SUSTAINABILITY

SUSTAINABLE CITY

A sustainable city, or eco-city (also "ecocity") is a city designed with consideration

of environmental impact, inhabited by people dedicated towards minimization of required
inputs of energy, water and food, and waste output of heat, air pollution - CO2, methane,
and water pollution. There remains no completely agreed upon definition for what a
sustainable city should be or completely agreed upon paradigm for what components
should be included. Generally, developmental experts agree that a sustainable city should
meet the needs of the present without sacrificing the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs. The ambiguity within this idea leads to a great deal of variation in terms
of how cities carry out their attempts to become sustainable.
Ideally, a sustainable city creates an enduring way of life across the four domains of
ecology, economics, politics and culture. However, minimally a sustainable city should
firstly be able to feed itself with a sustainable reliance on the surrounding countryside.
Secondly, it should be able to power itself with renewable sources of energy. The crux of
this is to create the smallest possible ecological footprint, and to produce the lowest
quantity of pollution possible, to efficiently use land; compost used materials, recycle it or
convert waste-to-energy, and thus the city's overall contribution to climate change will be
minimal, if such practices are adhered to.
It is estimated that over 50% of the world’s population now lives in cities and urban areas.
These large communities provide both challenges and opportunities for environmentally-
conscious developers, and there are distinct advantages to further defining and working
towards the goals of sustainable cities. Humans are social creatures and thrive in urban
spaces that foster social connections. Because of this, a shift to more dense, urban living
would provide an outlet for social interaction and conditions under which humans can
prosper.
Contrary to common belief, urban systems can be more environmentally sustainable than
rural or suburban living. With people and resource located so close to one another it is
possible to save energy for transportation and mass transit systems, and resources such as
food. Finally, cities benefit the economy by locating human capital in one relatively small
geographic area where ideas can be generated.

Practical achievement
These ecological cities are achieved through various means, such as:

 Different agricultural systems such as agricultural plots within the city

(suburbs or centre). This reduces the distance food has to travel from field to fork
which decreases the ecological footprint. Practical work out of this may be done by
either small scale/private farming plots or through larger scale agriculture
(e.g. farmscrapers).

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 Renewable energy sources, such as wind turbines, solar panels, or bio-gas created
from sewage. Cities provide economies of scale that make such energy sources viable.
 Various methods to reduce the need for air conditioning (a massive energy demand),
such as planting trees and lightening surface colors, natural ventilation systems, an
increase in water features, and green spaces equaling at least 20% of the city's surface.
These measures counter the "heat island effect" caused by an abundance of tarmac and
asphalt, which can make urban areas several degrees warmer than surrounding rural
areas—as much as six degrees Celsius during the evening.
 Improved public transport and an increase in pedestrianization to reduce car
emissions. This requires a radically different approach to city planning, with integrated
business, industrial, and residential zones. Roads may be designed to make driving
difficult.
 Optimal building density to make public transport viable but avoid the creation
of urban heat islands.
 Solutions to decrease urban sprawl, by seeking new ways of allowing people to live
closer to the workspace. Since the workplace tends to be in the city, downtown, or
urban center, they are seeking a way to increase density by changing the antiquated
attitudes many suburbanites have towards inner-city areas. One of the new ways to
achieve this is by solutions worked out by the Smart Growth Movement.
 Green roofs
 Sustainable transport
 Zero-energy building
 Sustainable urban drainage systems or SUDS
 energy conservation systems/devices
 Xeriscaping - garden and landscape design for water conservation
 Key Performance Indicators - development and operational management tool providing
guidance and M&V for city administrators.

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Green City

The Green City aims to inform and stimulate the interest with authorities, organizations
and companies which are professionally involved in planning and developing the urban
area, ensuring green will be applied appropriately.

 As partial solution to air- and water problems

 To prevent social and societal degeneration
 To make the urban area more attractive
 It is our goal to secure the economic development of the urban area now and in the
future. It should result into renewed planning concepts, both locally, nationally and
internationally.

Green city” with its green spaces means a multitude of things. Amply of conflicts of interest
with other (traditional) land uses. A city is considered green if the incidence of
environmentally linked diseases is relatively low. Green city actually means a new way of
enhancing the sustainability of urbanized areas. Green cities have clean air and water and
pleasant streets and parks. Green cities are resilient in the face of natural disasters, and the
risk of major infectious disease outbreaks in such cities is low. Green cities also encourage
green behavior, such as the use of public transit, and their ecological impact is relatively
small, it creates smallest possible ecological footprint, Lowest quality of pollution possible,
Efficient use of land is possible due to green cities.

