76 76 Section 3B in -s-us aum 2 uideor uidéri uisus ‘I seem’ 3/4 (ad-) ha gredior gredi gressus ‘I go’, ‘I come’ (pr6-) patior patt passus ‘I endure’, ‘I undergo’, ‘I suffer’ in -tus a um 3° (ad-) loquor loqui lociitus ‘I speak (to)” Sequor sequi seciitus ‘I follow’ obliuiscor obliuisct oblitus ‘I forget’ irascor irasci iratus ‘I get angry” adipiscor adipisci adeptus ‘I gain’, ‘I get’ Proficiscor proficisci profectus ‘I set out’ 2 Formation of deponent perfect indicative . To form the perfect indicative deponent, the perfect stem ending in-us -4-um (which means on its own ‘having —ed’) is combined with the appropriate part of sum es est sumus estis sunt, e.g. locittus sum (lit.) tT am (ina state of) having spoken’, ‘I spoke’, ‘I have spoken’, ‘I did speak’ Since the perfect stem ending in -us -a -um acts as an adjective, it must agree with the subject, e.g. ‘I (=a woman) spoke’ lociita sum ‘they (=the men) promised” pollicitt sunt ‘the boy lied’ puer mentitus est ‘you (=the women) set out’ profectae estis The perfect stem in -us.aum will be in the nominative, since it is agreeing with the subject of the sentence. 3 Meaning The meaning, literally ‘I am (ina state of) having —ed’, can be treated as identical with ‘I —ed’, ‘I have —ed’ and (in certain cases) ‘lam —’- @ present state which results from a past action. Semi-deponents: auded and fto A number of verbs, called ‘semi-deponents’, adopt active forms in some tenses, and deponent forms in others. Of the tenses you have met so far, 156Section 3B 71> present and future forms of such verbs are active in form; the perfects, however, are deponent in form. Thus: audeé ‘I dare’ audére ‘to dare’ (no perfect active stem) ausus ‘having dared’ Present atide-6 ‘I dare’ atidé-s Perfect ‘I shall dare’ atis-us a um sum ‘I dared’ adis-us a um es aiis-us a um est -bi-mus atis-i ae a simus audé-bi-tis als ae a éstis aude-bu-nt ats-i ae a sunt fis ‘I become’, ‘I am made’, ‘I happen’ fiert ‘to become, be made’ (no perfect active stem) factus ‘having become’, ‘having been made’ Present Future Perfect f-6 ‘I become’ ete. fl-a-m ‘I shall become’ etc. fact-us a um sum ‘I became’ etc. fi-s fl-é-s fact-us a um es fit fi-e. fact-us a um est - fict-I ae a simus —t fi-€-tis fict-I ae a éstis fl-unt fl-e-nt factel ae a sunt 4 fimus and fis are not found. Exercises 1 Form and conjugate the perfect of: meditor, cénor, uideor, obliuiscor, proficiscor, mentior, progredior, patior, (optional: c6nspicor, adipiscor, polliceor, hortor, sequor, recordor, égredior, irascor). 2 Translate each perfect then change s. to pl. and vice versa: lociitus sum; uisum est; recordata est; mentiti sumus; ingressae sunt, pollicita es; seciita sunt; adeptus est; (optional: irata est; oblitus sum; passa es; profectus est; meditati estis; arbitrati sunt; suspicatae sunt). 3 Say what verbs these perfects come from and translate: uisus est; adepta est; oblitus sum; ingressae sumus; lociiti estis; profecti sunt; factum est. 4 Give the Latin for: she has threatened; they (m.) set out; I (m.) have , 15777 Section 3B encouraged; you (s. f.) seemed; we (f.) forgot; he promised; it happened; you (pl. m.) have lied. 5 Give 3rd s. and pl. present, future and perfect of these verbs and translate: irascor, minor, polliceor, mentior, patior, (optional: proficiscor, ingredior, uideor, fit, recordor. Perfect participles deponent: ‘having —ed’ A participle is an adjective which derives from a verb and shares the nature of both (from pars and capié ‘take a share/part in’). In English, it tends to be formed in ‘—ing’ or ‘having —ed’, e.g. ‘I saw the man running’, ‘the wnt having departed, reached home’. The perfect stem of deponent verbs ending in -us, -a, -um is the perfect participle and means ‘having — ed’, e.g. minatus ‘having threatened’, lociitus ‘having spoken’, égressus ‘having gone out’. These perfect participles decline like multus a um and, likeany adjectives, agree with the person described as ‘having —ed’, e.g. ‘the woman, having spoken, goes out’ mulier lociita égreditur, ‘the men, having