10/21/2013

CENG 5503 - Steel and Timber Structures

Chapter 2 : Tension Members

Objectives
• Introduction
• Types of tension members
• Strength design of tension members
• Net Section or Net area
• Limit State Design of Tension Members
• Slenderness Ratio

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Introduction
• Tension members are structural members that carry
pure tension loads.
• Examples of tension members
– Tension chords and internal ties in trusses
– Tension bracing members
– Hanger supporting floor beams

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Types Of Tension Members

• Tension members may consist of a single structural
shape or they may be built up from a member of
structural shapes
• The cross sectional arrangement of axially stressed
tension members is structurally unimportant so long
as the net cross sectional are is sufficient to carry the
design loads and the shape can be conveniently
connected to other members in the structure

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Strength Design of Tension Members

• Design of tension members is the simplest and most
straight-forward one.
• It consists of providing a member adequate cross-
sectional area to resist the applied load.
• In tension members problem of buckling does not
occur but due consideration should be taken so that
sagging problem is avoided.

Cont’d
• Failure is assumed to occur
– Insufficient gross-sectional area of member away from
joint
– Insufficient net cross-sectional area of the joint

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Net Section or Net Area

• Holes for rivet or bolts in tension affect the member
in two ways
– Reduce the area of the cross-section
– Result in non-uniform strain in the cross-section in the
neighborhood of the hole

Figure. Stress Distribution

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Cont’d
• The area of gross- Rivet diameter Hole diameter
section minus the area (d) (do)
lost by holes is called mm mm
the net section or the
≤ 14 d+1
net area.
• Member can break on 14< d ≤22 d+2
a net section normal to
its axis or it may also =24 d+2
break on a zigzag
section if fasters are ≥ 27 d+3
staggered.

Cont’
1. Plate
• The net area is calculated by subtracting the
maximum sum of hole across any cross-section from
the gross area

 
   

Ag – gross sectional area

do - hole diameter
t – thickness

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Cont’d
• If holes are staggered, failure may occur
– Along line A-B-E
– Along zigzag line A-B-C-D

Cont’d
• Net area is calculated by simple empirical formula,


 
   

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Where: Ag – gross sectional area
do - hole diameter
t – thickness
S – pitch
P – spacing between center of hole or
gauge distance

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Cont’d
2. Angle connected with its two legs
• The method of solution assumes one leg of the angle
to be rotated and brought in the plane of the second
angle and we get
– Gross width of the angle in its position would be the sum
of the length of the two legs less the angle thickness
– Gauge distance for rivet or bolts holes in the two legs is
the sum of the gauge distance in each leg less the angle
thickness

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Cont’d
3. Angle connected by one leg
a) Angle connected by single row of bolts
1. With one bolt
2   0.5 
, 
γ
2. With two bolts
0.4
 
,   ! " 2.5
γ
0.7
 
,   ! $ 5.0
γ

Cont’d
3. With three bolts or more
0.5
 
,   ! " 2.5
γ
0.7
 
,   ! $ 5.0
γ

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Cont’d
• For intermediate value of P1, linear
interpolation may be used.
• For unequal angle connected by its smaller
leg, Anet should be taken as the area of an
equal leg having the size of the smaller angle.

Cont’d
2. Channel and T-Sections
• For single channel connected through the web or
singe tee connected through the flange, the effective
area should be calculated by
3%!

  %!
%
3%!
% 
Where a1 – is the net sectional area of the connected leg
a2 – is the net sectional area of the unconnected leg

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Cont’d
3. Double Angel
a) For double angle connected back to back or space
between
5%!

  %!
%
5%!
% 

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Cont’d
b. For double angle or tee placed back to back and connected
to each side of a gusset or to each side of a rolled section,
the effective area should be calculated as for plate using
previous equations


 
   

4'

LSD of Tension Members

• For members in axial tension, the design value of
axial tension force Nt,SD at each cross-section shall
satisfy,
,( " ,
a) The design plastic resistance of the gross section

+
)*, 
γ!
γM1 = 1.10 partial safety factor of the section

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Cont’d
b) The design ultimate resistance of the net
section at the bolt hole
0.9
-- 
, 
γ
γM2 = 1.25 partial safety factor of the net section

Slenderness ratio
• In all tension members, minimum amount of
member stiffness or rigidity is required with the view
of preventing undue sagging, deflection and
vibration by limiting the slenderness ratio
/
λ
0
Where L – length of the member
r – minimum radius of gyration
Type of member λ max
Main Members 240
Secondary Members 300

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