Complex Analysis & Partial Diff. Eq., ex.

1 Amir Haluts, ID 305471526

1. Taylor expansions
The Taylor expansion of around is given by:

(a)

Therefore:
And we can conclude that in general:
Thus we have:

(b)

We see that for only the second term of will yield a derivative that is not for (have
terms that are independent), and therefore we can take the derivative of only the second term of
for the Taylor expansion (other terms set as ):

Therefore:
And we have:
 (c)

Therefore:
Thus we get:

2. Roots of a complex number

For the following questions I will use the polar representation of a complex number , given by ,
where , and .
(a) Square roots of (in Cartesian coordinates)

By applying Euler’s formula we get:

(b) Cubic roots of (in Cartesian coordinates)

From the Euler formula we get:

 3. Prove algebraically…
(a)
For this proof we will use the following properties, which we shall prove:
Let and be complex numbers such that and .
i.
Proof:
ii.

Proof:
iii.
Proof:

iv.
Proof: . Since , , it follows that
v.
Proof:
We shall first prove the right inequality, i.e., . From (i), (ii) and (iii) we see that:

From (iv) we know that , and therefore, using (v), we have:

Thus we showed that , and since both and are we get:

Now we shall prove the left inequality, i.e., . We already proved the right inequality,
and thus we can write:

By subtracting from both sides we get:

Therefore we proved:
 In terms of vectors in the complex plane (See illustration to the left), we
can see that in general, and
, and the equality is obtained for . Geometrically, this is simply
equivalent to the triangle inequality, stating that for any triangle, the sum
of the lengths of any two sides must be greater than or equal to the
length of the remaining side.

(b) for

Since , , , I can prove that the above inequality is true by showing that

is true (for ):
Considering the right hand side we get

It is easy to see that if , then and

for all ( ). Therefore the right inequality is true.

Considering the right left side we get

Again, it is easy to see that if , then and

for all ( ). Therefore the left inequality is true.

Hence I proved the inequality.
 (a)
Proof: let and be complex numbers such that and . Therefore:

(b)

Proof: let and be complex numbers such that and . Therefore:

4. Reflectance Coefficient
(a) If , , , and , , then
Proof:
Therefore: .
Since , , , , .

(b) Show that

Proof:
Since , , , and , and we showed that
, it follows that:

Therefore: