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Graduation Project (Urban Drainage System Design) : Department of Engineering
Graduation Project (Urban Drainage System Design) : Department of Engineering
Graduation project
(Urban drainage system design)
Name: Mohammad AL-Abdallat Rakan Nayef Al_Taflawi
ID : 110301 120593
Instructor: Dr.Assal Haddad
Abstract
Abstract .................................................................................................................... 2
Contents .................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ............................................................................................................... 5
Project Description &objective .............................................................................. 5
Location ................................................................................................................ 6
System components ................................................................................................... 7
Sewers ................................................................................................................... 7
Manholes ............................................................................................................... 7
Gully Inlets ............................................................................................................ 8
Ventilation ............................................................................................................. 8
Design procedure ...................................................................................................... 9
Various stages of urban drainage design procedure .............................................. 10
Hydrologic Data ...................................................................................................... 12
Rainfall Characteristics ........................................................................................ 12
Soil Types and Infiltration ................................................................................... 12
Land Use ............................................................................................................. 12
Runoff ................................................................................................................. 13
Horizontal and Vertical Alignment .......................................................................... 14
Curved Sewer Alignment ..................................................................................... 14
Cost saving .......................................................................................................... 15
Maximum Depth .................................................................................................. 16
Sewers along Streams .......................................................................................... 18
Minimum limitation ............................................................................................. 19
Hydraulic Design .................................................................................................... 20
Rainfall Analysis ................................................................................................. 21
IDF relationships ................................................................................................. 22
Definition ......................................................................................................... 22
Derivation ........................................................................................................ 22
Rational method ...................................................................................................... 25
Assumption of the rational method....................................................................... 26
Application of the rational method........................................................................... 28
Description of the Rational Method input variables .............................................. 28
Runoff coefficient ................................................................................................ 29
Catchment areas distribution ................................................................................... 32
General lay out .................................................................................................... 33
Catchment areas location ..................................................................................... 33
Manholes location................................................................................................ 34
Calculations & Results ............................................................................................ 35
Profiles and sections ................................................................................................ 44
References ............................................................................................................... 48
Introduction
Urban drainage is a very old profession, dating back to around 3000 BC.
Over recent decades, the international urban drainage literature has seen
the development and adoption of a range of ‘new’ terms (and jargon) that
attempt to describe the management of urban water and surface water
runoff in a more holistic manner.
Location
The project to be designed in the American university of Madaba
With coordinates
Madaba
31.661224, 35.800805
System components
This chapter gives an overview of the elements that make up urban
drainage and sewer system components.
Sewers
Sewer pipes are available in a variety of materials, they can be made of
cast and ductile iron, PVC (polyvinyl chloride), concrete, asbestos
cement, HDPE (high density polyethylene), brick, and vitrified clay.
Most new sewer pipe has a circular cross section; however, many older
sewers, especially those made from brick, have different cross-sectional
shapes.
Manholes
Manholes are structures designed to provide access to a sewer. Access is
required for testing, visual inspection of sewers, and placement and
maintenance of flow or water quality monitoring instruments.
Gully inlet
Ventilation
It is important to have adequate air ventilation in all urban drainage
systems, but particularly in foul and combined sewers. It is needed to
ensure that aerobic conditions are maintained within the pipe, and to
avoid the possibility of build-up of toxic or explosive gases.
Design procedure
This chapter gives an overview of the main stages in the design process,
design consideration and data requirements are described. Initial system
layouts of urban drainage systems are also discussed.
Methods and procedures are given for the hydraulic design of urban
drainage systems.
The first stage is to define the contributing area (catchment area and
population) and mark it on a topographical map. The map should already
include contours, but other pertinent natural (e.g. rivers) and man-made
(e.g. buildings, roads, services) features should also be marked up.
Possible outfall or overflow points should be identified and investigations
made as to the capacity of the receiving water body.
• Collect regulatory codes and design guidelines and set system design
criteria.
a) Contours
b) Physical features (e.g. rivers) o road layout
c) Buildings o sewers and other services o outfall point (e.g. near
lowest point, next to receiving water body).
d) Railroads,
• Divide the total area into logical subareas, as needed, and develop
design flow rates for each section in the system.
• Select pipe sizes, slopes, and inverts. Perform the hydraulic design of
the system. Revise selections until the design criteria are met.
a) ensure pipes are deep enough so all users can connect into the
system
b) try to locate pipes parallel to the ground surface
c) ensure pipes arrive above outfall level
d) avoid pumping if possible Stage
• Complete the plan and profile construction drawings and prepare the
specifications and other bid documents.
Hydrologic Data
Rainfall Characteristics
The soil is classified as HSG Type D soil throughout the project study
area. Type D soils have low infiltration rates and poor-drained soils.
These soils have a high runoff potential after saturation.
Land Use
Current land uses within the proposed project areas reflect a mixture of
residential and open space.