Green roofs: -support refugia for endangered insects, hold and purify rain water (mitigate
flooding), filter polluted urban air, aesthetically pleasing.

WHY GREEN CITY?

Because the world is becoming increasingly urbanized, it is important to learn how

to improve urban environments, to make cities more pleasant and healthier places in which
to live and reduce undesirable effects on the environment.

To design a city that promote biological conservation and become pleasant environment
for people which includes:

~Green Home ~Materials Recycling

~Green Transportation ~Clean and Safe Water

~Green Energy

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CRITERIAS

 Low carbon transport

 Green industry

 Energy Efficient buildings

 City greening

 Green, Resilient Infrastructure

(energy saving bulbs, Improved management of commercial buildings, power

saving methods)

 Intelligent System

 Transforming cities into livable Urban environments

o Local landuse and transportation pattern

o Building construction and resilient , energy-efficient infrastructures

o Local economy activity

GREEN HOME

A green home is a type of house that is built or remodeled in order to conserve energy or
water, improve indoor air quality, use sustainable, recycled or used materials and produce
less waste in the process. Instead of building high-rise buildings, green home should be
considered in our Green City.

Energy Efficient Buildings

Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current

practices in creating greener structures, the common objective is that green buildings are
designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the
natural environment by:

 Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources

 Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity

 Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation

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One of the ways to achieve this is by solutions worked out by the Smart Growth Movement :

 Green roofs
 Sustainable transport
 Zero-energy building
 Sustainable urban drainage systems or SUDS
 energy conservation systems/devices
 Xeriscaping - garden and landscape design for water conservation

Green Roof

• A green roof or living roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely

covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing
membrane.
• Green roofs are used to:
• Reduce heating or cooling
• Reduce storm water run off
• Natural Habitat Creation
• Filter pollutants and carbon dioxide out of the air which helps lower
disease rates such as
• Filter pollutants and heavy metals out of rainwater
• Help to insulate a building for sound; the soil helpsto block lower frequencies
and the plants blockhigher frequencies
• Reduction in energy usage.

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Eco-industrial park

The purpose of an eco-industrial park is to connect a number of firms and

organizations to work together to decrease their environmental impact while
simultaneously improving their economic performance. The community of businesses
accomplishes this goal through collaboration in managing environmental and resource
issues, such as energy, water, and materials. The components for building an eco-industrial
park include natural systems, more efficient use of energy, and more efficient material and
water flows. Industrial parks should be built to fit into their natural settings in order to
reduce environmental impacts, which can be accomplished through plant design,
landscaping, and choice of materials.
For instance, there is an industrial park in Michigan built by Phoenix Designs that is made
almost entirely from recycled materials. The landscaping of the building will include native
trees, grasses, and flowers, and the landscaping design will also act as climate shelter for
the facility. In choosing the materials for building an eco-industrial park, designers must
consider the life-cycle analysis of each medium that goes into the building to assess their
true impact on the environment and to ensure that they are using it from one plant to
another, steam connections from firms to provide heating for homes in the area, and using
renewable energy such as wind and solar power. In terms of material flows, the companies
in an eco-industrial park may have common waste treatment facilities, a means for
transporting by-products from one plant to another, or anchoring the park
around resource recovery companies that are recruited to the location or started from
scratch. To create more efficient water flows in industrial parks, the processed water from
one plant can be reused by another plant and the parks infrastructure can include a way to
collect and reuse storm water runoff.

Urban farming

Urban farming is the process of growing and distributing food, as well as raising
animals, in and around a city or in urban area. According to the RUAF Foundation, urban
farming is different from rural
agriculture because "it is integrated into
the urban economic and ecological system:
urban agriculture is embedded in -and
interacting with- the urban ecosystem.
Such linkages include the use of urban
residents as labourers, use of typical urban
resources (like organic waste as compost
and urban wastewater for irrigation),
direct links with urban consumers, direct
impacts on urban ecology (positive and
negative), being part of the urban food
system, competing for land with other
urban functions, being influenced by urban
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policies and plans, etc." There are many motivations behind urban agriculture, but in the
context of creating a sustainable city, this method of food cultivation saves energy in food
transportation and saves costs. In order for urban farming to be a successful method of
sustainable food growth, cities must allot a common area for community gardens or farms,
as well as a common area for a farmers market in which the foodstuffs grown within the
city can be sold to the residents of the urban system.

