التواصل غير اللفظي في الحديث الشريف دراسة في لغة الجسد

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v ?TGQO :H9T_ ;= H9c=_Gz >9At Hf ,dl_g_G mOrA__ Bcat_G ?TTCl IR89G zf cZJ -
.2009 ,Bcat_G ,m2008 m9g_ B9cF9TFDGa >GO6G v q_Cl >9At c]pC ,yOTG_G ?j_
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cOG ? =Qg_ v U=__ - 1
.m2008 ,Ba|=
.2008 ,Ba|= ,?cl_g_G >At_G QGO ,1b ,y?cFBQr QJGad v ?cF9T_ B9TGQOz - 2
.m2007 ,Ba|= ,?cl_g_G >At_G QGO ,yOTG_G ?j_ v ?TGQO :H9T_ ;= H9c=_Gz - 3
.m2003 ,Ba|= ,?cl_g_G >At_G QGO ,1b ,yc9DlFGa c9tWFGa c9tWDG :w:O_G QaaA_Gz - 4
,HOQFG ,H9lf ,c8Ga QGO ,1b ,y?c=Qg_G ?l_t_G ?_:O v ?TGQO :bFg*Ga ep__G cOGz - 5
.m2002
,?TGQOa scrJA ,)v J973( dFGQgW__ yHc_l9g_G A9l_g_G >AGQl yE {=_9a_G O9WQEz - 6
.m2007 ,Ba|= ,?cl_g_G >At_G ,1b
QGO ,1b ,?TGQOa scrJA ,)v J922( ?cFaf9=_G ?W89g_ y{lFG MOl v {=*G KAp_Gz - 7
.m2007 ,Ba|= ,?cl_g_G >At_G
QGO ,1b ,?TGQOa scrJA ,)v J882( U9lrQr H=: ,yhcO=_G OJGaW v hc=Q_G QJRz - 8
.m2007 ,Ba|= ,?cl_g_G >At_G
scrJA ,)v J973( dFGQgW__ y?cK_DG B9pZ_G dF9g* ?J]a*G ?cpWt_G OfGar_Gz - 9
.m2006 ,Ba|= ,?cl_g_G >At_G QGO ,?TGQOa
k
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k
,Ul9M_G OOg_G ,y9GPalF ja=F_G EcOJ_G :dr_A_G v w:O_G QaaA_G qGQWATG QDCz - 1
.m2007 ,BGQ9lDG ,?rQ9W_G ?gl9G ?_Gl ,caFG O_G*G
,?ctcQlFG ?gl9G_G ,E9J=FG ?_Gl ,ydt*G HZcJl H=G IAGQr v ?caJF_G QJGad_G - 2
.m2006 ,54 O_G*G ,Ba|=
,B9TGQO ?_Gl ,yjaj__Ga di;=_G EG~_G v ?TGQO :?F9=DG v 9JQDCa OTG_G ?j_z - 3
k .m2006 ,1 OOg_G ,33 O_G*G ,?cFOQFG ?gl9G_G
,y9GPalF ?c=Qg_G ?l_t_G ?_:O :sJ;_Ga s=9T_G {= caJA*Ga B=9D_G :?c=Qg_Gz - 4
.m2005 ,dFOQFG d=Qg_G ?j__G hlGl ?_Gl v QWF__ ca=rl
?gl9G_G ,B9TGQO ?_Gl ,y|DFG H=: ?c9KF_G v ?cAaZ_G dGK__G Hc9=A_G QJ9dlz - 5
.m2004 ,2OOg_G ,31 O_G*G ,?cFOQFG
,B9TGQO ?_Gl ,yd=Qg_G mGg*G v jaFg*G yE jO9*G Hl ?clGg*G ?_:O_G c9rAFGz - 6
.m2003k ,HGQcRJ ,2OOg_G ,30 O_Gl ,HOQFG ,H9lf ,?cFOQFG ?gl9G_G
,E9J=FG ?_Gl ,y9GPalF Hatc qaT 9l H9t :sc=aA_Ga ?cQdF_G {= ?ctctpA_Gz - 7
.m2003 ,51-50OOg_G ,Ba|= ,?ctcQlFG ?gl9G_G
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9
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15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [M_*G -
17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UcT.Aa O9Kl -
19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HGaFg_G OZ9rl v -
21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OTG_G ?j_ v ?lOrl

q
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23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . qcQW_G EcOJ_G v IQJ9d_G qGQWATG -
25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \A::Oa \Ga_G B98cJ Hl -
26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MQp_G QW=AT* G \G a_ G *
27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qt * F G gQ9t_G \Ga_G *
28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >]j* G \G a_ G *
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30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . YaG_G zf c O_ G G \G a_ G *
31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >AgAT* G HGKAT*G \Ga_G *
31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . q89M_ G YRp_G \Ga_G *
31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aq
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32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m9T=_ s_a_ G \G a_ G *
35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9KA::Oa UCQ_G B98cJ

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35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "mgF" G
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36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G
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37 HGKAT*G QtFAT*G
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37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c9J__ xG*Ga ,?KG__ {g*G |W*G Cq G *
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37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OG9T_
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38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ut * F G HcRJ_G Cq G *
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38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \c_E \Gq aA*G \=q Q yE QPg* U Q_G Cq G *

38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c9Gf DG ?_:O a Qa9r_ U Q_G Cq G *
39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . }iF EgWF U Q_ G G Cq G *
41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9KA::Oa {g_G B98cJ Hl -
42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F
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42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G c F
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43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IQZq =A*G ?ZJ9p_ {g_ G G*
43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c G
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44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c G
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44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?gW9M_ ? t9=_ {g_ G c G G*
44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cq
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47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9KA::Oa Oc_G B98cJ Hl -
47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? g*Fcq G I|W*G Oc_G *

49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F G cG *
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50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c G ?g 9=* O _ cG *
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50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IOJqR*G ?__r*G cG *
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11
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51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?_l9W_ ?llg* O _ G G cG *
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52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IOtC*G Oc_G *
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52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F G IQl6G Oc_G *
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53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?=_aA*G ?cfGO_G Oc_G *
55
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55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c G c G cG
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55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?=JZ_ G
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56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G F
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57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PMp_9= O _ >Q] cG *
59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9KA::Oa h=9ZFG B98cJ Hl -
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59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?=JZ_ mR;A_ ?tQJ G *
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60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . qOG~_Ga mR;A_ ?tQJ G *
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60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? FaFc=_Ga sQ9pA_ ?tQJ G *
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61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b;AM: Ga cM OA_ ?tQJ G G *
61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H9t*G { gA c a IQ9WDG ?tQJ *
62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?__r* h=9ZF G G*
63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bFg*G ccDlA ?tQJ *
65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IOF9Tl
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65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A;cM_Ga }q tA_G ?_:O *
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65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qrp_Ga cP=A_G ?_:O *
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66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . q~_Ga mgFA_G ?_:O *
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67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~M=A_Ga }tA_G Y9FaZG ?cWl *
69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?T_G_G ?8cJ -
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69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OW~T* m_gA* ?T_G G G *
70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?8 cJ yE ?8cJ Hl c9rA : F G*
71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dJa_G caRF OFf ?pcQW_G \A8cJ -
73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ut9W*G ?8cJ -
75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?pcQW_G 9Zg_G -
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?j_ 9JQ9l]lp iQMC ?DJ9=l mD , "jaj__Ga d\ ip ;=_G Ep G~_G Hlp LP9lF :?p F9=DpGa
\
n ro n n r o n r n n )2( n V n
q p GQWAp TG A9r_Ap jOta qQp ZC HC yaFG v BOZr Ora , Rp cRg_G cp cRFA_G v Op TG_G
n q n n
Hatcn_p ,cp ZGaA_Gan ?p F9=DpG v 9K_p ]p sp crJA v ,{
n n cqaj_o HrEan {cqi;=n HrE ,A9lOro _G QDn C
p p p p
k n n n rn q o n rn n \ o rn o n n
9TQO Hatc HC ?p cF9D_G v BOZr Ora ,"?_ZClv_G Q9dFFG" gQ9l]lp u_P v dgcFZ
o V on n o o r n Vo
cZGaA_9= ?laTalv_G ?DJ9=lv_G gpPp J BF9t mD ,?p pQWAT*G Q9dFFG yE 9=T
o rn k nr o kq n
p p p p p p AFl 9crp c=aA
n rn o n
gpPp K_p ?p pQp WATlo v_G Qp 9dFFG yEp ?=Tp AF*Gan ,qp cQW_G j\ ap=n F_G EcOJn _G v d\ dp__G |p i
V V V
n n n n n q
.v9DFG ?p D_9Dt Br F9tp ;IpQJp9d_G

19
æÇuMFÇ bð UI !
ð ï î
o r n r l oV o n r q nn
K aqC ,?m TT\Clo >9arC ?p D;D Hlp q_p AClo \FC ^
9 _
p c n
Qg_G HGaFg_G u_P Hlp zGAc
n n
m
r n o r n n o op q n n
\pGa zf Up QO_G GPJ Hlp Qm aW [cZMA 9KcF9Da ,cZGaA_G aJa ,Up Qr OV_G GPJ mo TG
r V
o r o q n o
jY ap=n F_G EcOJn _G anJan ,Up QOV_G GPJ Qo 9l]lp 9KD_p 9Da ,d\ dp p__G |o i cZo GaA_G anJan ,{ rV
V V
po cgV A_G
.qcQW_G
r l o q n o o n r o n
Hlp cZ\JAlo anJan ,caqFG ?p j__G Oo Zp rln anKp ,cZo GaA_G aJan ,caV FG >o ar_G 9lq C
V
q nn o nq n
,jV aj__G mn 9dF_G blq Tco um ~Wlo jS aj_ hGp Qln zfn mr Kfp 9lGr Ep Op 9rgp FGan ,?p j__G Ap9F=r C h]GaA
\
m p
)3( n
. ?p F9=DGa cZGaA_G v \pc_Ep Ha8cpcp o V r n nn
p
q n n r V n n )4( \ V o n n o V n o V n o o q qn
\pAp 9c_GA qQfC cg_a , ddp p__G |i aKp cp ZGaA_G Hlp [ZMlv_G QaW_G 9lC
o q Vn o o oV n n o
cZGaA__p HC mtp JAT*G QQr*Ga ,\AGQ9WEa ,\AGA9lcEa ,Op TG_G ?j_ w:O_G UQO_G GPJ v
n o n n o q \ rV
p p p
o V oV n n o n n o q oo n r n k p o n n k o o
cZGaA_G" \FC zf qQagA 9l aJa ,ep__G \_c=T 9l 9KFlp p ,?Fc9=Al BGaOCa ;=T
p m
r o r o nr V n n oo r q
,\mGan Hlp \Flp q_p A.cn 9lan Op TGn _G Bp 9tQJn HC u_P ,Oo TGn _G \_c=Tn 9l 9KFlp an ,"dqdp p__G
l o n o n n
H.tan ,Bm ::Op _p ?_9lq Jn H8GQran ,H9gln yEp Om GaJan c8p :On ,u_P |p ian ,{fn an ,UCQan ,Om can
V
m m m
o n r n q r l r L l
blTA ?m ZaZMl ?m clGgl OGal Hlp q_p ACl [9M RGQap Hlp dlp Ggl {gln On TGn _G
q o V o S o
m
. 9KAp 98cJa MQGaGn _G
)5( n n n
o q o n r o q r o n
anJan ,qcQW_G jqap=n F_G EcOJn _G aKp Up Qr OV_G GPJ >p 9arC Hlp E_9D_G >o ar_G 9lq C
V
n n r q rn o q
arC ,Qm cQrA arC ,cm gpp arC ,cm arr Hlp - mn _Tn a \pc_fn \__G zZn - cp aTQV_G Hfn Qn On Zn 9l"
n
u_P ;\Flp QaW ,d
l n q dp_q _G |n in cn Zo GaAV_G dFfr Cn ,EcOJn _G v InQJ9dq _G gPJ cVgn _n a ,"?pZ
p p pp m p
o n n k rn n n q V r o n q
EJ9=_G b]AQG Op ra ,GOg= dA.cT 9lt ?p pZ_G aC ,QcQrA_G aC ,cgpp _G yE >T
p p p p p AFA 9KFC
n nn q q n o n k n \ o n
9JOp JpGaW HcQMAa ,IpQJ9d_G gpPp J cDlA v >_p 9j_G v \pc_E Adpc ;8p al jQ9M=_G KcJZ
p p p p p
k n n
.;c=Tn u_P yEp Y9aTr G 9l

21
bð
î ð Gï ! W
Ç W ì
ð b
ñ Iï
o rq o o n r n n o n n
c F G K aqC ,MQn r Ep ;D Hlp ?m _DlC ?p D;D n c r p n G gpPp J Ko Ap pATC
=<;:987654
V
c R A_ 9 _ zf H QgA_9= ?DJ9=*
m p
o n oo n o
:- \lo Tr G Un OVrA - \_ar aJoan ,RcRgn _G
.)6(} { -
o o o q o
o n o V q o
Hlp C*G" :- n an \pcr_fn \__G zZn - \_ar aJoan ,qcQW_G jY a=F_G EcOJn _G 9KcF9Dan
V
m_ T -
n =n un =VWan ,9k ]g=n \]o g=n OYWcn [aZQ*n G H9cF=o _9tn HlClo __
.)7("\pgp =p 9ZC { p p p p
n n n o n o
:?gc=Q d=C Hp= Qn lfo car aJoan ,dY =p Qgn _G Qo gW_G 9KD_p 9Dan
\
-
r n
n
l n n n r
n n
n r V n
o n
)8( o n o o
QvvvTvvvfC uQvvvlC QavvvTvvvcvvvl CQvvvlG BvvvFCa dvvvFvvvAvvvJvvv]vvvp H9vvvFvvv=vvv_9vvv= Bvvv]vvvfa cavvvrvvvA
p p p
n r r q n n o o n n n
E;D p Hlp 9Kc_p E Qo dF_G mKp_G v KYZc 9KF9c=n mO\rA*G ?p _DlFG v Qp ap 9M_G KcQTA=p an
l n p o l n p l o n p o
.?cq*p 9f 9KD_p 9Dan ,?cq_Zo GaA 9KcF9Dan ,?cqpp cdan 9K_aqCa ,Ql cQrA 9K=o rgcn Bm 9KGo ao
n o n o n o o n n n oq n o r o n Jan ,9 _ 9lq C n
:{ lTrp yE mTrA "Op TG_G ?p j_" B9tQJp ,?cpp cda_G ?KGa_G d
o
q
p p K aC
raC ,Y9rcDG B9=Qn ]n = mr KJ;aZG v \o=VWn Ao dnJan ,)Punctuation( ?lr\Q*o G ?ld\F*o G

