[Language of the Question] {vocab} because {explanation}.

Such as {specific example}.

Use the passage below to answer all parts of the question that follows.

“There is no doubt that the Gujaratis from the northwest coast of India are men who understand
merchandise; they are also diligent, quick men in trade. They do their accounts with numbers
like ours. There are also merchants from Egypt settled in Gujarat, as well as many merchants
from Persia and the Arabian Peninsula, all of whom do a great trade in the seaport towns of
Gujarat. Those of our people who want to be clerks and traders ought to go there and learn,
because the business of trade is a science in itself.”

Tomé Pires, Portuguese merchant, book

describing travels in South Asia, 1515

1. Identify and explain ONE way in which the Indian Ocean trade described in the passage was a
continuity of the Indian Ocean trade that occurred during the period 600 to 1450 C.E.
Use the hints below to write a full response to the above question. Write one response for EACH hint:

A. Merchants from the Muslim Middle East, west Africa, India, and Southeast Asia
One way in which the Indian Ocean trade was a continuity of the Indian Ocean trade that occurred during the period 600 to 1450
CE was that they both include Muslim Middle Eastern, west African, Indian, and Southeast Asian merchants. The merchants
would have participated in the Indian Ocean trade would have participated before and after the European arrival because of their
geographic proximity.. For example, in the Gurajartis from the northwest coast of India, there are merchants from Egypt, Persia,
and the Arabian Peninsula.

B. Diasporic communities
One way in which the Indian Ocean trade described in the passage was a continuity of the Indian Ocean trade that occurred
during the period 600 to 1450 CE was due to the diasporic communities, because both time periods include many people from all
over the world. The Indian Ocean trade during the period 600 to 1450 C.E. had established ports all over that housed people from
many lands, and during 1515, merchants from Egypt, Persia, and the Arabian Peninsula settled in the sea port of Gujarat.

C. Goods traded
One way in which the Indian Ocean trade described in the passage was a continuity of the Indian Ocean trade that occurred
during the period 600 to 1450 CE was due to the goods they traded. They traded silks, bulk goods, technology, and spices.
During 600 to 1450 spices were highly valued, and were exported greatly from India.

D. Navigational knowledge and technology

One way in which the Indian Ocean trade described in the passage was a continuity of the Indian Ocean trade that occurred
during the period 600 to 1450 CE was due to the navigational knowledge and technology. During 600 to 1450 ce, technology
increased and expanded through trade. During 1515, Tome Pires explains how the clerks and traders ought to go to Gujaratis to
learn, because the business of trade is science in itself. Trade relied on science during both 600 to 1450 and in 1515.

E. Hindu-Arabic numerals
One way in which the Indian Ocean trade described in the passage was a continuity of the Indian Ocean trade that occurred
during the period 600 to 1450 ce was due to the Hindu Arabic numerals. During 600 to 1450 CE, sailors relied on technology to
help them sail on the Indian Ocean. They used Hindu-Arabic numerals, and so did the traders during 1515. Tome Pires says they
Gujaratis men do their accounts with numbers like ours, which helps to understand that the Indian Ocean trade route in 1515 still
used the same numerals as they did in 600 to 1450.

2. Identify and explain TWO ways in which merchants such as Pires changed the Indian Ocean
trade.
Use the hints below to write a full response to the above question. Write one response for EACH hint:
 F. European trading posts
One way in which merchants such as Pires changed the Indian Ocean trade was that during 600-1450, hey had different trading
posts. Europeans did not actively participate in the Indian ocean trade before 1450 ce. They quickly recognized the value of
setting up more permanent trading posts to facilitate trade throughout the region. Vasco de Gama, Portuguese explorer and
merchant, established trading cities along the coast of India by negotiating with local governments for land and ports.

G. European practices (cartaz system, mercantilism, joint-stock traiding companies)

One way in which merchants such as Pires changed the Indian Ocean trade was by introducing European practices like joint
stock trading companies to the Indian Ocean trade. Joint stock companies are when many investors invest into a company, and
Europeans would invest into trading companies to bring them back goods such as spices. With the introduction of these joint
stock trading companies, the trade in the Indian Ocean became competitive to make the cheapest stocks for investors.

H. Intensification of trade
One way in which merchants such as Pires changed the Indian Ocean trade was intensifying the trade in the Indian Ocean trade.
Europeans introduced new ideas, such as joint stock trading, which made trade much more intese. Everyone was competing to
have the lowest prices, and to get the most trade with their country/company.

I. Colonial rivalries
One way in which merchants such as Pires changed the Indian Ocean trade was by bringing European rivalries into the Indian
Ocean. Europeans competed with each other for trade contracts and territory to establish trading posts and colonies. To defend
their claims, European began bringing militaries to enforce their claims and protect from other European groups. They would
then use their militaries to influence local politics. Before the Europeans, most trade was conducted without militaries and was
regulated by market demands, not by politicians or military power.

J. Competition for trade or to limit Europeans (economically or politically)

One way in which merchants such as Pires changed the Indian Ocean trade was competing to to trade with Europeans. Europeans
were very rich, and many merchants in the Indian Ocean trade route competed to get Europeans to trade with them. Merchants
would compete with each other and make Europeans compete to get their goods.