Urban infill

Many cities are currently in a shift from the suburban sprawl model of development
to a return to urban dense living. This shift in geographic distribution of population leads to
a denser core of city residents. These residents provide a growing demand in many sectors
that is reflected in the architectural fabric of the city. This new demand can be supplied by
new construction or historic rehabilitation. Sustainable cities will opt for historical
rehabilitation wherever possible. Having people live in higher densities not only gives
economies of scale but also allows for infrastructure to be more efficient.

Walkable urbanism

Walkable urbanism is a development strategy in opposition to suburban sprawl. It

advocates housing for a diverse population, a full mix of uses, walkable streets,
positive public space, integrated civic and commercial centers, transit orientation and
accessible open space. It also advocates for density and accessibility of commercial and
government activity.

New Urbanism

The most clearly defined form of walkable urbanism is known as the Charter of New
Urbanism. It is an approach for successfully reducing environmental impacts by altering
the built environment to create and preserve smart cities which support sustainable
transport. Residents in compact urban neighborhoods drive fewer miles, and have
significantly lower environmental impacts across a range of measures, compared with
those living in sprawling suburbs.The concept of Circular flow land use management has
also been introduced in Europe to promote sustainable land use patterns that strive for
compact cities and a reduction of greenfield land taken by urban sprawl.
In sustainable architecture the recent movement of New Classical Architecture promotes a
sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth,
walkability, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast
to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as opposing solitary housing
estates and suburban sprawl. Both trends started in the 1980s.

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Green Transportation

The idea behind a green transportation infrastructure is one that provides opportunities
for people to get around their communities using their own power such as walking or
biking or by other more environmentally sensitive means, like trains or buses. A
truly green infrastructure is one that residents enjoy, provides durable and inexpensive
mobility.

Cycling

The government should encourage the citizens to cycle as well because this is a sport which
suitable for many and it helps to reduce the car emissions. The government should be
considerate about the cyclist’s safety. The government should construct bicycle path for the
riders .Besides, the authorities should locate buried pipes using electromagnetic signals
from above the ground. The idea is to find metallic structures capable of reflecting
electromagnetic waves through soil, much as a reflector makes a bicycle easier to see at
night.

Walking

The government should encourage the citizens to walk. Walking is enjoyable and healthy
activity. This is among the most popular forms of recreation. In order to ensure their safety,
flyover and zebra-crossing should be establish at the right and suitable places. Traffic lights
should always be in good condition too. Pedestrians are apart of every roadway
environment and attention must be paid to their presence in urban area because of the
demands of vehicular traffic in congested urban areas, it is often extremely difficult to make
adequate provisions for pedestrians.

Public Transports

Public Transport such as busses, LRT, commuters and trains offer significant
environmental advantages that contribute to a better quality of life:

 Saves Fuel
 Alleviate Traffic Congestion
 Reduces Gasoline Consumption
 Reduces Carbon Footprint
 Improves air quality

How to Improve Transportation

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1. Speed-up the vehicle boarding process.

• Use off-vehicle fare collection

• Use level boarding or low floor vehicles

• Improve vehicle design

2. Optimize stop design.

• Reduce the number of stops

• Carefully locate stops on the street

3. Reduce traffic congestion.

• Provide dedicated lanes for public transport

• Use regulations and traffic engineering to control traffic

• Use innovative ideas to reduce traffic impacts on public transport

4. Give public transport priority at traffic signals.

 Reducing time spent at traffic signals makes customers happy and reduces cost

Renewable energy

With the expansion of urbanization and the overcrowding of the large cities,
phenomena such as the physical, chemical and biological pollution, as well as the
continuous increase of building density and waste amounts, are inevitable and difficult to
manage. Under the circumstances, it is necessary to reconsider the principles of urban
planning. In the current knowledge, the green city represents a viable strategy that
combines all conceptual characteristics of the cities of the future (biophilic city, eco-city,
smart city, sustainable city etc.). Whatever the name, the green city is a systemic entity,
implicitly functional, able to absorb, store, convert and recycle matter and energy like a
living organism. Apart from the usual urban components, the green city has also specific
features: green and blue oxygen-producing areas, landscaped and environment-friendly
buildings, road network adapted to eco-friendly vehicles, green energy, and sustainable
waste management systems (a pre-requisite for moving to a recycling society).

