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New Phisics: Created by Kelompok Iii Nama: Andika Suryawan Yaser Shidiq Da Lora Cindy Roni Voppy
New Phisics: Created by Kelompok Iii Nama: Andika Suryawan Yaser Shidiq Da Lora Cindy Roni Voppy
CREATED BY
KELOMPOK III
YASER SHIDIQ DA
LORA CINDY
RONI
VOPPY
TEORI BARU FISIKA
We have reason to believe that there are yet undiscovered subatomic particles that
are not part of the Standard Model," explains Fermilab scientist Ruth Van De
Water. "Generally, we expect them to be heavier than any subatomic particles we
have found so far. The new particles would be part of a new theory that would look
like the SM at low energies. Additionally, the new theory should account for the
astrophysical observations of dark matter and dark energy. The particle nature of
dark matter is a complete mystery."
A team of theoretical high-energy physicists in the Fermilab Lattice and MILC
Collaborations has published a new high-precision calculation that could
significantly advance the indirect search for physics beyond the Standard Model
(SM). The calculation applies to a particularly rare decay of the B meson (a
subatomic particle), which is sometimes also called a "penguin decay" process.
After being produced in a collision, subatomic particles spontaneously decay into
other particles, following one of many possible decay paths. Out of one billion B
mesons detected in a collider, only about twenty decay through this particular
process.
With the discovery of the Higgs boson, the last missing piece, the SM of particle
physics now accounts for all known subatomic particles and correctly describes
their interactions. It's a highly successful theory, in that its predictions have been
verified consistently by experimental measurements. But scientists know that the
SM doesn't tell the whole story, and researchers around the globe are eagerly
searching for evidence of physics beyond the SM.
"Scientists are attacking this problem from several directions," added University of
Illinois physicist Aida El-Khadra. "Indirect searches focus on virtual effects that
the conjectured new heavy particles may have on low-energy processes. Direct
searches look for the production of new heavy particles in high-energy collisions.
The interplay of both indirect and direct searches may ultimately provide us with
enough pieces of the puzzle to make out the new underlying theory that would
explain all of these phenomena."
"In the observation of a rare decay, because contributions from the SM are
relatively small, there is a good possibility that contributions from new virtual
heavy particles may be significant," observes Syracuse University physicist John
"Jack" Laiho describes why "penguin decays" provide powerful probes of new
physics. "These would be observed as deviations from SM predictions. However,
in order to know that such a deviation (if observed) is not just a statistical
fluctuation, the difference must be conclusive--it must be at least five times larger
than the experimental and theoretical uncertainties. So rare decays require high
precision in both the experimental measurements and the theoretical calculations."
B mesons belong to class of subatomic particles that are bound states of quarks and
they feel the so-called strong interactions, also known by the colorful name
Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). Quarks are found inside protons and neutrons-
-which make up the atomic nucleus--as well as within other sub-atomic particles,
such as pions and the aforementioned B mesons.
The new high-precision calculation employs lattice QCD to calculate the effects of
the strong interaction on the process in question.
"Decay processes that involve bound states of quarks receive contributions from
the strong interactions, which are very difficult to quantify, especially at low
energies," explains Fermilab scientist Andreas Kronfeld. The only first-principles
method for calculating with controlled errors the properties of subatomic particles
containing quarks is lattice QCD, where the unwieldy integrals of QCD are cast
into a form that makes it possible to calculate them numerically."
The project was started when Syracuse University researcher Daping Du was a
postdoctoral fellow at Illinois with El-Khadra.
"Our calculation is clean," asserts Du. "We focused on a process for which lattice
QCD methods yield small and completely quantified uncertainties."
"We have witnessed amazing progress in lattice QCD calculations in recent years,"
observes Enrico Lunghi, a non-lattice theorist at Indiana University, who joined the
team for his expertise in rare decay phenomenology. "Lattice calculations have
advanced to the point where they provide ab initio predictions of strong interaction
effects with small and reliable uncertainties. This is how we are able to obtain a
SM prediction of this process with better precision than previously possible."