p po p p p p p
k p r n o o n o
,9ZaZMl bkFgr l qc]A : B9tQn Jn _G gpPp Ja ,)Batons a~Tc9*G( HpJ\_*G 9Zfn
n n q on oq r V o n n r o n l \ o n on l q o q n
u_Pt blTAa ,)Iconic( ?cZ p cMWA_G B9tQJ_G iQMFGa ,IRRgla \_ IOtCl 9KFtp _a
n n n o V V o q n )9(\o_n co rGaFq_Gan ,bFgr ln __ co lGaJn _G dnJan ,)Deictic( ?pW9t_9=
|i cZGaA_G HC QJp9d_Ga , p p p p p p p
n q n n n q V n k n n V n V
E p c O J _ G v 9 l C ,Bp 9 t Q J _ G H p
l d F 9D _ G Y a F _G zf 9 l 8p 9 r H 9 t ?p p c Q W _ G ? p c 6 G v d \ dp__G
p
o \ o n o \ o
p n
r o n q r n n
.bFgln __p IOtC*Ga IRRg*G B9tQn Jn _G dnJpa ,cp aFG YaF_G Hlp H9tp qp cQW_G
V V
p
kq n n n k o n Vn V n r n oq o q o o
,?l9f dS dp_ |i ;ZGaA mD HC GO= Orp ,?c_ZGaA_G ?KGa_G dnJan ,9 9D 9lq Can KcF
nn n n o r nn q n r r q n nn k q n k n
9Kc_f - mcQl IQ9WE BOjp ,?p D;D_G ?p _DlFG v B_GA Ora ,?Z9M Op TG__p ?j_a
p
q r k n r n rnn r k k
jP_G cp ZGaA_G cp =T Hlp ;c=T BF9t Ora ,H9gln c=n bkFgr ln yEp 9cO\Clo 9rap 9F - mo ;Tq _G
o o
n ro n n q m
n nq o r n n n n
q
Op pp GQ_9t ,\pc_E d]pA OpGaQ \_ H.= bFg*G \=WF HC u_P Og= 9F_a ,cc=T |j= Orp gFc
n n o n
p m p p
n
"Bp 9cqAp lZV_G" zfn m8p 9r_G Bp l9Zq _G Op pp GQq _Gan ,"Bp 9cqlp ;t_G" zfn m8p 9r_G Bp 89Zq _G
p p
22
n o n n o o n o n
bp_C Or ran ,9lJQp p9]A= u_P Hatcn Or ra ,9lJpOp Jn .=p ?_9TQq _G crFA Ora ,"Bp 9cqtp Qn Jn _G"an
n o r n V q n q l
,Bp 89Zq _G Op pGQq _G Hlp %7 9K_aqC ,m9TrC ?p D;D yEp mo TrFcn xt_G ?p _9TQq _G |n D.A HC EJ9=
m
q
Op pGQ_G Hlp %55a ,B a q _G ?GQOn an ?ljFq_Gan mcjFAq _9tn Bn 89Zq _G On pGQq _G j~gr cn 9lq l %38a
p Z p p p p
rOrpn ,mOq rA*o G GPJ Hl >o Qrcn jCQq _G Hl bkpZATlo yE Qo Mn B cn Zq aAn Or ran .)10(Bl9Zq _G
p p p o n pq p
r o o n n n o V n
%35 Hlp Qp jZFG 9K8p RG v q_A.A ?p cJ9Gap_G ?p DO9J*G Hlp dV l;t_G ARG_G HC yE Kn *C
q q n r r o n n q q n
B p lp 9Z_G Op pp GQ_G Hlp %65 Hlp }p tFG 9K8p RG va ,bFg*G ?p cO.A_p Bp 89Z_G Op pGQ_G Hlp
c89lW_Ga MQGaG_G B
q n n n Hrl \ln 9rln mo arcn 9l O9p~TGa ,m;tn _G MGQa\G zfn m89r_G
p p p 9 t Q J p p p p p pp
. Bp GQ9WDGan
)11(
n V n o n o
jL Qp app aJo 9l ?p cqOTGn _G Bp 9tQn Jn _G Hlp H@p ,?cq*9g_G ?KGao_G dnJan ,9 D_9D 9lq Ca
o
K
p
n o n n
mZ_Ga c9paFG u_P zf c9Dlp zGC cg_a ,m_gAl >TAtl aJ 9l 9KFlp a ,jRcQi
Y r q nn lV o l n o o n L n
m p
rnn rn n r n lq n l
9JaCQ Or GaFatc HC HaO ?cOTG BGQ9WEa BGA9lcE mKFf QOZA HcP_G d
n l n o n o lg_Gan mo t=o _Gan
nn r n r n n r n n
v \pGa_G >carAa ,HRJ_G bFgl v IpQWtp _Ga ,MQp_G bFgl v ?p l9TAp =:9t ,9Jat9Jp
n n pq p q q q p
o o
ApQ*G OFf s_MAA Or H9gl zf ?p _GO_G ?p cOTG_G Bp 9tQJn _G mt_A ^g=an ,>]j_G bFgl
r n
o Y n o q n o m o p
n n o n o n n )12(
Hlp a ,UGQ*p Ga ?=QO_Ga ,Oc_rA_Ga I9t9J*G 9lJ >9TAp t:G GQOZla , >9TAp t:9=p
p p
o
BGQ9WEa ,{g_G q
n n n o n
G a ,
oq
c n _G 9c9JAV_G mn Oq rAn 9lq l so _q MAAn dA_G B9tQn Jn _G
p p p Q a = R l j _ ? Q tT g p p
q n n n o n q n o n \ V n )13( o V
?p c*9g_G B p 9tQJ_G yEp >Tp AFc 9llp B=D*G QgW_G cg_a , ?l_gA*G mp t=_Ga mZ_G
\
n nn n n n kq n q
HpcPJ up _p v Qo aOc 9l arC ,sp _r_G apC ,qp aM_G zfn ?_GO "UcQal" 9JBQn Or rp ,?p cQapp _G
n n n o n r n o n rn n
9l c9rp s9cT p an ?m tQn Jn ?cGaQp c=r Hlp ?gc=Qn d=C H= Qo lfo 9F_ 9JGaQn Or ran ,)14({ p cFg*G
m o n nV n
.\F9c= mOrA
l q n n q V l n \o n rn rq
Hc9=lo d\ dp p__G |n i cZo GaA_G H.=p c8p 9rp \p_t u_P >n rp fn dA.c jP_G Qo cQrA_G 9lq C
9l ?rcQa= }MA" d
n o o n Kpn ,"OTGn _G ?n j_o " ?_:O\_G ?gr9p_G \A9c_q GAn Hrl HV Can ,?cqdp_V_G ?j_q _
m p p p p p p p pp p p p p p
lBGQ9WE IRn cqllo IQn aZ= mr KFrfn Qo Oo ZAn Un 9Fq_G HV E ,\= }n Mco HrC mo ;tn _G ho caATr cn : 9lq fn
p m m p pp p
o n kq o r n k r o o n n o V n n V n r o n
9K_lp Jc : ?lKl B9la_gl 9F9cJC crFc ?p rcrJ_G v |W.A_Ga ,Hal_tAc mJa
m
n
.)15("mo ;t_G

23
n Ç Y
ð 7 ð b Ç ! É ï Ç7
ñ Ç á ò
î ð d
ð UE ð 7Ç
n
c C n o cn - mn _q Tn an \cr_n fn \__G zq Zn - caTQV_G EcOJn _ n Q9r_G HV Cn sYJn _Gan
E O9J zf OQ
p p p p p p
rOrn cr =n ,B::O= Qn Mn B 9k FcJ ?l Jn Q\Zlo an ,9k FcJ ?l Jn l_r lo ?l cqOTGn Bl 9tQJn 9Kcp ?pcQWn ?cqa=Fn
m pp p m m
q n o n r n n o r n r n n n o n o n n o o n
Op pp GaQ_G Hlp HatA Ora ,clG aC ,B9l_p t aC ,?l_p t m9rl BGA9lcDGa B9tQJ_G mt_Ap marA
m m m
r k o n n n n q no \ o
Hlp ;c=Tn h=p GQ s9cTp v HatA Or ra ,saaFln m;t ?p 8crJn v xGA*G bFgr ln __p IpRRgn *G
k m n m r n m V Y m n n n
dA.cn 9lq lp 98cW Qn Op 9ZC HC Oo cQC Bo T_ dFFC sJ_Ga ,)16(\_p cDlr A arC ,bFgr *G ?p cn_GA cp =To
ro l n rn n n V
\pcr_E Ko lp v_C 9*p qF.ATlo an bkFjATr lo 9Kcpp ,?p pcQW_G MQp GaGn _G Bp ::Op zfn qp arao_G >n rp f
p n
.m9r*G GPJ v
p

25
t
ð 2
ð óóÏ
ð è t
ð 4u Ç Ê
ð UÞO s
ò
ð
î î ò î
n ro ro o n k n n q
,\ap cJlo v ho rAa ,\pcr_E >o Tn FA iQMC MnQp GaGn sQp jATA ?lq 9f "\pGa_G" ?ln _p t HE
n n n o q r k n k o n \o n
dF9g*Gan ,Ip~AT*G Qp 8p 9l]_G IpAGQrp Qp Op 9Zln Hlp ;cZC GQOZln \Gan_G GOi \p_t u_P_an
n V n q k k
jP_G aJo u_P cgn _a ,Up apF_G v 9l zfn 9rOp 9Z ;c_On an ,9cGaa_G dWGaJn v ?p Flp 9t_G
V
k n \ o r o Jco :" \oFV .= \M9cWr C OJn C Hrfn dFqG H=G QcQrAn yE b]pr C
v 9F9TFE m_tc HC HT p
p
n p p p \ np n
p p p p
o n n r r n n
o
- ?p TGQpp _G m_fp v Ql Qq rl aJ 9lt - \Ga_G HC \p_t u_P v cp ar_G bpZATla . "?p ln _d_G o
V )17 ( Y
p n V n n q o n o r
HpTJo _G cJln \Gan_G HFa ,mVAC \mGa=p \pcp ?p cFp9TpF_G Qp 9D6G Qp aKd_p Ap9]fr FG cltC
Y V
n n \ oq n r
zf ?p _:O_G ?car \pGa_G v IQJ9d_G cGaJFG HFa ,\ZrFa Op TG_G c9lt 9lK=a ,gO]a
n q n r V n o o nn n o n n q n
k n n n p
\ V n n n n n n n n n r
9Fa_ OJ G a H , p G a ,M G a , G a , a G a , ; p F G s;MFG
m p c t _ p @p ? = 5 t _
pn
Q p _ >
p ] j _ q p M _ c
p G M _ 9 t ? ap 9 = _
p
nrn n
Og= \pGa_G v IOaGa*G A9]fFG 9lC" ,
o o q n )18(HO=n _G HnaO \Gan_G v Qo Kndr cn 9k ZaZMln
p
o nV n o r n n V o o p n n n
,HrP_Ga ,H9FTFGa ,Hp9ApW_Ga ,qFFGa ,?K=G_Ga ,Hp9Fcrgn _Gan ,Hp9=Gp 9J_9p ,Up CQV_G n
n n r n o o o
.)19("\pGan_G Hlp \p=p Qr_p ?p _:O\_G sp OZp Hlp >l cQr sFgo _G mVD ,Hp9FPFGan
k n k nn o oY n o q r n o k n V Y n n
v 9Tc8Q 9ltAJl gOgFa ,cZGaA_G v \pGa_G yE AdpFp 9l G|Dt 9FFC sJ_Ga
p p
nn n o q k n k n n n n n n r o
c89MOa ,Ip~AT*G Q8p 9l]_G IpAGQrp v 9FclC ;8p ala ,Ap9cWFG Hlp |Dt zf mtJ_G
p p m p
n n n rn
9Kgp c]Q hl c= ,9K_p pap hl mF9p ,jQTFG B
n n Y n \ r o c n _G v 9k cqlacn 9F_n zq GAn cn un _P HV E ,UapFq_G
p = p p
q n n n n n o o n o n
YQp 9W_G ?p lJR va ,\pKpGa Bp GA9lc@=p c= ,\plp ;t= 9KFf KZp pc : Bm ::Op zf qrp A
p
r
mKJpaGa B
o GA9lcE zfn GkOlAglo gOGaqQan \acJlo hn ln \ln ;tn qo c\ tco Qo G9Aq _9pn ,saTq _Gan
p p pp p p p
)20( n n n Y n on o k r n k n o rq V np k rn
. \pGa_G ?p JpZ zf gOGal CQrA 9FaFtl 9lGgl Up pF__p H.ta ,9F9cJC
n r n n Y n S n n n nn rnn
v \pGa_G c]p zf cOc xlf s8p 9W c9Dlp OFfp "ucF_a|t UcQa=" qra Ora
op r n o m m n L o n
"cm 9GQp cGarCa ,Om Qrp IQtGP" \p=p 9Atp v Qn 9WC Or rp ,\pTp FGp >p TJn =p ct Bp 9FGacJn _G cp ZGaA
k o o nn n n n o n q
9=_p 9i aJ jP_G ^Q*G GPJa" ,d S KGa c_W= >9Zlo j S
acTB Om Qrp ?g=9Alo mVA \FC yEp
p m p m
n
hc=9TC ?p g]= Og=p ,B
n n n n G|=gAV_G ^g=n ?n _GREan ,\Gan_G B;]n fn cVWn >o =q Tco jL alJn
p p p p p
rn n r n q o o r n n o r o n nn n n o V n r
c= ,\pAp c_pA Hlp Ha_rc \_9DlC MGQa ,OaQr Hlp \ap cJl {=a \Fc= cZGaA_G harFG
m
26
q qG oon n n r k k k n q
cO=A_
p y Ep \A_9J Br KAFGan ,\_aJn HlVfn 9gap rFlo ,9cqFpGaOfo 9Ttp 9Wlo Qn 9Zan ,\Fa=FGAcn
n
.)21("Op 9Tp_Gan
r ro r r o o o n n o
MQp GaGn Hlp iQMC ?m JQp 9G j\ C Hlp Qn DtC" cln gATc - Uc= carc 9lt - \Ga_Gan
p n
n nn n o n o n n n r
s;iEa ,UCQ_G UctFAa ,m9TAp =:G zf Olp AgF HJFp ,\pAp cajAa >Pt_G Ap9pME v mTG_G
V
p p p p
op q n p o p
n o p o n \ n n V n n n n n qp q n o n n
?cOTG_G BGQ9WD9p ,9FKGGac Or eJ_G AaT Ht_a ,u_P AGQa ~TA_G Hc_a9Jl {Fcg_G
p p p
l,QPq gAlo \A9l;fn an mTG_G BGA9lcE { n n n V V n n n n qn o q
p p = spGaA_G HC u_P ;?p rcrJ_9= dWA 9Ff IQOp 9Z_G
k q k p o n p p o
n n L n n
GPJ v ?rc] ?JTp \_ Bo ZZVM Or ran ,\pTp CQ=p ml 8p 9r Hp \pAGA9lcEan \pGan_G ?TGQOp p
.)22(">p 9Atp _G
n n q l L
n on n rn q nV n o V o r n qn
p F DpGa Qp aKd_G v Qpp Ga eJ \_ H9t Orp jap=F_G Ep cOJ_G v qcQW_G \Ga_G 9lC
? 9=
o rq n o o n o n n n q n rn q n
?p lKT= QcQrA_G zf m8p 9r_G m9g_G qZa_G 9lJ:aC :Hc_c=T= u_P zGA Ora ,cZGaA_Ga
Y
p p p p p
,9l s9cTp v \pGr an_G ?p 8crKn_p [
n o Z\Mn *o G qo Zan_G 9lKAo cF9Dan ,cZo GaAq _G v qcQWV_G \Gr an_G
m p p p p
n n n n r n o n n
ApGQPgn _G Hlp Ak9cJ OWC H9t" :qp cQW_G \ppp Za v An9G 9l 9KFlp p yaFG cp c=TV_G ?_DlC 9lq C
V V
n n on
u_P d
o o n n n )23("\KGan v g9Fpr Qn fn \oJoQtcn 9k 8cWn iCQn GP@pn ,9JQOr M v
8p Qp" :mK_ar u_p Pta , p p p
kq k n rn o p l n n ooo n q o q n )24(
,:GO 9rap 9F H9t Orp ,Ep cO9JFG >At v I|Dt 9K_Dlp cp =T_G ?cFp9D 9lCa , "\pKpGa v
p
r V n
n
v B_GA dA_G dF9g*G Hlp 9J|ia ,
n n )25(?cq*n 9g_G B\T\_G dF9g*n G Hnl |l Dtn { o V gAo \=pn
p p p p
o n nn o n n n o n o o n r n o n no
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m m
n po n rn
p n n p o n o n n
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p p p q p
o n n n n o n k n o p n n n n r n r q
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mp m q n
.)26("mo _tAF
r n o r n Fq G
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p p p
v Qd _ hGQ _
n n
o r o r n
:MQp_G QW =ATl_G \Ga_G
p
p
n n q n
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o n k n n n n n n n nq n rn n q n oV n r n q
s}A GQaQTl" ?W8p 9f zf cMO - m_Ta \pc_f \__G zZ - \FC u_P Hlp a ,q p cQW_G
27
o oV n oo r n n n r o G E" :9K_ar= ?o Wn 89f \Ar pZn an Or rn a ,)27("\KGan Qo cQ9TC

