 genere atque forma, . . . uird atque liberis: ablatives (of respect) - await fortiindta to solve them. IL. 31-2 litteris Graecis et Latinis and then cantii et saltatidne: ablatives of respect — await docta to solve them. 1. 33 sic ‘so’ points forward to ut (‘that’: result). Supply erat with accénsa. 1. 34 uérum . . . absurdum: no verb, so supply erat or fuit. 1. 35 posse: infinitive, but used as main verb, so translate ‘she could’. 1, 36 inerat is governed by both facétiae and lepds, but it is singular by attraction to the last-mentioned nominative noun. A common phenomenon. Learning vocabulary for 5A(ii) miatrén-a ae AE. wife, 3n.+1/2 adj. debt (lit. children mother; lady ‘someone else’s libidin-is 3f. lust uers-us iis 4m. verse; (pl) bronze’) litter-ae drum 1f. pl. poetry actas aetat-is 3f. age; literature; (letter) lifetime; generation Adjectives doct-us a um skilled (in x: —_fortiinat-us a um fortunate, —_Latin-us a um Latin abl.), learned lucky (in x: abl.) modest-us a um chaste, modest, discreet Verbs adiungo 3 adiiinxi adiinctus _interficid 3/4 interfeci pets 3 petiut petitus 1 I join (x acc. to ¥ dat.) interfectus 1 kill proposition, court; (beg; seek); attack, make for Others aliquot several nel... uel cither .. . or 302Section 5A 1445 Running vocabulary for 5A (iii) agere [See note on |. 44] amit-us a um armed C.=Gaious 72m. Gaius colle 11 place [For tollocare see note on I. 4) comiti-a drum 2n. pl. tions comnts 1 | call together, summon Comili-us i 2m. Gaius Comelius & improuisé: sce impriuiss Ginersus a um different énintis 1 1 declare, announce (Xx acc. to Y dat) «ase [See note on I. 45] euitb 111 avoid Foesul-ae drum 1f. pl. Faesulae (Fiesole) ‘fatig6 1.1 tire [For fatigart sce note on 1. 47] JSestinre (See note on 1. 46] Srisiré in vain honari [See note on |. 46] impedi6 4 1 impede, hinder impendes 2.1 hang over, threaten (x: dat.) improuisd: dé improuiso unexpectedly Notes 7 2n. beginning insidi-ae drum Af. pl. ambush, trap insomni-a ae 1f. sleeplessness (pl. = bouts of sleeplessness) ent-us aun vigilant intro-e6 (-ire) | go in Nali-a ae Uf, Italy itaque and so, therefore item likewise L. = Liici-us 7 2m. Lucius labor labor-is 3m. toil, hard work né (+ subj.) in order that «not [Sce notes on iL. 51, 57) nihiléminus nevertheless obsides 2 1 besiege [See note on 1. 45 for obsidére] oper-a ae If. service opportiin-us a um strategic parire [See note on |. 44] parat-us a um prepared pars part-is 3£. part perterrit-us a um terrified peté 3 1 stand for postquam after praemitts 3 praemisi | send in advance prius first précéds 3 processi | go forward, succeed pradé 31 betray, reveal prohibed 2 prohibut prohibitus 1 keep x (acc.) away from ¥ abl.) properé hastily quiét-us a um quiet repuls-a ae 1f. defeat repulsam ferre to be defeated senator senator-is 3m. senator soci-us 7 2m. ally suscipid 3/4 suscepi undertake tdl-um 7 2n. weapon Varguntéi-us 7 2m. Lucius Vargunteius uigild 1 1 stay awake [For uigilare see note on 1. 47 uid 3 1 am alive, live ut (+ subj.) in order to [See notes on I. 39, 42, 55) 1.37 his rébus comparatis ‘with these things having been prepared’ (ablative absolute). 1.39 ut... (@uitdret) ‘in order to . « (habéret) ‘in order to 1, 42 ut . . (purpose). ” (purpose). 1. 44 agere: infinitive but used as main verb: translate ‘he did’. Similarly collocare ‘he placed’, parare ‘he prepared’. 303144 144 Section 5A 1. 45 obsidére ‘he besieged’. esse the was’ (i.e. ‘went around”). 1. 46 hortart ‘he urged’. festinare ‘he hurried’. 1. 47 uigildre ‘he stayed awake’. fatigari ‘he was made weary’. Il. 49-50 qui. . . faciant ‘to make’ (purpose: qui-+ subjunctive). 1.51 né.. . (impediat) ‘in order that . . . not’ (negative purpose). 1. 52 perterritis céteris conitiratoribus ‘with the rest of the conspirators terrified’ (ablative absolute). 