The major benefits of the green cities stem from their very qualities and include, among
others, the following:

 oxygenation and purification of urban air

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 mitigation of the heat island phenomenon; the keeping and even the increasing of
biodiversity by creating semi-natural habitats
 the use of bio architecture to connect man and nature through the medium of
landscape improvements inspired from the living organisms; and last, but not least,
the psychological and sanogenic impact on people. If managed properly, green
infrastructures may become local tourist assets, thus enhancing the communities’
economic benefits.

The present study may be a starting point in initiating further research on the vulnerability
of urban areas (arid and semi-arid, highly polluted and populated), in order to improve the
quality of living by implementing green infrastructures.

Benefits of Renewable Energy

• have minimal or no negative environmental or social impact

• not deplete natural resources

• meet the needs of people today and in the future in an accessible, equitable and
efficient manner

• protect air, land and water

• have little or no net carbon or other greenhouse gas emissions

• be safe today and not burden

• future generations with

• unnecessary risk

Today, renewable energy provides only a tiny fraction of its potential electricity output in
the United States and worldwide. But numerous studies have repeatedly shown
that renewable energy can be rapidly deployed to provide a significant share of
future electricity needs, even after accounting for potential constraints

Materials Recycling

Almost 3 billion tons of waste were generated in the EU 27 in 2006, and the rate is
increasing at rates comparable to economic growth. Improvement in the way waste is
managed is therefore urgently needed.

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Thus, promoting ecological balance through conscious behavior and choices are crucial
in our Green City.

RECYCLE

The initiative aims to:

• Implement waste sorting and treatment methods to improve the quality of recycling
materials such as construction, industrial, household, electrical and electronic waste

• Encourage the design of innovative products using recycled material and facilitate
material recycling

• Multiply business innovations that strengthen the competitiveness of the recycling

industries.

Clean and Safe Water

Water is essential not only for direct uses, but also for ensuring the integrity of ecosystems
and the goods and services they provide to humans. As freshwater depletion and pollution
is becoming increasingly problematic, it is crucial to boost the market uptake of innovative
solutions to improve water efficiency and water quality in different sectors. In the specific
context, projects focusing on water efficiency should reduce water consumption by at least
30% in our Green City.

Water Conservation

Eco-Innovation wants to support:

 Water efficient processes,

 products and technologies,
 especially water-free processes
 Water and wastewater treatment: solutions that offer greater efficiency and
reduced
 environmental impact
 Smart distribution systems aiming at saving water, chemicals, energy and
materials.

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Water-saving technology for the home includes:

• Energy-efficient shower heads as they also use less energy,

• Low-flush toilets and composting toilets.

• Dual flush toilets that includes two buttons or handles to flush different levels of
water. Dual flush toilets use up to 67% less water than conventional toilets.

• Saline water (sea water) or rain water can be used for flushing toilets..

• Raw water flushing where toilets use sea water or non-purified water

• Waste water reuse or recycling systems, allowing: Reuse of greywater for flushing
toilets or watering gardens ~Recycling of wastewater through purification at a
water treatment plant.

Rainwater harvesting

• High-efficiency clothes washer

• Weather-based irrigation controllers

• Garden hose nozzles that shut off water when it is not being used, instead of letting a
hose run.

• Using low flow taps in wash basins

• Swimming pool covers that reduce evaporation and can warm pool water to reduce
water, energy and chemical costs.

Greywater Treatment

The potential ecological benefits of greywater recycling include

• Lower fresh water extraction from rivers and aquifers

• Less impact from septic tank and treatment plant infrastructure

• Topsoil nitrification

• Reduced energy use and chemical pollution from treatment

• Groundwater recharge

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• Increased plant growth

• Reclamation of nutrients

• Greater quality of surface and groundwater when preserved by the natural

purification in the top layers of soil than generated water treatment
processes.

Some examples of green cities are:

San Francisco

This city the first in the United

States to introduce the colored bins
recycling system into homes and
workplaces, making recycle easy
and accessible, and most
importantly — legally obligatory.

The fantastic public transport

system and government’s
encouragement for people to use
more electric cars also helped San
Francisco be one of the most eco-
friendliest city in the world.