p \F.t \KGa Q9FATG
V
?gar QT P
p p p p pp
)28( n or o rn qon nn
. "u_P \Flp qQp gF 9Fta ,Qm lr
n n n V n n \ o q n n ro nr n \ n r n
n
Op aTFG H= OGOr* p G HC ?p _:O_G mt_Ap xGA yEp ?p c]p*G ?p 8cK_G gpPp J Bp 9c_GA Hlp a
k \ k n q n o q q n n tQW*o G zfn 9fOn jP_G
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n q n n r n n n o n
,"HaOfp 9r 9FKJ 9FE ;A9rp u=YQan Bn FC >r JPG :bTal mo ar c9r 9lt carF :" :cp 9Arp __p
n r q V o nnn n n n n n nn n n n r n n r n o o q n
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p
rn nnn rn
v bFg*G GPJ CQr Orp ,c9Arp _G Hf q
n _\MA*o G u_9l H= >gtn Eo cOJn un _Ptn a ,)29("\oKoGan
p p p m p n kp p
n nn n n n V n kn n o n n n q
,\_ QpjATG Op r caTQ_G H.= ?l;fa ,Hp9F8lp a:9=p \_ 9cfp GO u_P H9ta ,qp cQW_G \pKpGr an
V
r =r Cn ,QaQTq _G Hnl \KGa Qo cQ9TC so }c anJan :cn 9r \__G caTQn zfn Bo l_q Tn 9lq _pn " :cn 9rpn
QW p p p pp p p
o oV n oo n n n r V o o n n n n Y n r n o o n n Vn rn
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p
)30( o n o r n qm o n p np
. "\Flp u_P qQp gF 9Fta ,Qm lr
r o r n
o o o
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p
p
n n r o n r o n n
u_Ptp p ,\pKpGa Hlp gQn 9W=Ap TGan gQn aQTo HapQp gcn \p_p aJn Hlp ?=n 9JZq _G H9t 9ltan
o n k o n o\ o n o o n n r n r r n n n n
QQr*Ga ,9pFpB \F9c= mOrA*G ?=gW EcOJ u_P Hlp a ,\pKGa Hlp QlC ?JGQt HapQgc GaF9t
\
n n r n )31( p m k n n p
o n r n q n n n oV
EcOJ 9KFlp a ,bAW EcO9JC v u_P hra Ora , "\pKpGa v qQp fo 98cW gQp t GPEp" \FC
rnn n n n q n o n
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k ro r n q or r qn n n
n p n n n r n k n op n n r
bFgr *G u_P Br Qn QVr Or ra ,9KFlp H9t 9*p ?cJGQt qp cQW_G \pKpGr an v ?W8p 9f Br CQn p ,cMOcn
V
q k n o n n r n n n )32( n n n n or
?p j__ ?Ffp Pl \gl B_ZGaAp , "?cJGQt_G \pKpGr an v Bo pQgn p" :9K_p ar v \ACQn jP_G
r o q nY kn o V r n r q n n n q
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p p n k
n V n q
IAn9lcE HC Qp ap 9M__p Bo p;_Gan ,)33("\p_p aTQ yEpan \p__G yEp >o aAC ,\p__G caTQn 9c" :?_89r
r k n n n
Hlp GQOZln Br F9t sp 9cTq _G GPJ v cm ar=p Un c_ jP_G qp cQW_G \pDp cOJ v cp aTQV_G \pGr a
V
k n n n k n
.;=r r ?W8p 9g_p an ,GOgr =n 9F_ hcQWA_G Qp Op 9Zl
V
p
n k k n n oV nn r r
\pKpGr an v qQp fo ,9JcQ hn lp Tn arC ,9lci iCQn GPEp H9t \FC mn OVrA 9l cp Dlp Hlp an
r nn n n n n rn k r rV o o r n k Fgr ln \oFV C sYJn _Gan ,?o cJGQt_G
BApA_G Op rp ,u_Pt u_P H9t Ora ,9=GQjAp TG UpF_G v |Dc Or b
p
28
n n q V n k n or n o n
GaJQp p mn cj_G GaCQn GPEp Un 9F_G HE ,\p__G caTQ 9c" :?_89r u_P v \A_An9Tp ,?W89f u_P yEp
o n n o n n n n o on n n n o n n n rn n n
9l ,?W8p 9f 9c :c9rp ,?cJGQt_G uKGa v qQf \AcCQ GPE uGQCa ,Qa*G \pcp Hatc HC A9GQ
p p p
n rn r
.)34("...>l GPfn \pcp Hatcn HC dFFlp Cco
n n n oV n r
- mo ;Tq _G 9Kcr_fn - ?W8p 9f zfn cMOn \FC \pAp _:Op an gpQp 9t_G \pGr an_G GPJ ?p _DlC Hlp an
V n n q kn o r n n n oV n o o n nV n oV n l n n n
OQp ,dMC \FE :?tQOATl B_9rp ,"u_P gQt \F.t ,\KGa |jA \F.tp" ,cGQ 9JOFfa
p o p n nq k \
r nn n rn n n n q
:9KFlp QOZ Or H9t 9l ?JGQt aJa ,qp cQW_G \pKpGr an v dn8p Qo jP_G bFgr *G ?_fp 9c_Gn lo
n o q n V r n o
.)35("?p f9G*G Hlp ?f9]QV_G 9lF@p ,HtFGaMEp Hln HQr dFG"
n o r n
o o
:>]jl_G \Ga_G
n r n q n r n
:u_P Hlp an ,em p_ |p j=p ?p cqa=F_G Ep cO9JFG v bFgr *G GPJ Hfn }n \ fo Or ra
o n
.)36("\KoGan Qn gVlA" -
o
.)37("\KoGan QVln JG" -
q n q o n n
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n
.)39("g9AFGr an Br QVln Jr G" -
n
.)40("\pKpGan v >o ]j_G dn8p Qo " -
n n q n n
.)41("\pKpGan v >o ]j_G qQn gco bAJn >o ]jcp" -
n n q
.)42("\pKpGan v >n ]j_G Bo crCQ bAJn " -
r n
9KAp _DlC Hlp a ,q c
V
G \ K r an v CoQn rAo Br Fn9t >]jn _G ?8n crJn HV Cn mn OVrn An 9lq l QJ9dq _Gan
p Q W _ p G
pn p p p
n n n q r n o q k V n
,9Klo tJo 9l ?p ar__G Hpfn \_.Tn p - mn _Tn a \pc_fn \__G zZn - dq=p F_G yEp An9G ;GQn HC
Y V
n n n n rn n n n n no n o n q n n
QKda ,u_P \pc_f QtF.p ,c=DG ?p ar_ Hf \_.T bAJ crDCa c8p 9T_G \pc_f K_.p ,\=9G.p
o q rn n V n n n n
p p n
ro o n q n
iQMC ?m cnGaQp van ,"\KoGan QVln JG" :c9r arC ,"g9AFGr an Br QVlJG bAJn " \pKpGr an v >o ]j_G
o n nn k n n o n n
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r q nn n n m o
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V
k l n n o nn r r
- dq=p F_G ?p lTrp zfn 9]~p glo cGQ c9r Or rp ,?p lTrp _G EcOJn mn OVrA 9l cp Dlp Hlp an
V

29
oo n o o l n q n q
,\A}r M.p dq=p F_G Bo cA.p ,\p__G \Gan 9K=p On cQC 9l ?ln Tr_ gpPp J HE" :- mn _Tn a \pcr_fn \__G zZn
V V
nn n rn o o n n Vo n
QDtC jPp aC Or ,bTal dMC \__G mJQc :c9r mD ,\pKGa v >]j_G BcCQ bAJ >]jp
n n n o r q n n n
p
n r
.)45("}n Zn p GPJ Hlp
n Y n n o V cQWV_G \KGr an v >]jn _G bFgr ln IAGQr ?_Dlr C Hrlan
?p c9rT_9= |=R__p mtJ \FC q
\
p p p p p p
k p o pk n n np p o o o n n k q
% $ # " !, + * ) ( ' &

o
9c :9ptp 9Fl 9]~gl jQ9ZFFG c9rp ,uQ9G yE A9*G cT
Y n r
QC mD ,|=R 9c sTG :c9rp ,:aC
V
p p p p
n \ o n n nn o n k np n o o n n q p n n q n n n p r n
:y9gA sJ_G car cRFp ,\Flp H9t 9*p 9=]i \KGa Ha_Ap ?uAp lf H=G H9t HC ,\p__G caTQ
~ } | { z y x{
.)46(}
o q n n kq S oV nn r r
\__G zZn ,dq=p F_G bA.p ,9KT=p _p ,AG|n Tp ?_Jo xfn yEp iOJrC \FC mn OVrA 9l cp Dlp Hlp an
V
V n
\KnGan HC Qo Jp9d_Gan ,)47("d89TFp {
q n =n 9KAo rr rWn pn ,\KGan v >n ]jn _G Bo cCnQn pn " ,mn _q Tn a \cr_n fn
pp p
o n r V
r n n n r n n n
o r n n n V
9KAcOJC 9lp ,9KJQaG" bFgl \pcp QKd Ora ,hcQWA QOZl s9cT_G u_P v qcQW_G
\
p l m k p
r o n o q n o r n n n nn
Q9l]lp yE >TFA ?c_ZGaA 9lJGOJE :H9A_:Op GPE E p c OJ_G dpp ,"9KT=_A_p u_
p p p
lp n n p l
?_8p 9r d n Jpan ,qp cQWq _G \pKGr an v Qn Kd jP_G \p=]in Hrlp Uo =n An rAo ?cqKrr pp iQMr Coa ,Bp 9cqAp lr ZV_G
p p n q
n
.Ep cOJ_G u_P v >]j_G zfn ?p Dfp 9=_G ?p _gp _G ?p ln QJ=p
n
p
n o n L n nn n n n o o nn r r
\Ag_Tp ^Qp gc jOaKc 9lFc=p ,IQcQJ a=C gGaQn jP_G EcOJn _G mn OVrA 9l cp Dlp Hlp an
l nn n n n k o
,cGQn \ln a_p ,Qp W=n _G zfn bTal bpaZr G jP_Ga : :c9rp ,\JnQp t 98cW 9K=p dnap fr C
kq k nq n rn n
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V
p
n k
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q n q =FV _G yE >n JPn pn
p
q n Y V np n n nn n n n r n n n n r n n nn o op n k r n n
bAJ d=p F_G >]p jp ,gQtPp ,\KGa Bla_ m_p " :c9rp ,dKGa ma_ H;p c9= 9lp ,GOKfa
V n n n )48( r n n o n Vo m n n
GPJ HC bpMc Uc_a . "\p__G Ap9c=p FC {= Ga_]pA : :c9r mD ,\pKpGa v >o ]j_G dn8p Qo
n \
>]j_G bFgl srJA d

n r n o q n n Jan ,?l cq_ZGaAn 9lJGOJr E :H9A_:O \oFrl brAn Tco dV l;tn _G En OJn _G
p p p p p p p
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p p p p pp p
n n n o k n
.cp TQq _G {= ?p _]9p*G v 9cKF
n n n k n nn V Vn o n n V n o \ o n
yE HaApp A_c GaF9t 9l G|Dt ?=9JZ_G HC OGc ?p pcQW_G E p cO9JFG v QZ=A*Ga
p
o n n n n q n
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V

30
n q n o n r r ro n n n n n
iCQn 9lq _p" ,>p 9aM_G H= Qo lfo u_P Hlp an ,\pFlp Ep gp =F*G bFgr *G zfn HcOlAgr lo ,mK_Zo GaAan
n q n k k q k n n n
\p__G yEp >o aAF 9FE ,\p__G caTQ 9c" :;8p 9r 9pa_Aan 9=Oq .A Qn GaJ_G qrarC "\pKpGan v 9l Qo lfo
.)49("cGn an Rfn
V V
q n n n o n n n n n n oo n nn
?p cKpGa_G Bp 9tQJ_G mp aTQ zf HaOlp Agca ,dnF9g*G HaZFArc \=9JZC H9t 9lta
l on r n rn nq n rn n q n n n n n n n V n q
v ?TGQpp \_ BF9t Orp ,m_Ta \pc_f \__G zZ - \gl u_p Pt QlFG H@p ,cZGaA_G v
n p
o n r o o r r q o n
-mo ;Tq _G \pcr_fn - xfn EcOJn u_P Hlp an ,\Jn9Ga qrp cn Hln \pGa Hlp ?p cnA.A*G dF9g*G IpAGQrp
S
r V o rn rn V n n rn oY n o n
B=GC Or \pcpQ9W HC iCQ Orp ,\lf IRlJ \p= m9r 9*p Q9tFEa >]i gG~fG 9lOFfp
n l r n l n o nr n
p p p
n n n rn n r n rnn
u_P iCQ {J \pcFcf u_p lc m_p ,9lJpOp 9=tC Hlp PM
r n on o o n r on oo
p Ca ,9lJQZp GaM BQrp =a ,9lKAlFpTC
q n n
q n q =FV _G qn Qgn pn " ,\lVJn \oD=cn_p - mn _Tn a \pcr_fn \__G zq Zn - d\ =FV _G zfn cn MOn pn ,Qn dF*G
V
zZ - d
p p
nm_q Tn a \cr_n fn \__G zq Zn - dq=FV _G goQn On A=9pn ,)50("Bo cr_n jP_G dKGr an Hrl - mn _q Tn a \cr_n fn \o__G
p pn p p
n n n n r n n o
jP_G EcOJn _G u_p Pta ."?u_ 9l" :\p_p ar=p Qm 9tFEpa YRGn Hlp \pKpGr a v iCQn 9*p ?p _An9T*9=p -
n n mo k l n
.)51(YaG_G IQn crQn Jo d=C \pGr an v gQo 9Z=Ep anJan ,GOgr =n H9c=n \pcr_fn dA.cTn
Y q o r n
:YaG_G b_f cGO_G \Ga_G
ooq
p
r r n o r q n o r V n
\p_p 9J Hfn Qp cQrA_G yEp \p=p d]pco Or r YaG_G \t_lAcn Hln HE cp arr_G cp a]p Hlp cgn _
V
o n
v HatAp ,\p_p 9J= "B9cAp lZ_G" E
q r V n o n o l n r n o n
J=l yE >TFA ?ZaZMl m8p ;f dWA Ora ,\pdp p_=
n rn
p p p p
n k V n n no n r V n n
Hlp ;GQn HC Om agTln Hp=G Ep cOJn v On Qn an Or ra ,Qn MC hn ]p Galn v k_=C c=n ,ep p__9t 9KAp F9=Ep
o n n q n q n
anJan ,)52("g9fOn p YaG_G - mn _Tn a \pcr_fn \__G zZn - dq=p F_G \pGr an v Qn Zn =r C" Qp 9ZFFG
V
n n n n n n
zZ- d
q n q =FV _G afOr Cn xq g_ ?m TlMn mn 9ga w hr FZr G :\_ c9rpn ,ml 9Jq _ ml ;io \_ Hn9t jL Q9ZFC
p n n n q n r npn o
.?m TlM Ulp 9M - m_Ta \pc_f \__G
n o q n n n Vn Y
\pcr_fn \__G zZn - cp aTQV_G \pGr an v bFgr *G GPK_p j\ Qp 9ZFFG Qn Zq =A HC sJn _Gan
o n n n n n oo n n q
g9fOn p ,YaG_G \pKpGr an v Un QVpA Or rp ,IQcQn Jo d=C hn ln cp aTQV_G Hlp \_Dlp H9t Or r - mn _Tn a
k n oV o n
9g8p 9G H9t \FC yE - jQ9M=_G KcJZ v OQa 9lt - IQcQJ a=C K*C Ora ,\lga.p
\ nnn n nnrn o nn rn on n r n
p p p
n k n nnn rn n n n n n n Y nn
zf 9lac Ogr Or_p ,\pFpa= zf QGJ_G OWca ,YaG_G Hlp ^QFG zf gpOp =t= Olp Agc
r n n o n
p n p p
r k r n n n or
\_fn ,\p_p 9J Hfn 9cl\glo ?m cB Hfn \_.Tn p ,Qm t=n a=C QVln p ,HaGQMcn \Flp jP_G mKrp cQa
V

31
o n n r n n q n
G a=C d= QVln mVD" ,Qo lfn u_p Pta ,cgpcn mr _p ,\gn =p AATcn_p :Ep \_.Tn 9lan ,>o cGATcn
p p
mT9r_
rn n
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p
o r n o o r o o r n
:>AgATl_G HGKATl_G \Ga_G
p
p
n o q n on V n n
\pcr_fn \__G zZn - cp aTQV_G yEp mJoOo JC iOJrC 9lq v_ ?_:O\_G mo t_Ap Br _Gn A Or ra
n n q n nq n nq n rn n o q n o
u_P H9t 9lv_a ,\AcOJ - m_Ta \pc_f \__G zZ - caTQ_G OQp ,9cW
V n n k q n k nq n
p Ja GQ9lJp - m_Ta
V
n n n n k o n n
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q q n n n q n n
.)54("ml Qo Jo 9FC :Ep uc_fn gOVQF mr _ 9FE 9lC" :sap 9F qm cQW H9c=n =p
m m
o n o r n
o
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p
p
r o o n l n l ln n
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n r n r V n n r n cQWV_G EcOJn _G v un _P hn rn a Or rn a ,\oGo _9Mcan goOo =9tco 9l= sl a9F
mac Hf mKDOJ mac q
pV n p p p p p
n o n n n V n n o n n V n n r n r n
HCa ,>cWc Oc_a_G HCa ,9K_lJ h]A clp 9J_G HC qcta ,9K_p GaJCa 9K_p GaJCa ?p l9crp _G
r V n q n q n n V n
B|jA bAJ" U9F_G zf u_P sWp ,iQ9tT= mJ 9la iQ9tT mKF.t HaQc U9F_G
o r n o r q n n no n q
n p p r r
q oV n o nn
\pcr_fn \__G zZn - \FC XJGn Bp F= >n FcR EcOJn mn OVrA 9l cp Dlp Hlp an .)55("mr KJoaGao
n S n r l n m q n o n o r n kq n o V n n n n nq n n
Op r QW Hlp >Qg__p cca ,\__G :E \_E : :carc \KGa GQlJl maF_G Hlp ercATG - m_Ta
p p p o nr
.)56("...LnaG.ln an LnaG.cn mo OQn Kn Ap p ,>n ~rG
n k V n n r r
\p__G On c=n fo HE Br _9r ICQn lr G HC qp cQW_G Ep cOJn _G v dF9g*G mo t_Ap Op aQao cp Dlp Hlp an
V V
or l k n n n n r n r n n
,\Ff ?_p9i dnJpan 9F=G 9K_ PM.p ,\AQn 9f.p 9K=p OYJp ATcn bTal 9KFlp Qn 9gATG ^9cf H=
m
r n n o n n o o oV r Vn r r nn
BfRpp" ,\J=P OcQc \FC BFd PE BlJpap ,gpOp c= bTa*Ga ,gPp M
n n n n o or n
p p p p zf \T_p Gl \AOGap
n n
.)57("u_P cgpF Bo Ft 9l ,\_ArC HC {
o on r nr n r n n r n
WMA :c9rp ,dKGa v >c=M 9KpQf ?fRp
l n o n n kn n
o
\ o o o o r n
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o n l o n n
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p p p p agA_9t ;?m ZaZMl Hm9gl zf
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n o q n n l o
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q n o V o n o G \_n hn ]ao 9lq _pn ,- mn _q Tn a
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n nn V nn n n n
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o n n r n n n Vo oo n nq n rn n o q n V n k n
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mK]g= Pagc H9t \FC ?W8p 9f Hf iQMC ?cGaQ va , \
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67
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rn rn o k o nq n rn n q n
k p p
q
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n q n n n \cnOcn hn ]anan ,QW9=*o G drq _Aq _Ga
p m q p p p z f
p
n n n r q kq n o ro on o n r n n q
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n n p n n V n p p p
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9v Kc_f Uv _vG dA_G ?v 8vcvK_G cv g_a ,\pvAp ::Op a "B p 9v J9vGA:G" Ep vJv=l OFfp Havpvrp c "Op TG_G
n n o r V r _an Zlo v >o TAFcn 9lq l - mo ;TV_G \c_f - co c}G
9Kcpp ,"s_j*G cctWA_G" yE mKJ p p p p
o q n p q p o p n p
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c p a H
c }G c MO 9t u_Pt a, "QpZp yEp )90(Hlp [ _rAA 9lKcfPG {= ?_tWA*G
p p
nm n nn n
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Y )223(
gp p J a ,
P ct ? l lJ _
rn n n n oq q oq n o n n n o rVp o n n
Ora ,?ZaZMl H9gl zf ?_GO_G ?cOTG_G ?tQJ_G 9KDfp 9= UpF_G v marA dA_G dF9g*G
m m p
q o n n k n
.)224("m_gA*G ?p 8crJn zfn Un _Gn a" :;8p 9r KcJZq _G MoQp 9W GPJ yEp Kn *C
p p
n n n r o
r
:?8cJ b_E ?8cJ Hl c9rAF:G
m m p
n
p
n r o nr nr r n o n n
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V
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o n r n l n oo nr nr r
,\Flp zfn C Qn MB yEp dS =p 9aMp iakATlo Hlp cp 9rAp F:9t ,I|Dt \DfGa=n ?m 8cJn yEp ?m 8cJn Hlp
o r n n r r o on nr o q nn
9l \=WC d Jpa ,9KFlp aC ,9Kcp cOVgcp ,?p T_Gp _G ?p 8cJn zfn dY =p 9aMp _G caqJA_G GPJ Uo tgFcp
n o r n n o q n n n )225(?in ;=n _G m_f v B9pA_:G UQOn = HoatAn
QDC yE ,>Ggl aJF zf ,IGaQ_G BpA_G Op ra , p p p p
p p m pn m p p n
r o o n n r n S o n r n n pq o r
dnJpa ,Qp 8p 9=t_G }p tC Hf \_ar u_P Hlp a ,xZGaA aJF zf dr_A*G >p PGn an ,?p F9=DpG v u_P
n n n
k qo n r nrn n n n q n q mVo rn o n o
98tp Al H9t HC Og= U_G ?p D_p 9D_G zf bAC 9* mD ,HcO_Ga_G sarfa ,\p__9= uGQWDG
p p p
q o n n n n n nr n r n r n n n r n o n n o
,Qp aR_G car aJa :C" :?m 8cJ yEp ?m 8cJ Hlp cp 9rAp F:G Og= c9rp ,\pc_f O|p T 9l IpQaaM_p
n n n o q n n
.)226("Bn tTn \Ac_ 9F_r bAJn 9JQo Qq tco cGR 9lp
k r o kq n n k r n n V nn kq n k n n Vn q
Fp c p G c a p p G p c r
98= l 9 tQJ O t A ?T_G_ c OgA v HCa ,9cdp p_ GOct.A 9JQp GQtA v HC Qo Jp9d_Gan
n on q n o q \ nn n n oo n n n qq r n
?p cO.A v ?Alp 9Z_Ga ?A8p 9Z_G :H9A_:O_G B p Qp9]A GP=a ,\F9c= dA.cT 9l ?p clJC Hf
o n n p p n
o n n n
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r n r n n n n k q n o V n n
.)227("...crc_p mn _p fn Hln :c9rp ,Un _Gp 98tp Alo H9tan" ,g9AC mJoOn JC HC An9G Or rp
r n n k n k r n k r rn o n n o o o n Vnn
BF9tp ,GQGQrEa ,9l;TAp TGa ,9l;TE \pcA=tQ zf Qlf uaQ= mOrA 9l cDlp Hlp a
r r n
p p p
r n o \ o n oo
Hp= Up FC Hgp ,mcQt_G \p_p aTQ Ipa=F=p Hprp a*G qp ~p g*G Qr*G ?T_Gp \ppp arao On gr =n \AT_Gp
n q
q q n p V n n nq n rn n o
,Qn Kd_G zZp Uo lW_G Bp iGR { n n
J LQM - m_Ta \pc_f \__G zZ - d
q n q =FV _G HV Cn um _p 9l
r n n r n rn r n o k k o n np n
,c.Tcn_p AmdW Hfn c.Tcn HC >VJn C Hln :c9r mVD ,9l9dfp GQalC 9Kcp Qn tPan ,?f9Tq _G Qn tPan
q r n o q n r n n
,Ap9t=o _G v Uo 9F_G Qn Dt.p ,GPJ dl9rln v Bo lOo 9l mr tA}r MC :Ep AmdW Hfn dFa_.Tr A ;p
n n n on n n n r n k n o l n on n n n n n rn n r n
u}p...?rGPJ ua=C :c9rp ,d=C Hl :9FJ p All cGQ \_ c9rp ,"dFa_T" :carc HC QDtCa
k n k k n n
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V
o n n l V Y n n n n n n n n n oV n r
m8;fa BGA9lcE 9KFC sJ_Ga ,HaWcgc \pcp jP_G mK* p 9f |p i QMB mm _9f v \FCa ,\c_Ep
n n o n kq V n o o nq n rn n o q n n rn l q o
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m n p
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m p p q
n V rn r n )229( o r n n o n
n r n
qcQW_G \KGa bWjc 9l 9KFlp a , "dJan_G cp aRF On Ffp \pcApW uQq Jco H9t - mn _Tn a
n n n n n o n p r n r r
GP@p p ,\Tn CQn zgr cn cMO.p" :\_ mKpZan u_P Hlp an ,gpQp GQlp J9t ;?m ZaZMln Bm 9l;fn Hlp
n n oq o rn o n r n )230( Y n r n Y n o o
,Bo aZV_G bp caj_G Hlp { gA*G bFg*Ga ,bcaj_G 9KFlp a , "bjc \Ga_G QlJl aJ
n n n n V n n o n n )231( k n o n o n o o n n n q o n o n
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p
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o n oV n n r n n Vnn q q n o o q n l p o n
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p m m p
rOrn a ,)233(bFgr *n G GPJ Ro }Ao IOOq gAlo B98cJn yE Qo 9Wco ?cqtQn Jn _G m_f van ,)232(\oFocq_n s_o Mo _G
p m m p p p p V p
o n n q n o n n L n l n V \ n n n
sQlA 9lt HcO_G Hlp sQlc [MW_p jOTG qZa q p cQW_G jap=F_G Ep cOJ_G v A9G
p m
,{ r AFnGan_G qo QWlo ,{Fncgn _G Qo 89i cl GQn 9Fcr_fn cn =n r.pn " :\pZan v cn crpn ,mKTV_G Hnl ?o cqlQq _G
p p p p pp p p
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p np p p p p p n p
r V o r n n n n o r n n r n n k o r k r n r o n n q
cJC sJC BT_aC ,u_ca" :\Flp QOZ Or H9t 9l 9FGKATl ,\pc_f 9tQOATl c9rp ,\__G sAG
p q n p o p p
oq k q n n q r n
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)235( n n n n r V n n o o r r n n q q n o Vp o n n q
. "OalD cAr mKF_ArF mKAtQOC H8p _a ,?p clp Q_G Hlp mKT_G sQlc 9lt HpcO_G
n q n o o no n
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p p p p p
n o n n n qp n n n q n q
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n n n rn m
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n onrn n n rn q q n q q
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p p
k o o n rn k o k o o q o n r n nn oV n l
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p
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p o p r
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n n oq o k n n o q on n oq q o o o n o
qral {gA IQ9WE ?8cK_G u_Ap mOrAp ,9KcF9gl= C=FA_G Htlc Uara ?TQ9ll
p p m
n o \ n
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v IpOFp9T*G B p 9llA*G gpPp J mJCa ,sp _r_G aC ,Qp aQT_G apC ,>p ]j_9t ; "[ MW_G
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V V
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n n n n V n rnn
rp Ga*G ^g= v 9JQMT Orp ,\pcF9gl {cgAa
n rnn
p p p p p p
n n o n o n r n r n n l n V n
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q
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k
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n r o o n n rn n o q n n rn
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p
n o rn o n n r n kq n k o o n q n n n o qn n
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n k n lq n on n o
zf 9T9TC ?cF=l IQ9WD9p" ,9JQlC QJp9d ?cdp_ |i ?F9=E u_P va ,^QFG
l q n o n l n n r
p m p p
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v 9aM bMa ,^QFG zf 9g=Ql bM" \FC 9K_9Dlp a , p p p
p
r k k o o V n n r k
jP_G \=p Fp9G Hlp bp Ta_G v jP_G GPJ yEp GQ9jZp 9aaM bMa ,\Flp 9GQp 9M ,bp Tan_G
n
n n l oo n o n
jP_G GPJan ,\p=p b9JC Or r arC ,\p=p bcJlo \_GC GPJan ,H9TFDpG GPJ :c9ran ,bp Tn a_G v
r o n n o r r n o n o o oo
HEan ,GPJ \WKnF GPJ g.aMC H@p ,^GQfr FG Qo 9jZq _G baM_G gpPp Jan ,\_lC LlQp 9M aJo
kq n n k V o kq n V n oq n n o )240( n nn o n r
9aMa ,9g=Ql 9aM bM \FC" :?G9l H=G HFT va , " G PJ \WKF GPJ g.aMC
p p
kq n n o \ n n n n \ n k o n o \ n n n n
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V V
p p
n p oo o n n n n op \ n n k
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o po
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Y
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m
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p

76
n n \ V V n r o q n o n n n n
bFgr *G ?p c_GA_p xcDlA_G mTQV_9= - mn _Tn a \pc_fn \__G zZ - caTQV_G H9gATG Op ra
q n o p V np p o n rV n
o o o r n
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V n o n k n o n k q n V n rp
n r o
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n n o r p
rn l n r q l
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p p pp p
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77
o n l n n n
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p m m
r n V n r o q n n r o S
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p p
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V
p p p p p
r n k r n r oq o n n q r V n n o n o n
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p p
o n n n k n IkQn GO 9KaTn an v Qn GOCan ,^Qr F n k n k
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p p
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H@p ,m;TDG yEp H9lcDG Hlp Bp ra_G u_P v LQM bFR GP@p p ,H9lcDG dnJp I|jZ
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p p m
n n n n V n k nn n k n n n r n o n
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m p p
o k V k n n n o q n n n
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p p p p
n q V n n Y \ o q
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n n r n n V n k r n r on
p p cQW_G \pdp p_= 9raaFl iQMCa p
78
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p p p p
n n r o on o r o n o q n n n o an ,\__ Oo lJn _G :cn 9rpn
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p p p
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)244(
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k V k
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p
q k r n n )245( n r n n q n n o o o n l n o n r n
9llp 9]cC aJa , 9Zg_G cDlp ,\pc_f .taAc_p gpOp c= cGQq _G gPM.c AdW IQZ M*p Ga
p
n r n n n n o o n o o n
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p
n n n n o o o n
)246(
vp p v v n v v p r vKvF9vlvcrC Gav_vZn an GPEp
Q Z 9 M l _9 = m
r v v Kv v =9v v av v M ho v v ran ^
m
p p QFG cv v cRv v c O9v v tv v c
n n n n n oV S r n n V q r o n n r n
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p r*G H9t Ora
p p
r n n o o n n n n k q n rn o q n V
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p p
n n n l n r n n n n )247( q n n r q n o o n n o q
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n r n rn n n Y n o n o q q Y o q q r
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p p p p p p
n oV r o q r
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,HpRJo _Gan ,MQp_9t ,\pGan_G v Qo KndA dA_G ?cq*9g_G dF9g*G u_P Hlp an ,9Kcr_fn mr Kfo 9lGEp
p
,[ \
9M_G [9M yE >T
\ l AFlo aJo 9l arC [ L
9M 9l aJ 9KFlp a ,u_P |ia ,q
n n n n
a
n n
M_Ga
p p p
n
.Bm ::Op _p ?p _9lq Jn _G ?p cqFpcOq _G Bp 9tQJn _9t
k q n n n kq q n n V
?Z9M ?p rQa_G gpPp Ja ,?l9f q p cQW_G Ep cOJ_G v IpOQp Ga_G Bp 98cK_G Hlp HC 9 D_9D
o
n
K a
p
n n n n
\KpGr an v dn8p Qo jP_9t ;>;Ap Gr G apC cm lYgA HaO MQp GaGn _G zfn Qo Kdc dL 8p 9r_Ap aJo 9l
k n k nr o l n o o r V n m p
B9G9J_p GOZr b fOATl >_AGl aJ 9KFlp HCa ,>]j_G aC ,MQp_G dF9gl Hlp q
n n nn n r cQW_G
V
m p p p p
q nn n rn ro n r n nn nn q n rq
9llp 9K_t9W 9la ,[aZQ*G H9cF=_G IpQaZ mTQ v HcOc_G up c=WAt ,bAW UpF_G v
p p p p p
n k nn k r o
.jS Qp app arC dS 8p 9r_Ap |n i 9=_AGr lo GOaZrln OYgc
n n n V o q n n
\p_p ZGaA v 9Kcr_fn caqfn Or r -mn _Tan \pcr_fn \__G zZn - mn cQt_G caTQV_G HC 9 g= Q
V o n
K G a
r r o q o n r n n p
r
Hf |p =gr A_G yEp ?m ZaZMln Bm 9tQJn =p ?pcQW_G \Jo QGaGn Br ]pC Oran ,\_aJn Hln hn ln
V