1.55 ut... interficerent ‘in order to . . .” (purpose). 1.57 né . . . interficerétur ‘in order that . . . not’ (negative purpose). Learning vocabulary for 5A (i Nouns insidi-ae drum 1f. pl. trap, _oper-a ae 1f. service pars part-is 3f. part ambush (attention) soci-us 7 2m, ally, friend Naliva ae 1f. Italy tél-um 7 2n weapon Adjectives armat-us a um armed diuers-us a um different ‘opportiin-us a um strategic, suitable, favourable Verbs collocé 1 1 place, station pets 3 petiui petitus I stand prohibed 21 prevent, conuocd 11 summon, call for (public office); hinder, keep x (acc) together (beg; seck; proposition, away from ¥ (abl. or impedié 41 prevent, court; make for, 4 (ab) + abl.) impede, hinder attack) Other fristra in vain postquam after prius before, previously, itaque and so, therefore (+ indicative — usually first perfect: translate ‘after . had —ed") Grammar and exercises for 5A Result (or ‘consecutive’) clauses: ‘so . . . that’ Result clauses are expressed in Latin by an introductory word suchastam, ade6, sic, ita (all ‘so’), tot ‘so many’, tantus ‘so big’ picked up by ut ‘that’ 304Section 5A 1455 (negative ut ndn/numquam/némo/niillus etc.) The verb in the ut clause is in the subjunctive (present or perfect (to be met) in primary sequence, perfect or imperfect in secondary sequence). Diagrammatically: ‘so! word that (not) tam ‘so" ade6 ‘to such an extent’ ja Jin such a way" ut (dn) + verb in subjunctive tentus ‘so great’ tol ‘so many” talis ‘of such a kind? Eg. tam ferdx est ut omnés eum timeant ‘he is so fierce that everyone fears him’ tam pauper erat ut féminis gratus nén esset ‘he was so poor that he was not attractive to women’ sic... Deus diléxit mundum, ut. . . daret ‘God so loved the world that he gave . . .” (John 3.16) Cf. this example from Text 5A(i): huic homini tanta udnitas inerat ut ndn posset reticére quae audierat ‘There was so much vanity in this man that he could not keep quiet what he had heard’ Notes 1 These are often called ‘consecutive’ clauses — from cénsequor conseciitus ‘| follow closely” — because the result follows closely on, is the consequence or result of, the action. 2 Compare this construction with accidit ut (135). Both establish the conditions that make the result possible, and so fall within the range of specific usages of the subjunctive (138). Compare est/sunt qui and is qui 140.1 and perficid ut 135. 3 Similar constructions are: longé abest ut + subjunctive ‘he is far from —ing’, e.g- longé abest ut timeat ‘he is far from being afraid’ fieri potest ut + subjunctive ‘it can come about that’, e.g. fier’ potest ut rem perficiat ‘it can happen that he will achieve his ends’ 305145 145 Section 5A Exercises 1 Translate into English: (2) Catilinae tantus furor inerat ut in diés pliira agitaret. (b) tantum periculum est ut Fuluia omnia cdnsuli narriare uelit. (c) Semprénia litteris Latinis tam docta erat ut uersiis faceret. (d) coniiiratis tanta facta est ut homini ndbill cénsulatus non mandarétur. (ec) Catilina furdre adeé incenditur, ut consulibus insidias collocet, socids saepe hortétur, ipse cum télé sit, numquam dormiat. 2 Translate into Latin the underlined words: (a) So great (s. f.) was the senate’s anxiety, that the consulship was entrusted to a new man. (b) Sempronia is so clever that she writes poetry. (c) Catiline was inflamed to such an extent by his eagerness for revolution, that he placed armed men in strategic spots throughout Italy. (d) Curius was so vile, that he was removed from the Senate. (ce) The conspirators are undertaking such an important crime, that no-one can sleep. Purpose (or ‘final’) clauses: ‘in order that/to’, ‘to’ Purpose (or ‘final’: finis ‘end’) clauses in Latin are expressed by ut (in order that, in order to, to’) or its negative né (‘lest’, ‘in order that. . .not’, ‘in order not to’, ‘not to’), followed