spoken, go out’ hominés lociitt égrediuntur; ‘I see the soldiers Fae Ee Bonecout | the soldiers when they have gone out’ milités égressds 0, . Participles are on the whole used predicatively, i.e. they say what People do rather than describe or define people. Thus mulier lociita égreditur ‘ould be translated ‘the woman — after speaking/having spoken/when she has spoken/speaks and ~ goes out’. It is not accurate to translate it ‘the Woman who has spoken goes out’. See ‘predicative’, p. xxi. Exercises 1 Give the meaning of these words and say from what verb each comes: locatus, Profectus, adeptus, iritus, cOnatus, prec’tus, suspicatus, pollicitus, hortatus, uisus, égressus, -factus, (optional: arbitratus, opinatus, Mentitus, seciitus, passus, adgressus). 2 Translate these sentences: (2) militem ingressum cépit. (b) hominés paulum (a little) meditati uénérunt. (c) ile multa mentitus abiit. (d) _ exercitus celeriter ex urbe progressus mox castra posuit. (ce) haec lociita exit. 1588B Section 3B 78 Translation hint Deponent participles can, of course, control their own little clauses (and sometimes not so little), in the same way that infinitives do. Observe how infinitives and some direct objects in the following sentences depend on the participle, not on the main verb: homings fugere cinatés necduimus ‘we killed the men having-tried to escape’, ‘. . . the men after they had tried to escape’ (fugere depends on cénatés) mulierés hoc lociitas n6n amé ‘I do not like the women having-said / since they said this’ milités, multa minati, égrediuntur ‘the soldiers, having threatened much, depart’ Observe the way in which the participles in such complex sentences gravitate towards the end of their clause, in the same way that main verbs and infinitives tend to. Often this results in a pleasing ‘bracketing’ effect rather like an equation, especially when the participle has a direct object, e.g. ‘The priest, seeing the horse galloping down the street, gave chase.’ A typical Latin order for this would be: ‘The priest (nom.), the horse (acc.) down the street galloping (acc.) seeing (nom.), gave chase.’ Exercise Select subject, verb, adjective and participle in these sentences: (a) She writhed about, convulsed with scarlet pain. (Keats) (b) Naked she lay, clasped in my longing arms. (Rochester) (c)_ Isaw three ships go sailing by on Christmas day. (Do you place ‘on Christmas day’ with the ‘I saw’ clause or the ‘go sailing by’ clause?) (d) Know you not, / Being mechanical, you ought not walk / Upon a labouring day . . .? (Shakespeare) (e) See! from the Brake the whirring Pheasant springs, And mounts exulting on triumphant Wings: Short is his Joy; he feels the fiery Wound, Flutters in Blood, and panting beats the Ground. (Pope) 15979 Section 3B 79 Regular and irregular adverbs A common way of forming adverbs in English is to add ‘-ly’ to an adjective (e.g. ‘slow-ly’, ‘quick-ly’, ‘passionate-ly’). In Latin, adverbs (which never change) are also regularly formed from adjectives as follows. Adverbs based on 1st]2nd declension adjectives: add -@ to the stem, eg. stultus — stulté ‘foolishly’; miser — miseré ‘unhappily’; pulcher — pulchré beautifully’. A very few end in -ter. Adverbs based on 3rd declension adjectives: add -(i)ter to the stem, e.g. Sortis — fortiter ‘bravely’; audax — audacter ‘boldly’; celer — celeriter ‘swiftly’. But note an important exception: facile ‘easily’ Here are some irregularly formed adverbs: bonus — bene ‘well’ paruus — paulum ‘(a) little’, ‘slightly’ multus — multum ‘much’ magnus — magnopere ‘greatly’ (= magnd + opere) NB. longé (regularly formed from longus ‘long’) ‘far’. Exercises 1 Identify and translate the adverbs in this list: hOrum, audicter, mulier, malum, multae, male, liberi, bene, omne, liberé, magnopere, multum, scelere, pater, celeriter, pulchré, proelium, paulum. 2 Form adverbs from these adjectives and translate: stultus, bonus, fortis, longus, similis, saeuus, tacitus, magnus, celer, multus, miser. 