ISSN: 2229-6646 (Online) IJSTM, Volume 3 Issue 1, April 2012

www.ijstm.com

Pulsatile flow of a couple stress fluid in a channel bounded by

permeable beds with suction and injection

S.Rajender1 S. Sreenadh2 Y. V. K. Ravi Kumar3 S. V. H. N. Krishna Kumari P4

1
Department of Mathematics, Methodist College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad
2
Department of Mathematics, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati – 517502, India.
3
Department of Mathematics, Stanley College of Engineering and Technology for Women
Hyderabad- 500001, India. yvkravi@rediffmail.com (Corresponding Author)
4
Department of Mathematics, Bhoj Reddy Engineering College for Women, Hyderabad.

Abstract Noriko Iida[6] did the theoretical

In this paper, pulsatile flow of a
couple stress fluid in a channel bounded
by permeable beds with suction and
injection is investigated. Beavers– Joseph
slip conditions are used to solve the
problem. The velocity field and the volume
flux are obtained for steady and unsteady
cases. The effects of various parameters
on the flow quantities are discussed
numerically through graphs.
Keywords: Pulsatile flow,Permeable
beds, couple stress,
1 Introduction
The problem of pulsatile flow has been
extensively studied with possible
applications to blood flow as the pumping
action of the heart produces a pressure
gradient which is pulsatile in nature i.e.
which oscillates harmonically about a non-
zero mean. Blood flow in arterial system is
pulsatile, with time varying characteristics,
which even extends into the capillary bed.
Many authors have studied the pulsatile
flow of blood assuming different models.
Particularly, the pulsatile flow in a porous
channel is important in understanding the
process of dialysis of blood in artificial
kidney[1].KU et al.[2] studied the pulsatile
flow in a model carotid bifurcation.
Liepsch et al.[3]considered the problem of
pulsatile flow of a non-Newtonian fluid in
distensible models of human arteries.
Perktold [4] used carotid siphon model to
study the pulsatile flow of blood. Ariman
[5]studied the steady and pulsatile flow of
blood.
analysis of pulsatile blood flow in small
vessels. Pulsatile flow of a couple stress
fluid through circular tubes with
application to blood flow was studied by
Chaturani[7]. Bugliarello and Sevilla
[8]obtained velocity distribution and other
characteristics of steady and pulsatile
blood flow in glass tubes. Barnes et al. [9]
analytically and experimentally
investigated the non – Newtonian effects
of blood on a pulsatile flow in a large
arterial vessel flow.
Pulsatile flow between permeable walls
is important in understanding blood flow
in the circulation system, where the
nutrients are supplied to tissues of various
organs and the waste products are
removed. Wang[10] derived an analytic
solution for pulsatile flow in a channel
with permeable parallel walls. Vajravelu et
al. [11]studied the pulsatile flow of a
viscous incompressible Newtonian fluid
between permeable beds with different
permeabilities. Y.V.KRavi Kumar et
al.[12] studied the pulsatile flow of a
conducting fluid in a channel with
permeable walls.Pulsatile flow of a viscous
stratified fluid of variable viscosity
between permeable beds is studied by
Avinash et al.[13].
In this paper, pulsatile flow of a couple
stress fluid in a channel bounded by
permeable beds with suction and injection
is investigated. The velocity field and the
volume flux are obtained. Some
deductions are made and the effects of