92
r n an ,9k D_9D 9k FcJ \o_n ?k c_q Glo an ,Qn Mn B 9k FcJ saaFln __ IkOF9Tlo an ,9k FcJ ?k ra9F Br F9tpn ,gOZ9rln
Or p p p pp p
o n n n n o n r n n r k r n n n r n
v 9JCQrc H9t 9lOFfp \pT p pF v marc jP_G bFg*G Qp O9Zl Hlp GQOZl u_Pt BF9t
\ o n o q k n n n n r
.\p_t u_P zfn ccDlA_G ;=r r mn OVrA Oran ,\ln 9lC aJo Hln Bp GA9lcE
k r o n n nn q o
yE ?=Ggl B9A9pAp _G E p cOJ_G cp lJ_p GaOKF HcP_G IpGaQ_G B9pAp _G 9 Tl9M
o n
p p m K a
n r o q
H9t Hlq fn arC ,mn _Tn an \cr_fn \__G zZn ,cp aTQV_G Hpfn IpQO9Zq _G ?p cqOTGn _G Bp 9tQn Jn _G
V
rn n n l r n \ o n
,em p_ ?cGaQp an ?m tQn Jn ?cGaQp qp cQW_G Ep cOJ__p ?cGaQp mr KFlp H9t \_t u_P_p an ,\pAp Qn ]Jn =p
V
q r k q n n n 9cql;tn _G ?cGaQ { n n n n n n n
9lKF.= mKFlp 9l_fp B p 9ctp QJ_G ?p cGaQa B p p p p = Ep cO9JFG cp rF v GaglGp
n p o n q
o
:Hpc_c=TV_9=p caTQq _G gGOq C jP_G bFgr *9=p Ak9panan ,?p F9=DpGan ?p _:O\_G v Hp9lRp ;Alo Hp9rWp
q n n r n \ n n nn n n \ n n q n rn q
9Ja_aJa ,mKdp p_ [9M= B p 9tQJ_G Ga_rF u_P_a ,d tQJ_G B p lp 9Z_Ga ,saaF*G B p 8p 9Z_G
p n p
rn rn n n \ n
n n n o q n n n r
?laTQl ?raaFl B9tQJ yE d
p J_G dlp ;t_G Ep OJ_G v ImOJ9Wl ?m c8p Ql Bm 9tQJ Hlp
\
m m m
rn n n nV
.cp arF*Gan cp alJr *G Ep cOJn _G v Bp 9l_p t_9=p ?m _Dllo
k q n \ o
,?lq 9f ?p ctQJn _G Bp 98cKn_G yEp qp cQW_G Ep cOJn _G v {pFZ*G Bo 9pAp _G 9 TO9T
V o n
K a
p
>Ga=C {= \pT
r n n CQ= 9k l89r 9k =9= ,InQ9WDG dFfr C ;9K_n mK]o g=n On rn gn pn ,?k Zq 9M IQ9WDG >9=an
p p p p p p p
V q n l o q r k n n n
jP_G qp cQW_G ja=F_G Ep cOJ_G Hlp ARG 9KFC yEp mKFlp IQ9WEp ?p falG*G Ep cO9JFG \
n o Qn Jco 9ltn \AtQJn ?cGaQ zfn [ o Qn Jco

.\pdp p_ ?p cGaQp zfn [ p p p
r o o n
HC Htlco ?p DJ9=*G gpPp J v IOQGa_G 9KAp ::Op an MQGaGn _G Bp 98cJn HC 9 g=9T
V o n
p
K a
o n oq q o o n oq \ o n n n o o r n n o
p
?KGa_Ga ,?c_ZGaA_G ?KGa_Ga ,?c_:O_G ?KGa_G u_P Hlp a ,?Fc9=Al B9KGa Hlp Ha=ATA
m m
q89da B
n n 98cKn__ HV C GO=n Orpn ?cq_:O\_G ?KGa_G Hl 9lq C ,?o cqTpFV _G ?o KGa_Gan ,?o cqgcQWr AV_G
p p p p p
n k n k o n nn n k \ k o n n k
n n o
,\l9rl marc 9FclC 9=8p 9F HatA Ora ,sp aaF*G bFgln __p GRRglo GOpp GQ HatA Orp ,?Fc9=Alo
V o n
n \ n
o rn n o n k \ n k q o o n rnn n n q n
cDl*Ga UJ*G bFg*9= saaF*G g9Fg*p ?_Dlla IOtCl HatA Ora ,\]Qi jOCcp
p p p n nr n k
o r kn o n n
aJ" :\p_p ar=p h=ZDpG d=C H=G u_P yEp Kn *C 9lt IQn Zp AMlo IRGp al HatA Or ran ,Bp 9tQJn _9=p
o n
p n o n n q n n kq o n o rq n r
,Op cn_9=p IpQn 9WDp9t ep p__G ?_:Op HatA bAJn ,|p Dt_G bFgr *G zfn :GO cc_r_G ep__G Hatcn HC
V
r n n r n o q n
ImQ9=fp yEp Br Gn 9AJr G 9K8p 9lT.=p 9KFfn }n \ fo a_ Im|Dt An9cWC yEp ImOJp Ga ?m tQJ=p |o WA 9KF@p
?p fa]a*G bFg*G e
n n r n 9p_.= Rn 9GcDG HV C R9GcDG { n =n an \Fnc=n so Qpn _Gan ,I|Dtn e9p_Can ,?_caan
p p p m m m
93
nq o
n o on V o n lq l n n n n n
v ep__ ?_:Op G
p a ,?m r=9al ?_:Op Rp 9GcDG v ep p__G ?_:Op p ,?_GO ?J* IpQ9WDpG e9p_Ca ,\_
nq n n V n \ o n n )278("mGRA_G ?o _:O arC ,Hlq ]An ?o _:O 9lq E IQn 9WDG
?cOTG_G B p 9tQJ_G H@p \_t u_P_p a ,
q n m qp n
p m p p p p
n
V n V
n r V n
p cQW_G ja=F_G Ep cOJ_G v ddp p__G |p i cp ZGaA_G UQO dFfC ,Up QO_G GPJ v Bp 98cK_Ga
\ \
q
nV n n V
.Br Qn ZVMa ,Br _Dln an ,Br JQn Wan ,Br OtCan ,Br OVTn an ,Br RRfn
V
n l c n l n n cq n G n G HV C GO=n Or rpn ?cq_ZGaAq _G ?KGao_G Hnl 9lq C

UQO v U 8Q QaW ? OTG_ B9tQJ_
p p p p p p
o n r n ro n r n V o nn \ V n q
.9FJ 9JQp GQtA Hf dFjA ?p rQa_G gpPp J v ?p DaD=*G Op JpGaW_G IQDta ,ddp p__G |p i cp ZGaA_G
r n kq qn V n oq n o n n o
cGaJC zf ?cFpGQ= cGaO ?cOTG_G B98cK_Ga B9tQJ_G B
n F
n r n q V n o n q
9t Orp ?p cTpF_G ?p KGa_G Hlp 9lC
p p
nM9ZpE 9KFrfn AoQ*n G Kn Zpco HrC Hotlco ?FaFtr ln H9gln Hrfn qn WGatn an ,?cqFGaqGn _G 9K=9JZr C
p p m m p p p
oQ9l]l aJo GPJa ,?tn QJn Mn9ZpEan ,B9cql;tn _Gan ?A89Zq _G ?j_q _G Qo 9l]r l aJo GPJan ,sar Fo
p m p p p p p p m
n>c_rr An an ,B98cKn_G gPJ Un lq _An HV @pn ?cqgcQWAq _G ?KnGao_G Hnl 9lq C .B9cqtQn Jn _Gan B9cqAlr ZV_G
p pp p p p p p p p
n n V o V V V n V
.\plp GQJa \p_p ;J hcQWA_9=p IpQQr*G dfGaO_G Hlp qp cQW_G ja=F_G Ep cOJ_G v ,9Kcp Qp dF_G
\ \
p
n n n r nV n \ k o n o n n o V
B::Op a B9tQJ Hlp mOrA 9l cG_p 9glp 9G Hatc O9tc c9Dlp zf HcQgA_G 9 l9D
o
m m m KF
p
a
n n Y nr rn n nV n n r n o q n n o n o n rn n \ o n
^g= B=DC Ora ,m_Ta \pc_f \__G zZ ,caTQ_G Ip9pa EcOJ aJa ,B98cJa B9llAla
V
p m m
n o n kq
?p DJ9=*G gpPp Ja ,?l9f jQ9M=_G KcJZ Hlp gQ9DF m_p *Ca ,\rQpAl hlGC GPFC 9Ja ,\p*
\ n r n o r n on\ o o r n n 9gln
p p pp
oB::O\_G 9lq Can ,mOn rn _Gan ,{gn _Gan ,UCQV_Gan ,Ocn_G Hnl Br F9t Or rpn Bo 9tQn Jn _G 9lq C ,?k Zq 9M
p p
n o n n qp n np o n n p n n n n n o rn o V o V n l \ n
,>cGAT9p uGaT_G Bp =_a {g_Ga ,"mgF" >9G.p c8p T Or qcQW_G UCQ_9p ,IOOgAlp
o q q n o
\pcr_fn \__G zZn - gAn9TFp Br Qln Can ,xZco ml 8p 9r anJoan \F9tln Ep t*9=p Qm t=n 9=C Br Qn ln C Oo cn_Gan
q
cr9DA_G zf ?p _GO_G ?p cW*
n q q o n r n n r n o n q qo n r n n r nq
p p G ?8cJ BQKd Orp B98cK_G 9lC .HA_gp Orp bpt HC - m_Ta
o V r n o o o \ o q n n q n V o n n nn n
UCQ_G 9J;G.p IOFp9T*G B9llA*G 9lCa ,Op cOJ_G [M p 9W_G QdF_G ?8cJa ,^Q*Ga
p p p
o n V o oo o V k q nn
Htlco : bFgr *G HC HJp}co \F9c=n mn Oq rA*G On QTV_G GPJ HC 9rJn ,^ p Q*G zf cGO_G >cZg_G
n Y q o n
n on r n kq n rn q n k q rn r nq o r n n o r
u9FKp ,brp ?l9f ?p raaF*G ?p j__Ga ,?Z9M e p 9p_FG Bp ::Op Hlp {gc aC PMCc HC
n r
?p J9*E yE 9FOcgc ,iQMC ?KGa Hlp ,GPJ cg_a ,
o o r o r V n )279(dnF9gln mo Oq rAo iQMr C Qo Z9Ffn
p p m p
n n nn n n r n k q
n
n n n r n V q r n o \ n
H9ta ,u_Ja Y9] ep 9p_FG Hlp :aC dF9g*G >_a Hl ct HC m_f9p" :?p =Gp g*G wGRj_G
o n n p n
.)280("\=o _acn aJa >n Qp j*G Qn =OATG Hpln t
94
q r k n n r r n o n n
\FE PE ;Ep J9=__p ?JAp 9p HatA HC dj=Fcn ?p DJ9=*G gpPp J v cp ar_G ?lA9M HC 9 gT9A
V o n
K a
p
q o o n n
dFFC d=Tr Jn an ,gOn aOJo xGAan ,\=n FGaGn sQp jATA dA_G Qp 9dFFG cp 9ltAp TG yEp Ll9AJlo
V
q n q n n n n
j\ a=F_G Ep cOJn _G v d\ dp p__G |p i cp ZGaA_G IpQJp9d zfn \pcp Bo cAC dL DJ=n Ql dF GPKp ,Bo CO=n
V
n r n
Hlp an ,H9g*p ?m Fc\ glo an ,Bm ::Op yEp ?m cn]plo ?m cqlTGp Bm 98cJn zfn \pcp Bo GQVfn Oran ,qp cQW_G
V
m
o \ o n n q n
B9llA*Ga ,?p T=__Ga ,?p cW*
n n q n n n o n n o n n
p Ga ,Op c_Ga ,Up CQ_Ga ,{ p g_Ga ,9KA::Op a \pGa_G B98cJ u_P
n r n k n n r o q
>JQC UQO_p ?JAp 9p Hatc HC clCC jP_G E
n _G GPJ v On Qan 9lq l un _P |o in an ,IoOF9T*o G
m p J = p
k r k o
.9rGQjAp TG Qn DtCan ,9rpC

95
gÇuPÇ
di;=_G EGQA_G dp ?TGQO :?F9=DG dp 9JQDCa OTG_G ?j_ ,QGQf jOKl :QdFG - 1
,m2006 ,1OOg_G ,33 O_Gl_ G ,?cFOQFG ?gl9G_ G ,B9TGQO ?_ G l ,jaj__Ga
.120[-106[
?c8RG ?_DlC :qcQW_G dFBQr_G [F_G dp OTG_G ?j_ ,QGQf jOKl :QdFG - 2
.)m2007 ,mctJA_G Ocr( ,9ctcQlC ,?c=Qg_G ?_Gl ,?c_t B9KGala
:jaj__G F G Hf EcOJ_Ga ,cZGaA_Ga ?F9=DG dp ?c=Qg_G

m9 d _ c89T a Qd FG - 3
[ m , 2003 ,H9lf ,c8Ga QGO ,1b ,?c=Qg_G dp U=__G IQJ9d ,QGQf jOKl
,?p9rD_G QGO ,9J9F=la 9J9Fgl :?c=Qg_G ?j__G ,H9TJ m9lA a ,83[ - 13
.B.O ,>Qjl_G ,A9]c=_G QGO_G
b_f G
?_lAWl_ OTG_ ?j_ G a ,BlZ_G 9KFl ,c9tWC ddp__G Qci cZ GaA__ - 4
,saP_Ga mW_Ga ,Ul__Ga ,U9=__Ga ,B98cK_Ga ,?cOTG_G BGA9lcDGa B9tQJ_G
:QdFG ,u_P Qcia
Loretta A. Malandro, Larry L. Barker, Deborah Ann Barker,
Nonverbal Communication, McGraw-Hill, 1989, pp.16-24.

,IQGODGa ?cF9TFDG B9r;g_G dp c9gp_G c9ZA:G ,jR9GJ bpaZl :u_Pta
,m1997 ,BaQc= ,hcRaA_Ga F Ga
QW _ G
B9T QO__ ? gl9G_ c G ?TTCl_ G ,2b
.111[ - 101[
GPJ dp HapFZl_G 9Kc_f LQf ?f aFAl q89d a ddp__G Qci cZ GaA__ - 5
:>_al_G
Loretta A. Malandro, Nonverbal Communication, pp.12, & Mark
L., Knnap, Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction, Holt,
Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1972, pp. 9-11.