3. The Roman literary critic Quintilian here lists the sorts of styles an orator will need to develop to suit all occasions. Translate: dicet ... grauiter, seuéré, acriter, uehementer, concitaté, cdpidsé, amaré, cOmiter, remissé, subtiliter, blandé, léniter, dulciter, breuiter, urbané. ‘gravis serious cémis affable blandus flatteririg seuérus stern remissus gentle lenis kind concitatus passionate subtilis precise urbanus witty amiarus bitter 160Section 3B 80 $@; Su-us a um So far you have met ego ‘I’ (pl. nds ‘we’), ti (pl. uds ‘you’) and their possessive forms meus ‘mine’, tus ‘your(s)’, noster ‘our(s)’, uester ‘your(s)’. But wehavenot yet fully grappled with the reflexive forms for ‘him, her, it, them’ and their possessive forms ‘his, her(s), its, their(s)’. Latin makes an important distinction between reflexive usage of such words (which means that the ‘him, her’ etc. being referred to is the same person as the subject of the clause) and non-reflexive (when the ‘him, her’ etc. being referred to is not the same person as the subject of the clause). When Latin usesa form of sé, the ‘him, her, it, them’ being referred to is the same person as the subject of the verb of the particular clause. Likewise, when Latin uses a form of suus a um, the person referred to in the ‘his’, ‘her(s)’, ‘their(s)’ is the same as the subject of the verb, e.g.: Phaedra sé amat ‘Phaedra loves (sé Must = Phaedra) herself” Nicobiilus suds nummés habet ‘Nicobulus has (suds Must refer to Nicobulus) his own (i.e. no-one else’s) money’ Phaedra eam amat ‘Phaedra loves (eam CANNOT be Phaedra) her (ie. some else)’ Nicobiilus eius nummds habet ‘Nicobulus has (eius CANNOT refer to Nicobulus) his (someone else’s) money’. sé declined sipl. tom. — acc, SE gen. sti dat, sibi abl se NB. The forms are the same for s. and pl. and all genders. Reference to the subject of the verb will tell you whether to translates. or pl., m., f. or n su-us a um This possessive adjective ‘his’, ‘hers’, ‘its’, ‘theirs’ declines like mult-us a um. 16180 Section 3B Exercises 1 Translate the following sentences: @) () ©) (4) ) @ () hostem iratum et multa minatum miles audax saeué adgressus est. equités é castris suis égressi ad urbem celeriter prégressi sunt. nauem adeptus celerem réx longé 4 terra sua fugit. uxdri multa lociitae uir ferdciter respondit. ubi légiti hostis adlociiti sunt, ad castra regressi uerba edrum duci nostr6 niintiauérunt. dux milités hortatus audacter sé in proelium tulit. hostés nostrérum ferdciam equitum passi in oppidum suum figérunt et ibi sé célauérunt. 2 Translate these sentences: @) (b) © WiWs 3 1 live fog-a ae 1f. toga smd 31 put on nén uiuere bonum est, sed bene uluere. (Seneca) némo togam siimit nisi mortuus. (Juvenal) multdrum opés praepotentium excliidunt amicitias fidélis: non enim solum ipsa fortiina caeca est, sed eds etiam plérumque efficit caecds qués complexa est. (Cicero) excliids 3 I exclude, caec-us a um blind prevent plérumque generally a.ae lf friendship _efficio 3/4 I make (x acc. morior 3/4 dep. mortuus ¢ loyal, faithful ¥ acc.) Tdie non sdlum . . . sed etiam quis (ace. pl. m.) whom op-es op-um 36. pl. wealth not only . . . but also complector 3 dep. Pracpotens praepotent-is ipsa herself (nom. s. £) complexus | embrace 3m. very powerful fortiin-a ae 1f. fortune an Reading 1 As you translate in word-order, determine the limits of the participle phrase in each of these sentences and say what function it has in the sentence (i.e. agreeing with and describing subject, object, indirect object etc.) Then translate into correct English, finally returning to the Latin to read it out correctly Phrased. E.g. hanc praedam adepti domum regressi sunt. Participle Phrase: hanc . . . adepti: agreeing with subject. ‘When they had obtained this booty, they returned home’. Read out with a comma pause after adepti. 162Section 3B 81> (a) Amphitrud igitur milités eS tempore hortatus in proelium sé tulit. (b) dux milités allociitus est et praedam post uictériam pollicitus signum dedit. (0) uxor Amphitruénis uirum in uid cénspicita domé égressa est. (d) uxéri multa precatae et constantiam uiri recordatae Amphitrud tamen nil respondit. (ce) seruus autem dominum multa mentitus facile décépit. 