The team's high precision lattice QCD calculation required large-scale
computational resources.
"Fortunately, we were able to leverage supercomputing resources across the U.S.
for this project," comments Indiana University physicist Steven Gottlieb. "In fact,
this project is part of a larger effort by the Fermilab Lattice and MILC
Collaborations to produce precise theoretical calculations of the strong interaction
effects for a range of important processes relevant to precision frontier
experiments. We used allocations at Fermilab (provided by the USQCD
Collaboration), at the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, the National
Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, the Los Alamos National
Laboratory, the National Institute for Computational Science, the Pittsburgh
Supercomputer Center, the San Diego Supercomputer Center, and the Texas
Advanced Computing Center. "
After completing the new calculation and prior to its publication in Physical
Review Letters [115, 152002 (2015)] in the article entitled, " B?π?? Form Factors
for New Physics Searches from Lattice QCD", the LHCb experiment at CERN in
Switzerland announced a new experimental measurement of the differential decay
rate for this decay process.
Fermilab scientist Ran Zhou concludes, "The recent measurements are compatible
with our SM predictions, with commensurate uncertainties from theory and
experiment. This puts interesting constraints on possible new physics contributions
which are very useful for building models of beyond the SM physics."
The team also recently completed another paper, "Phenomenology of semileptonic
B meson decays with form factors from lattice QCD", in which they make
additional predictions for related rare decays that have not yet been experimentally
observed. Once observed, these decay processes likewise may play an important
role in the quest to find the new fundamental theory that lies beyond the SM.
Astronomers using data from NASA's Hubble Telescope have observed what
appears to be a clump of dark matter left behind from a wreck between massive
clusters of galaxies in Abell 520 shown in the image at the top of the page. The
result could challenge current theories about dark matter that predict galaxies
should be anchored to the invisible substance even during the shock of a collision.
The Daily Galaxy via Fermilab
TRANSLATE
Kami punya alasan untuk percaya bahwa ada belum partikel subatomik yang
belum ditemukan yang bukan bagian dari Model Standar, "jelas Fermilab ilmuwan
Ruth Van De Water." Secara umum, kami mengharapkan mereka untuk menjadi
lebih berat daripada partikel subatomik kami telah menemukan sejauh ini. Partikel
baru akan menjadi bagian dari sebuah teori baru yang akan terlihat seperti SM pada
energi rendah. Selain itu, teori baru harus menjelaskan pengamatan astrofisika dari
materi gelap dan energi gelap. Sifat partikel materi gelap adalah misteri. "
Sebuah tim teoritis fisikawan energi tinggi di Fermilab Lattice dan MILC
Kolaborasi telah menerbitkan perhitungan presisi tinggi baru yang secara
signifikan dapat memajukan pencarian tidak langsung untuk fisika di luar Model
Standar (SM). Perhitungan ini berlaku untuk pembusukan terutama langka dari B
meson (partikel subatomik), yang kadang-kadang juga disebut "penguin
pembusukan" proses.
Setelah diproduksi di tabrakan, partikel subatom spontan membusuk menjadi
partikel lain, berikut salah satu dari banyak jalur pembusukan mungkin. Keluar
dari satu miliar B meson terdeteksi di collider, hanya sekitar dua puluh
pembusukan melalui proses tertentu.
Dengan penemuan Higgs boson , bagian terakhir yang hilang , SM fisika partikel
sekarang account untuk semua partikel subatomik yang dikenal dan benar
menggambarkan interaksi mereka . Ini adalah teori yang sangat sukses , dalam
prediksi telah diverifikasi secara konsisten oleh pengukuran eksperimental . Tetapi
para ilmuwan tahu bahwa SM tidak menceritakan seluruh cerita , dan peneliti di
seluruh dunia bersemangat mencari bukti fisika di luar SM .