96
.29 ?c6G :mcQl IQaT - 6

KcJZ ,)vJ256( ccf9lTE H= OlJl \__G O=f a=C ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 7
,m1997 ,BaQv v v c= ,mrQFG QGO ,df9pQ_G mv v v v vT9r scrJA ,3b ,jQ9vvvvvvvvvvvM=_G
.331/4[ ,268/2[ ,65/1[

>At_ Q OG G ,2b ,9FKl d_f .C O=f scrJA ,\FGacO ,?gc=Q d=C H= Qlf :QdFG - 8
.121[ ,m1992 ,BaQc= ,?cl_g_G
?lGQA ,mp_G saF b_E Oc_G IQ9WE Hl :?j__G I.WF dp ,Uc_9=Qat ctc9l :QdFG - 9
.119[ ,m2006 ,Bcat_G ,?pQgl_G ,
m_9f ?_T_T Qlf O lJl a
Pease, A., Body Language: How to Read Others' Thoughts by Their - 10
Gestures, Camel Publishing Company, Australia, 1990, pp.6.
Pease, Body Language, pp.5. - 11
Pease, Body Language, pp 8. - 12
,ccG_G QGO ,dF9McW QclT ?lGQA ,1b ,B9tQJ_G ?j_ ,at9= d_9AF :QdFG - 13
.19[ ,m1995 ,BaQc=
.64[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 14
,mp_G saF b_E Oc_G IQ9WE Hl :?j__G I.WF dp ,Uc_9=Qat ct 9lc :QdFG - 15
,O]_9= QlFG c= ,maOgl HcAj__G Hc= \=9WA_G HC dFgc u_P Uc_a ,118[
h] G al ^g= b_f "?F9=DG dp 9JQDCa OTG_ ?j_ G " dDJ= dp BcAC Or a
?j_ b_ f s=aA HC Htlc ?clGgl_Ga ?c_:O_G c F G Hl QcDtp ,\=9WA_G
B9 Qd _
c
O Rl_ a ,s9cT_Ga ,uQAWl_Ga ,qOGQA_Ga ,ca_Ol_Ga cGO_G ?cQdFt ,OTG_G
,?F9=DG dp 9JQDCa mTG_G ?j_ ,QGQf jOKl :QdFG u_P dp car_G bT=
.109-107[
Pease, Body :QdFG ?cOTG_G B9tQJ_ G q89d a dp car_G bT= O Rl_ c - 16
.29[ ,B9tQJ_G ?j_ ,at9=a Language, p. 6.
97
d_f OlJl scrJA ,[89ZM_G ,)vJ392( H9lDf KAp_G a=C ,dFG H=G :QdFG - 17
,OGOj= ,?cp9rD_G HaCW_G QGO ,IQJ9r_G ,?l9g_G ?cQZl_G ?8cK_G ,4b ,Q9GF_G
.248/1[ ,m1990
dp ?T9cT_G ,)vJ737( jQ9ZFFG OlJl \__G O=f a=C ,>_9a d=C H=G :QdFG - 18
,BaQc= ,?cl_g_G >At_ G QGO ,1b ,jOcRl_G OlJ C c
s rJA ,?TGQp_G m_f
.58[ ,m2005
:aJa ,9KA::Oa 9KA98cJa \Ga_G aF c
?j_ c 9 A c
q Qa q Zl F b_ f Bpr a - 20
Mitchell, M. E., How to Read the Language of the Face, Macmillan,
New York, 1968.
:\A::Oa \A98cJ dp ccr 9l Q d FGa

Loretta A. Malandro, Nonverbal Communication, pp.123-132,
Pease, Body Language, pp. 68-88.

.61[ ,B9tQJ_G ?j_ ,at9= :QdFG - 21
Pease, Body Language, pp.21 :QdFG - 22
.353/4[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 23
.289/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 24
,RGR8lW:Ga ,?WJO_Ga ,MQp_G dJ ?ctQJ_G m_f dp ?cl_9g_G ?AT_G dF9gl_G - 25
PeaseQ9W Or C a ,62[ ,B9tQJ_G ?j_ ,at9= ,>]j_Ga ,qaM_Ga ,HRJ_Ga
Or a ,?Fc9=Al B9p9rD UlM Hl U9FF \Ga_G Qc=9gA GaTQO A9l_f ?D;D b_E
9 Kc_f c C dA_G
Bl r UlM_ G B9p9rD_ G HC b_f K
cOA m A9T QO H89A G F F
B 9t
H.= QcQrA_G b_E b]pC GPJa ,9KTpF ?cKGa_G BGA9lcDG b_f drA_A ?TGQO_G
Pease, Qd : FG .9Fcp \__G 9KfOaC dA_G IQap_G b_E >TAFc 9ll B 9l GA cDG mt_A
Body Language, p. 8
98
,mp_G saF b_E Oc_G IQ9WE Hl :?j__G I.WF dp ,Uc_9=Qat c

ct 9l :QdFG - 26
.140[
.31/3[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 27
.31/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 28
.160/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 29
.314/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 30
.32/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 31
.48/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 32
.48/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 33
.508/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 34
.19/4[ ,\TpF G :QdFG - 35
hGQl_
mOf a ,IQ9]F_G ?_ r \_ZCa ,IQpZ \A_fa QcjA GPE \KGaa \Fa_ Qgq lA - 36
>ZM : jP_G >OG_ G aJa ,"QglC H9tl" :mK_ar Hl aJa ,Ha__G sGQWE
,260/2[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_Ga ,"Qgl" IO9l ,>Qg_G H9T_ :QdFG ,\cp
.340/4[ ,264
.263/2[ ,111/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 37
.376/3[ ,367/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 38
.263/2[ ,111/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 39
.428/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 40
.73/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 41
.618/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 42
.264 ,260/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 43
.111/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 44
99
.428 ,340/4[ ,618/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 45

.376/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFGa ,65 ?c6G :A9TF_G IQaT - 46
.280/4[ ,327/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 47
.621/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 48
.111/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 49
.503/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 50
.466/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 51
.271/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 52
.466/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 53
.314/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 54
.455/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 55
.676/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 56
.488/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 57
."KcW" IO9l ,>Qg_G H9T_ ,QadFl H=G :QdFG - 58
.499/4[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 59
ct 9l :QdFG - 60
.212[
,jPlQA_G HFT ,)vJ279(bTcf H= OlJl bTcf a=C ,jPlQA_G :QdFG - 61
,HFT_G ,B.O ,BaQc= ,d=Qg_G EGQA_G A9cJE QGO ,HcQMBa Qt9W OlJC scrJA
OlJl ,H9=J H=Ga ,339/4[ ,)1956(qaQgl_G h89FZ dp A9G 9l >9=
,2b ,baC9FQFG c
> gW s rJA c ,H9=J H=G KcJZ ,)vJ354(H9=J H=
?rOZ_ G ;f a cG \_ _ G ?=At QtP ,m1993 ,BaQc= ,?_9TQ_G ?TTCl
.221/2[ ,)474(m_Tl_G \cMC \Ga dp \lT=A= m_Tl__

100
.350/4[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 62

c
O=f s rJA ,Hcc=A_Ga H9c=_G ,)vJ255( QJ= H= aQlf H9lDf a=C ,eJ9G_G - 63
.10/1[ ,m1990 ,BaQc= ,ccG_G QGO ,HaQ9J m;T_ G
.11/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 64
.311/3[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 65
.45[ ,?TGQp_G m_ f dp ?T9cT_G ,>_9a d=C H=G :QdFG - 66
.61-60[ ,B9tQJ_G ?j_ ,at9= :QdFG - 67
.322/3[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 68
.609 ,606/4[ ,389/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 69
.13/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 70
.595/4[ ,13/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 71
hpQ dFfC ,?tQJ_G gPJ b_f LQf Ora ,124/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_G :QdFG - 72
F cJ
? ; ?lGQA ,OTG_G ?j_ ,BTaQia U caOi "?8G9pl ?tQJ= " C G
U Q_
.45[ ,m2005 ,sWlO ,HcO_G A;f QGO ,1b ,QcrW

.150/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG ,"9JOc=" B9 cGaQ_G ^g= dp - 73
/4[ ,531/1[ ,423/1[ ,150/1[ ,\TpF hGQ l_ v G :QvdFG - 74
.100
I;Z dp YaaA_G >9= dp GPJa ,486 ,484/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_G :QdFG - 75
.QpT_G
.12 ?c6G :IOGT_G IQaT - 76
.50/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 77
.3 ?c6G :IO89l_G IQaT - 78
.6/2[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 79
101
.81 ?c6G :\a IQaT - 80

.148/1[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 81
.438/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 82
.415/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 83
.50[ ,?TGQp_G m_ f dp ?T9cT_G ,>_9a d=C H=G :QdFG - 84
Pease, Body Language, p.133. :QdFG - 87
QTa ?j__G \rp ,)vJ429( OlJl H= u_l_G O=f QaZFl a=C ,d=_9gD_G :QdFG - 88
,d=_W ecpJ_G O=f a ,jQ9c=FG mcJGQ=Ea ,9rT_G bpaZl scrJA ,?c=Qg_G
.123-122[ ,m1997 ,sWlO ,Qtp_G QGO

Q9=MC dp >a_r_G c;AfG ,)vJ327( QpgG H= OlJl ,da8GQM_G :QdFG - 89
,BaQc= ,?cl_g_G >At_ G QGO ,1b ,NcW_G OcQi scrJA ,Hc=Jl_Ga s9Wg_G
.217[ ,m2001
.392/4[ ,637/1[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 90
.322 ,319/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 91
.319/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 92
."OO=" IO9l ,>Qg_G H9T_ ,QadFl H=G :QdFG - 93
.595/4[ ,13/4[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 94
.240/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG ,QlM_G mcQJA c=r u_P H9t - 95
Qr=a ,9lKAlFTC >G C Orp ,>_9a d=C H= d_f dpQ9W dp \l: - 96
.9lJO9=tC Hl PM Ca ,9lJQZGaM
.504/2[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 97
102
.325/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 98

.22 ?c6G :s IQaT - 99
\__G cc=T dp UQJ_ G c]p dp A9G 9l >9= ,HFT_G ,jPlQA_G :QdFG - 100
.175/4[ ,)1639(
.41 ?c6G :A9TF_G IQaT - 101
.600/3[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 102
.269/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 103
.269/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 104
.63[ ,Q9W= QgW Hl Q9AMl_G ,H9cO_9M_G :QdFG - 105
.m_dl_G G
V
^l9j_ Ulgl_ Ga ,79/1[ ,Hcc=A_Ga H9c=_G ,eJ9G_G :QdFG - 106
,c9DlFG hlGl ,)vJ518( OlJl H= OlJ C c]p_ G a=C ,dFGOcl_G :QdFG - 107
,445/1[ ,m1992 ,BaQc= ,Qtp_G QGO ,1b ,m9J__G OcgT c
s rJA
c9DlC dp bZrATl_G ,)vJ538( Qlf H= OalJl mT9r_ G a=C ,jQWMlR_Ga

.126/2[ ,m1987 ,BaQc= ,?cl_g_G G G ,2b
>At_ Q O ,>Qg_G
.337/1[ ,c9DlFG hlGl ,dFGOcl_G :QdFG - 108

.337/1[ ,c9DlFG hlGl ,dFGOcl_G :QdFG - 109
:OFf 9KA::Oa 9Kp89daa Oc_G B98 cJ Qd FG - 110
Pease, Body language, p.54-68,
.15-12[ ,OTG_G ?j _ ,UcaOia ,52-42 ,B9tQJ_G ?j_ ,at9=
dp HalcA bpWATl dp Oc_G G
?J QG mTr Hf caCTl c
> =a_ c r_ a G - 111
.42[ ,B9tQJ_G ?j_ ,at9= :QdFG ,aQa= jQFJ aJa ,9c_cTQl
.42[ ,s=9T_G hGQl_ G :QdFG - 112
.194[ ,?j__G \rp ,d=_9gD_G :QdFG - 113
103
.196-194[ ,s=9T_G hGQl_ G :QdFG - 114

.120[
.100/4[ ,368 ,257/2[ ,262/1[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 116
.366/2[ ,s=9T_G hGQl_ G :QdFG - 117
.301/3[ ,s=9T_G hGQl_ G :QdFG - 118
.470/4[ ,s=9T_G hGQl_ G :QdFG - 119
.508/2[ ,s=9T_G hGQl_ G :QdFG - 120
.685/4[ ,9/3[ ,s=9T_G hGQl_ G :QdFG - 121
.333/1[ ,s=9T_G G :QdFG - 122
hGQl_
\ n
d_f H= OlJ C ,QGJ H=G :QdFG ,A9l_G dp >aPc_ Oag= scaT_G uQJ :jC - 123
HcO_G >Jl s rJA c ,jQ9M=_G KcJZ MQ W dp jQ9=_G KAp ,)vJ852(
.438/9[ ,B.O ,BaQc= ,?pQgl_G QGO ,>caM_G
>At dp QcDt GPJ HC sJ_ Ga ,79/2[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 124
F c
9 =J c=G P G J" :c9rp ,OJC \_ GO= Q= M c Hl hGQ 9l_ u_P Hla ,EcOJ_G
,"...9KcA=: Hc= 9l mQJC dFE mK__G :c9ra ,?FcOl_G b_E gOc= Q9WC mD ,\=JFa
c=r gOc= iaJCa" :EcOJ dp sGQg_G b_E \AQ9WE u_Pt a ,439/2[
,?dcQr dF= Ht9Tl b_E c
c Q=G IQ9WE u_Pt a ,628/4[ ,"sGQg_G
.216/3[
.674/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 125
.385/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 126
.184/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 127
.523/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 128
.406/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 129
104
.244/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 130

."spZ" IO9l ,H9T__G ,QadFl H=G - 131
."spZ" IO9l ,H9T__G ,QadFl H=Ga ,38/3[ ,?c9KF_G ,QcDFG H=G - 132
.200/3 ,76/3[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 133
.428/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 134
.447/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 135
.668/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 136
.100/4[ ,674 ,668/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 137
.69/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 138
.69/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 139
.103/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 140
.357/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 141
.107/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 142
.418/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 143
.418/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 144
.103-102/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 145
.12/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 146
.43[ ,B9tQJ_G ?j_ ,at9= :QdFG - 147
.360/2[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 148
.518/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 149
.719/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 150
.519/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 151
.240/4[ ,320/3[ ,157 /1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 152
105
.291/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 153

.217[
.77 ?c6G :qKt_G IQaT - 155
.191/2[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 156
,)84(UCQ_Ga Oc_G IQ9W@= 9cAp_G >9G C Hl >9= ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 157
.44/1[
QO G ,H9c=_G AGa]C ,)vJ1393( OlJl H= HclFG OlJl ,dacrFW_G :QdFG - 158
.405/3[ ,m1995 ,BaQc= ,Qtp_G
.491/3[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 159
.429/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 160
.460/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 161
.322/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 162
.430/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 163
c O_G G \c_E QcWc 9l aJa ,mGgl_G dp EaD=l_G bFgl_G aJ jQ9WDG bFgl_G - 164
IQtp_G :Hc=ar Hl q_ACl aKp ,IOJGa_GG A9F=C \c_f drA_c ca_Ol Hl
?j__
K a
9 l f lG l Hla "Sound q
Image" ?cAaZ_G IQaZ_Ga ,"Concept"
,QcTaT jO :QdFG "Referential Meaning " jQ9WDG bFgl_G .W Fc

,?cgl9G_G ?pQgl_ Q O G G ,HcfGQt_G C
OlJ ?lGQA ,m9g_G ?j__G m_f dp caZp
,OcOG Q9aE ,?_:O_G m_ f ,Ql_9=a ,122-121[ ,m1982 ,?cQOFtTDG

,m1992 ,?cQOFtTDG ,?cgl9G_G ?pQgl_G QGO ,OcT_G jQ=Z ?lGQA ?lGQA
.46[
9 KF.= BpQf Or a ,bFgl_G HccgA dp c
c9gp OG eJ_l ? dp__ B9 QAr: G FG G - 165
k
U _ c GP_a ,?caj__G IO9g_Ga qQg_ G gQQrc 9a9=AQ G iQM.= ?l_t_ G b9=AQ G
106
k
:QdFG ,\FJGaf b_f br_l GQlC Collocation m;t_ G qZQ
Jackson, H.,Words and their Meaning, Longman, London, 1991,

p.97, & Robins, R.H., General Linguistics, Longman, New York,
1989, p. 64.
.80/2[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 166

.404/4[ ,74/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 167
.675/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 168
.523/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 169
.39 ,38/3[ ,422/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 170
.370 ,369/3[ ,149/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 171
.222/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 172
.215/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 173
.247/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 174
.222/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 175
.149/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 176
.765/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFGa ,54 ?c6G :qKt_G IQaT - 177
.43[ ,B9tQJ_G ?j_ ,at9= :QdFG - 178
.3/4[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 179
,)vJ241( c= JF H= OlJC m9 l DGa ,103/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 180
.375/2[ ,B.O ,BaQc= ,QO9Z QGO ,O FTl_G
.104/4[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 181