2 Read these participle phrases, translating in word-order, and decide their function in the sentence (NB. there are no ablatives). Then pair each with the correct ending from the list below. Finally, having translated into correct English, read aloud in Latin, phrasing correctly, and thinking through the meaning as you read. (a) duibus dtium et pacem adeptis . . . (b)_légatds haec uerba locités . . . (0) manum serudrum in castra hostium profectorum . . . (4) ei mulieri clam in bellum uirum secittae . . . (e) ducem ad exercitum hostium prégressum . . . milités mala uerba lociti sunt dux hostium castigauit bellum malum uidétur maximum esse legidnés seciitae sunt domini necauérunt Reading exercise / Test exercise Read this passage carefully, translating in word-order, determining as you go the function of the words met and the groups in which they should be phrased and stating what each new item makes you anticipate. Translate into correct English, then read aloud in Latin, phrasing correctly, thinking through the meaning as you read. . Téleboas praedam nostra in terra plirimam adeptés dux noster ulcisci uoluit. cum exerciti igitur in terram Téleboarum profectus bellum cum eis gessit. Amphitrud autem, uir summi uirtiite, per légatds lociitus Télebo’s praedam reddere iussit. sed Téleboae, uiri summa ferdcia, multa feréciter lociiti multaque exercitui nostrd minati, Amphitruénem statim abire iussérunt. ergo proelium factum est. dux noster deds 163+80 Section 3B Precatus atque exercitum hortatus milités in proelium dixit. hostis fortiter progressds tandem uicimus. Amphitrud autem légatés hostium postridié in castra accépit, hanc uictoriam adeptus tam illiistrem. légati hostium, ubi ex urbe profecti sunt et ad castra uénérunt, ducem uehementer precati nostrum dédidérunt sé in eius arbitrium. English-Latin 1 Translate into Latin: (a) Our general, after encouraging the army, gave the signal. (b) Amphitruo addressed the enemy through ambassadors. (c) Allmen when they have gained wisdom prefer peace and leisure to war. (d) The enemy set out from the camp at that hour. (e) Although I have tried to speak clearly to them, the enemy have threatened me fiercely. (f) They killed the man when he had spoken thus. 2 Read through the text of 3B again and then translate this passage: Sosta When Amphitruo had spoken through ambassadors to them, the Teleboans replied thus to him: ‘You have attacked our land, Go away at once. If you do not leave, we will fight.’ Thus they spoke. But Amphitruo, a man of very great Courage, after advancing with his army from the camp, encouraged his men. ‘Then he led them into battle. The battle was (a) massive (one). However, our leader gained a famous victory and has now returned home. Deliciae Latinae Word-building Prefixes The prefix di- or dis- (or dif) means ‘apart’, ‘asunder’, ‘not’ (occasionally ‘exceedingly’), e.g. disto 1 ‘I stand apart’ (cf. ‘distant’) dissided ‘I sit apart’ (i.e. disagree} (cf. ‘dissident’) differs ‘I scatter’, ‘I differ’ - 164 10Section 3B 81> sé- as a prefix means ‘apart’, ‘without’, e.g. séciirus ‘free from worry’, sédicé ‘I lead aside, astray’, séditid ‘a going (eo, it-) apart’, sédulus ‘aside from tricks’ (dolus ‘trick’), sécrétus ‘separated apart’ (cf. English ‘secret’ — something set apart; hence ‘a secretary’ deals with confidentialities). This sé- has nothing to do with sé reflexive. Word exercise Give the meaning and discuss the Latin connections of: copious, terra firma, legation, agrarian, otiose, hostile, naval, pacify, ferocious, invincible, exhort, illustrious, suicide (-cid- — simple verb caedd ‘I kill’). Everyday Latin per sé ‘through itself’, ‘because of its own nature’ Real Latin Martial difficilis facilis, iicundus acerbus es idem. nec técum possum uiuere, nec sine té. (12.46) ieundus sweet | 15 Gender dem the same (nom.) acerbus bitter wind 3 L live Motto agnus in pace, led in belld. (Edmonds) agn-us 72m. lamb 1eé leén-is 3m. lion Word study castrum castrum in thes. means a fortified post or settlement, in the pl. a camp. The ‘caster’, ‘-cester’, ‘-chester’ endings to the names of towns indicate ‘camp’ e.g. Lancaster, Worcester, Manchester and Chester. castrum has a diminutive castellum, whence ‘castle’ and in French chateau (a French circumflex accent often indicates a ‘hidden’ s; cf. Latin fenestra ‘window’, French fenétre). Newcastle upon Tyne was so called because it had a Novum Castellum built by William Rufus in 1080. 