by the subjunctive: present subjunctive in primary sequence, imperfect subjunctive in secondary sequence. E.g. hoc facit ut gratus sit ‘he is doing this (in order) to be popular’, ‘(in order) that he may be popular’ hoc fécit né inuididsus esset ‘he did this (in order) not to be unpopular’, ‘lest he be unpopular’, ‘(in order) that he might not be unpopular’ (Observe how English favours ‘may’ in primary sequence, and might’ in secondary.) Cf. this example from Text 5A (ii) igitur sé Catilinae aditinxérunt ut sé aere aliend liberarent ‘They joined Catiline in order to free themselves from debt’ 306Section 5A 1465 The construction falls within the scope of specific usages of the subjunctive. It shows the speaker's intention that something should happen. Cf. perficid ut (135). Notes 1 Any references to the subject of the main verb inside the ut/né clause will be reflexive, e.g. ‘Cicero said this in order that Catiline should fear him (=Cicero)’ Ciceré haec dixit ut Catilina sé timéret 2 The Latin for ‘in order that no-one’ is né quis (lit. ‘lest anyone’); ‘in order that nothing’ is n@ quid (lit. ‘lest anything’) etc. E.g.: ‘Buclio hides the gold in order that no-one may see it’ Euclié aurum célat né quis id uideat See 134° for né quis in Indirect Command, and I4 for forms. 3. qui quae quod + subjunctive can express purpose, especially after a main verb of motion, e.g. niintids misit qui niintiarent . . . the sent messengers who would announce’ ‘. . . to announce’ consilium patefécit quo effugerent *he revealed the plan by which they might escape’, ‘for them to escape by’ . locum petit unde (=ex quo) hostem inuadat ‘he is looking for a position from which to attack the enemy’ Cf. this example from Text 5A (iii): praemisi .. . alids . . . qui initium belli faciant ‘I have sent ahead others to begin the war’ Exercises 1 Translate into English: (a) mulierés aliquot sé Catilinae aditinxére ut sé aere aliénd liberarent. (b) Catilina Manlium ad exercitum misit, qui bellum pararet. (c) Cornélius et Varguntéius ad Ciceronem eunt ut eum interficiant. 307146 146 Section 5A (a) custédés Cicerénis domis Cornélium et Varguntéium ianui prohibuérunt, né@ cOnsul necarétur. (ec) Fuluia omnia quae audierat cénsuli narrauit, ut ille magnum periculum effugeret. (f) scribébat Aelius GratiGnés! quas alii dicerent. (Cicero) (g) nihil tam absurdé? dici potest quod nén dicatur ab aliqué philosophérum? (Cicero). 3f. speech. 2 absurdé stupidly. See 140.1 for the construction in this sentence. » philosoph-us ¥ 2m. philosopher. 2 Translate the underlined words into Latin (take care to get the right sequenceof tenses — see 145): (a) Curius went to Fulvia to ask for money. (b) Catiline sent two comrades to? kill Cicero. (c) Curius told Fulvia everything, so that she would believe him”. (d) Fulvia relates the story to the consul, so that he will not be killed. (e) Inordernot to be attacked by the conspirators, Cicero ordersthe guards to lock the door. * Use quit subjunctive. 2 ‘him’: use part of sé. The historic infinitive In places where the narrative is drawn in rapid, broad strokes, especially where one action follows swiftly upon another, Latin can use the infinitive where we would expect an indicative (usually perfect or imperfect). The infinitive tells us what the verbal action is; subject is nominative, tense has to be gathered from the broad context. E.g. intered Catilina Rémae multa simul agere; insidias collocare, parare incendia, loca obsidere, ipse cum télo esse. ‘Meanwhile, Catiline put many schemes into operation simulta- neously in Rome: he set up ambushes, prepared fires, laid siege to places, went around himself under arms’. Note the atmosphere of busy activity, in which historic infinitives most commonly occur. 