© International Journal of Science Technology and Management Page 36

ISSN: 2229-6646 (Online) IJSTM, Volume 3 Issue 1, April 2012
www.ijstm.com

various parameters on the velocity and the p

flux are discussed. =0 (4)
y
2. Mathematical formulation of
 Ak 2
the problem Zone 3: Q2 = (5)
Consider the pulsatile flow of a 
couple stress fluid between two permeable Boundary Conditions
beds with suction and injection. The fluid The velocity at the permeable beds
is injected into the channel from the lower y =0 and y=h , no longer satisfy the no-
permeable bed with a velocity ‘V’ and is slip condition. Hence, we use slip
sucked out into the upper permeable bed boundary conditions at the permeable
with the same velocity. Let k1 and k2 be surface following Beavers and Joseph [14]
the permeabilities of lower and upper beds The boundary conditions are
respectively. The width of the channel is h. u  uB1 at y = 0 (6)
x –axis is taken along the lower bed and a u 
line perpendicular to it is taken as y – axis.  (u B1  Q1 ) at y = 0 (7)
The flow region in the lower bed is called y Da1
zone 1. The flow between the two u  uB2 at y = h. (8)
permeable beds is termed as zone 2.The
u 
flow region in the upper bed is called zone  (u B 2  Q2 ) at y = h (9)
3 and is described by Couple stress model. y Da2
The flows in zones 1 and 3 are governed
by Darcy’s law. In order to model the  2u
 0 at y = 0 (10)
basic equations of the problem, we make y 2
the following assumptions:
 2u
1. The flow is steady and fully developed. 0 at y = h (11)
2. The fluid is driven by an unsteady y 2
pressure gradient u B1 , u B 2 are slip velocities at lower and
1 p
 A  Be it upper beds respectively, Q1 ,Q2 are
 x
Darcy’s velocities in lower and upper beds
where A and B are constants and  is the and  is slip parameter.
frequency. Following Vajravelu et al.[11], we
3. The fluid is viscous and incompressible.
4. The body forces are negligible, so that assume that u  u( y)  u~( y, t ) , where u is
all the physical quantities except the the steady part velocity and u~ is the
pressure are functions of ‘y’ only. unsteady part velocity. Now separating the
Under these assumptions the governing equations and boundary
governing equations of motion and conditions into steady part and unsteady
boundary conditions reduce to part by using u  u  u~ ,we get them as
 Ak1 follows.
Zone 1: Q 1 = (1) Steady part:

u 2u  4u
u v V  A   2  (12)
Zone 2 :  0 (2) y y  y 4
x y
u  u B1 at y = 0 (13)
u u  2u  4 u p
(  V )   2  4  (3) u 
t y y y x  (u B1  Q1 ) aty=0 (14)
y Da1
u  u B2 at y = h (15)

© International Journal of Science Technology and Management Page 37

ISSN: 2229-6646 (Online) IJSTM, Volume 3 Issue 1, April 2012
www.ijstm.com

u  x y
 (u B 2  Q 2 ) at y = h (16) x* = , y* = , where A 1 = - A.
y Da2 h h
Unsteady Part
2u
0 at y = 0 (17) u~v u~B1 v
y 2 u~ * = 2 ; u~ * B1 = ; u~ * B2 =
h B1 2
h B1
2u
0 at y = h (18) u~B2 v
y 2 , t* =
tv
; w* =
wh 2
;
where Q 1   Ak1 , Q 2   Ak 2 h 2 B1 h2 v
  ~y
~ ~
Unsteady part: ~ Q1v ~ Q2 v ~y * = h
u~ Q *1 = , Q*2 = ;
0 2
h B1 2
h B1
x (19)
u~ u~ 2~
 u  u4~ where B1 = -B
V   Be it  2  After non-dimensionalisation the
t y y  y 4 governing equations and the boundary
conditions take the following form:
(20) Steady Part
u~  u~B1 at y = 0 (21) u
=0 (27)
u~  ~ x
 (u~B1  Q1 ) at y = h (22)
y Da1 u 2u  4u
V  A   2 
y y  y 4
u~  u~B 2 at y = h (23) (28)
u = u B1 at y = 0 (29)
u~  ~
 (u~B 2  Q2 ) at y = h (24) u 
y Da2  (u B1  Q1 ) at y = 0 (30)
y Da1
 2 u~
0 at y = 0 (25) u  u B2 at y = 1 (31)
y 2
u 
 2 u~  (u B 2  Q 2 ) at y = 1 (32)
0 y Da2
at y = h (26)
y 2 2u
~  A it ,  A it
0 at y = 0 (33)
where Q 1  e ~
Q2  e y 2
 