16580 Section 3C .castrum may be akin to castrd, ‘I cut’, i.e. castrum=‘a place cut off’, ‘entrenchment’. If so, castrum and English ‘castrate’ have similar origins! sequor sequor ‘I follow’ has a present participle sequéns ‘following’ and perfect participle secitus ‘having followed’. From these we get ‘sequel’ and ‘sequence’ and through the French suivre a ‘suit’, hence ‘suitor’, one who Pursues a marriage partner, and ‘sue’, to chase someone at law. ‘Pursue’ derives from prdsequor (French poursuivre). cdnsequor ‘I follow all together’, gives ‘consecutive’ and ‘consequence’. exsequor ‘I follow out’ gives ‘execute’ in the sense of ‘carry out’ or ‘judicially put to death’, obsequor ‘I follow on account of | in accordance with the wishes of” gives ‘obsequious’, while persequor ‘I follow thoroughly” gives ‘persecute’. subsequor ‘I follow under’, hence to succeed (as in a list), gives ‘subsequent’. Section 3C Running vocabulary for 3C abigs 31 drive off an or astitits (abl.) with cunning astitsus a um shat barboa ae 16 beard callid-us a um cunning celerius more quickly celerrimé very quickly end 1 T have dinner cicatricos-us a um scarred coll-um 7 2n. neck COnsittis tunicis with a second-hand tunic Diw-us i 2m. Daves dictirus (nom. s. m.) about to say 166 dolis (abl.) with tricks; dolis consiitis with your second-hand tricks dom@ 1 1 soften up eadem (acc. pl. n.) } the eandem (acc. s. £) ¢ me easdem (acc. pl. £.) edé 3 1 eat edsdem (acc. pl. m.) the same equidem for my part etiam still eundem (acc. s. m.) the same exercitiirus (nom. s. m.) about to exercise exossit-us a um boned exoss6 11 bone, fillet fact-um 7 2n. deed Factiirus (nom. s. m.) about to do, make fallacits (abl.) with deceptions ferdcissimé most fiercely fericius more fiercely form-a ae 1f. looks Jort-is € strong habits 1 1 dwell, live in hercle by Hercules hospiti-um 7 2n. reception idem (nom. s. m.) the same idem (nom. s. n.) the same ingressitrus (nom. s. m.) about to enterSection 3C interroga 1 1 ask intrdtdirus (nom. s. m.) about to enter itimus (nom. s. m.) about to go labrum 7 2n. lip mala ae 1f. cheek maliid (abl.) with evil smaxiné most of all ment-um 7 2n. chin tinimé no; least (of all) miserriné most wretchedly modo just, recently restioquis (nom.) someone or other Learning vocabulary Nouns firma ae If. shape, looks; beauty dolus 72m. trick Adjectives wénus a um true Verbs interrog-6 1 ask, question Others aiam still, even, as well; yes, indeed nihili of no value, worthless nénne surely? nfintiatiirus (nom, s. m.) about to announce obsecrs 11 beg, beseech optimé best of all; very well ds dr-is 3n. face pariés parict-is 3m. wall pedibus with feet; on foot pes ped-is 3m. foot peruenié 4 | reach petas-us 72m. hat placct it is pleasing pliirimum very much, a great deal ponderd 11 weigh pondus ponder-is 3n. weight for 3C pugn-us 72m. fist néme némin-is 3m.]f. no- one, nobody fortis e strong; (brave, courageous) placet 2 placu-it{placitum est it is pleasing; x (dat.) votes (to) nonne surely? quands since, when 81> primd first prohibed 2 1 prevent, stop pugne-us a um fisty pugnis (abl.) with fists pugu-us 72m. fist quandé when, since silenter silently sind 3 V allow statitr-a ae 1f. height tanti . . . quantt of such value . . . as; worth ++. as much as técum with you(rself) terg-um 7 2n. back tot-us a um whole, all tunicis withjon your tunic uestit-us tis 4m. clothes ui (abl) with force pis ped-is 3m. foot fem ea-dem i-dem (cf. is e-a id) the same sin-6 3 sin-i sit-us 1 allow t@um (pl. wdbiscum) with