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SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY
- Previously, we dealt with comparing components of a chemical reaction by
converting mass of substances to moles.
- Now we will consider solutions where we will need to convert volumes to moles
to make comparisons.

Scheme:
Mass of Mass of
reactant product
(g) (g)

M M
Molar Molar
mass mass
Balanced
Moles of equation Moles of
reactant product
(mol) (mol)

M M
Molarity Molarity

Volume of Volume of
reactant product
(L) (L)

GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS
Measure the concentration of solution by measuring the mass of a precipitate
formed.
- Use grams of precipitate to find moles of solute.
- Divide by volume of solution to find concentration.

Example: 25.00 mL of Pb(NO3)2 solution with an unknown concentration reacts

with excess aqueous Rb3AsO4. After filtering and drying, 0.0814 g of
precipitate is found. What is the concentration of the lead(II) nitrate
solution? M(Pb3(AsO4)2) = 692.2 g/mol

3 Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 Rb3AsO4 (aq) → Pb3(AsO4)2 (s) + 6 RbNO3 (aq)

1mol Pb3 (AsO4 )2 3 mol Pb( NO3 )2 1 0.0141 molPb( NO3 )2

0.0814 g Pb3 (AsO4 )2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ =
692.2 g Pb3 (AsO4 )2 1molPb3 (AsO4 )2 0.02500 L L
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VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
Measure the concentration of solution by measuring the volume of solution need to
find stoichiometric equivalence between reactants using a titration.
- Use volume of titrant to find moles of analyte.
- Divide moles of analyte by volume of analyte to find concentration.
- Acid/base reactions are commonly used but not always.

Example: What is the concentration of a HBr solution when 50.00 mL is titrated

with 41.88 mL of 0.176 M KOH?

KOH (aq) + HBr (aq) → H2O (l) + KBr (aq)

0.1762 molKOH 1mol HBr 1 0.1476 molHBr

0.04188 L ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = = 0.1476 M HBr
L 1molKOH 0.05000 L 1L

LIMITING REAGENT PROBLEMS

Recall the following about limiting reagent problems.
- To find limiting reactant, calculate number of moles of product formed from
each number of moles of reactant.
- Limiting reactant will yield lowest number of moles produced.

Example: How many grams of Zn(OH)2 are produced when 350 mL of 0.152 M of
ZnSO4 is mixed with 250 mL of 0.275 M of LiOH?

First write balanced equation

ZnSO4 (aq) + 2 LiOH (aq) → Zn(OH)2 (s) + Li2SO4 (aq)

Now find number of moles of each reactant.

0.152 mol
ZnSO 4 : 0.350 L ⋅ = 0.0532 mol ZnSO 4
L

0.275 mol
LiOH: 0.250 L ⋅ = 0.0688 mol LiOH
L

Now calculate possible amount of product that each reactant can produce.

1mol Zn ( OH ) 2
ZnSO 4 :0.0532 mol ZnSO 4 ⋅ = 0.0532mol Zn ( OH ) 2
1mol ZnSO 4
1mol Zn ( OH ) 2
LiOH :0.0688mol LiOH ⋅ = 0.0344mol Zn ( OH ) 2
2mol LiOH
Therefore, LiOH is the limiting reagent.

1mol Zn ( OH ) 2 99.39g Zn ( OH ) 2
0.0688mol LiOH ⋅ ⋅ = 3.42g Zn ( OH ) 2
2mol LiOH mol Zn ( OH ) 2
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Example: When 732 L of 1.81 M of Ag2SO4 is mixed with 1148 L of 2.07 M of
KBr,
a) kilograms of AgBr (s) formed
b) concentration of all metal ions remaining

a) Ag2SO4 (aq) + 2 KBr (aq) → 2 AgBr (s) + K2SO4 (aq)

1.81 mol Ag 2SO4 2 mol AgBr

Ag 2SO 4 : 732 L ⋅ ⋅ = 2660 molAgBr
L 1mol Ag 2SO4
2.07 mol KBr 1 mol AgBr
KBr : 1148 L ⋅ ⋅ = 2380 mol AgBr
L 1mol KBr

KBr is the limiting reactant.

187.772 g AgBr
KBr : 2380 molAgBr ⋅ = 447000 g AgBr = 447 kg AgBr
mol AgBr

In photographic film, AgBr decomposes on exposure to light which darkens the negative.
2 AgBr(s) + hν → 2 Ag(s) + Br2 (l)

b) Find concentration of metal ions remaining.

The metal ions we might have in solution are Ag+ and K+.

i) Consider the concentration of K+ first.

- K+ is a spectator ion.
- It hasn’t participated in any chemical change.

Number of moles of K+ ion is same as number of moles of KBr initially.

Volume of solution is 732 L + 1148 L = 1880 L.

2380 mol K +
c K+ = = 1.26 M
1880 L

Note that although KBr is limiting reagent, none of the K+ is used. This means
that we could be more precise by saying that Br- is the limiting reagent.
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ii) Consider the concentration of Ag+.

Once reaction is complete, most of the Ag+ ion is now part of AgBr solid. But
since Ag+ ion is not limiting reagent some of it remains.

How much remains?

First of all how much Ag2SO4 went into AgBr solid.

1 mol Ag2SO4
2380 mol KBr ⋅ = 1190 mol Ag2SO4
2 mol KBr

Therefore subtract Ag2SO4 used from Ag2SO4 total.

total 1330 mol

- used -1190 mol
remaining 140 mol

We need to be careful about dissociation of Ag2SO4.

2 mol Ag +
140 mol Ag 2SO 4 ⋅ = 280 mol Ag +
1 mol Ag 2SO 4

Thus concentration of Ag+ is

280 mol Ag +
c Ag + = = 0.15 M
1880 L