University of Thi Qar

College of Education for Humanities

English Department
M.A. Program

An Analysis of
“The Translation Of Metaphor From Arabic To
English In Selected Poems Of Mahmoud Darwish
With A Focus On Linguistic Issues”

By

Mohammed Kareem

Presented to
Asst. Professor Kamal G. Nassir

2017-2018
CONTENTS

1. Parts of the Thesis

1.1. The Major of the study
1.2. Front Matter
1.3. Text
1.4. Back Matter
2. Capitalization and Number
2.1. Capitalization
2.2. Number.
3. Notes and Bibliography
3.1. Notes
3.2. Bibliography
4. Abbreviations and Punctuation Marks
4.1. Abbreviations
4.2. Punctuation Marks
5. Quotations
6. Chapters, Sections, Subsections and Sub-subsections
7. Qualitative or Quantitative
1. Part of the Thesis

1.1. The Major of the Study

The translation of Arabic literature into English focusing only on one
aspect the translation of metaphor in selected poems of
Mahmoud Darwish. and also it's about metaphor so it is cognitive
linguistics.

1.2. Front Matter

In this dissertation, the front matter consist of :

1. Title page.
2. Dedication
3. Acknowledgements
4. Abstract
5. Table of contents
6. List of appendices
7. List of figures
8. List of tables
9. Abbreviations
10. Arabic transliteration system

1.2. Text

The text of this dissertation is divided into eight chapters each one
contains of many titles and topics they are representing the body of that
paper .

Chapter One:: Introduction

1.1 Statement of the problem
1.2 Motivation
1.3 The place of the study in the field of translation studies
1.4 Research questions
1.5 Significance of the study
1.6 Thesis structure
1.7 Research methodology
Chapter Two: Darwish and His Poetry
2.1 An overview
2.2 Darwish’s biography
2.3 Darwish’s poetry: an overview
2.3.1 Separation and exile in Darwish’s life
2.3.1.1 Writings on separation and exile
2.3.2 Identity in Darwish’s view
2.3.2.1 Identity in Darwish’s poetry
2.3.3 Homeland in Darwish’s poetry

2.3.4 Love in Darwish’s poetry

2.3.5 People in Darwish’s poetry
2.4 General features of Darwish’s poetry
2.4.1 Simplicity
2.4.2 Modernity
2.4.3 Symbolism
2.4.4 The use of myth
2.5 Metaphor in Darwish’s poetry
2.5.1 Metaphors of perseverance and resistance
2.5.2 Metaphors of separation, exile, journey, and homeland
2.5.3 Metaphors of freedom
2.5.4 Metaphors of love
2.5.5 Metaphors of nature
2.6 Theory and practice of poetry translation
2.7 Theory and practice of poetry translation: relevance to the current
study
2.8 Problems of Arabic-English poetry translation
2.9 Translators who feature in the study
2.9.1 Denys Johnson-Davies
2.9.2 Jeffrey Sacks
2.9.3 Fady Joudah
2.9.4 Mohammad Shaheen
2.9.5 Catherine Cobham
2.9.6 Munir Akash
2.9.7 Carolyn Forché
2.9.8 Ben Bennani
2.9.9 Sinan Antoon
2.9.10 Amira El-Zein

2.9.11 Husain Haddawi

2.9.12 Noel Abdulahad
2.10 Difference between English native speaker translators and
Arabic native speaker translators
2.11 Chapter Summary

Chapter Three: Metaphor

3.1 The definition of metaphor
3.2 The elements of metaphor
3.3 Theories of metaphor
3.3.1The substitution theory
3.3.2 The interaction theory
3.3.3 The comparison theory
3.4 The place of metaphor within figures of speech
3.5. Types of metaphor
3.5.1 Picken’s typology of metaphor
3.5.2 Kovecses’s typology of metaphor
3.5.2.1 The conventionality of metaphor
3.5.2.2 The cognitive function of metaphor
3.5.2.3 The nature of metaphor
3.5.2.4 Level of generality
3.5.3 Newmark’s typology of metaphors
3.5.4 Dickins’ typology of metaphors
3.5.5 Semino’s and Knowles and Moon’s typology of metaphors
3.5.6 Lakoff’s typology of “dead” metaphors
3.5.7 Goatly’s typology of metaphors
3.6 Metaphor in Arabic rhetoric
3.6.1 The place of istiᶜārah within majāz

3.7 Difference between western and Arabic traditions

3.8 A comparison of typologies of metaphor
3.8.1 Lexicalisation-related aspects
3.8.2 Schema-related aspects
3.8.3 Size-related aspects
3.9 The interrelations between strands of the model used in the analysis
3.10 The purposes of metaphor
3.10.1 Embellishment and hyperbole
3.10.2 Persuasion
3.10.3 Description of behavioural characteristics
3.10.4 Filling lexical gaps
3.10.5 Creating emotional effect
3.10.6 Showing power or importance
3.10.7 Establishing a scientific theory
3.10.8 Metaphors whose vehicle literally expresses movement and change
3.10.9 Metaphors whose vehicle literally denotes a body part of a living
entity
3.10.10 Advertising
3.11 The translation of metaphor
3.11.1 Al-Hasnawi’s approach
3.11.2 Newmark’s approach
3.11.3 Dickins’ approach
3.11.5 Knowles and Moon’s approach
3.11.5 Other writers on Arabic/English metaphor translation
3.12 Evaluation of translation approaches
3.13 Chapter summary
Chapter Four: The Corpus of Poems
4. Foreword