you, yourself; (pl. with yourselves) 16781 82 81 Section 3C Grammar and exercises for 3C Future participles, active and deponent: ‘about to / on the point of ~ing’ Future participles of both deponent and active verbs are always active in meaning. They mean ‘about to —’, ‘on the point of —ing’, ‘intending to —, and are formed by adding -firus a um to the stem of the perfect Participle, e.g. mindtiirus ‘about to threaten’, amatiirus ‘about to love’ etc. As with deponent perfect participles, these forms are adjectives and must agree in person, number and gender with the person ‘about to. . .’,€.g. lociitira (fem.) est ‘she is about to speak’; égressiiri sunt ‘they are about to go Out’; eds progressiirds uided ‘I see them on the point of advancing’. Note the clue to form in the word ‘future’ — giving you -ir-us. The 4th principal part (perfect participle) of active verbs You have already met three principal parts of active verbs, ie. the dictionary form, the infinitive and the perfect (e.g. amd, amare, amaut; habes, habére, habui etc.). The perfect participle is formed as follows: Regular principal parts Present ‘Present —Perfect Perfect indicative infinitive indicative participle passive Istconj. ims amie amu i 2nd conj. hébed —habére—hdbul 4th conj. aadis audire — audiul Notes 1 Asyoucan see, the perfect participle is regularly formed by adding -t- usa um to the stem: ama-t-us, audi-t-us etc. Note habi-t-us (-e- changes to -+). Thus the future participles of the three regular conjugations will be amat-ar-us a um, habit-ir-us a um, audit-iir-us a um. 2 For the curious, the meaning of this participle on its own is ‘having been —ed’, e.g. amatus ‘having been loved’. Cf. 77 for deponent and semi-deponent participles, which, as we have seen, mean ‘having — ed’. The perfect participle meaning ‘having been —ed’ will not be met Properly till 154. 168Section 3C 83 Unpredictable principal parts The principal parts of all 3rd and 3/4th conj. verbs are best treated as unpredictable, and need to be learned. Note, however, that stem + -tus (sometimes + -sus) is one pattern, e.g. dic-o dic-tus. Here are the full principal parts of the active verbs of these conjugations which you have Jeamed so far, listed by ending of perfect participle, plus those of irregular 1st, 2nd and 4th conjugation verbs. Present Present Perfect Perfect indicative infinitive indicative _ participle passive Perfect participle ending in -ct-us a um (@ cfd de- in- pro-}dicd -diicere — -diixi ductus ‘Lead’ re- co dicd dicere dixi dictus ‘Tsay’ facio facere fect factus ‘T make’, ‘I do’ perficid —perficere ~—perftci perfectus ‘I complete” (W) -ne-B uined uincere uici uictus ‘I conquer’ 0-86 ago agere agi Actus ‘I do’, ‘I drive’ lego legere légi lectus ‘I read” (a) -qu-3 coqué coquere coxi coctus ‘I cook’ Perfect participle ending in -st-us a um aa gerd gerere gessi gestus ‘I do’, ‘I act (wage)’ 16983 Present Present indicative infinitive Perfect participle ending in -pt-us a um (@) -p(o capid capere décipis ——décipere (8) -b-6 ad)scribs-— -scribere Perfect participle ending in -( (a) -15 mitts mittere (6) -da defends défendere (9 des uuided uidére imides ——_irridére Posided —_possidére Tesponded _respondére (d) -m3 opprimd —_opprimere (©) other -23 iubed iubére maned manére Perfect participle ending in -i (a) -d-3 créd6 crédere dédd dédere reddo teddere 170 Perfect indicative cept décépi -scripsi n)sus, -(s)sus défendi uidi irrisi possédi respondi oppress iusst manst tus crédidi dédidi reddidi Perfect participle passive captus déceptus -scriptus missus défensus uisus irrisus posscssus responsum! oppressus iussus m4nsus créditum* déditus redditus Section 3C ‘I capture’ “I deceive’ ‘I write (to)’ ‘I send” “I defend’ ‘T sec’ ‘I laugh at’ ‘I hold’, ‘I keep’ “I answer’ “I surprise, catch, crush’ ‘I order’ ‘I wait’, ‘I remain’ ‘I believe’ ‘I surrender’ ‘I return’Section 3C 845 Present Present Perfect Perfect indicative infinitive indicative _ participle passive Perfect participle ending in ~aitus, -dtus (6 solué soluere solu soliitus ‘I release, pay” moued. mouére méui métus ‘I move’ adiuud = aadiuuire = adiaut adidtus ‘Thelp’ Perfect participle ending in -tus added to a plain stem 4 dare dedi datus ‘I give’ 38 stire steti statum! ‘I stand’ (injuenié = -uenire,—-ueni suentum ‘I come’ uinci6 uincire = uinxi uinctus ‘I bind’ fagio fagere fagi fagitarus? ‘I Ace’ sind (stem si-)sinere siui situs ‘Tallow’ dled dilére déléui délétus ‘I destroy’ ad} sum esse fai fatarus? ‘Tam’ { ‘Present prac ‘in charge of ferd ferre tali latus ‘Larry, bear’ aufero auferre.