Cabanagem

The Cabanagem (Portuguese pronunciation: [kabaˈnaʒẽȷ̃]; 1835–

Cabanagem Revolution
1840) was a popular revolution and pro-separatist movement that
occurred in the then-state ofGrão-Pará, Empire of Brazil.

Among the causes for this revolt were the extreme poverty of the
Paraense people, oppression by the Empire of Brazil, and the
political irrelevance to which the province was relegated after the
independence of Brazil.[1]

The name "Cabanagem" refers to the type of hut used by the

poorest people living next to streams, principally mestizos, freed
slaves, and indigenous people. The elite agriculturists of Grão-
Pará, while living much better, resented their lack of participation Cabanagem Revolution
in the central government's decisionmaking, which was
Date 1835–1840
dominated by the provinces of the Southeast and Northeast.
Location Grão-Pará, Empire of Brazil
It is estimated that from 30 to 40% of the population of Grão- (now Belém, Brazil)
Pará, estimated at 100,000 people, died. In 1833 the Province had
Result Empire of Brazil victory
119,877 inhabitants, being 32,751 Amerindians and 29,977 black
slaves. Mixed-race people were 42,000. The White minority was Belligerents
15,000, over half of them Portuguese.[2] The revolt had a strong Empire of Brazil Rebels
racial background. The Amerindian, Black and mixed majority,
which lived under deep poverty, fought against the White National Guard Cabanos
minority that dominated the economy and culture, not only in Imperial Navy Indians
Grão-Pará, but in the rest of Brazil as well.[3] Militia Slaves
Merchants
Supported by: Farmers
United Kingdom
Contents
Supported by:
Background Kingdom of France
The movement
Commanders and leaders
Legacy
Manuel Jorge Eduardo Angelim
See also
Rodrigues João Batista Gonçalves
Notes John Pascoe Campos
Sources Grenfell
External links Marquis of Manoel Vinagre
Tamandaré Francisco Pedro Vinagre
Antonio Vinagre
Background Vicente Ferreira Lavor
Papagaio
During the independence, Grão-Pará mobilized itself to expel Félix Malcher †
reactionary forces which tried to reintegrate Brazil into the
Strength
Portuguese Empire. Until 1822 Grão-Pará had been a separate
viceroyalty from Brazil, reporting herself directly to Portugal; 6,000 Imperial soldiers 25,000 insurgents
after Brazilian independence Grão-Pará decided to join Brazil. In 3,000 volunteers
the independence struggle, which dragged on for several years, 10,000 civil militia
the canon and journalist João Batista Gonçalves Campos, the Casualties and losses
Vinagre brothers and the farmerFélix Clemente Antônio Malcher
More than 40,000 dead (soldiers, militia, rebels and
stood out. Several lodges of fugitive slaves formed, and there
civilians)
were frequent military rebellions. Once the fight for
independence ended and a provincial government named by Brazilian Emperor was installed, the local leaders were marginalized
from power.

In July 1831 – a few months after the abdication of Emperor Pedro I of Brazil at Rio de Janeiro – a rebellion in the military garrison
of Belém do Pará broke out, and Batista Campos was imprisoned as one of the implicated leaders. The indignation of the poor grew,
and in 1833 already there was talk of converting Brazil into a federation. The provincial president, Bernardo Lobo de Souza,
unleashed a repressive political wave, in an attempt to contain the separatists. The climax was reached in 1834, when Batista Campos
published a letter from the Bishop of Pará, Romualdo de Sousa Coelho, criticizing various politicians from the province. For not
having permission from the provincial government, Campos was persecuted, and sought refuge on the fazenda of his friend Clemente
Malcher. Meeting the Vinagre brothers (Manuel Vinagre, Francisco Pedro Vinagre, and Antônio Vinagre) and the India-rubber
collector and journalist Eduardo Angelim they joined a contingent of rebels on Malcher's plantation. Before being attacked by
government forces, they abandoned the plantation. Nevertheless, on November 3, troops managed to kill Manuel Vinagre and hold
Malcher and other rebels. Batista Campos died on the last day of the year, apparently because of an infection caused by a cut he
suffered while shaving.