(
k1
) ( ) 2u
k 2 0 at y = 1 (34)
2.1. Non– dimensionalisation of flow y 2
quantities where Q 1   Ak1 , Q 2   Ak 2
We introduce the following  
quantities to make the above equations and Unsteady Part:
boundary conditions dimensionless. du~
0 (35)
dx
Steady Part  4 u~  2 u~ u~ u~
*  a  aR  a  ae it
*
u =
uv *
; u B1 =
u B1 v
; y 4
y 2
y t
A1 h A1 h (36)
u
*B2
v Q1v Q2 v ~ ~
Letting u f ( y)eit equation (19), we
u * B2 = , Q *1 = ; Q2 * = ;
A1 h A1 h A1 h get

© International Journal of Science Technology and Management Page 38

ISSN: 2229-6646 (Online) IJSTM, Volume 3 Issue 1, April 2012
www.ijstm.com
~ ~ ~ ~
[ f ( y)]iv  a[ f ( y)]''  iaf ( y)  aR[ f ( y)]'  a
 1
(37) u  C1e M 5 y  C2e M 6 y  C3e M 7 y  C4e M8 y   eit
~ ~  ~  i 
Using u  f e
i t
B1 1 , u~  f eit B2 2
(46)
The boundary conditions become
~ ~
f  f1 at y = 0 (38)
~
f  ~
 ( f1  g~1 ) at y = 0 (39) Slip velocities
y Da1
~ ~ uB1  f1eit uB2  f 2eit (47)
f  f2 at y = 1 (40) ,
~ where
f  ~ ~
 ( f2  g2 ) at y = 1 (41) M M  M 34 M 36 M 34 M 35  M 32 M 37
y Da2 f1  33 37 ; f2 
M 32 M 37  M 33 M 35 M 32 M 36  M 33 M 35
~
2 f
0 at y = 0 (42)
y 2 4. Mass flow
~
2 f The dimensionless mass flow rate
 0 at y = 1 (43) per unit width of the channel is
y 2
Q  QQ (48)
1
3. Solution of the problem where Q  0 udy
Steady part   m4   C   C   2  m4  1
Solving equation (28) subject to  C1  
C2 m4
e  1   e 2  3 sin m5  4 cos m5    4    e 2  C3 cos m5  C4 sin m5    C3  
C 2
m4    m5 m5   m5   m4 m5  2
boundary conditions (29) to (34), we get (49)
the velocity field as 1
Q   u dy  eiwt  f  y  dy
1
 a 3b 2   a 3b 2  0 0
 y  y
 3b   6b 
u = C1  C 2 e  
e  
[C3Cos C C C C 1  C C C C 
 eiwt  1 em5  2 em6  3 em7  4 em8    1  2  3  4 
 a  3b 2     m5 m6 m7 m8 i  m5 m6 m7 m8 
 y  C4 Sin 3 a  3b  y ] + y
2
3
 6b   6b  (50)
  m4   C   C   2  m4 2  1
(44) Q  C1  
C2 m4
e  1   e 2  3 sin m5  4 cos m5    4    e 2 C3 cos m5  C4 sin m5   C3   
C

where m4 =
a  3b 2
, m5 = 3
a  3b 2  m4    m5 m5   m5   m4 m5  2

3b 6b C C C C 1  C C C C 
eiwt  1 em5  2 em6  3 em7  4 em8    1  2  3  4 
 m4 y
 m5 m6 m7 m8 i  m5 m6 m7 m8 
u = C + C e m4 y + e 2
1 2
C3 cos m5 y  C4 sin m5 y  +y
(45) 5. Discussion of the results
slip velocities To study the effect of permeability
D D  D15 D19 on the pulsatile flow of couple stress fluid
uB1  16 18
D15 D17  D14 D18 between permeable beds, the velocity field
D D  D14 D19 is numerically evaluated for different
uB2  16 17 values of Darcy number, couple stress
D15 D17  D14 D18
parameter and slip parameter.
Unsteady part From equation (44), we have
Solving Eqn.(36) subject to boundary calculated the steady state velocity, as a
conditions (38) to (43), we get the velocity function of y for different values of couple
field as stress parameter with α=0.01, Da=0.0001,
p=1 and is shown in figure (2). It is
observed that the steady state velocity
increases with increasing couple stress