—abstuli ablitus ‘I take away’ ine ‘into’ hs ite iui or it itum? ‘tgor 9 away" ex- 8° ) ‘out of red-! “back” | Intransitive verbs have only the -um form of past participle, which we will give from now on. See Reference Grammar A-G Intro (d) Note. 2 No past participle: in such cases we give the future participle, if it exists. Note As you attempt to learn these vital 4th principal parts, you will not fail to notice how extraordinarily fruitful they have been in the formation of English words. You will find that you can frequently form an English word by adding ‘-ion’, ‘-ive’, ‘-ure’ and ‘or’ to the stem of the perfect participle (cf. p. 31): try the list above. For formation of the future participle see 81 and 82 above. 17184 Section 3C Exercises 1 Translate these future participles and say what verb each is from: intratirus, climatiirus, factiirus, habitirus, monitirus, m4nsirus, auditirus, mentitirus, égressiirus, ductiirus, captiirus, (optional: suspicatirus, reditarus, lociitirus, datirus, rogatiirus, precatirus, dictirus, défensirus, délétirus, solatirus, passiirus). 2 Say which in this list are future participles and which past: scriptiré, locitae, Actiiris, inuentiri, seciitas, égressiira, acceptiirdrum, futiira, moratarum, gestiirum, niintiatirés, suspicatus, uictiiram, hortatés. 3. Give the Latin for: about to go; on the point of making; intending to defend; about to give back; on the point of laughing; about to place; about to see; intending to order; intending to deceive. The ablative of instrument or means — ‘by means of’, ‘with’ We have identified three areas of usage for the ablative: (@) Locative, e.g. ‘in’, ‘at’, ‘on’, ‘within’ of place and time (cf. 10, 67). (b) Separation (cf. auferd — ablatus ‘I take away’) e.g. ex, ab + abl. (cE. 23). (©) The ablative of description, e.g. ‘a woman of/with great courage’ (cf. 49). ‘We now meet the ‘instrumental’ usage of the ablative for the first time. This shows the instrument with which or means by which an action is carried out, e.g. Bugnis mé uerberat ‘he beats me with his fists / by means of his fists” ] using his fists as the instrument’. Pedibus hiic uenit ‘he comes here by means of his feet / on his feet’. Exercises 1 Translate: (a) at mé per omnem uitam miserrimam dolis décépit homo pessimus. (b) quaré igitur eam pugnis ferdciter uerberauit? (c)_ manibus meis his aedis hdc anné perféci. 172Section 3C 86 (d) 0) (2) neque astitiis neque dolis ciuis umquam décipiés. facinoribus maximis et sceleribus plarimis rem sibi optimé gessit homo pessimus. omnis uxérés uirtite et continentia Alcuména superauit. 2 Translate: @) 0) () @) () i) nonne ille seruus in aedis intratirus est? ego illum pugnis mets eSdem tempore uerberatarus sum. nénne Sésia ille stultissimé Actiirus est, si has aedis ingredi uolet? eum seruum ego maximé uol6 mei forma hanc noctem décipere. SOsia sud uirtité mé numquam uincet. quid futirum arbitratur? hac enim héra illi nomen mea astitia ablatirus sum. 85 ndnne? (‘doesn’t . . .?) ndnne' ? asks a question in such a way that the speaker wants the answer to itto be ‘yes’. The best formula for translation is ‘doesn’t x happen?’ (or “x does happen, doesn’t it?’); ‘surely?’ is also a safe translation. E.g. ndnne eam ama? ‘don’t [love her?’, ‘I do love her, don’t I?’, ‘surely I love her?” 86 idem ‘the sare’ and némo ‘no one’ fdem eadem idem ‘the same’ 5 pl. m. f " it. fi n nom. i-dem éa-dem — i-dem ci-dem' eaé-dem_ éa-dem ac. can-dem cin-dem i-dem c6s-dem_ cis-dem éa-dem gen. +— citis-dem —> céran-dem = cirtin-dem — edran-dem dat, | ——ei-dem——> +——cis-dem? ———> abl, eé-dem = ca-dem —cd-dem ——eis-dem? ——— * idem also found. 