Singapore

The greenest city in Asia is also a

good example how a city can deal
with environmental issues. First of
all, a huge revolutionary public
transport system made Singapore
gain the green title. Moreover, the
number of water wastage in
Singapore is pretty small comparing
with Asia’s average number. If Asian
index of water waste is 380kg per
person, then Singapore’s is only
307kg. In addition to that, every

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household in this city can recycle easily because city distributed special recycling
containers for free. All sums up to a really green city’s lifestyle and a better environment

Curitiba

Curitiba is one of the eco-friendliest cities in the world, and surely the most eco-friendliest
town in Latin America. This Brazilian city can be proud of amazing 70% city’s waste
recycled and one of the first ever recycling initiatives back in the 1980s. Also, Curitiba
achieved greenest city award by developing one of the biggest bus and public transport
systems. Moreover, the city’s government works hard to make a world greener by planting
more than 1 million trees around highways and creates more green spots as well.

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Smart City
A 'smart city' is an urban region that is highly advanced in terms of overall infrastructure,
sustainable real estate, communications and market
viability.

It is a city where information technology is the principal

infrastructure and the basis for providing essential services
to residents. A Smart City has-

 basic infrastructure,
 uses ‘smart’ solutions to make infrastructure and
services better, and
 Relies on Area based development.

Objectives of Smart City

■ Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure
(roads, built environment and other physical assets) through artificial intelligence and data
analytics to support a strong and healthy economic, social, cultural development
■ Engage effectively with local people in local governance and decision by use of open
innovation processes and e-participation, improving the collective intelligence of the city's
institutions through e-governance, with emphasis placed on citizen participation and co-
design.
■ Learn, adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to changing
circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city.
Basic infrastructure includes

■ Assured water & electricity supply,

■ Sanitation & Solid Waste Management,
■ Efficient urban mobility & public transport,
■ Affordable Housing,
■ Robust IT connectivity,
■ e-governance & citizen participation,
■ Safety & security of citizens,
■ Health & Education and
■ Economic Activities & Livelihood Opportunities

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City world wide smart solution

Smart solutions are application of IT&C to municipal services and infrastructure to make them
better.

Examples –

 Smart water meters and billing systems,

 Remotely controlled automatic distribution valves,
 Real time, online systems of monitoring water quality,
 City-wide intelligent video surveillance network,
 Using mobile phones for cyber tour of worksites,

Area based Development Models

 Retrofitting
Development of an existing built area greater than 500 acres so as to achieve the objective of smart
cities mission to make it more efficient and livable e.g. Local Area Development (Ahmedabad)

 Redevelopment
Replace existing built environment in an area of more than 50 acres and enable co-creation of a
new layout, especially enhanced infrastructure, mixed land use and increased density e.g. Bhendi
Bazar, Mumbai

 Greenfield
Develop a previously vacant area of more than 250 acres using innovative planning, plan financing
and plan implementation tools with provision for affordable housing, especially for the poor e.g.
New Town, Kolkotta, Naya Raipur, GIFT City.

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Components of area-based development

1. Holistic development of existing and new areas.
 One area catalyzes the development of other areas, and
 Sets an example for other cities.

2. Quality of life in Areas meets citizen’s expectations and has

 Planned mixed land use,
 Housing, especially for the poor,
 Walkable localities – accessibility to parks, public transport,
 Preservation and development of open space,
 Public transport, last mile connectivity,
 Governance is citizen friendly and cost effective.

Sustainability Essential Features

Applicable to all three type of area based developments

 Adequate water supply including waste water recycling and storm water
reuse,
 Assured electricity supply - least 10% of the energy requirement coming
from solar power,
 Sanitation, including solid waste management,
 Efficient urban mobility and public transport,
 Affordable Housing, especially for poor,
 Robust IT connectivity and digitalization,
 Good Governance, especially e-Governance and citizen participation,
 Sustainable environment,
 Ensuring safety of citizens, especially women and elderly, and
 Health and education.
• Additionally, for greenfield areas
• 80% buildings would be energy efficient green building,
15% of the building will be in the affordable housing category

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BHENDI BAZAR
Bhendi Bazaar is a market in South Mumbai. The 18 acre Bhendi bazar redevelopment project
involves moving 25,000 people from 250+ old buildings into apartment towers. All the mosques in
the area will be left untouched. It will also preserve the religious, cultural and social spirit that has
defined this vibrant locality for years. As a fusion of new technologies and the incomparable flavor
of the area, it will stand as a unique architectural feat.