© International Journal of Science Technology and Management Page 39

ISSN: 2229-6646 (Online) IJSTM, Volume 3 Issue 1, April 2012
www.ijstm.com

parameter ‘a’. This may be due to the

effect of the couple stress in the channel.
The variation of steady state
velocity, u with y is calculated from
equation (44) for different values of Darcy
number and is shown in figure (3) for fixed
p=2, α=0.01 and a=2. It is observed that
the velocity increases with the increase in
the Darcy number Da.
The variation of steady state
velocity, u with y is calculated from
equation (44) for different values of p=2,
α=2, Da =0.001. It is found that the
maximum velocity in this channel
decreases with increasing α.
The variation of unsteady state
velocity u with y is calculated from
equation (46) for different values of couple
stress parameter ‘a’ and is shown in figure.
(5) for fixed Da=0.001.From this it is
observed that the unsteady state velocity
also increases with increasing couple stress
parameter ‘a’.
The variation of unsteady state
velocity u with y is calculated from
equation (46) for different values of Darcy
number ‘Da’ and is shown in figure. (6) .It
is found that the unsteady state velocity
increases with the increase in the Darcy
number.

Acknowledgements
One of the authors Dr. S. Sreenadh, thanks
DST, New Delhi, India for providing
financial support through a major research
project with No: SR / S4 / MS;503/07.

© International Journal of Science Technology and Management Page 40

ISSN: 2229-6646 (Online)
Figure. 1 : Physical model
Figure. 2: Steady state Velocity profiles
for different values of the couple
stress parameter ‘a’ with α=0.01,
Da=0.0001.
Figure.3: Steady state velocity profiles
for different values of Darcy number
‘Da’ with α=0.01 and a=2.
© International Journal of Science Technology and Management
IJSTM, Volume 3 Issue 1, April 2012
www.ijstm.com
Figure. 4: Steady state velocity profiles
for different values of slip parameter α
with p =2, a=2 and Da =0.001.
Figure. 5: Unsteady Steady state Velocity
profiles for different values of couple
stress parameter ‘a’ with Da=0.001, p=2,
α=0.01 and t   / 2
Page 41
ISSN: 2229-6646 (Online) IJSTM, Volume 3 Issue 1, April 2012
www.ijstm.com

Figure. 6: Unsteady Steady state Velocity

profiles for different values Darcy number,
‘Da’ with p=2, α=0.01 and a =2.

Appendix
[ D5 ( D5 D9  D6 D7 )  D4 ( D5 D7  D4 D8 )  D4 ( D6 D7  D4 D9 )](u B1  u B 2  1)
C1  u B1 
[( D5 D7  D4 D8 )( D3 D4  (1  D1 ) D6 ]  [( D5 (1  D1 )  D4 (1  D2 )( D6 D7  D4 D9 ])]
[ D5 ( D5 D9  D6 D7 )  D4 ( D5 D7  D4 D8 )](u B1  u B 2  1)
C2 
[( D5 D7  D4 D8 )( D3 D4  (1  D1 ) D6 ]  [( D5 (1  D1 )  D4 (1  D2 )( D6 D7  D4 D9 ])]
D4 ( D6 D7  D4 D9 )(u B1  u B 2  1)
C3 
[( D5 D7  D4 D8 )( D3 D4  (1  D1 ) D6 ]  [( D5 (1  D1 )  D4 (1  D2 )( D6 D7  D4 D9 ])]
D4 ( D4 D8  D5 D7 )(u B1  u B 2  1)
C4 
[( D5 D7  D4 D8 )( D3 D4  (1  D1 ) D6 ]  [( D5 (1  D1 )  D4 (1  D2 )( D6 D7  D4 D9 ])]
m42
D1  em4 , D2  e m4 / 2Cos(m5 ), D3  e  m4 / 2 Sin(m5 ), D4  m4 , D5   m52 , D6  m4m5
2