The movement
On the night of January 6, 1835 the rebels attacked and conquered the city of Belém, assassinating the president Sousa Lobo and the
Army Commander, and acquiring a large quantity of munitions.[1] On January 7, Clement Malcher was released and was chosen as
president of the province, with Francisco Vinagre as the Army Commander. The government did not last long, because when
Malcher, with the support of the upper class, attempted to keep the province united to the Brazilian empire, Francisco Vinagre,
Eduardo Angelim, and the other rebels attempted to separate. The break happened when Malcher ordered Angelim taken. Troops on
both sides entered the conflict, and the side of Francisco Vinagre was victorious. Clemente Malcher was assassinated, and his body
was dragged through the streets of Belém.

Now in the presidency and the Army Command of the Province, Francisco Vinagre was not able to keep his supporters faithful. If it
were not for the intervention of his brother Antônio, he would have yielded the government to imperial control, in the person of
marshall Manuel Jorge Rodrigues in July 1835. Due to this weakness and the resurgence of a squadron commanded by the English
admiral Taylor, the rebel forces were destroyed and retired toward the interior. Reorganizing their forces, they again attacked Belém
on August 14. After nine days of battle, and suffering the death of Antônio Vinagre, they retook the capital.

Eduardo Angelim assumed the presidency. For ten months, the elite were alarmed by the rebel control over the province of Grão-
Pará. The lack of a plan with concrete means to consolidate the rebel government again provoked a weakness in the ranks. In March
1836, the brigadier José de Sousa Soares Andréia was named president of the province. His first measure was to attack the capital
again, which was carried out in April 1836, and as a result of which the rebel group decided to abandon the capital in favor of
resistance from the interior.

Naval forces under the command of John Pascoe Grenfell blockaded Belém and, on May 10, Angelim fled from the capital, and was
captured and detained. Meanwhile, contrary to what Soares Andréia imagined, the resistance did not end with the detention of
Angelim. For three years, the rebels continued to resist from the interior of the province, but were gradually destroyed. The conflict
finally ended when amnesty was declared to the rebels, in 1839. In 1840 the last rebel group, under the leadership of Gonçalo Jorge
de Magalhães, yielded.

Legacy
[4]
It is estimated that during the five years of fighting in the revolt, the population of Pará was reduced from about 100,000 to 60,000.
In homage to the Cabano movement theMemorial da Cabanagemwas erected in the entrance to the city of Belém.

See also
Cabanada, rebellion in Pernambuco.

Notes
1. Mark Harris, Rebellion on the Amazon: The Cabanagem, Race, and Popular Culture in the North of Brazil, 1798-
1840, Volume 95 of Cambridge Latin American Studies; Cambridge University Press, 2010.(https://books.google.co
m/books?id=3cbVs-Uj12cC&dq=)ISBN 0521437237
2. "A hora da desforra", por Júlio José Chiavenato, Revista História iV
va, nº 45, páginas 84 a 91.
3. RIBEIRO, Darcy. O Povo Brasileiro, Companhia de Bolso, fourth reprint, 2008 (2008).
4. Renato Cancian. "Cabanagem (1835–1840): Uma das mais sangrentas rebeliões do período regencial" (http://notici
as.uol.com.br/licaodecasa/materias/fundamental/historia/brasil/ult1689u20.jhtm)
. Universo Online Liçao de Casa (in
Portuguese). Retrieved 2007-11-12.

Sources
Júlio José Chiavenato.Cabanagem, o povo no poder. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1984.
Júlio José Chiavenato.As lutas do povo brasileiro. São Paulo: Moderna, 1988.
Dicionário das batalhas brasileirasBy Hernâni Donato (1996)

This article is based on a translation of the corresponding article from the Portuguese
Wikipedia.

Empire of Exceptions: The Making of Modern Brazil

External links
Cabanagem Revolt at Flags of the World

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