Runoff
Where,
Tc = time of concentration
A = Watershed Area
S = Watercourse Slope
Once sewer system layouts and design flows have been determined, the
engineer can proceed with designing the vertical sewer alignment and
sizing the pipes.
Cost saving
When the cost savings resulting from fewer manholes and shallower
construction outweighs these problems, curved sewers should be
considered. Minimum Depth of Cover Sewer pipe should be placed as
shallow as possible while still being located
• Below the frost line (in permafrost areas, the sewer must be insulated,
perhaps even heated)
The cover depth is the distance from the soil surface to the top of the
outside surface of the pipe. Minimum cover in no trafficked areas is
generally 0.45–0.6 m and in trafficked areas is 1.2–1.5m, depending on
the pipe type.
Modern basements are often used as living areas and may be several feet
deeper than they were in the past.
In such cases, the cost of pumped lateral services on the upstream end
should be weighed against the increased construction cost of the deeper
system.
Maximum Depth
Maximum sewer depths are often set at 6–8 m. Common factors that have
historically limited depth are as follows:
If the flow must be pressurized at the crossing (i.e., there is a sag in the
pipe), then it is an inverted siphon. A true elevated sewer will have the
same slope as the upstream and downstream pipes. The designer should
examine the ground profile to identify the segment of pipe that is above
grade.
Minimum diameters for depressed sewers are the same as for gravity
sewers: 150 or 200 mm. Depressed sewers require a larger sediment
carrying capacity for self-cleansing than do normal, open-channel sewers,
because it is desirable to scour larger particles out of the siphon to avoid
build-up and clogging, and also because particles must be suspended in
the turbulent flow to be successfully removed. To make them as
maintenance free as possible, velocities of at least 0.9 m/s need to be
achieved at a minimum of every few days.
Storm drainage networks physically connect storm water inlet points such
as road gullies and roof downpipes to a discharge point or outfall, by a
series of continuous and unbroken pipes.
Flow into the sewer results from the random input over time and space of
rainfall runoff. Generally, these flows are intermittent, of relatively long
duration and are hydraulically unsteady.
Separate storm sewers will stand empty for long periods of time. The
extent to which the capacity is taken up during rainfall depends on the
magnitude of the event and conditions in the catchment. During low
rainfall, flows will be well below the available capacity, but during very
high rainfall the flow may exceed the pipe capacity inducing pressure
flow and even surface flooding.
Once flows are known, suitable pipes can be designed. The choice of
design storm return period therefore determines the degree of protection
from storm water flooding provided by the system. This protection should
be related to the cost of any damage or disruption that might be caused by
flooding.
Although we can assess and specify design rainfall return period, our
greatest interest is really in the return period of flooding. It is normally
assumed that the frequency of rainfall is equivalent to the frequency of
runoff.
However, this is not completely accurate. For example, antecedent soil
moisture conditions, areal distribution of the rainfall over the catchment
and movement of rain all influence the generation of storm water runoff.
These conditions are not the same for all rainfall events, so rainfall
frequency cannot be identical to runoff frequency.
Urban drainage systems deal with both wastewater and storm water.
Most storm water is the result of rainfall. Other forms of precipitation –
snow for example – are contributors too, but rainfall is by far the most
significant in most places. Methods of representing and predicting rainfall
are therefore crucial in the design, analysis and operation of drainage
systems.
Rainfall Analysis
The rainfall duration refers to the time period D minutes over which the
rainfall falls. However, duration is not necessarily the time period for the
whole storm, as any event can be subdivided and analyzed for a range of
durations.
Definition
Derivation
When local rainfall data are available, IDF curves can be developed using
frequency analysis.
2. After time series data is gathered, annual extremes are extracted from
the record of each duration.
• µ and σ are the mean and standard deviation of the annual maximum
series and
Historically, ‘‘Rational method’’ has been the tool of choice for most
practicing engineers around the world. Although the method definitely
has its place in hydrologic design, it is routinely misapplied and
overextended. The concept is attractive and easy to understand. If rainfall
occurs over a basin at a constant intensity for a period of time that is
sufficient to produce steady state runoff at the outlet or design point, then
the peak outflow rate will be proportional to the product of rainfall
intensity and basin area.
q = CiA/360
Where
i = rainfall intensity in mm/h for the design return period and for a
duration equal to the “time of concentration” of the catchment.
Assumption of the rational method
• For large drainage areas, the time of concentration can be so large that
the assumption of constant rainfall intensities for such long periods is not
valid, and shorter more intense rainfalls can produce larger peak flows.
Additionally, rainfall intensities usually vary during a storm. In semi-arid
and arid regions, storm cells are relatively small with extreme intensity
variations.
Usually, Tc is taken as the sum of the overland flow time, to (or the "time
to entry" or the "inlet time"), and the time of travel, td, in sewers or the
main channel. td can be estimated using the flow formulae. For small
fully-sewered areas, some drainage authorities specify to as a constant
typically ranging from 5 to 15 minutes.
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Profiles and sections
References