308Section 5A 147 Exercise Translate these sentences and say whether the infinitive is prolative (i.e. completes the meaning of a verb, e.g. uold, possum etc.), reporting speech (accusative and infinitive), or histori (a) nébilés Catilinae cnsulatum mandire néluérunt. (&) Fuluia multis Catilinam conidratiénem parare dixerat. (©) Catilina in diés plira agitire, arma collocare, peciiniam ad Manlium mittere. (4) coniiiratisnem sé facere negat Catilina. (e) Semprdénia uersis facere, serméne ati modesté. (€) Ciceré Cornélium et Varguntéium in aedis suas intrare uetuit. 147 Ablative of respect: ‘in point of? Acommon use of the ablative, especially in poetry, is to specify the respect in which something is the case. E.g. numquam uictus est uirtiite he was never conquered in point of / in respect of courage literis Latints docta ‘learned in_point of | in respect of Latin literature genere fortiinata ‘lucky in point of / in respect of her birth’ Exercise Translate these sentences; pick out ablatives, distinguishing ablatives of respect from other usages: (a) Semprénia, genere ndbili nata, litteris Latinis docta erat. (6) uir quidam, Curius ndmine, ed tempore Fuluiam amabat. (c)_ nn tot ré, sed temporibus errasti.? (Cicero) _ (4) ¢4 nocte Cornélius et Varguntéius Cicerénis ianua prohibiti sunt. (©) Catilina, quamuis genere atque formi fortiinatusesset, uirtamen minima sapientia fuit. "en 1 Lam wrong. 309<-147 Section 5A Reading: ut You have now met ut as a conjunction in several different senses. ut + indicative (a) ‘how!’ (b) ‘as’, ‘when’, ut+ subjunctive (a) Indirect command (after e.g. imperd, persuaded etc.) ‘to...’ (b) Result (after e.g. tam, tantus, aded etc.) ‘so. . . that’. (c) Purpose ‘in order that/to’. (a) After perficis ‘I bring it about that’, accidit ‘it happens that’. To solve ut, watch out for: (i) indicative or subjunctive? (ii) if subjunctive, a verb of commanding will suggest (a), a ‘flag’ such as fam, tantus will suggest (b), and a negative ut nn will suggest (b) or (d), while the negative né will suggest (a) or (c). E.g. Cicer6 custédibus imperat ut. . . “Cicero to the guards gives orders that...” solves itself very quickly. But Ciceré ut custddibus . . . leaves doubts about ut and custédibus, so hold these words till solved. NB. utisalso found in the meaning ‘as’, qualifying a noun. e.g. canemet Sélem ut deés colunt ‘They worship the dog and the cat as gods’. Exercise Read these sentences, making explicit your steps in understanding, especially when you reach ut (or equivalent). State.the moment when you can solve ut: (a) eds ut armati essent hortabatur. (b) Semprdnia tam docta est ut uersiis facillimé faciat. (c) ut ego iubébé, ita ti faciés. (4) hérum contumélias! sapiéns? ut iocés accipit. (Seneca) (e) Ciceré effécit ut nén interficerétur. ae If. ‘insult’. ? sapitus nom. s. m. ‘wise man’. 310Section 5A 1485 () n@ cénsulem Catilinae socii necdrent, rem tétam Fuluia amicis suis narrauit. (g) ut fortiinata Semprénia est! Reading: qui qui too has different meanings, as follows. qui+ indicative This is the descriptive relative ‘who’, ‘which’, ‘what’, ‘that’. quit subjunctive (@) Purpose (with verbs of motion). (b) Consecutive (est qui, is qui) ‘the sort of person who’. () Causal, ‘since’. (@) Indirect speech, where it may = ordinary relative, unless context demands otherwise. (@) Concessive ‘although’ e.g. uir qui fortis esset tamen effigit ‘the man, who was brave, nevertheless fled’ i.e. ‘the man, although he was brave, fled’. Exercise Read these sentences, using the information just outlined. State the moment when qui is solved: @ 0) © () ©) (f) (e) Catilina in mult3s partis Italiae sociés mittit, qui urbem incendant. Sempr6nia, quae uirds semper petébat, matrona Romana erat. Clasini* légat6s Romam, qui auxilium 4 senaté peterent, misére. (Livy) multi arbitrabantur conidratiénem uiam esse, qua aere alién6 sé liberAre possent. féminae etiam aliquot sé coniiirationi adidinxérunt, quae in aes alignum maximum conciderant. qui réi pitblicae sit hostis, felix? esse némo potest. (Cicero) té am6 qui sis tam fortis. * Clisint 2m. pl. ‘the people of Clusium’, 2 flix fieis ‘fortunate’. 