4


m4
 m42  
D7  m e , D8  e
2 m4
4 m1m5 sin m5  
2
 m52  cos m5 
  4  

m4
 m 2  
D9  e 2 ,  4  m52  sin m5  m4 m5 cos m5 
 4  
D10  D5  D4 D9  D6 D7   D4  D5 D7  D4 D8  D11  D4  D6 D7  D4 D9 
,
D12  D4  D4 D8  D5 D7 
D13   D5 D7  D4 D8   D3 D4  1  D1  D6     D5 1  D1   D4 1  D2   D6 D7  D4 D9 
2m4 D10  m4 D11  2m5 D12  2m4 D10  m4 D11  2m5 D12
D14   D15 
2 D13 Da1 2 D13
,
2m4 D10  m4 D11  2m5 D12  Q1
D16  
2 D13 Da1

© International Journal of Science Technology and Management Page 42

ISSN: 2229-6646 (Online) IJSTM, Volume 3 Issue 1, April 2012
www.ijstm.com

 m4 cos m5   m4 sin m5 
m4 m
  4
D10 m4e  D11e
m4 2
 5
m sin m5    D12 e 2
 m5 cos m5  
D17   2   2 
D13
 m4 cos m5   m4 sin m5 
m4 m
  4
D10 m4em4  D11e 2
 m5 sin m5    D12e
2
 m5 cos m5  
 2   2  
D18 
D13 Da2
 m4 cos m5   m4 sin m5 
m m
 4  4
D10 m4em4  D11e 2
 m5 sin m5    D12e
2
 m5 cos m5  
D19   2   2   1   Q2
D13 Da2
2 3
72a 2i  27a 2 R 2  2a 3  72a 2i  27a 2 R 2  2a 3   a 2  12ai 
    4  
27  27   9 
M1 
2
2 3
72a 2i  27a 2 R 2  2a 3  72a 2i  27a 2 R 2  2a 3   a 2  12ai 
    4 
27  27   9 
N1 
2
3  M1  N1   2a 1  3  M1  N1   a 3aR 
M2   M3    
3 2

3 3  1 1
M  N  2 a 

aR M 2  M 22  4M 4  M 2  M 22  4M 4
M4  M3  M5   ; M6 
M2 2 2
M 2  M 22  4M 3 M 2  M 22  4M 3
M7  M8 
2 2
1
M 9  M 52 M 6eM 6 f1  M 5  M 5  M 6  f 2   M 52 M 6e M 6  M 5  M 5  M 6 
i
M10  M 6 M 7 e  M 5  M 7   e  e   M 72  M 5  M 6  e M 6  e M5  e M 7 
M7 M5 M8

  M 5 M 6 eM5  eM6
M11  M 5 M 6 e 
f  M5

i
e M6
2

M12 M e 6
M6
M
 M   M e  M  M  M  M 
2
5
2
7 7
M7
5 7 5 6

M13 M e 6
M8
M
 M   M e  M  M  M  M 
2
5
2
8 8
M8
5 8 5 6

M14  M M e  M  M  e  e   M  M  M  e e
6 7
M7
5 7
M5 M8 2
7 5 6
M6 M5
 eM7 
M15  M e  M  M    M e   M  M  M  M 
6
M6 2
5
2
7 7
M7
5 7 5 6

M16  M M e  M  M  e  e   M  M  M  e e
6 8
M8
5 8
M5 M6 2
8 5 6
M6 M5
 e M8 
M17  M e  e  M  M e  e 
6
2 M5 M6
18
2
7
M5 M7

M 52 M 6e M 6 M14
M19  M 2
8 e M5
e M8
 M 20 
M13 M14  M15 M16

M 21 
M14 M16  M 5  M 6   M 15 M 5 M 6 e M 5  e M 6  
M13 M14  M15 M16

© International Journal of Science Technology and Management Page 43

ISSN: 2229-6646 (Online) IJSTM, Volume 3 Issue 1, April 2012
www.ijstm.com


M 5 M 6 M15 e M 5  e M 6 M
ii
14
M 2
5 M 6eM 6  M 5  M 5  M 6  
M 22 
M13 M14  M 15 M 16
M M e  M13 M 20
2 M6
M M  M5  M5  M6 
M 23  5 6 M 24  13 21
M12 M12
M 52 M 6e M 6  M 5  M 5  M 6  M13 M 22
M 25  
M12i M12

M 26
 
 M 72 e M 5  e M 7 M 23  M 82 e M 5  e M8 M 20 
  
 
 