" Para ilmuwan menyerang masalah ini dari beberapa arah , " tambah University of
Illinois fisikawan Aida El - Khadra . " Pencarian langsung fokus pada efek virtual
yang partikel berat baru menduga mungkin ada pada proses - energi rendah .
Pencarian langsung mencari produksi partikel berat baru dalam tabrakan energi
tinggi . Interaksi dari kedua pencarian langsung dan tidak langsung pada akhirnya
dapat memberikan kita dengan potongan cukup teka-teki untuk membuat keluar
teori yang mendasari baru yang akan menjelaskan semua fenomena ini . "
Dalam pengamatan dari peluruhan langka, karena kontribusi dari SM relatif kecil,
ada kemungkinan yang baik bahwa kontribusi dari partikel berat virtual baru
mungkin signifikan," mengamati Syracuse University fisikawan John "Jack" Laiho
menjelaskan mengapa "penguin meluruh" memberikan probe kuat fisika baru. .
"Ini akan diamati sebagai penyimpangan dari prediksi SM Namun, dalam rangka
untuk mengetahui bahwa penyimpangan tersebut (jika diamati) tidak hanya
fluktuasi statistik, perbedaan harus meyakinkan - itu harus minimal lima kali lebih
besar dari eksperimental dan ketidakpastian teoritis. meluruh Jadi jarang
membutuhkan presisi tinggi di kedua pengukuran eksperimental dan perhitungan
teoritis. "
Meson B milik kelas partikel subatomik yang menyatakan terikat quark dan
mereka merasa apa yang disebut interaksi yang kuat, juga dikenal dengan nama
warna-warni Quantum chromodinamika (QCD). Quark ditemukan di dalam proton
dan neutron - yang membentuk inti atom - serta dalam partikel sub-atom lain,
seperti pion dan meson B tersebut.
Perhitungan presisi tinggi baru mempekerjakan QCD kisi untuk menghitung efek
dari interaksi yang kuat pada proses tersebut.
"Proses Decay yang melibatkan negara-negara terikat quark menerima kontribusi
dari interaksi yang kuat, yang sangat sulit untuk dihitung, terutama pada energi
rendah," jelas Fermilab ilmuwan Andreas Kronfeld. Satu-satunya metode pertama-
prinsip untuk menghitung dengan kesalahan dikendalikan sifat-sifat partikel
subatom yang mengandung quark adalah kisi QCD, di mana integral berat dari
QCD dilemparkan ke dalam bentuk yang memungkinkan untuk menghitung
mereka secara numerik.
1994
"buat pengembangan spektroskopi neutron "
1995
"untuk penemuan tau lepton"
Gerardus 't Hooft dan Martinus "buat penguraian struktur kuantum interaksi
1999
J.G. Veltman elektrolemah dalam fisika"
"untuk pengembangan
Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (Жорес
heterostruktur semikonduktor digunakan dalam
Иванович Алферов) dan Herbert
kecepatan tinggi dan opto-elektroniks (elektronika
Kroemer
2000 Optis)"
Riccardo Giacconi
"untuk sumbangan pionir pada astrofisika, yang
membuka jalan pada penemuan sumber sinar X
kosmik"
Alexei Alexeevich
Abrikosov(Алексей Алексеевич
Абрикосов), Vitaly Lazarevich "untuk sumbangan pionir pada
2003
Ginzburg (Виталий Лазаревич teori superkonduktor dan superfluida"
Гинзбург), dan Anthony James
Leggett
2005
"untuk sumbangan mereka kepada perkembangan
John L. Hall dan Theodor W. spektroskopi tepat (precision spectroscopy)
Hänsch berbasiskan laser, termasuk teknik penyisiran
frekuensi optik"
2007 Albert Fert dan Peter Grünberg "untuk penemuan Magnetoresistansi Raksasa"