311|147 Section 5A Reading exercise / Test exercise Catiline has just made a speech to his fellow conspirators, rousing them to action, Sallust describes their demand for a clear-cut goal and Catiline’s promises of various rewards. postquam accépére ea hominés, quibus mala abundé omnia erant, sed neque rés neque spés bona iilla, tametsi illis quiéta mouére magna mercés uidébatur, tamen postulauére plérique ut prépéneret condiciones belli et praemia. tum Catilina pollicéri tabulas nouds, prdscriptionem locuplétium, magistratis, sacerddtia, rapinas, alia omnia, quae bellum atque libid6 uictdrum fert. (Sallust, Catiline 21, slightly adapted) ea [Refers back to Catiline’s speech] tabul-ae drum 1f. pl. accounts (tabulae abundé plentifully nouae implies the cancellation of spés spé-i SE. hope existing debts} tametsi although proscriptid prdscription-is 3£. proscription quizt-us a um quiet, peaceful (i.e. notice proclaiming someone an mercés mercéd-is 3f. reward outlaw, and confiscation of his plérique pléraeque pléraque the majority goods) propond 3 I state 5 locuplés locuplét-is rich condicié condicién-is 3f. term sacerdoti-um i 2n. priesthood praemi-um 7 2n. reward rapin-a ae 1f. plunder, forcible seizure Catilina pollicéri [Note (1) case of of property Catilina (2) What part of the verb uictor uictér-is 3m. victor pollicéri is: refer, if necessary, to 146] English-Latin Re-read the text of sA(iii), then translate this passage: Although Catiline* had got ready the conspiracy, he nevertheless stood for the consulship again. Meanwhile, he kept attempting to persuade his allies to attack Cicero. Cicero, however, had made plans in order to escape the danger. Through Fulvia and Curius he had managed to hearof Catiline’s plans. Again the nobles were so afraid that they did not entrust the consulship to Catiline. He then decided to wage war. He stationed his supportersin various parts of Italy. Meanwhile at Rome he set a trap? for the consul, went around? with a weapon, and? encouraged? his supporters to be brave. * Catiline is subject of both clauses, so place him before the conjunction. 2 Use historic infinitives, 3 Omit ~ use asyndeton (no connections: see p. 314(€))- 312 uwSection 5A 1485 Roman poetry Introduction Consider the following lines from Pope’s Epistle to a Lady (1735): Pleasures the Sex, as Children Birds, pursue, Still out of Reach, but never out of View Put bluntly, it means ‘The (female) sex pursues pleasures as children pursue birds; the pleasures remain out of reach, but never out of view.” The utterance is different from prose in a number of important ways: (a) It is in metre. (b) The word-order is different from prose. (c) Itis very compressed (‘pursue’ serves for both limbs of the first line). (a) Itis cleverly balanced (e.g. the balance of ‘Pleasures {object] the Sex [subject] as Children [subject] Birds [object]’). (e:) The image is striking: women pursuing pleasure as children pursue birds. Until one gets used to it, reading this sort of poetry, even in English, is quite hard work. Balance, compression, striking word-order and powerfulimagery are all features of Latin poetry too, and since Latin isan inflected language, the dislocation of expected symmetry by means of calculated asymmetry (= uariatid) can be that much more violent. Butno less important to a Roman poet is balance. Consider the following haunting lines from Virgil: tum pingués agni, et tum mollissima uina, tum somni dulcés, dénsaeque in montibus umbrae ‘then fat the lambs, and then most sweet the wine, then sleep (is) sweet, and deep on the mountains (are) the shadows’ Observe the compression (no verbs), and the balance with variety. Of the four cla (limbs), three start with tum, but not the fourth; the first line runs adjective-noun, adjective—noun; the second runs noun-adjective, adjec- tive (prepositional phrase) noun. The metre adds to the effect by being slow and heavy, and allowing, unusually, two adjacent vowels (agni et) their full value. (Note that in 1. 