.554/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 182
.483/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 183
107
HTJ_G d_f a=C ,scWQ H=Ga ,79/1[ ,Hcc=A_Ga H9c=_G ,eJ9G_G - 184
OlJl s rJA c ,gOrFa \=GOBa QgW_G HT9Jl dp IOlg_G ,)vJ456( dFGaQcr_G
,m1963 ,IQvJ9v vr_G ,IO9v gv T_G ?v gv=val ,3b ,OvcvlvJ_GOv=f HcO_G dcJl
.309/1[
.107/4[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 185
.331/4[ ,268/2[ ,65/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 186
K HC iCQa ,"OTG_G
9 _ ?j_ " \=9At dp "Uc=" ?tQJ_ G gPJ b_f LQf - 187
,9K==T= ?cO9l_G \A_l9gl QTM Or B9g =l_ c G d=aOFl OJ C HCa ,?c=_T ?_:O
,carc , F , G
9lt B 9tp B_M OAp h=9ZF BOrf Or G a ,^c=C \cOc Ha_ GOi Orp
Pease, Body :QdFG ,?cOa Qci ?8cJ b_fa ,clFG ?=cM b_f ?_:O BGP
Language, p.56.
.265/1[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 188
.45[ ,B9tQJ_G ?j_ ,at9= :QdFG - 189
,mp_G saF b_E Oc_G IQ9WE Hl :?j__G I.WF dp ,Uc_9=Qat ct 9l c :QdFG - 190
.72[
.85/2[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 191
.231/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 192
.368/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 193
.101/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 194
.437/9[ ,jQ9=_G KAp ,QGJ H=G :QdFG - 195
.277/4[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 196
.277/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 197
.44/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 198
.676 ,100/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 199
108
.699/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 200

.437/9[ ,jQ9=_G KAp ,QGJ H=G :QdFG - 201
ct 9l :QdFG - 202
.118[
B98cK_G ^g= Hf EOJAp ,U9=__G B98cJ dp cZp b_f d=_9gD_G bAC - 203
o
Ya=r_Ga ,hp_A_Ga ,>=_A_Ga ,Y9=a]:Ga ,b=.A_Ga ,cOr TV_G 9KFla ,B::O_Ga
.207[ ,?j__G \rp ,d=_9gD_G :QdFG .u_P Qcia
.18 ?c6G :H9lr_ IQaT - 204
.264/4[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 205
.265/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 206
.88/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 207
.88/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 208
.125/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 209
.125/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 210
.460/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 211
.430/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 212
.135/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 213
.199-198[ ,?j__G \rp ,d=_9gD_G :QdFG - 214
.323/1[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 215
.240/4[ ,343/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 216
.55[ ,B9tQJ_G ?j_ ,at9= :QdFG - 217
.485/2[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 218
,Qc=t_G mGgl_G ,)vJ360(OlJC H= H9lc_T mT9r_ G a=C ,dFGQ=a_G :QdFG - 219
109
IO9Ar H= Qlf ,m1983 ,cZal_G ,AGQJR_G QGO ,dp_T_G jOlJ scrJA

,104/7[ ,)6508( ?WQM H= u9lT :u_Pta ,9/19[ ,)14(
?=Atl_ G ,1b ,)QcjZ_G hl9G_G MQW( QcOr_G ^cp ,qaCQ_G O=f ,ja9Fl_Ga
.277/4[ ,HcT_G qQJ , vJ1356 ,IQJ9r_G ,iQ=t_G ?cQ9GA_G
?j_ ,at9=a Pease, Body Language, p.182 :QdFG :EJ=l_G GPJ Qd FG - 220
.56[ ,B9tQJ_G
KcJZ MQW ,)vJ676( qQW H= bcJc HcO_G dcJl ,jaaF_G :QdFG - 221
.274/1[ ,H9lcDG , . , ac ,
>9= B O B Q = m_r_ Q O G G ,3b ,m_Tl

A9FDC Hc_ZGaAl_G Hc= B9J9Tl a sa9 l F b_E "?ctQJ_G m_ f " dp Q9W c - 223
B9J9Tl_ Ga O9g=F G gPJ b_f ?dp9Jl_ G Hc_ZGaAl_G b_f >G ca ,EcOJ_G
,?cZMW_G ?ra l_F G u_P Hla ,\J9Ga qr c Hl= \Ar;f >TJ= ct
HatA dA_G dJa ,?rclg_G F Ga ,?l9g_G

?ra l_ ?ra l_F Ga ,?cf9lAG:G F Ga
?ra l_
:QdFG ,HclclJ_G aC ,HcGaR_9t ;brDa ?r;f a ?lJ_ 9l KFc= HcFDG Hc=

.118[ ,OTG_G ?j _ ,UcaOi
,m_Tl KcJZ MQW ,jaaF_G :QdFG ,"m_gAl_G ?8 cJ b_f U_G a" :c9r - 224
c9rp ,"Uc=" ?8 cK_G gPJ Hl c
a ,272/1[
> Qr aJ F
9 l O f qr a Or
k
\cOc h]ca ,dTQt_G b_f U_9G aJa" :Uc8Q_G hl qdal_G ?8cJ GQaZl
Pease, Body Language, p.166. :QdFG ."cpTI_ \KGaa ,\cA=tQ b_f
n
{z
m_tAl_ q QZG G FG aC ,?=a9Ml_G b_E Q9=M DG Hf G
m_tAl_ q QZ G FG B9pA_: G - 225
Hl m_tAl_
H=G :\Ff ccr

{ :- b_9gA - \_art ;caFG
G G
q QZ
9l Qd
FG aC ,} $#"!~}|
FG ,?=cj_G b_E
Utf
G
m;t_ q QZ
aJa ,Q9=MDG b_E
G FG aC ,m_tA_G b_E
>9aM_ G Hf
Q9=M DG
mg l_F G O=f OlJl MQW ,hcO=_G ,)vJ296( OlJl H= \__GO=f ,RAgl_G
H= G a ,106[ ,m1945 ,IQJ9vr_G ,d=_J_G d=9=_G bpaZl ,dG9pM
?l Or

110
,IQJ9r_G ,?cGc_l_G ?g=al_G ,HaFl OlJl b=] ,QgW_G Or F ,)vJ337( QvpvgG

,)vJ395( \__G O=f H= HTJ_G c;J a=C ,jQtTg_Ga ,87[ ,m1934
,BaQc= ,?cl_g_G >At_G QGO ,2b ,?Jclr Ocpl scrJA Af9 Z_ >9At ,Hc F G
.45/2[ ,IOlg_G ,scWQ H=Ga ,438[ ,m1989

.408/4[ ,341/2[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 226
.479/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 227
.285/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 228
.829/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 229
.580/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 230
."bai" IO9l ,>Qg_G H9T_ ,QadFl H=G :QdFG - 231
.51[ ,49[ ,48[ ,?TGQp_G m_ f dp ?T9cT_G ,>_9a d=C H=G :QdFG - 232
.92[ ,B9tQJ_G ?j_ ,at9= :QdFG - 233
.764/4 ,284/3[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 234
.284/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 235
Pease, Body Language, a ,75 -70[ ,B9tQJ_G ?j_ ,at9= :QdFG - 236
p.155-162.
k
,B9tQJ_G ?j _ :QdFG .9F9cJC c9gp :F Ga IO9gT_9= ?tQJ_ G gPJ at9= b=QA - 237
.70[
.212[
.456-455/4[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 240
c
OlJl s rJA ?G9l , H=G HFT ,)vJ275(OcRc H= OlJl ?G9l , H=G :QdFG - 241
111
,)4231( ,cGFGa clF G >9= ,B.O ,BaQc= ,Qtp_G QGO ,dr9=_G G

O=f O Cp
.1414/2[
,)4437( U9=f H= \__G c C
O=f E O9J QM B ,OFTl_G ,c=FJ H= OlJ C :QdFG - 242
uQOATl_G ,)vJ405( \__G O=f H= OlJl mt9J_G ,jQa=9TcF_Ga ,465/1[
,BaQc= ,?cl_g_G >At_ G QGO ,1b ,9af bpaZl scrJA ,HcJcJZ_G b_f
H= OlJ C ,QGR=_Ga ,348/2[ ,)3241( F G IQaT QcTpA m1990

m9g F ,
?TTCl ,\__G HcR H= HlJQ_G eapJl scrJA ,OFTl_G ,)vJ292( aQlf

.131/5[ ,)1718(?_OK= H= mZ9f ,vJ1409 ,BaQc= ,HBQr_G ma_f
c
s rJA ,\caJGQ H=G OFTl ,)vJ238( mcJGQ=E H= s9JTE ,\caJGQ H=G :QdFG - 243
,m1991 ,IQaFl_G ?FcOl_G ,H9lcDG ?=Atl ,1b ,dWa_=_G Qapj_G O=f
,)vJ356( mT9r_ G H= ccf9lTE d_f a=C ,d_9r_Ga ,387/1[ ,)418(

,?cl_g_G >At_ G QGO ,1b ,dglZFG OGaG_G O=f OlJl s rJA c ,d_9lFG
.173/3[ ,m1996 ,BaQc=

.544/5[ ,)3533( ,)98( >9=_G ,HFT_G ,jPlQA_G :QdFG - 244
."QZM" IO9l ,>Qg_G H9T_ ,QadFl H=G :QdFG - 245
."QZM" IO9l ,>Qg_G H9T_ ,QadFl H=G :QdFG - 246
.838/4[ ,511/4[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 247
.562/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 248
.485/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 249
.271/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 250
.686/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 251
.383/1[ ,Hcc=A_Ga H9c=_G ,eJ9G_G :QdFG - 252
.370/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 253
.32/3[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 254
112
.76/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 255

.260/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 256
.132/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 257
MQW ,jaaF_Ga ,277/2[ ,OFTl_G ,c=FJ H= OlJ C :EcOJ_G Qd FG - 258
.356/15[ ,m_Tl_G c
m_d m QJA >9= ,m_Tl KcJZ
c
s rJA ,iQ=t_G d89TF_G HFT ,)vJ303( >cgW H= OlJ C ,d89TF_G :QdFG - 259
QtP m , 1991 ,BaQc= ,?cl_g_G >At_G QGO ,HTJ OcTa jQGOF=_G Q9pj_G O=f
,IRv lvK_G v
qQ J ,QvvcOvvr_G ^vcp a ,153/5[ ,)8538( v F G bvrvWC
U9 _
.99/3[
MQW ,jaaF_Ga ,277/2[ ,OFTl_G ,c=FJ H= OlJ C :EcOJ_G QdFG - 260
.356/15[ ,m_Tl_G c
m_d m QJA >9= ,m_Tl KcJZ
.246/2[ ,[89ZM_G ,dFG H=G :QdFG - 261

.247/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 262
.523/4[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 263
.322/3[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 264
.107/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 265
.265/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 266
.418/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 267
.134/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 268
.100/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 269
.611/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 270
.611/1[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 271
,\TpF hGQl_G :u_P Hla ,EcOJ_G >At Hl qFZl Qci dp >9=_G GPJ OQa - 272
113
d=C HFT ,)vJ275( EgWF G H= H9lc_T ,OaGO a=Ca ,531-530/1[

,284/1[ ,B.O ,Qtp_G QGO ,OclJ_G O=f HcO_G dcJl c
OlJl s rJA ,OaGO
,dFOl_G \__G O=f OcT_G scrJA ,HFT_G ,)vJ385(Qlf H= d_f ,dFarQGO_Ga

H= sGRQ_G O=f ,dF9gFZ_Ga ,83/2[ ,m1966 ,BaQc= ,?pQgl_G QGO
>Atl_ G ,dldfFG c
> =J s rJAc ,sGRQ_G O= f qFZl ,)vJ211( m9l J
UlW OlJl ,jO9=C mcdg_Ga ,258/2[ ,vJ1403 ,BaQc= ,dl;TDG
.155/3[ ,m1995 ,BaQc= ,?cl_g_G >At_G QGO ,2b ,Oa=gl_G Haf ,sJ_G
c
s rJA ,iQ=t_G drKc=_G HFT ,)vJ458( HcTJ_G H= OlJ C ,drKc=_G :QdFG - 273
.221/3[ ,m1994 ,?lQtl_G , G G
?tl R9=_ Q O ?=Atl 9af OlJl ,
.258/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 274
.261/2[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 275
.103-102/4[ ,KcJZ_G ,jQ9M=_G :QdFG - 276
.103-102/4[ ,\TpF hGQl_ G :QdFG - 277
.82[ ,HBQr_G hcO= ,h=ZDG d=C H=G :QdFG - 278
.83-71[ ,?c=Qg_G dp U=__G IQJ9d ,QGQf jOKl :QdFG - 279
dp bpZATl_G ,)vJ505( OlJl H= OlJl ,Ol9J a=C m9lDG ,d_GRj_G :QdFG - 280
,m1994 ,BaQc= ,mrQFG QGO ,H9]lQ mcJGQ=E c
s r JA ,caZFG ma_f
.55/1[

115
l4Çd*Çè ÑÏUB*Ç X3
k
:?c=Qg_G - :aC
G ,1b
QO ,df9lAG:G cf9pA_G v gQaOa dF9TFDG c9ZA:G ,mcJGQ=E ,>arQf a=C -
.m1993 ,H9lf ,ja:OGl
,QDFGa EcOJ_G >cQi v ?c9KF_G ,)vJ606( BGO9gT_G a=C HcO_G OGl ,|DFG H=G -
.m1963 ,Ba|= ,Qtp_G QGO ,dJ9Fa_G OalJla jaGR_G OlJC scrJA
,B.O ,Ba|= ,QO9Z QGO OlJ m9l O Tl ,)vJ241( c=FJ H= OlJC m9lDG
, C DG F -
.)B.O ,QZl ,?=aQr ?TTCl Hf IQO9Z_G ?g=a_G u_Pta(
?8 cK_G ,HTJ*G O=f OcgT ?lGQA ,IQZ9g*G 9lFcT_G v IQaZ_G,jaQ ,RlQB
?j_ -
.m1992 ,IQJ9r_G ,>9At__ ?cQZ*G
m cJGQ=E scrJA ,IQJR_G ,)vJ297( H9lc_T d=C H= OlJl Qt= a=C ,dF9KpZFG -
.m1985 ,A9rQR_G ,Q9F*G ?=Atl ,d8GQl9T_G
,Ba|= ,ccG_G QGO ,dF9McW |lT ?lGQA ,1b ,B9tQJ_G ?j_ ,w9AF ,at9= -
.m1995
G G , c G j}Z
?pQg* Q O O T_ ?lGQA ?lGQA ,OcOG Q9aE ,?_:O_G m_f ,.Q ,q ,Q*9= -
.m1992 ,?cQOFtTDG ,?cgl9G_G
,3b Q9M=_ K JZ ,)vJ256( ccf9lTE H= OlJl \__G O=f a=C ,jQ9M=_G
,j G c -
9KrrJ dA_G ?g=a_G u_Pta( .m1997 ,Ba|= ,mrQFG QGO ,df9pQ_G mT9r scrJA
.)m1987 ,Ba|= ,|Dt H=G QGO ,3b ,9j=_G bpaZl

,\__G HcR H= HlJQ_G eapJl scrJA ,OFT*G,)vJ292( aQlf H= OlJC ,QGR=_G -
.vJ1409 ,Ba|= ,HBQr_G ma_f ?TTCl
,Ba|= ,ma_g__ ?c=Qg_G QGO_G ,1b ,?JG9F_G B9gc=*G scrJA BGQ9Kl ,H_C ,Rc= -
.m1999
116
,9af OlJl s rJAc ,i}t_G drKc=_G HFT ,)vJ458( {TJ_G H= OlJC ,drKc=_G -
.m1994 ,?lQt*G ?tl ,R9=_G QGO ?=Atl
drOZ ?gGGQl Pl~_ T ,)vJ279( bTcf H= OlJl bTcf a=C ,jPl~_G
,j G HF -
OlJC 9KrrJ dA_G ?g=a_G u_Pta( ,m1994 ,Ba|= ,Qtp_G QGO ,1b ,Q9ag_G
.)B.O ,Ba|= ,d=Qg_G EG~_G A9cJE QGO ,HaQMBa Qt9W