2 adem also found. Note This declines like is ea id+ dem (but NB. dem, where one might expect isdem, an-n- iddem). Note that where the forms of is end in -m, the -m becomes before the -d- of -dem e.g. eum-dem — eun-dem; edrum-dem — edrundem. 17387 86 Section 3C némo 3m.(f.) nom, némo acc, némin-em gen. niill-ius (némin-is) dat. abl. nill-d (némin-e) Comparative and superlative adverbs ‘more — ‘most —ly’ Comparative and superlative adverbs are formed from the comparative and superlative adjectives. foolish(ly) more foolish(ly) most foolish(ly) Adjective stalt-us stalt-ior stultissim-us Adverh stale-@ —svalt-jus (neut.) stultissim-€ quick(ly) more quick(ly) most quick(ly) Adjective céler celér-ior celérrim-us Adverb celér-iter celér-ius (neut.) celérrim-€ Irregular comparative and superlative adverbs . NB. Most of these are only irregular in as far as the corresponding adjective has irregular comparative and superlative forms. If you already know the adjective forms, most of these adverbs are formed quite regularly from the adjective: béne ‘well mélius ‘better? — dptimé “best” os ‘badly’ —péius- ‘worse’ ~—péssimé_~— ‘worst’, ‘very badly’ Pailum ‘alittle’ minus ‘less’ inimé ‘very little’; “no” méltum = ‘much’ —pliis_ ‘more’ ~—pliarimum ‘most’; ‘a lot’ magnépere ‘greatly’ © magis ‘more’ © maximé — ‘very much’; ‘most’; ‘yes’ Exercises 1 Form and translate the comparative and superlative adverbs of: stulté, bene, patidé, miseré, pulchré, celeriter, audacter, male (optional: multum, paulum, pling, magnopere, facile). 2 Identify and translate the comparative and superlative adverbs in this list: facillimé, malum, scelere, illius, astitius, uérd, optimé, stulté, opere, magnopere, fortius, alterius, nimis, magis, minimé, hodié, pulcherrimé. 174Section 3C 88> 3. Translate each of these phrases: uir summa uirtité; summa uirtuté; seruus astiitid summa; manibus pedibusque; hdc anno; eadem forma; meis pugnis; eddem tempore. 4 Give the Latin for: on the same day; a wife of the utmost excellence; with the greatest courage; with my fist; in the same year; with the same hands; a slave of great boldness; with a trick. 5 Translate these sentences: (a) omne futirum incertum est. (Seneca) (b) inter peritira uluimus. (Seneca) (c) dé futiiris rébus semper difficile est dicere. (Cicero) (d)_ uirtiis eadem in homine ac deé est. (Cicero) (©) fit uia ui. (Virgil) incert-us a um uncertain pereé perire peri peritus 1 _uis £, force, violence (abl. inter (+ace.) among die a) uiud 3 1 live Reading exercise / Test exercise Read these passages, translating in word-order, defining the function of each word and phrase-group. Translate into correct English. Finally, read aloud the Latin, correctly phrased, thinking through the meaning as you read. (a) mihi hdc tempore pater meus officium crédidit maximum. nam dum ef forma Amphitruénis Alcuménam décipere placet, ego seruum Sésiam ab aedibus abactirus sum. ego igitur meis pugnis ili serué exitium serué minatérus in uiam ibd. mei illum astitia décipiam facile, quod mihi uir niilla sapientia esse uidétur. ei ego nomen eddem tempore meis auferam dolis. placébit enim mihi ad eum eddem form ac udce eddem adgredi. (b) Sdsiam in aedis domini ingressirum Mercurius dolis atque astiitils déc€pit. Sdsiam enim ingredi n6n siuit, quaamquam eum Amphitrud Alcuménae ed tempore omnia narrare iussit. Mercurius enim patrem suum, id est louem, cirat. nam ille his in aedibus hanc noctem Alcuménam forma uiri décepit. Mercurius autem sé Sdsiae similem fécit et eddem forma et udce eddem ndmen eius cépit. Mercurid tandem Sésia uix (hardly) crédidit, quand6 sibi simillimum deum arbitratus est. et hoc facilius opinatus est seruus quod deus eundem habuit petasum, uestitum eundem, eandem statiiram, pedés edsdem, idem mentum, milis easdem, eadem labra, barbam eandem, nasum eundem, collum idem. sémet (himself: acc. s.) uérS Sdsiam arbitrari tandem Sdsiae placuit, quod sé bene cognduit. 175 10 15