2 dénsaeque in the -e of -que is, as normally, lost before the following i-.) 313<-147 Section 5A The word-order of the above example is not, however, difficult. Generally, Roman poets do not go in for extremes of word-order (or hyperbaton, ‘leap-frog’, as the technical term is). Here is an example of an extreme word-order from that most arch and sophisticated of poets, Ovid: St quis qui quid agam forte requirat erit ‘If there will perhaps be anyone who asks what I am doing.’ (Natural order would be si quis forte erit qui requirat quid agam.) One can compare the strained balance of the Ovid with e.g. Sidney’s Vertue, beautie and speeche did strike, wound, charme My heart, eyes, ears, with wonder, love, delight. In both English and Latin there is a limit to how much one can take of this sort of thing. (See further L.P. Wilkinson, Golden Latin Artistry C.U.P. 1963, Chapter 8. Bristol Classical Press reprint 1985.) Rhetorical features of Latin prose and poetry Here are the technical terms, with examples, for some of the most important figures of Latin writing: (a) Ellipse (sometimes called by its Greek term apo koinow): a figure in which a word or words needed to complete the sense are understood from another part of the sentence, e.g. Player King (Hamlet IIL.ii): thirty years have passed, Since love our hearts and Hymen did our hands Unite ie. ‘since love (united) our hearts’. (b) Antithesis: a figure in which ideas are sharply contrasted by the use of words of opposite or very different meaning, e, Pope (Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot) on the danger of flatterers: Of all mad Creatures, if the Learn’d are right, It is the Slaver kills, and not the Bite ‘Slaver’ and ‘Bite’ are in antithesis. (c) Asyndeton: a figure in which conjunctions are missed out, t0 give an effect of speed and economy, e.g.: 314Section 5A 1485 @) ) (e) (h) @ Rochester (The Imperfect Enjoyment): With arms, legs, lips close clinging to embrace Chiasmus: a figure in which corresponding parts of a sentence are placed criss-cross (a b b a) e.g. Shakespeare, Sonnet 154: Love’s fire heats water, water cools not love a b b a Pope (On Women) A Fop their Passion, but their Prize, a Sot. a b b a The golden line: term applied to a line in Latin poetry which consists of two adjectives and two nouns witha verb in between, in the pattern a b (verb) A B, e.g. impiaque aeternam timuérunt saecula noctem a b (verb) A B ‘and the unholy ages feared the everlasting night’ A ‘silver’ line takes the order a b (verb) B A. Tricolon: a group consisting of three equivalent units, e.g. ‘I came, I saw, I conquered’, ‘with arms, legs, lips’. Frequently, these units increase in length (‘ascending tricolon’) e.g. ‘Friends, Romans, countrymen’. (Cf. tetracolon — four units.) . Anaphora: a figure in which a word (or words) is repeated in successive clauses or phrases (usually at the start of the clause or phrase), e.g. Shakespeare, Richard IT II. With mine own tears I wash away my balm, With mine own hands I give away my crown With mine own tongue deny my sacred state Assonance: similarity of vowel sounds of words near each other, eg. Thomas Gray: Along the heath and near his favourite tree Alliteration: any repetition of the same sounds or syllables (especially the beginnings of words) of two or more words close to each other, e.g. ‘Low lies the level lake’ ~ ~ 315