,?c=Qg_G QTa ?j__G \rp ,)vJ429( OlJl H= u_*G O=f QaZFl a=C ,d=_9gD_G -
,Qtp_G QGO ,d=_W ecpJ_G O=fa ,jQ9c=FG mcJGQ=Ea ,9rT_G bpaZl scrJA
.m1997 ,sWlO
c
O=f s rJA ,{c=A_Ga H9c=_G ,)vJ255( QJ= H= aQlf H9lDf a=C ,eJ9G_G -
.m1990 ,Ba|= ,ccG_G QGO ,HaQ9J m;T_G
a c
O lJl s rJA ,R9GfDG c8:O ,)vJ471( HlJQ_G O=f H= QJ9r_G O=f ,dF9GQG_G -
.m1989 ,IQJ9r_G ,dGF9M_G ?=Atl ,2b ,Qt9W
,Q9GF_G xf OlJl scrJA [89ZM_ ,)vJ392( H9lDf KAp_G a=C ,dFG H=G
, G -
.m1990 ,OGOj= ,?cp9rD_G HaCW_G QGO ,IQJ9r_G ,?l9g_G ?cQZ*G ?8cK_G ,4b
,sWlO ,U;a QGO ,1b ,dW9cf F
QP l ?lGQA ,IQ9WDG m_ f ,|c= ,a|G -
.m1992
c
> gW s rJA c ,H9=J H= G ,)vJ354( H9=J H= OlJl ,H9=J H=G
KcJZ -
.m1993 ,Ba|= ,?_9TQ_G ?TTCl ,2b ,baC9FQFG
?TTC* G ,2b ,IQGODGa ?cF9TFDG B9r;g_G v c9gp_G c9ZA:G ,bpaZl ,jR9GJ -
.m1997 ,Ba|= ,hcRaA_Ga QWF_Ga B9TGQO__ ?cgl9G_G
c
s rJA ,jQ9M=_G KcJZ MQW v jQ9=_G ,)vJ852( xf H= OlJC ,QGJ H=G
KAp -
.B.O ,Ba|= ,?pQg*G QGO ,>caM_G HcO_G >Jl
,>Qj*G ,A9]c=_G QGO_G ,?p9rD_G QGO ,9J9F=la 9J9Fgl :?c=Qg_G ?j__G m9lA ,H9TJ -
.B.O
,{=J*Ga s9Wg_G Q9=MC v >a_r_G c;AfG ,)vJ327( QpgG H= OlJl ,da8GQM_G -
.m2001 ,Ba|= ,?cl_g_G >At_G QGO ,1b ,NcW_G OcQi scrJA
117
G ,dFO*G \__G
QO c G c
O=f O T_ s rJA ,HFT_G ,)vJ385( Qlf H= xf ,dFarQGO_G -
.m1966 ,Ba|= ,?pQg*G
U9fO_G IRf scrJA O O = T ,)vJ275( EgWFG H= H9lc_T ,OaGO a=C
, aG d C HF -
OlJl 9KrrJ dA_G ?MTF_G u_Pta( ,m1997 ,mRJ H=G QGO ,1b ,OcT_G cO9fa
.)B.O ,Qtp_G QGO ,OclJ_G O=f HcO_G dcJl

G a F ( ?TOr*G d]GQFG ?TTCl mZ_ m _gA zf Pp9 ,|lT ,?F=9=O
BQ W l , G c I F -
.m1996 ,1b ,b_T_G ,)mZ_G mc_gA_ "initiatives" BGQO9=*G ?ldFl
G ,{fGQt_G
QO OlJ C ?lGQA ,m9g_G ?j__G m_f v caZp ,OF9FcQp ,|TaT jO -
.m1982 ,?cQOFtTDG ,?cgl9G_G ?pQg*G
c
s rJA ,HBQr_G >cQi v BGOQp*G ,)vJ502( OlJl H= {TJ mT9r_G a=C ,>iGQ_G -
.m1961 ,IQJ9r_G ,d=_J_G d=9=_G ?g=al ,dF;ct_G OlJl
a G
Q pj_ O=f s rJA c ,\caJGQ H=G ,)vJ238( mcJGQ=E H= s9JTE ,\caJGQ H=G
OFTl -
.m1991 ,IQaF*G ?FcO*G ,H9lcDG ?=Atl ,1b ,dWa_=_G
,?cl_g_G G G ,2b ,9FKl
>At_ Q O xf .C c
O=f s rJA ,\FGacO ,Qlf ,?gc=Q d=C H=G -
.m1992 ,Ba|=
,gOrFa \=GOBa QgW_G ,)vJ456( scWQ H= HTJ_G ,scWQ H=G
HT9Jl v IOlg_G -
.m1963 ,IQJ9r_G ,IO9gT_G ?g=al ,3b ,OclJ_G O=f HcO_G dcJl OlJl scrJA
,>Qg_G c9DlC v bZrAT*G ,)vJ538( Qlf H= OalJl mT9r_G a=C ,jQWMlR_G -
.m1987 ,Ba|= ,?cl_g_G >At_G QGO ,2b
,?c=Qg_G BGP_G v ddp__G |i cZGaA_Ga OTG_G ?j_a v9rD_G dfa;_G ,xf ,QagcR -
.m1991 ,Ba|= ,?gc_a_G QGO ,1b
,
?gl9G ?p_C* ?rp G F zf QW F ,1b ,mZ__ jQ9WDG ,IOG9l ,Oc=f OcT
Ual9r_G -
.m1992 ,^9cQ_G ,OagT u_*G
v H9c=_G ,)vJ406( {TJ_G H= OlJl HTJ_G a=C ,d]Q_G ,qcQW_G
[cM_A -
.m1986 ,Ba|= ,?c=Qg_G ?]KF_G ?=Atl ,>At_G m_9f ,1b Qr_ B R9Gl ,HB G G

118
,Ba|= ,Qtp_G QGO ,H9c=_G AGa]C ,)vJ1393( OlJl H= {lFG OlJl ,dacrFW_G -
.m1995
c
> =J s rJA c ,sGRQ_G O=f qFZl ,)vJ211( m9lJ H= sGRQ_G O=f ,dF9gFZ_G -
.vJ1403 ,Ba|= ,dl;TDG >At*G ,dldfFG
,?TGQp_G m_f v ?T9cT_G,)vJ737( jQ9ZFFG OlJl \__G O=f a=C ,>_9a d=C H=G -
.m2005 ,Ba|= ,?cl_g_G >At_G QGO ,1b ,jOcR*G OlJC scrJA
jOlJ scrJA ,|=t_G mGg*G ,)vJ360( OlJC H= H9lc_T mT9r_G a=C ,dFG}a_G -
.m1983 ,cZa*G ,AGQJR_G QGO ,dp_T_G
OlJ Ca ,{lC OlJ C MQW O Qp_ Org_ ,)vJ328( OlJl H= OlJC ,\=Q O=f H=G
, c G G -
.m1996 ,Ba|= ,U_OFFG QGO ,jQ9c=FG mcJGQ=Ea ,HcR_G
G ,1b
QO ,dTpF_G ?j__G m_f Aa] v >a9MA_Ga ?j__G B;tWl ,uR9F ,M9Ap_G O=f -
.m2002 ,IQJ9r_G ,A9=r
:jOKl ,QGQf -
?_Gl ,?c_ZGaA ?c_:O ?TGQO :bpZAT*G v w Rj_ m9l
G G O f c9J_ s9 T -
DG F G c
.2002 ,9ctcQlC ,39 Y ,?c=Qg_G

,H9lf ,c8Ga QGO ,1b ,cZ9pA_Ga cZGaA_G cOG :?c=Qg_G v U=__G IQJ9d -
.m2003
,B9TGQO ?_Gl ,di;=_Ga jaj__G EG~_G Hl L P9l ? 9=
F : F v 9 QD
DG mTG_ ?j_ -
J Ca G
.m2006 ,1 OOg_G ,33 O_G*G

c
s rJA ,{Af9FZ_G >9At ,)vJ395(\__G O=f H= HTJ_G c;J a=C ,jQtTg_G -
.m1989 ,Ba|= ,?cl_g_G >At_G QGO ,2b ,?Jclr Ocpl
,Ba|= ,?cl_g_G >At_G QGO ,2b ,Oa=g*G Haf ,sJ_G UlW OlJl ,jO9=C mcdg_G -
.m1995
,HcO_G A;f QGO ,1b ,|rW ?F;cJ ?lGQA ,OTG_G ?j_ ,BTaQia UcaOi -
.m2005 ,sWlO
119
,caZFG ma_f v bpZAT*G ,)vJ505( OlJl H= OlJl ,Ol9J a=C m9lDG ,wGRj_G -
.m1994 ,Ba|= ,mrQFG QGO ,H9]lQ mcJGQ=E scrJA
OGaG_G O=f OlJl scrJA ,)vJ356( mT9r_G H= ccf9lTE xf a=C ,w9r_G
,w9lFG -
.m1996 ,Ba|= ,?cl_g_G >At_G QGO ,1b ,dglZFG
,?cGc_*G ?g=a* G ,HaFl OlJl b=] ,QgW_ G OrF ,)vJ337( QpgG H= ?lGOr -
.m1934 ,IQJ9r_G
,1b ,9Kd9p_C ,9KAGOQpl ,9K]GQiC ,9Kgc]Gal ,9KArcrJ :Hacg_G , ,
?j_ OlJl X9Wt -
.m1999 ,Ba|= ,?cQZg_G ?=At*G
a
O lJl ?lGQA ,mp_G saF yE Oc_G IQ9WE Hl :?j__G I.WF v ,ctc9l c
U _9=Q t a -
.m2006 ,Bcat_G ,?pQg*G m_9f ?_T_T Qlf ,
IQGRa ,9FJac QaOE ?lGQA ,?j__G , a G , Fat .C
m_f v ?TGQO :BGQ9WEa BGaZC q A Q O -
.)B.O( ,OGOj= ,m;fDG
dl9T ?lGQA ,}g*G BlZ_G AGOCa mK p :Bl9Z_G ,HcpQ9l ,dtWa_
ccDlA_G -
.m2002 ,IQJ9r_G ,?p9rD__ zfFG U_G*G ,1b ,M;Z
,Qa]M_G > O cC ?lGQA ,c9ZA:G B9cQdF,\c_cWcl Q;cA9la aOF9lQC ,Q;cA9l -

.m2003 ,sWlO ,?cl;fDG ?=At*G ,1b
G
O=f O Cp OlJl s rJA ?G9l c , H= G HFT ,)vJ275( OcRc H= OlJl ,?G9l H=G -
.B.O ,Ba|= ,Qtp_G QGO ,dr9=_G
,A9]c=_G QGO_G ,?p9rD_G QGO ,dpcda_G ?c=Qg_G ?j__G aJF v B9TGQO OlJ, C ,ctaA*G -
.m1986
mg * FG O=f OlJl MQW ,)vJ296( OlJl H= \__G O=f ,RAg*G H=G
,hcO=_G -
.m1945 ,IQJ9r_G ,d=_J_G d=9=_G bpaZl ,dG9pM
c
? Q9GA_ ?=At* G G ,1b ,)|jZ_G hl9G_G MQW( QcOr_G ^cp ,qaCQ_G O=f ,ja9F*G -
.vJ1356 ,IQJ9r_G ,i}t_G
120
QO G ,1b ,>Qg_G H9T_ ,)vJ711( mQtl H= OlJl c]p_ G a=C ,QadFl H=G -
.)B .O( ,Ba|= ,QO9Z
c
O gT s rJA c ,c9DlFG hlGl ,)vJ518( OlJl H= OlJC c]p_G a=C ,dFGOc*G -
.m1992 ,Ba|= ,Qtp_G QGO ,1b ,m9J__G
G
Q9pj_ O=f s rJA c ,i}t_G d89TF_G HFT ,)vJ303( >cgW H= OlJC ,d89TF_G -
.m1991 ,Ba|= ,?cl_g_G >At_G QGO ,HTJ OcTa jQGOF=_G
,QWF__ dl_g_G >At* G ,df9lAG:G c9ZA:G >c_9TC ,j}Z OlJl ,QlF_G -
.m1999 ,?cQOFtTDG
QO G ,3b ,m_Tl KcJZ MQ W ,)vJ676( qQW H= bcJc HcO_G dcJl ,jaaF_G -
.B.O ,Ba|= ,m_r_G
,{JcJZ_G zf uQOAT*G,)vJ405( \__G O=f H= OlJl mt9J_G ,jQa=9TcF_G -
.m1990 ,Ba|= ,?cl_g_G >At_G QGO ,1b ,9af bpaZl scrJA
k
:?cRc_GFDG - 9cF9D
- Akmajian,A. et al. Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and
Communication, The MIT Press, Massachusetts, 1979.
- Scheflen, Albert E. and Scheflen Alice, Body Language and Social
Order: Communication as Behavioral Control, Prentice-Hall, Engle-
wood Cliffs, 1972.
- Armstrong, D. F., Original Signs: Gesture, Sign, and the Source of
Language, Gallaudet University Press, Washington, D.C., 1999.
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the Nature of Language, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
1995.
- Downes, W., Language and Society, 2nd edition, Cambridge Uni-
versity, Cambridge, 1998.
- Feyereisen, P., The Competition Between Gesture and Speech Pro-
duction in Dual-task Paradigms, Journal of Memory and Language
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121
panzees, Journal of Comparative Psychology 112, 95-99.

- Jackson, H., Words and their Meaning, Longman, London, 1991.
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University Press, 1988.
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Nonverbal Communication, McGraw-Hill, 1989.
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tion, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1972.
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lan, New York, 1968.
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122
Non-verbal Communication in
the Sayings of Prophet Mohammed:
A Study in Body Language
Abstract
This research aims at studying meaning through body language in
the prophet's sayings. The researcher has looked into a set of the features
of body movements which include the face, the eyes, the hands and the
fingers, in addition to walking steps, posture, clothing, etc. The study
comprises five sections: (1) the introduction which includes elaboration and
interpretation of the title, non-verbal communication in general and body
language in particular, (2) body movements and their implications in the
prophet's sayings, (3) supportive body complements and accessories, (4)
body movements between the performance of the first sender and the
acting of the teller, and (5) reference to old authors who examined this
phenomenon.

123
Author:
Dr.Mahdi Arar
- Ph.D. in Linguistics and Language Sciences, University of Jordan, 1999,
Associate Professor, Department of Arabic Language, Birzeit University,
Palestine.
- Has received The Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science Award
for his book Al-Bayan Bila Lisan. Best book in Arts and Humanities for
2008, Kuwait, 2009.
Publications:
A. Books
1 - The Equivocation Phenomenon in Arabic, Lebanon Publisher, Beirut, 2008.
2 - A Linguistic Study of Quranic Discourse, Dar al-Kutub al-'ilmiyya, Beirut,

2008.
3 - Discourse without Speech: A Study of Body Language, Dar al-Kutub al-

'ilmiyya, Beirut, 2007.
4 - Semantic Development: Forms, Ambiguity and Examples, Dar al-Kutub al-

5 - Dialectic of Utterance and Meaning: A Study in Arabic Semantics, Dar Wael

for Publishing, Amman, 2002.
6 - Guiding Knowledge Seekers to Scholars' Status, by Sha'rani (H. 973), Dar al-
Kutub al-'ilmiyya, Beirut, 2006.
7 - Crystal-clear Victory in the Eulogy of the Trustworthy, by Aisha Baouni (H.

922), Dar al-Kutub al-'ilmiyya, Beirut, 2007.
8 - Spring Flowers in Rhetoric, by Ibn Qurqumas (H. 882), Dar al-Kutub al-
9 - Exploratory Rules for Heavenly Attributes, by Sha'ranin (H. 973), Dar al-
Kutub al-'ilmiyya, Beirut, 2007.
B. Articles
1 - Impact of Semantic Development on Reception: The Prophet's Hadith as a
Model, Journal of Shrjah University (UAE) 5 (1), 2008.
2 - Syntactic Phenomena in Reading Ibn Muheisin al-Makki, Al-Abhath
(American University of Beirut) 33 (1), 2006.
3 - Impact of Body Language on Explicating Meaning: A Rhetorical and
Linguistic Study, Dirasat Journal (Jordan University) 33 (1), 2006.
4 - Arabic Changeability between the Past and the Present: Arabic Vocabulary as
an Example, Journal of Arabic Language Academy, Amman, Jordan, 2005.
5 - Phonetic Dialectic Variation in Problematic Hadeeth in the Book of "An-
Nihaya", Dirasat (University of Jordan) 31, 2004.
6 - Lexical Semantic Change from the Concrete to the Abstract in the Arabic
Lexicon, Dirasat (University of Jordan) 30, 2003.
7 - Deconstruction between Theory and Practice: 'Kaana maa sawfa yakuun' as
a Model, Al-Abhath (American University of Beirut) 50- 51, 2003.

124
Monograph 304
Non-Verbal Communication in the

Sayings of Prophet Mohammad:
A Study in Body Language
Dr. Mahdi Arar

Department of Arabic Language and Literature
University of Birseit
Palestine

التواصل غير اللفظي في الحديث الشريف دراسة في لغة الجسد

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التواصل غير اللفظي في الحديث الشريف دراسة في لغة الجسد

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