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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time 1

Midterm Review
•  Introduction to signals in week 1
•  Textbook: Ch. 1
•  Complex signals and Introduction to systems in week 2
•  Textbook: Ch. 1.2.7, Ch. 2
•  Introduction to LTIC systems in week 3
•  Textbook: Ch. 2.3, 3.1
•  Impulse response in LTIC systems in week 4
•  Textbook: Ch. 3.2-3.4

EECS2602 REVIEW
1. CT Signals

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time 3

CT Signals
•  Periodic and aperiodic signals
•  Periodic x(t ) = x(t + T0 )
•  Even and odd signals
•  xeven (t ) = xeven (− t ) and xodd (t ) = − xodd (− t )
•  Properties:
•  odd * odd = even, even*even=even, even * odd = odd
•  A CT odd signal is always zero at t=0
T T T

•  ∫ xodd (t )dt = 0
−T
and ∫ xeven (t )dt = 2∫ xeven (t )dt
−T 0
•  Any signal can be expressed as

x(t ) = xeven (t ) + xodd (t )

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time 4

CT Signals
•  Energy and power of a signal
2
•  Instantaneous power: pinst (t 0 ) = x (t 0 )
∞
2
•  Total energy: E x = ∫ x(t ) dt
−∞
t1 +T0
1 2
•  Average power: Px =
T0 ∫ x(t ) dt
t1

•  Energy signal: 0 < Ex < ∞

•  Power signal: 0 < Px < ∞

•  Complex signals
x(t ) = a(t ) + jb(t )
x(t ) = e j (ω0t +θ ) = cos(ω0t + θ ) + j sin (ω0t + θ )
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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Elementary Signals:
⎧1 t≥0
•  Unit-step u (t ) = ⎨
⎩0 t<0

•  Delta function: δ (t ) = 0, t ≠0

⎛ t ⎞ ⎧⎪1 t ≤τ / 2
•  Rectangular pulse rect ⎜ ⎟ = ⎨
⎝ τ ⎠ ⎪⎩0 t >τ / 2
⎧t t ≥ 0
•  Ramp function r (t ) = ⎨
⎩0 t < 0
⎧ 1 t >0
•  Sign function ⎪
sgn (t ) = ⎨ 0 t = 0
⎪− 1 t < 0
⎩
sin (πω0t )
•  Sinc function sin c(ω0t ) = 5
πω0t 5

Representation of signals with delta functions

•  A signal can be represented by delta functions:

+∞
x(t ) = ∫ x(τ )δ (t − τ )dτ
−∞

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Signal operations:
•  Linear combination of two periodic signals
•  The fundamental period nT1=mT2 if m/n is a rational
number
•  Time shifting:
x2 (t ) = x(t + T )
•  Time scaling: x(ct)
If c >1, the signal is compressed by a factor of c.
If 0 < c < 1, the signal is expanded.

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EECS2602 REVIEW
2. CT Systems

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

CT Systems
•  Linear system
αx1 (t ) + βx2 (t ) → αy1 (t ) + βy2 (t )
•  Causal system
•  the output at time t0 depends only on the input x(t) for t
≤ t0
•  Time-invariant
x(t − t0 ) → y(t − t0 )
•  Memory or memory-less
•  the output y(t) at time t = t0 depends only on the values
of the applied signal x(t) at the same time t = t0

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

CT Systems
•  Invertible
y(t) inverse x(t)
x(t)
system
system
•  Stable
•  A system is referred to as bounded-input, bounded-
output (BIBO) stable if an arbitrary bounded-input
signal always produces a bounded-output signal.
•  Interconnection of LTIC systems
•  Cascade, parallel, feedback

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

LTI System Representations

x(t) system y(t)

•  System here refers to any input-output relationships

•  A LTI system can be represented by:

•  a differential equation
dny d n−1 y dy d mx d m−1 x
n
+ an−1 n−1 + ... + a1 + a0 y(t ) = bm m + bm−1 m−1 + ... + b0 x(t )
dt dt dt dt dt
where an, bm are constants.
•  An impulse response
•  A convolution integral
∞
y (t ) = ∫ x(τ )h(t − τ )dτ
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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time 12

Differential Equation
•  The output y(t) is expressed as a sum of 2 components

y(t ) = y zi (t ) + y zs (t )

Zero-input response Zero-state response

•  Zero-input response is obtained from

dny d n−1 y dy
n
+ an−1 n−1 + ... + a1 + a0 y(t ) = 0
dt dt dt
Homogeneous differential equation

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time 13

Differential Equation
•  Zero-state response consists of 2 components
•  Homogeneous component and particular component

y zs (t ) = yh (t ) + y pt (t )
•  homogeneous component, yh(t), with y(0-) = 0
•  Particular component

Input Particular component of the zero-state

response
Unit-step function, Ku (t ) Cu(t )
Exponential, Ke − at Ce − at
Sinusoidal, A cos(ω0t + φ ) C0 cos(ω0t ) + C1 sin (ω0t )
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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Impulse Response of a System

•  A LTIC system can be obtained by specifying its impulse response.

•  The impulse response h(t) of an LTIC system is the output of the system when a
unit impulse δ(t) is applied at the input.

δ (t ) → h(t )

•  For a LTIC system, if the input is a scaled and time-shifted impulse function: .
aδ (t − t0 )
The output of the system is also scaled by the factor of a and is time-shifted

aδ (t − t0 ) → ah(t − t0 )

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Graphical method for convolution integral

•  Given the input x(t) and the impulse response h(t), the output signal can be
evaluated graphically by the following steps:

1.  Change the independent variable from t to τ . Sketch the waveform x(τ), h(τ)

2.  Reflect h(τ ) to sketch h(- τ)

3.  Shift the time-inverted impulse function h(- τ) by a selected value of “t”. The
resulting function represents h(t – τ)

4.  Multiply function x(τ) by h(t – τ) and plot the product function x(τ)h(t - τ)

5.  Calculate the total area under the product function x(τ)h(t - τ) by integrating it
over τ from -∞ to +∞

6.  Repeat steps 3 – 5 for different values of t to obtain y(t) for all time

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Convolution Integral Properties

•  The commutative property:

x1 (t )* x2 (t ) = x2 (t )* x1 (t )

•  Associative property:

x1 (t ) * ⎡⎣ x2 (t ) * x3 (t )⎤⎦ = ⎡⎣ x1 (t ) * x2 (t )⎤⎦ * x1 (t )

•  Distributive property:

x1 (t )* [x2 (t ) + x3 (t )] = x1 (t )* x2 (t ) + x1 (t )* x3 (t )

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EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Convolution Integral Properties

•  Stable LTIC systems:
∞

∫ h(t ) dt < ∞
−∞

•  Memoryless LTIC systems:

h(t ) = 0 for t ≠0

•  Causal LTIC systems

•  an LTIC system will be causal IFF its impulse response
h(t) = 0 for t < 0

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