4.1 National poetry

4.1.1 A Soldier Dreams of White Tulips
4.1.2 Psalm 2
4.2 Exile poetry
4.2.1 The Eternity of Cactus
4.2.2 Hooriyya’s Teachings
4.3 Love poetry
4.3.1 Low Sky
4.3.2 She Does Not Love You
4.4 Mythic poetry
4.4.1 The Phases of Anat
4.5 Autobiographical poetry
4.5.1 Rubaiyat
4.6 Identity poetry
4.6.1 From Now on You Are Somebody Else
4.7 Nature poetry
4.7.1 To Describe an Almond Blossom
4.8 The importance of metre in Darwish’s poetry
4.9 How free verse operates in Arabic
4.10 How free verse influences the translation process
4.11 Chapter Summary
Chapter Five: Analysis
5. Introduction
5.1 Metaphors in A Soldier Dreams of White Lilies/Tulips
5.2 Metaphors in Psalm 2
5.3 Metaphors in Eternity of Cactus
5.4 Metaphors in Hooriyya’s Teachings

5.5 Metaphors in Low Sky

5.6 Metaphors in She Does Not Love You
5.7 Metaphors in The Phases of Anat
5.8 Metaphors in Rubaiyat
5.9 Metaphors in From Now on You Are Somebody Else
5.10 Metaphors in To Describe an Almond Blossom
5.11 How metaphors operate and are translated across individual poems
5.12 Translation trend: Formal equivalence versus dynamic equivalence
5.13 General discussion and illustrations
5.14 Chapter Summary
Chapter Six: Discussion of Questionnaire Results
6. Introduction
6.1 Section One
6.2 Section Two
6.3 Section Three
6.4 Section Four
6.5 Section Five
6.6 Section Six
6.7 Section Seven
6.8 Section Eight
6.9 Section Nine
6.10 Section Ten
6.11 Discussion
6.12 Chapter Summary
Chapter Seven: Comparison of Results
7.1 Johnson-Davies’ “He dreams of her breast at bloom in evening”
7.1.1 Akash and Forche’s “He dreams of her breasts in evening blossom”

7.2 Johnson-Davies’ “I must be interned with memories”

7.2.1 Bennani’s “I must be a prisoner of memories”
7.3 Jeffrey Sacks’ “Remember crusader citadels gnawed by April weeds”
7.3.1 Amira El-Zein’s “Remember the fortresses of the crusades eaten by
April’s grasses”

7.4 Jeffrey Sacks’ “My days hovered over her and before her”
7.4.1 Sinan Antoon’s “thatmydays hover around her, that my days hover
in
front of her”

7.5 Haddawi’s “And our prayers turned to bone”

7.5.1 Sacks’ “Our prayers calcified”
7.6 Abdulahad’s “Profusion of vegetation rent by weeds”
7.6.1 Joudah’s “The vegetation of the fields crumble the shackles, O joy!”
7.7 Joudah’s “Whenever a poet dives into himself”
7.8 Shaheen’s “She is thrilled by the river, plunging in rhythm”
7.9 Cobham’s “But did not succeed in suppressing the happiness flowing
from his
eyes”

7.10 Shaheen’s “Words carry me off to snares of rhetoric that wound the
sense,
and praise the wound they’ve made”

7.11 How the translators’ backgrounds might be traceable in the results

7.12 Theory and practice of poetry translation: Analysis and discussion
7.13 General discussion
7.14 Chapter summary
Chapter Eight: Conclusion and Recommendations
8.1 General review of the study
8.2 Research questions revisited
8.3 Findings
8.4 Limitations of the study
8.5 Insights of the study
8.6 Recommendations
Bibliography

1.3. The Back Matter

The back matter of this thesis consists of
1. Bibliography

2. Capitalization and Number

2.1. Use of Capitalization
All the titles of chapters and topics are written in headline style, that is to
capitalize the initial letter of every word except conjunctions,
prepositions, and articles.

2.2. Number

In this dissertation, the researcher use numerals in the notes, like:

(Munday 2012: 10), and enumeration. For example:
3. Notes and Bibliography
3.1. Notes
The researcher used Content notes in this dissertation.
For example:
personified (given human qualities).in p(93)

3.2. Bibliography

As usual the bibliography was arranged in alphabetical order.

The format of the bibliography is:
The writer's last name followed by a comma and then the writer's first
name followed by a period, the year of publication followed by a period,
the title of the book The city of publication followed by a colon and
finally the publication company followed by an ending period.
For example:

ABDUL-RAOF, H. 2006. Arabic Rhetoric. New York: Routledge.

4. Abbreviations and Punctuation Marks

4.1. Abbreviations

The researcher put a table of abbreviations in the front matter of his

dissertation,like :
SL (Source Language)

4.2. Punctuation Mark

The researcher used a set of punctuation marks in his dissertation. he
used quotation marks, commas periods , colons, semicolons, , dashes
apostrophes and hyphens. For example,

1. quotation marks: put at the end of question like

(What are the most common types of metaphor used by Darwish in

the selected poems?) p(5)

2. commas: to signals the smallest interruption in continuity of
thought

3. periods used to end declarative sentences like :

The translations of Darwish in general have never been studied.

P (4)

4. Colons: its indicates discontinuity of grammatical constriction:

(Mahmoud Darwish, free verse, metaphor: ) p( 8)

5. Semicolons :it marks a greater break in the continuity of sentences

(In the phases of this journey they experience life from birth to death;)
P (34)

6. Dashes : (20-page)p-34, (making him a real song-maker)p-35

5. Quotations
The researcher take quotation from the poet .
“wider intellectual horizons and a geographical distance from his
beloved”. P (15)
6. Chapters, Sections, Subsection, and Sub-subsections
The dissertation is divided into eight chapters
and random amount of sections from (7-14), each section consists of a
set of subsections and each subsection consists of a set of sub-subsections
as in the front matter in this paper .

7. Qualitative or Quantitative
Quantitative thesis
Because the researcher collect data and just transferee information and
data frome language to another