M 62 e M 5  e M 6  
M 27  
  
M 72 e M 5  e M 7 M 24  M 82 e M 5  e M 8 M 21 
M 2
6 e M5
e M6

M 28 
  
M 72 e M 5  e M 7 M 25  M 82 e M 5  e M8 M 22 
M 2
6 e M5
e M6

 M 2 M  M 72 M 23  M 82 M 20  M 82 M 21  M 62 M 27  M 72 M 24
M 29    6 26  M 30 
 M 52  M 52
M M  M 6 M 28  M 8 M 22
2 2 2
M 31  7 25
M 52

M 32  M 5 M 29  M 6 M 26  M 7 M 23  M 8 M 20 
Da1
M 33  M 5 M 20  M 6 M 27  M 7 M 24  M 8 M 21

M 34  M15 M 31  M 6 M 28  M 7 M 25  M 8 M 22  g1
Da1
M 35  M 5 M 29eM5  M 6 M 26eM6  M 7 M 23e M7  M 8 M 20e M8

M 36  M 5 M 30e M 5  M 6 M 27 e M 6  M 7 M 24e M 7  M 8 M 21e M8 
Da2

M 37  M 5 M 31e M 5  M 6 M 28e M 6  M 7 M 25e M 7  M 8 M 22e M8  g2
Da2
References [3].D.W. Liepsch and S.T.Moravee,
Pulsatile flow of a non-Newtonian fluid in
[1].W.G.Esmond and H.Clark, distensible models of human
Mathematical analysis and mass transfer arteries,Biorheology,21,1984,pp.571-586.
optimization of a compact, low cast [4].K.Perktold,H.Florian and D.Hilbert,
pumpless system for Hemodyalusis Analysis of pulsatile blood flow: A carotid
(dialing),Proc Biomedical fluid Mechanics siphon model,J.Biomed.Eng.,9,1987.
symposium,ASME,1966
[5].T.Ariman,M.A.Turk,N.Sylvester,
[2].D.N.Ku and D.P.Giddens,pulsatile
Application of microcontinuum fluid
flow in a model carotid bifurcation, mechanics,Int.J.Engg.Sci.12,1974,273-
Arterioclerosis3,1983,pp.31-39. 293.

© International Journal of Science Technology and Management Page 44

ISSN: 2229-6646 (Online) IJSTM, Volume 3 Issue 1, April 2012
www.ijstm.com

[6].Noriko Iida and Tadayoshi Murata,

Theoretical analysis of pulsalite blood
flow in small
vessels,Biorheology,17,1980,377-384.
[7].P.Chaturani and U.S.Upadhya,
Pulsatile flow of a couple stress fluid
through circular tubes with application to
blood flow, Biorheology,15,1978,193-201.
[8].G.Bugliarello and J.Sevilla, Velocity
distribution and other characteristics of
steady and pulsatile blood flow in glass
tubes,Biorheology,7,1970,85-107.
[9].H.A.Barnes, P.Townsend and K.
Walters,On pulsatile flow of non-
Newtonian liquids,Rheologica
Acta,10,1971,517-527.
[10].Y.C.Wang,Pulsatile flow in a porous
channel ,ASME journal of Applied
Mechanics,38,1971,553-555.
[11].K.Vajravelu,K.Ramesh,S.Sreenadh,P.
V.Arunachalam,Pulsatile flow between
permeable beds,Int.J of Non-Linear
Mechanics,38,2003,999-1005.

[12].Y.V.KRavi Kumar, M.V.Ramana

Murthy, S.Sreenadh, G.Madhava
Rao,Pulsatile flow of a conducting fluid
between permeable beds,Int.J.of Fluid
Mech.,1(2),2009,145-158.
[13].K.Avinash,J.Ananda Rao,S.Sreenadh
Y.V.K.Ravi Kumar,Pulsatile flow of a
viscous stratified fluid of variable viscosity
between permeable beds,Jr.of Porous
media,14(12),2011,1115-1124.
[14].G.S.Beavers,D.D.Joseph,Boundary
conditions at a naturally permeable wall. J.
Fluid Mech. 30, 1967, 197-207.

© International Journal of Science Technology and Management Page 45