 80% of the project

involves rehousing the
existing tenants free of
cost in brand new
buildings.
 The other 20% will
include for residential
skyscrapers to be sold at
the market rate to
recover the project cost.

The project is planned holistically to promote sustainable way of living. The entire area will
be divided into functionally appropriate spaces and the buildings rise in height from south
to north to minimize heat ingress while maximizing air circulation and natural lighting
around the buildings. Significantly more space will be available for open areas, green

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spaces, play and recreational facilities. Best principles for traffic managements is
incorporated in design. The area will have its own environment friendly and efficient
sewage treatment plant, solar panels, and rain water harvesting and garbage disposal units.
The project aims to be resource neutral. It has already been recertified ‘gold’ by the Indian
green building council.

GIFT CITY
Gujarat International Finance Tec-City or GIFT is an under-construction central business
district between Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar in the Indian state of Gujarat. It will be built
on 359 hectares of land.

Gift master plan reflects a sophisticated planning approach that integrates the internet
program into the existing context of the both the site and the region. The gift development
is expected to become a contemporary model development in India, advancing the ideas of
sustainability and ecology. The development of gift offers a significant opportunity to be a
test-bed to drive reforms and innovation in various field including in delivery systems,
local government physical planning, infrastructure development, environmental protection
and so on.

It provokes in maintenance of ecological integrity through low energy consumption, careful

stewardship, education, reduction in waste, and culture and protection of diverse and
important natural spaces and systems.

Gift city provides intelligent urbanization. It provides a technologically advances financial

services gate way to national and world financial market. It enables immediate emergency
response for disaster/ crisis management. It has interfaced services like complete control

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of temperature/ light, al utility uses information to be recorded, door locking control,

emergency exit route lighting control, automatic presence sense lighting, etc.

Basic parameters for green building may be considered and mention in the provision sheet
and such as structure design efficiency, material efficiency, indoor environmental quality
enhancement operation and mantainace optimization and waste reduction.

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Putting it all together

The sustainability of a community or city can be achieved through the below mentioned
points:-

1. Permeability
The space to be designed must be accessible. Only places
which are accessible can offer people with choices. A
number of alternate ways through an environment must
be created. This makes the environment more
responsive. Permeability must be considered early in
design; the number of routes, how they link together,
where they go must be considered.

2. Variety
The easily accessible places must offer a choice of
experiences in order to be of sustainable. A variety
of uses must be considered while designing which
are similar and complimentary in nature. It must
be economically and functionally feasible. The
short term and long term uses must be
considered.

3. Legibility
Legibility of a space is how easily people can understand the layout of it. It is
considered to be the third stage of design. The routes and junctions are
differentiated from one another by designing them with differing qualities of spatial
enclosure. The volume of the buildings which enclose the public spaces must be
decided accordingly.

4. Robustness
Places which can be used for many different purposes offer their users more choice
than places whose design limits them to a single fixed use. Environments which
offer the choice have a quality we call robustness. The spatial and constructional
organization must be suitable for the widest possible range of likely activities and
future uses.

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5. Visual appropriateness
The must spatial design
determines the general appearance
of the scheme. We must focus on
what it looks like in more detail. It
strongly affects the interpretations
people put on the places. Hence the
detailing must be done according
to the environment and people’s
approach.

6. Richness
The design decisions must be made in ways which increase the choice of sense-
experiences which users can enjoy. This further level of choice is called richness.
The richness must be provided in both visual and non-visual context and the
selection of appropriate materials and construction technologies for achieving it.

7. Personalization
The people live and work in places which are
designed by others. It is therefore important
that we make it possible for the users to
personalize places. It give a feeling of
belonging and ownership to the people which
also aids in the maintain, ace and proper use
of the spaces. The final detail decisions must
be made to support personalization and to
ensure that its results will not erode any
public role the building may have.

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Bibliography

Responsive Environments by BENTLY ALCOCK MURRAIN McGLYNN SMITH

Sustainable Building Design Manual Vol 2

City and Environment BY CHRISTOPHER G. BOONE, ALI MODARRES

www.wikipedia/sustainable city

www.wikipedia/green city

www.wikipedia/smart city

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